Lizard Island 2017 Report

Supported by the Lizard Island Reef Research Foundation 1 William Street Sydney NSW 2010 Australia T +61 2 9320 6000 australianmuseum.net.au

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Australian Museum Lizard Island Research Station 2017 Report

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Lizard Island Research Station 2017 Report LIRS Directors Dr Lyle Vail AM and Dr Anne Hoggett AM Lizard Island Research Station PMB 37 Cairns QLD 4892 Australia T + 61 (0)7 4060 3977 E lizard@austmus.gov.au australianmuseum.net.au/lizard-island-research-station Australian Museum Research Institute Dr Rebecca Johnson, Director T + 61 (0)2 9320 6237 E Rebecca.Johnson@austmus.gov.au

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The Lizard Island Research Station acknowledges the traditional owners of Jiigurru, the Dingaal people, on whose land the research station is situated. The Lizard Island Research Station respects elders past and present, and welcomes all who visit the research station.

Published March 2018 All photographs by Lyle Vail or Anne Hoggett unless otherwise indicated. Fellowship and grant winners provided own photos.

Design and production Australian Museum Design Studio Printed on 100% recycled paper ISSN 0729-0942

Cover The featherstar Anneissia bennetti has many colour variations.

Above A sea fan on the exposed reef slope of the Lizard Island Group.

Above This species of coral, Porites cylindrica, largely survived the two recent bleaching episodes. It is common in the Lizard Island lagoon where it provides important habitat for small fishes.

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Welcome For 45 years, the Lizard Island Research Station (LIRS) has helped the world to better understand, manage and conserve the Great Barrier Reef, one of Australia’s most treasured ecosystems.

The role of the Australian Museum field station in supporting thousands of visiting scientists to undertake worldleading research into the biodiversity of the Reef is now more important than ever.

Coral bleaching in 2017, for an unprecedented second successive summer, damaged large tracts of the Reef and will have a knock-on effect on marine life. Abnormally high water temperatures are a warning bell for the impacts of climate change and the urgent need to change course, before this natural wonder is lost to future generations.

The work of scientists at the LIRS will be instrumental in learning how to respond to a changing climate. In the years to come, this invaluable research will reveal how the Reef and its marine life respond to coral bleaching and severe storms.

In 2017, the LIRS commenced a new undergraduate internship program for students passionate about marine science, to support such research long into the future.

The Reef can bounce back but it needs time and the right conditions to regrow. Already, there are positive signs that many small corals survived the back-to-back bleaching and are providing shelter and succour for other species.

Watching over them will be our dedicated LIRS co-directors Anne Hoggett and Lyle Vail, who have operated this important scientific outpost for 27 years. I would also like to thank the Lizard Island Reef Research Foundation (LIRRF), led by David Shannon, for its ongoing investment in the LIRS and its work.

2017 was our 39th year of supporting science at the Australian Museum’s Lizard Island Research Station. We are now celebrating our 40th Anniversary and are very proud of the contribution we have been able to make over this period. The best measure of its worth is the research projects and publications detailed in the LIRS Annual Reports, including this one.

The credit belongs to everyone involved: the talented and dedicated research scientists; the institutions who employ them and provide their base funding; the staff at the Station and the Museum; our Trustees who give their time and their own donations; and most of all our Members, Friends and Grantors on whose donations we depend. Thank you all.

As Kim McKay mentions in her Welcome message, coral species that provide the foundation for the Great Barrier Reef are suffering setbacks unprecedented in living memory.

The need for further research on the corals and the countless other species in this vast and wondrous ecosystem has never been greater.

The Station’s facilities, fellowships, research grants and impressive science all depend on our continuing donor support. Without it, the Station would not exist and could not continue.

David Shannon Chairman, Lizard Island Reef Research Foundation

Thank you also to all those involved in supporting the LIRS, including Australian Museum Research Institute staff, volunteers, visiting researchers, donors and the LIRRF and AM Trust.

