Australian Stainless #79

ISSUE 79 2024

Specialising in stainless steel and its applications

Photo credit: Pure Piping

FEATURE

STAINLESS STEEL’S CRUCIAL ROLE IN

Advancing biotechnology research in Australia In 2022, a remarkable chapter in Australia’s biotechnology research unfolded with the opening of the CSIRO National Vaccine and Therapeutics Lab in Clayton, Victoria. This state-of-the-art facility has been designed to play a pivotal role in the research and development of vaccines and drug treatments, ultimately contributing to Australia’s innovative potential in the life sciences sector. At the heart of this ground-breaking lab, stainless steel has emerged as a critical component, ensuring the facility’s functionality, quality, and safety.

The facility’s primary objective is to transform vaccine and drug candidates into products that can be manufactured onshore in substantial quantities for clinical trials. It enables the development and production of a variety of clinical-grade biologicals, including recombinant proteins and peptides, and viral products under good manufacturing practice (GMP) regulations.

Pure Piping: A key player in lab construction One of the essential contributors to the facility’s successful construction is ASSDA Member Pure Piping. Pure Piping was engaged to deliver three critical work packages, which included the procurement, fabrication, delivery, testing, documentation, and handover of various systems: 1. Critical Piping Package:

2. Water for Injection Tank Package:

3. Mechanical for Process Package:

Water for injection distribution, instrument air distribution, pure steam distribution, temperature control units, nitrogen gas supply and distribution (including gas manifold), waste collection (including treatment tank package), carbon dioxide gas supply and distribution (including gas manifold), waste transfer, oxygen gas supply and distribution (including gas manifold), plant steam, process air distribution, and the installation of 18 clean room general service outlet panels. These systems are vital for maintaining the lab’s stringent quality standards.

Pure Piping was also responsible for the tank’s design and supply, a crucial element in vaccine and therapeutic production. To ensure the highest standards of quality and compliance, ASSDA Member and Accredited Fabricator Furphy Engineering was engaged to design, manufacture and test the 500L vessel to AS120-2010 Pressure Vessels and other pharmaceutical design and specification requirements as outlined by Pure Piping and its team of consultants.

Process cooling water (including the purchase and installation of the chiller), plant steam (including the purchase and installation of the plant steam boiler), compressed air (including the purchase of two compressors and an air receiver), the installation of principal-supplied specialist equipment and the supply and installation of a drying cabinet.

These systems are essential for the lab’s day-to-day operations.

2 – Australian Stainless Issue 79

The role of stainless steel

Stringent testing and certification

Stainless steel played a central role in ensuring the quality and safety of the new CSIRO facility. The production of clinical-grade biologicals requires stringent processes and performance demands in the equipment delivered.

Stainless steel offers strong resistance to corrosive chemicals and can withstand high temperatures, high pressures, as well as aggressive cleaning and sterilisation regimes.

The lab’s gas services underwent rigorous testing to ensure cleanliness and containment. High-purity nitrogen was employed for pressure testing, and the compressed air supply was tested for particles to 0.1µm of a micron to determine the purity classes as specified in ISO 8573-1: Compressed Air. Moisture testing of the compressed air was also performed to ISO 8573-4 to confirm a dew point less than 3o C.

The project utilised a substantial amount of stainless steel, including:

Orbital welding techniques were used to meet the high-quality weld requirements of bioprocessing equipment and deliver superior corrosion resistance. All welds were meticulously logged and documented, and all materials were clearly identified and certified with 3.1 material certificates.

• 1,182m of 316/316L grade colddrawn seamless pharmaceutical tube specified to ASTM A269 Standard specification for seamless and welded austenitic stainless steel tubing for general service. Internal surface finish to ASME BPE SF4, i.e. max of 0.38µm Ra by mechanical polish followed by electropolishing.

• 1,051 fittings in 316L grade in accordance with AS1528 Stainless steel tubes and tube fittings for food processing and hygienic applications.

• 18 general service outlet panels.

• 730 items of stainless steel equipment, valves, and instruments.

A boost to Australia’s biotechnology landscape

Funded by the federal and Victorian governments along with its industry partners, the CSIRO National Vaccine and Therapeutics Lab is a major boost to Australian research capacity and advanced manufacturing in biotechnology. It bolsters sovereign capability in vaccine and therapeutics development, enabling companies to produce these vital products onshore.

Stainless steel’s role in the project exemplifies the criticality of advanced materials and precision engineering in advancing biotechnology research.

This facility stands as a testament to Australia’s commitment to innovation and scientific process, paving the way for ground-breaking discoveries in the biomedical sector on a global scale.

Stainless steel offers strong resistance to corrosive chemicals and can withstand high temperatures, high pressures, aggressive cleaning and sterilisation regimes

The food-grade stainless steel tube and fittings for the project were supplied by ASSDA Member Prochem Pipeline Products.