Kim McKay AO Director & CEO, Australian Museum

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2017 in review The Great Barrier Reef suffered mass coral bleaching in early 2017 for an unprecedented second year in a row. This was part of a world-wide event that has followed summer around the globe since mid-2015. At Lizard Island, corals suffered again in 2017 due to abnormally high temperatures that were almost as high as the record set the year before. However, the impact was not as noticeable this time because so many of the susceptible species of corals were already dead.

So, what has happened? Compare the photos at right of the same set of corals at three periods in time: Nov 2015 when they were all healthy; Apr 2016 after susceptible species had been killed by bleaching; and Nov 2017 after the second bleaching event. We can see several things: 1) all of the Acropora corals (A to E) died in the 2016 bleaching, 2) other coral types that survived the 2016 bleaching (W to Z) also survived the 2017 bleaching, and 3) no new corals have appeared.

Now compare the shapes of the surviving corals with the ones that died. The survivors are generally smoother and they don’t provide as many hiding places for other reef animals.

As the dead branching skeletons continue to erode, the reef overall will become even smoother. This is a knock-on effect of mass bleaching, affecting fishes, crabs and other animals that need crevices for shelter.

These photos are a pretty good proxy for the entire area, with an important caveat. Many tiny Acropora corals, less than about 5 cm diameter, survived the 2016 bleaching.

We don’t yet know why smallness provided protection and research is needed to discover the mechanism. Some of these small corals succumbed during the second event in 2017 but many continued to survive and grow. With a few years of no major disturbances, these survivors will restore the reef’s more rugged and colourful appearance, and its function as a habitat for other species.

There has been very little recruitment of new corals to the Lizard Island reefs since the bleaching events. An ongoing, unpublished study suggests that the number of coral larvae that settled after the 2016 bleaching was miniscule compared to normal years. But if the surviving small corals in the wider area get a chance to grow up, there will be more mature colonies to produce more spawn to promote higher recruitment. The reef can bounce back, but it needs time and the right conditions.

Research has shown that sediment and nutrient pollution can impair the ability of corals to recover from massive impacts such as bleaching events and cyclones. Lizard Island is located

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far from land-based sources of pollution but it can still be affected due to water currents. It is critical to understand and address these local stressors. The 'right conditions' also include water within a limited temperature range: this is a problem that can only have a global solution.

Research has never been needed more urgently to understand what is happening on coral reefs, what their future holds, and to investigate ways to mitigate the problems - for example by containing destructive outbreaks of Crown-ofThorns Starfish, reducing pollution, and by helping corals adapt to higher temperatures. The best mitigation of all would be to reverse the build-up of greenhouse gases causing climate change but that is not likely to happen quickly enough or on a large enough scale.

For the past 10 to 15 years, reef researchers have conducted experiments in aquaria, simulating the predicted future conditions of warmer and more acidic oceans. Now that those predictions are actually occurring, they have a realworld 'experiment' to study, as can be seen in the list of projects conducted at Lizard Island Research Station during 2017 (page 15). One of the many benefits of a permanent coral reef research facility is the development of strong datasets that span decades. These datasets are now being used by researchers at LIRS, including some of our new Fellows, to track changes and to look into our reef’s future.

We're pleased to announce the award of nine new fellowships (up from six) to PhD students and early-career researchers for work that will start in 2018. The Crown-of-Thorns Starfish grant program continues with two new awards for 2018. As well, a new grant program has commenced with two awards targeted at research into the effects of plastic pollution on coral reefs.

A very welcome addition to the LIRS infrastructure this year is the John Gough Cyclone Shelter. It is named in honour of the late John Gough who served as a Governor of The Ian Potter Foundation and who was a wonderful supporter of LIRS. The Ian Potter Foundation generously provided a grant to the Lizard Island Reef Research Foundation to fund construction of the cyclone shelter. This building allows researchers to continue their work at LIRS during the summer cyclone season, secure in the knowledge that if a cyclone appears in the area, its impact on their work will be as small as possible.

Now, those who need to stay on the island can do so safely during any cyclone, rather than having to evacuate to Cairns. We’re sure that John would approve.

Lyle Vail AM and Anne Hoggett AM Directors, Lizard Island Research Station

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Y X

C

D B

W

A

E

Z Five Acropora colonies (A to E) and four other types of coral (W to Z), all healthy in Nov 2015 prior to the first bleaching event.

By 23 April 2016, all five Acropora colonies have died due to bleaching and are covered in algae. Corals W and X have not changed colour. Corals Y and Z are partly bleached but are still alive.

11 Nov 2017. The five dead Acropora colonies (outlined) are breaking down and no new Acropora corals have appeared. Corals W to Z are all still alive and those that bleached have retained their colour.

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Fellowships and grants Fellowships The Fellowships program provides funding for field-intensive research at LIRS by PhD students and recent postdocs.

The program is fully supported by the Lizard Island Reef Foundation and its donors.

This year, we have been able to award a record number of fellowships to start in 2018: five to PhD students and four to early-career scientists. These new projects are outlined below.

Details of the conditions and selection criteria for these highly sought-after Fellowships can be found in the Lizard Island Research Station section of the Australian Museum’s web site. Applications close in August or September each year for funding that becomes available in March of the following year.

Viviana Brambilla 2018 Ian Potter Doctoral Fellow University of St Andrews, Scotland The role of niche construction for coral reef recovery Corals are ecosystem engineers. Their widely differing shapes influence the physical environment around them, affecting temperature, light and water flow in ways that promote their own fitness through a process called niche construction. Viviana aims to quantify niche construction in coral reefs, understanding how the presence of different types of corals affects local environmental conditions and how these conditions affect reef recovery.

Understanding how the presence of a foundational organism is beneficial to other species is essential for managing marine ecosystems and it provides valuable guidance for reef recovery and restoration. This project is especially relevant given that the Great Barrier Reef is serving as an early warning system for the possible consequences of climate change.

Opposite above left While many anemones bleached and died in 2016 and 2017, some recovered and have now regained their colour. Above right PhD student Zegni Triki at work in the laboratory. Centre left Anne Hoggett takes photos for Lizard Island Field Guide. Centre right Large Acropora colonies are now uncommon at Lizard Island. This one in the lagoon entrance channel survived the 2016 bleaching and is partially bleached in March 2017. Lower left Many small Acropora colonies survived both bleaching events (finger for scale). Lower right Some soft corals such as this neptheid were not affected during the bleaching events.

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Cláudio Alexandre Tabaio Brandão 2018 Lizard Island Doctoral Fellow University of Aveiro, Portugal Chasing Symbiodinium: the endolithic niche of Symbiodinium on Lizard Island Reef-building corals are animals that normally have microscopic ‘plant’ organisms living within their bodies (actually dinoflagellates in the genus Symbiodinium). Both organisms derive benefits from living together: the coral obtains food from the plant through photosynthesis and the plant obtains nutrients and shelter from the coral. Without this relationship, corals would not be able to build reefs.

Symbiodinium can also thrive as free-living cells in seawater and on the sea floor but little is known about its life there.

Cláudio’s supervisors recently showed in the lab that freeliving Symbiodinium cells can become encased in calcium carbonate, effectively becoming a living grain of sand.

And just last year, the same group discovered that these ‘endolithic’ (=inside stone) Symbiodinium populations also exist in nature, on reefs. Endolithic Symbiodinium may thus provide a reservoir of potential symbionts for corals. Cláudio will determine whether endolithic Symbiodinium exists in the sand at Lizard Island, and if so, whether its abundance and composition change with environmental conditions and events such as coral bleaching. This work will fundamentally advance our understanding of free-living Symbiodinium ecology and contribute to our understanding of changes in reefs in a changing climate.

José Ricardo Maceiras de Paula 2018 Lizard Island Doctoral Fellow Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal Cleaning interactions in a changing world: Bio-ecological responses of cleaning mutualisms to ocean warming and acidification ‘Cleaning’ of fishes is a ubiquitous process on coral reefs in which cleaners, including particular fish and shrimp species, remove parasites from the skin of client fishes.