Andrew Owen and Mark Owen, Directors of Pure Piping, accepting the 2022 ASSDA Fabricator Project of the Year Award (Food, Beverage and Pharmaceutical) for this project.

ASSDA MEMBER CONTACTS Pure Piping \ Andrew Owen, Director \ 03 7003 4315 \ andrew@purepiping.com.au \ www.purepiping.com.au Furphy Engineering \ Darren Leeder, Sales Manager – Tanks/Vessels/Silos \ 03 5832 1417 \ darren.leeder@furphys.com.au www.furphyengineering.com.au Prochem Pipeline Products \ Craig James, Channel Manager Piping \ 0419 812 556 \ cjames@prochem.com.au \ www.prochem.com.au 3 – Australian Stainless Issue 79

SUSTAINABILITY

The Global Life Cycle OF STAINLESS STEEL Minimising mining (primary production) and maximising recycling (secondary production) are core principles of sustainable resource management. Consequently, there is an increasing interest in quantifying the material life cycle of stainless steels and their efficiencies from production to fabrication, manufacturing, use, recycling and, in some cases, disposal.

In 2006, Team Stainless and Yale University started the first project to quantify stainless steel stocks and flow cycles. In 2022, the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology made a more detailed analysis of 2019 data covering 50 countries, territories, and regions.

Stainless steels: A sustainable solution for more than a century

2019 global production & apparent consumption

Global stainless steel flows for 2019

Stainless steels are produced in various grades and support many essential applications in our modern world from transportation, buildings, bridges, water pipes and industrial processes to medical uses, food processing and preparation. They are often selected as the sustainable material of choice for a myriad of domestic and industrial applications because of their recyclability, strength, toughness, durability, hygienic properties, and resistance to corrosion, heat, cold and blasts.

In 2019, global stainless steel meltshop production was 52.2 million tonnes, with more than half being produced in China (29.4 million tonnes).

This Sankey diagram (below) shows the life cycle of stainless steel from input of raw materials through steelmaking to fabrication of items in various end-use sectors.

It also shows the flow of stainless steel scrap to make new stainless steel or carbon steel. (2019 data)

Recycling Input Rate 19245 52218

Use in fabrication was estimated to be 43 million tonnes, 46% of which was in China.

Scrap Ratio 19245 + 5618

≈ 37%

52218

≈ 48%

Building Steelworks

Ferrochrome Nickel products (incl. Fe content) Other alloying elements Primary Iron

27355 kt

52218 kt

Melt Shop Production

5618 kt Carbon steel scrap

Transport Others

End use fabrication & OEM production

46996 kt

Rolling Mill

Passenger Cars

Other industries

(strip, coil, sheet)

Industrial Machinery

42767 kt

Metal Goods

Semi-finished goods (articles) for end-use fabrication

19245 kt Stainless scrap

Household Appl.

Stocks in use 562,940 kt

Internal stainless scrap External stainless scrap Metal Goods Household Appl.

Industrial Machinery

kt

EoL collection & scrap segregation

14064 kt

Transport Others Passenger Cars Building

4270 kt not re-entering the stainless cycle

End of Life Recycling Rate (including carbon steel cycle)

End of Life Recycling Rate 9794 14064

(9794 + 3629)

≈ 70%

Recycling Input Rate : 37%

14064

|

641 kt Not accounted for

≈ 95%

Scrap Ratio : 48%

|

3629 kt Carbon Steel Cycle

End of Life Recycling Rate: 95% (including the carbon steel cycle)

OEM = Original Equipment Manufacturer

4 – Australian Stainless Issue 79

EoL = End of Life

kt = Metric kiloton

Building & Infrastructure Metal Goods

2019 end use

Transportation (pass.cars)

End use refers to the final products where stainless steels are used.

Transportation (others)

Stainless steels are used by many sectors, in many countries and in a multitude of end-use products, remaining in use for a few years to many decades.

Industrial Machinery

Household Appliances & Electronics

In-use stocks by market in kt

End-of-life flows by market in kt

The global stainless steel volumes currently in use, by end-use sectors, e.g., exhaust systems in cars or cutlery in metal goods. This stainless steel will be returned as scrap at the end of the products’ life.

The global stainless steel end-of-life volumes collected, processed and available for recycling. Scrap is melted and transformed into new sustainable stainless steel products which can in turn be recycled at the end of their life.

In-use stocks by market in kt

End of life flows by market in kt

In-use stocks by market in kt

End of life flows by market in kt

600,000

15000 14000

Metal Goods

500,000

13000 12000

Household

400,000

11000 10000

Machinery

300,000

Transportation other

200,000

Transportation Passenger Car

100,000

Building & Construction 0

1950

1955

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

9000 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0

2020

1950

1955

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

2019 recycled content of stainless steels

of stainless steels are recycled at end of life

70

25

The global recycled content of stainless steel, known as scrap ratio, is 48%. This % global figure % is influenced by the regional and country ratios below. is used to make new stainless steel

is used to make new carbon or special steel

Scrap ratios vary according to the stainless steel production process and range from the electric arc furnace route with high scrap ratios to the blast furnace route with lower ratios. Also relevant is the maturity of a market. In mature markets e.g., Europe, the USA or Japan, a high availability % of scrap can be found because stainless steel products were already manufacturedscrap many decades ago and are now at the end of their lifetime. They are now returning to the market as stainless scrap, a very valuable raw material.

In less mature markets such as China where largeof stainless steels are recycled at end of life scale production began only 15 years ago, the end-of-life of stainless steel products has only 37 % 11 % % in less% stainlessother production carbon just begun. Accordingly, scrap availability is limited mature markets steel and scrap steel scrap processes that use less scrap have to be employed to meet consumer demand.

70

95%

is used to make new stainless steel

25

is used to make new carbon or special steel

2005

2010

2015

2020

of stainless steels are recycled at end of life

70% 25% is used to make new carbon or special steel

is used to make new stainless steel

In principle, and as long as product design and recycling technologies allow, stainless steels can be recycled infinitely. Scrap is a secondary raw material arising from the product manufacturing processes as well as from finished products at the end of their life.

95%

2000

95%

2019 stainless steels end-of-life recycling rate Recycling is highly beneficial, economically and environmentally. The high value of stainless steel scrap makes it worth collecting and sorting, and is the reason why it is recycled at such a high rate. Reusing its valuable alloying elements reduces cost, resource depletion, environmental impacts and energy use. The high end-of-life recycling rate indicates how efficiently stainless steel is recycled from end-of-life products.

1995

48 % scrap 37%

11%

stainless steel scrap

48

31 % China

carbon steel scrap

85 % Europe 31 % China 83 % USA

56 % India 72% Japan

This article was originally published by Team Stainless, an informal alliance of the European Ferrous Recovery and Recycling Branch, Eurofer, the International Chromium Development Association, the International Molybdenum Association, the International Nickel Study Group, the world stainless association, and the Nickel Institute.

5 – Australian Stainless Issue 79

83 USA

COASTAL INFRASTRUCTURE

Stainless steel triumphs in coastal conservation ASSDA Member Stainless Steel Wire & Mesh has played a pivotal role in delivering a stainless steel coastal fencing solution that has now become the gold standard in ecological management and restoration efforts.

Situated in the Northern Beaches of New South Wales, Curl Curl Beach faces the full force of several coastal conditions, enduring relentless assaults from strong winds, salt movements, extreme temperatures, pollution, and high humidity.

This region is classified as a corrosive category C5, however the location which is adjacent to the beach has been classified as CX under AS 4312: 2019 Atmospheric corrosive zones, Figure 2.1 (Newcastle region). This beach demands infrastructure that can withstand nature’s harshest elements.

Australian coastal environments present formidable challenges for infrastructure due to their exposure to corrosive, abrasive, and humid conditions. Recognising these challenges, the Northern Beaches Council engaged Toolijooa Environment Restoration with the critical task of designing and installing a 450m coastal fence on Curl Curl Beach.

The objectives were clear: • A minimum 15-year lifespan without replacement • Minimal maintenance in the initial five years • Mitigation of sand movements within the dune systems • Restriction of access to both dogs and people.

Stainless steel emerged as the material of choice for this demanding application, showcasing its superior tensile strength, corrosion resistance, and unparalleled longevity. In comparison to surface-treated galvanised steel products, stainless steel offers extended asset life and lower maintenance requirements, reducing inspection frequency and overall costs. See the table below for a detailed comparison.

Degradation rate and asset life by material/coating in extreme corrosion zones (CX)*

COATING/MATERIAL

TYPICAL SERVICE LIFE**

AVERAGE DEGRADATION RATE (10-6 ΜM/YEAR)#

WHEN MAINTENANCE IS REQUIRED

316 stainless steel

720 years

0.025

Minimum maintenance required due to washing from rainwater

Mild steel with hot dipped galvanised^

2-6 years

6

From 4 years

Reference: Whole of Life Cost Comparison and Cost Benefit Analysis for Steel Structures Constructed in the Foreshore Zone, Griffith University, 2009. *Corrosivity zones in line with ISO9223 ** Table 16.2 Corrosion protection methods # Table 16.1 Average degradation rates ^ 575 g/m2 in line with requirements of AS 4534 Zinc and zinc/aluminium-alloy coating on steel wire

6 – Australian Stainless Issue 79

BEFORE:

Stainless Steel Wire & Mesh, an innovator in converting galvanised wire applications to stainless steel, supplied its ‘Strong Lock’ product in grade 316 to meet the stringent requirements of the 700mm high coastal fencing. Notably, the Northern Beaches Council has now adopted stainless steel as the default specification for their coastal fencing needs.