These mutualisms are crucial ecological components on coral reefs that influence the abundance and species diversity of fish communities. Cleaners, such as the cleaner wrasse Labroides dimidiatus, interact with numerous species of fish and provide fitness benefits to their clients by reducing stress as well as parasite loads. Surprisingly, there is little understanding of the potential effects of climate change on this important relationship.

José aims to determine the mechanisms by which cleaning mutualisms respond to ocean warming and acidification. His research will examine behavioural, neural and physiological

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variables in cleaner fish, their clients and their parasites when exposed to projected future temperature and ocean acidification conditions.

Robert Streit 2018 Lizard Island Doctoral Fellow College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University Exploring space use and density of feeding in herbivorous reef fishes as a new facet of reef resilience Coral reefs are increasingly threatened by a challenging climate, recurring coral bleaching and severe storms. The cumulative nature of these disturbances, over variable spatial scales and tightening time scales, means that future reefs will likely be characterised by rapid shifts and finescale patchiness in habitat condition. To safeguard crucial ecological functions on future reefs, we need to understand how fishes can cope with, and respond to, such a shifting mosaic of reef health.

By feeding on algae, herbivorous fishes support the ecological stability of reefs and can facilitate recovery.

Potential herbivore impact is typically studied by assessing herbivore abundance and sizes of their home-ranges. Such approaches essentially quantify presence of herbivorous fishes. However, the big question relating to functional delivery is not where the fish are, but where they feed.

Robert will assess how feeding behaviour is distributed: is it in dense clusters or evenly spread within the fishes’ home range? And he will investigate if this pattern changes as the reef condition changes. Highlighting the importance of fish behaviour over fish presence, he aims to assess actual herbivore impact while accounting for temporal and spatial dynamics of habitat condition.

Zegni Triki 2018 Lizard Island Doctoral Fellow University of Neuchâtel, Switzerland Linking cognition and brain physiology to marine cleaning mutualism The cleaner wrasse is a small fish that plays a huge role on many coral reefs. By removing parasites from the skin of other fishes, they increase the health of those fish and consequently enhance the abundance and diversity of fish on reefs. Researchers have made astounding advances in understanding fish cognition, cooperation and behavioural ecology by studying the complex relationships between cleaners and their clients. Zegni will take this a step further by investigating the impacts of environmental change on fish cognition.

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Cleaner wrasse densities at Lizard Island declined by up to 80% following reef degradation due to cyclones and coral bleaching. This was a much greater decline than many species of their client fish. Interestingly, it correlated with a decreased ability of cleaner wrasse to display the sophistication that made this species a prime example for advanced fish intelligence. Zegni’s Fellowship will enable her to continue to monitor fish population dynamics at Lizard Island from which she has data from before and after the extreme weather events. She will test how these changes have affected the interaction patterns of cleaner wrasse and their clients, and she will explore links between variation in individual performance and brain characteristics such as neuronal densities. This project will address a fundamental question on links between interspecific social complexity and individual cognitive abilities while also yielding important information on the potential impacts of climate change.

Dr Tyler Cyronak 2018 Yulgilbar Foundation Postdoctoral Fellowship USCD, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, USA Assessing the effects of coral bleaching on reef metabolic performance at Lizard Island Mass coral bleaching, or the loss of algal symbionts due to increasing sea temperature, is among the greatest of threats to coral reefs. Climate models suggest that mass bleaching events may become the norm over coming decades, raising questions related to coral reef health and function.

Metabolic performance of coral reefs can be determined by measuring two dominant processes: (1) net community production (NCP), or the balance between photosynthesis and respiration; and, (2) net community calcification (NCC), or the balance between calcium carbonate precipitation and dissolution. These processes serve as metrics for ecological function by indicating a reef’s capacity to build its calcium carbonate framework and provide habitat and food for a large number of species.

Reefs around Lizard Island represent a unique opportunity to study bleaching-induced shifts in metabolic performance owing to the availability of historical datasets dating back to 1975 when NCC was first measured at Lizard Island. Others repeated these measurements in 2008 and 2009 and found NCC to be 27%-49% lower than rates measured during the same season (September-October) in 1975, an observation the authors attribute to ocean acidification.

Tyler and colleagues will measure NCP and NCC at Lizard Island in September-October 2018 and 2019. This will enable them to test whether the mass bleaching events in 2016 and 2017 led to significant changes in NCP and NCC compared to 1975, 2008, and 2009, and whether or not bleaching shifts

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reefs into alternate metabolic states. Ultimately, their goal is to return to Lizard Island to repeat this study annually for the next 4-5 years to better monitor the potential for recovery.

Dr Kristen Anderson King 2018 Isobel Bennett Marine Biology Postdoctoral Fellowship ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies & the Australian Institute of Marine Science Recovery of coral growth rates and reef carbonate budget after severe bleaching events at Lizard Island Climate change impacts, notably coral bleaching, have recently transformed reef landscapes around the world.

For the first time in history, the Great Barrier Reef experienced back-to-back severe bleaching events in the summers of 2016 and 2017.

How a reef recovers from disturbances, its resilience, depends partly on the ability of surviving and newly-settled corals to grow. As such, the growth rates of coral species have often been used as an indicator of reef health. Growth rates of corals increase as temperature increases until an optimum level is reached. The optimum temperature is often close to the long-term summer maximum of a location.

Kirsten’s PhD research at Lizard Island in 2012-2014, before the bleaching events, found that the growth rate of branching corals in winter were equal to or faster than in summer. This suggests that corals were already being pushed passed their thermal optimum during non-bleaching summers. Kristen will now assess and monitor seasonal variability in the growth of corals following the bleaching events and determine changes in reef carbonate production.

Dr Daniela Pica 2018 John & Laurine Proud Postdoctoral Fellowship Università Politecnica delle Marche, Italy Stylasterid corals at Lizard Island Stylasterid corals, commonly known as lace corals, are in the same phylum (Cnidaria) as ‘true’ corals but they are on a different branch of the evolutionary tree. Stylasterids provide a similar ecological function to true corals because they have a hard, branched skeleton that forms habitat for other organisms.

Stylasterids are the second most diverse group of skeletonforming cnidarians after the true corals. While the stylasterid fauna has been revised and studied in deep water and in temperate areas, only scattered information is available for shallow tropical areas. Australian stylasterids are particularly poorly known. Among them are eight shallow-water species

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in the genera Distichopora and Stylaster. These are the most frequent genera recorded in the shallow Indo-Pacific and they are the focus of Daniela’s current taxonomic revision. There are undoubtedly new species to be discovered on coral reefs because the group has been subject of so little research.

At Lizard Island, Daniela will collect stylasterids from as many different habitats as possible, record ecological data in the field, observe polyp behaviour in the laboratory, and preserve specimens for morphological and genetic analysis. This work will greatly expand knowledge of the taxonomy, ecology and distribution of the stylasterid fauna from this area.

Dr Chiara Pisapia & Dr Steve Doo 2018 Lizard Island Postdoctoral Fellowship California State University Northridge Assessing recovery of Lizard Island Reef community structure and function following multiple successive stress events Climate change is increasing the severity of chronic and acute disturbances such as cyclones, bleaching, and ocean acidification, thus threatening the persistence of coral reefs. While the effects of climate change on coral reef communities have been well-documented, recovery rates and trajectories of community structure, function and reef-scale carbonate production remain unclear.

Chiara and Steve both did field work for their PhDs at LIRS and Steve was a 2015 Ian Potter Doctoral Fellow.

In this project, they will combine their areas of expertise to quantify changes on the reefs at Lizard Island as result of repeated stress events since 2014: two major cyclones and unprecedented mass coral bleaching.

They will use multiple historical data sets collected by themselves and others to advance our understanding of how such stresses affect reef-scale calcification by measuring changes in both community structure (benthic cover and composition) and reef-scale metabolism. This will provide insights into potential mechanisms of reef recovery by linking the quantity and type of organisms on the reef to the chemistry of the water over the two-year study.

Plastics Pollution Research Grants Plastic waste in the marine environment is a major problem world-wide. Thanks to funding from the Rossi Foundation, for the first time the LIRRF is able to support research investigating an aspect of the relationship between plastic waste and the organisms, habitat, and/or the processes of coral reefs. The projects being funded will determine where microplastics are most prevalent at Lizard Island and how they impact marine life.