Adam Burrows, Special Projects Officer for the Northern Beaches Council, affirms the significance of choosing stainless steel: “Stainless Steel Strong Lock has been vital in our dune restoration works. Today, we aim to build structures that will outlast us and endure into the future, minimising works for future generations. Galvanised steel wire cannot guarantee this in windy, sandy, and high salt environments.”

THE FINAL RESULT

Australian councils are increasingly recognising the importance of whole-of-life cost considerations in material specifications for extended life and minimal maintenance. In 2009, a whole-of-life cost comparison report was published

by Griffith University and the Gold Coast City Council that investigated multiple scenarios from the perspective of what would represent the most cost-effective solution for structures in the foreshore zone with a design life greater than 19 years when comparing hot-dipped galvanised steel, paint systems, duplex systems using both HDG and paint, or stainless steel.

The study revealed that stainless steel was the most viable option based on cost alone.

I n the case of coastal fencing, stainless steel not only delivers improved financial performance but also enhances services and output.

Photo credits: Blueprint

Coastal fencing, often overlooked, plays a critical role in environmental conservation by facilitating dune restoration and protecting and rehabilitating local vegetation to enhance natural recovery. Stainless steel, with its unparalleled attributes, contributes significantly to maintaining and re-establishing a sustainable and diverse natural ecosystem. As this project exemplifies, stainless steel is not just a material, it’s a guardian of our coastal heritage and a promise for a resilient and enduring future.

ASSDA MEMBER CONTACTS Stainless Steel Wire & Mesh \ Tory Greer, General Manager – Sales & Supply \ 1300 304 316 \ sales@sswm.com.au \ www.sswm.com.au 7 – Australian Stainless Issue 79

PacRim Stainless 2024

pacrimstainless.com

Australia’s only dedicated stainless steel conference event

16 –17 October 2024 HOTEL X BRISBANE, AUSTRALIA

BACK OR IN F AGA THER O AN SSFUL E SUCC AR! YE

‘Sustain the Momentum’

Save the Date

Brought to you by ASSDA, PacRim Stainless is the premier annual event bringing together Australia’s stainless steel industry and colleagues from abroad in an exclusive networking environment.

PROGRAM OVERVIEW:

• Two half-day conference sessions with an exceptional line-up of speakers • Gala Dinner: Australian Industry Stainless Steel Fabricator Awards 2024 • PacRim 2-ball Golf Ambrose • National ASSDA Young Professionals Network Event

PLATINUM MEMBERS:

GOLD MEMBERS: Stanch Stainless Steel Co., Ltd. Stoddart YC Inox Co., Ltd.

SILVER MEMBERS: Acerinox \ Aqseptence Group \ Arcus Wire Group \ AusPress Systems \ Austral Wright Metals \ Amity Pacific \ Australian Stainless Distributors \ B & R Enclosures \ Callidus Welding Solutions \ Ching-Hann Industries Co., Ltd. \ Dalsteel Metals \ Fagersta Steels \ HH Stainless Pte Ltd \ Industrial Tube Manufacturing \ Metal Centre Australia \ Prochem Pipeline Products \ Sanwa \ Sefar \ Stainless Bar & Wire Company \ Stainless Steel Wire & Mesh \ Stirlings Performance Steels \ Yue-Seng Industrial Co., Ltd.

AUSTRALIAN STAINLESS MAGAZINE MORE INFO: Enquiries or further information on any material presented in this publication should be directed to ASSDA: Level 6, 200 Adelaide St, Brisbane Qld 4000 \ +61 7 3220 0722 \ assda@assda.asn.au \ assda.asn.au EDITORIAL: Contributions of story ideas specialising in stainless steel and its applications are welcome from Members of ASSDA. ADVERTISING: Advertise in the only publication that reaches a targeted group of 5000+ in the Australian stainless steel industry.

Rates available at www.assda.asn.au.

CONTACT: Lissel Pilcher, Editor: lissel@assda.asn.au DISCLAIMER: ASSDA sources articles and advertisements from a variety of contributors and accordingly does not accept responsibility for the accuracy of the contents of this publication nor the suitability of specific applications referred to herein for any particular use. Competent advice should be sought before acting on any matter contained in this publication. The content of this document is subject to copyright law.

You must not use, reproduce or adapt any part of it without ASSDA`s express consent. © Australian Stainless Steel Development Association 2024