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Marina Santana 2018 Rossi Foundation Plastics Pollution Grant College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University Assessing the ecological risks of plastic pollution to coral reef environments Coral reef organisms are at risk of ingesting microplastics through contaminated water and sediments. However, we know very little about which types of reef organisms are at risk and what mechanisms influence the likelihood of impacts. Marina’s research will address these knowledge gaps.

She will quantify the distribution and abundance of microplastic contamination in the water and sediments at Lizard Island, providing a baseline for this emerging threat. She will also survey a range of benthic animals such as sea cucumbers and sponges to find out how much, if any, microplastic is ingested by them in the wild. If microplastics are found to be eaten by some species as predicted, Marina will then investigate how the animals handle their encounters with microplastics.

For example, are microplastics ingested randomly along with natural particles or are they preferred or avoided? When ingested, is there any attempt to reject microplastic particles?

If retained by the animal, what happens then? This research will help to assess the ecological risk of microplastics in coral reef environments and inform management.

In 2017, Bridie found that juvenile damselfish consumed microplastics at highly variable rates. This grant will allow her to investigate whether microplastic ingestion affects the likelihood of fishes surviving the critical period of settlement when they transition from the pelagic to reef community. She will focus on how consumption of microplastics may alter the attributes of fish that determine their survival. She will also seek to resolve whether potential behavioural effects in fish are due to mechanical stress or to cognitive impairment from chemical constituents found within microplastic particles.

COTS Control Grants Outbreaks of Crown-of-Thorns starfish (COTS) are a major cause in the decline of coral cover in many locations throughout the Indo-West Pacific, including the Great Barrier Reef. During periodic population outbreaks, densities of COTS can increase from normally very low to extremely high resulting in a dramatic decrease coral cover due to their feeding activities. Given all the challenges facing coral reefs, managing predation by COTS is one step we can take to help protect corals. An Ian Potter Foundation 50th Anniversary Commemorative Grant was awarded to the LIRRF in 2014 and since then 13 grants have been awarded. Research undertaken in 2017 and funded for 2018 includes: 2017

Microhabitat preferences and post-settlement demography for juvenile Crown-of-Thorns Starfish.

2017

Dr Bridie Allan 2018 Rossi Foundation Plastics Pollution Grant Institute of Marine Science, Norway

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Ciemon Caballes (ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University) Quantifying key reproductive and recruitment parameters to improve COTS connectivity models.

2017

Sven Uthicke (Australian Institute of Marine Science) Testing eDNA as a new monitoring tool for a) early outbreak detection, b) investigating larval biology, and c) identifying invertebrate predators.

The effect of microplastic pollution on phenotypic determinates of selective mortality in coral reef fish Plastic waste in the sea breaks down into smaller and smaller particles and microplastic particles (smaller than 5mm diameter) are now a dominant and ubiquitous feature of marine environments. Because microplastics occupy the same size fraction as many marine prey items, they are often mistaken as a food source. Plastic ingestion has been observed across many taxa, including corals and fishes. Ingestion of microplastics may cause harm through mechanically derived internal damage or toxicity arising from the release of chemicals. The effects of pollutants are often most extreme in the vulnerable early life stages of marine organisms, where their characteristics of high metabolic rates, high activity and consumption lead to an increased chance of encountering microplastics. Any factor that modifies early mortality rates can lead to major changes in the numbers reaching later life stages.

Morgan Pratchett (ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University)

2018

Maria Byrne (University of Sydney) & Jonathan Allen (College of William & Mary, USA) Assessing the causes and prevalence of cloning in larval Crown-of-Thorns Seastars: implications for estimating and modelling dispersal potential.

2018

Frederieke Kroon (Australian Institute of Marine Science) Informing COTS control through understanding COTS predation pressure by fish and fisheries species.

Additional grants will be available for 2019.

Oppposite A Common Lionfish, Pterois volitans

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Lizard Island Reef Research Foundation FOUNDER

TRUSTEE EMERITUS

The late Sir John Proud

Mr Kenneth Coles AM

PATRONS

TRUSTEES

Mr Andrew Green Dr Des Griffin AM Mr Raymond Kirby AO Mrs Jacqueline Loomis The Ian Potter Foundation Mr Robert Purves AM Thyne Reid Foundation Prof Frank Talbot AM

Mr David Shannon (Chairman) Mr Charlie Shuetrim AM (Chairman, Appeal Committee) Mr David Armstrong Dr Penny Berents Mr James Bildner Ms Belinda Gibson

Dr Ronnie Harding Ms Kate Hayward Mr Chris Joscelyne Mr Vivian King 1 Mrs Wendy King 2 Mr James Kirby Prof Lynne Madden Ms Kim McKay AO Mrs Heather Power Mr Robert Purves AM Mr Graham Sherry OAM Ms Helen Wellings 1 2

Resigned in 2017 New Trustee in 2017

SCIENCE COMMITTEE Dr Penny Berents (Chair) Mr Charlie Shuetrim AM Dr Rebecca Johnson Dr Lyle Vail AM Dr Anne Hoggett AM Dr Lynne Madden

The Science Committee thanks Australian Museum staff Dr Shane Ahyong and Dr Mandy Reid for their assistance in assessing Fellowship applications.

The Lizard Island Reef Research Foundation is an independent trust established in 1978 to conduct and support scientific research at LIRS and elsewhere on the Great Barrier Reef.

Bequests Zoltan Florian died in April 2017 at the age of 87. Zoli ran the light microscope unit at James Cook University for decades, developing optical equipment and providing technical solutions to complex problems to advance coral reef research. He was involved with LIRS from its earliest days and for many years he travelled to the island to service the station’s microscopes pro bono. In a cruel twist of fate, Zoli lost his sight more than 10 years ago. He left a generous bequest to our Foundation to fund a new Fellowship to be named in his honour.

Geraldine Haworth died in June 2015, a few days short of her 85th birthday. She and her late husband Trevor were also wonderful supporters of the Station and the Foundation.

Trevor served as a Trustee for many years. Their family company, Captain Cook Cruises, operated a ship between Cairns and Lizard Island. They always gave unstintingly of their time and resources, as well as being substantial donors.

Geraldine continued that generosity by leaving a bequest to our Foundation which we received in July 2017.

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The late Geraldine and Trevor Haworth in 2000.

Board changes Vivian King retired from the Board this year after many years of service and his wife Wendy King took up the seat. Wendy is the daughter of the late Charles Warman who was one of the original Trustees, so another long history of family involvement in the Foundation continues. We thank Vivian for his contribution and warmly welcome Wendy to the Board.

Vivian and Wendy are also Life Members of the Foundation.

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2 May – Science and Cocktails at the Australian Museum.

Dr Alex Vail was the guest speaker, presenting his research into cooperative hunting between coral trout and moray eels and the reasons behind his recent career change to natural history filmmaking. A highlight of the event was a donation made to the Foundation by 6-year old Julian Perros through his own fundraising efforts.

3 May – Melbourne Dinner. Dr Vail repeated his presentation for our Melbourne Members and Friends.

Donations The late Zoli Florian, pictured here during a visit to LIRS in 1993.

Projects and equipment funded

by LIRRF in 2017 – The LIRS Fellowships and Grants programs as outlined in previous sections – Construction of the John Gough Cyclone Shelter – Replacement of outboard motors – Lizard Island Field Guide and associated mobile applications (page 12) – New undergraduate internship program (page 12) – Satellite tags to record long-distance movements of marlin, thanks to the Teakle Foundation.

lirrf.org The Foundation’s web site, lirrf.org, is the place to go to make a secure online donation, find out more about why it is important do so, and read posts on science and scientists funded through LIRRF. You can also subscribe to receive occasional email updates.

Members and Friends Members donate $1,000 or more in a 12 month period and Friends give a lower amount. Life Members donate at least $100,000 which may be spread over several years.

Please see the inside back cover for this year’s Members.

Events The Foundation hosted three events for Members and guests during 2017 to thank them for their continuing support and to provide updates on the Reef and Lizard Island Science.

11 January – Aboard True North. Marine scientist Dr Andy Lewis delivered a presentation to LIRRF Members and Friends in Sorrento Harbour. Dr Lewis has done research at the Station and contributed images and information to the Lizard Island Field Guide.

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The significant coral loss from the Crown-of-Thorns Starfish, tropical storms and bleaching sea temperatures makes scientific research more urgent and important than ever.

Not just for the corals, but also in relation to the countless other species in the Reef ecosystem. LIRRF operates with very low overhead costs, providing a highly efficient channel for donations to support science on the Reef. The Lizard Island Research Station would not exist and could not continue without donor support.

Various options for donating are available online at lirrf.org/donate. All donations of $2 or more are tax deductible in Australia.

Lizard Island Resort The luxurious Lizard Island Resort provides an exceptional base from which to experience the Great Barrier Reef.

Owned and operated by Delaware North, the Resort is a long-term supporter of the Research Station and the Foundation. Members and Friends of the LIRRF can benefit from two generous Resort offers: 1. Win a three-night stay at the Resort for two people.

Donors of $100 or more in the financial year to 30 June 2018 will be included in a draw for this wonderful prize that includes return transfers by light aircraft from Cairns, accommodation, meals, beverages and more. Conditions apply – see lirrf.org.

2. A 20% discount for LIRRF Members at the Resort. Current LIRRF Members (i.e. those who have made a donation of $1,000 or more in the last 12 months) qualify for a 20% discount on any stay of 3 or more nights at the Resort, except in the last week of October and in the Christmas-New Year period. See lirrf.org for information about making a booking.

Donations can be made through lirrf.org. All donations of $2 or more are tax deductible in Australia.

When you are on the island, please be sure to visit the Research Station to see how your donation is being put to good use. For more information about the Resort, visit lizardisland.com.

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Person nights

For the record

Lizard Island Field Guide

Staff

About 360 species were added to Lizard Island Field Guide (LIFG) during 2017. It now has 2,160 species with photographs and other information. The total number of species known from the area is now more than 7,000 so there is still a long way to go to document them all.

Lyle Vail and Anne Hoggett completed 27 years as joint Directors in August 2017. They were honoured to be awarded the 2017 Australian Museum Research Institute Medal at the Eureka Prizes awards dinner at the Sydney Town Hall in August. This award recognises Anne and Lyle’s many years of dedication to LIRS and their contributions to improving our understanding of the reef ecosystem.

Thanks to the many people and organisations who make it happen: the LIRRF for its continuing financial support; a grant from The Ian Potter Foundation that has enabled authoritative identification of coral photos this year; Geoff Shuetrim (Gaia Guide Association) who developed and continues to improve the backbone of the system; Anne Hoggett (LIRS) who oversees the quality and development of content; scientific experts for their specialist input; interested people who contribute photos and observations; and the people who enter data.

The Guide is at http://lifg.australianmuseum.net.au/ Hierarchy.html and free mobile applications are available for Apple and Android platforms.

Left Built to endure and protect, the new John Gough Cyclone Shelter is designed to withstand any cyclone and is located well above the maximum modelled storm surge height. Right PhD student intern Samantha Aird searching for archaeological sites.

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Marianne Dwyer and John Williamson completed their second year as maintenance staff in March 2017. Former maintenance staff, Lance and Marianne Pearce returned to fill-in when Marianne and John were on leave.

Internships A new internship program for Australian undergraduate students began this year thanks to support from the Lizard Island Reef Research Foundation. Selected through a competitive process, four students in marine-related fields each spent about a month at LIRS during 2017.

– James Mellor, Deakin University – Natalie Meiklejohn, University of Queensland – Eleanor Henderson, University of Technology Sydney – Sam Wines, Deakin University They had the opportunity to undertake training courses, obtain technical qualifications, and develop their skills and knowledge by assisting with research and with the running of LIRS.

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Usage 9,000

Other Volunteers Commercial Educational Groups Postgraduates Researchers

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I feel extremely privileged to have been given this opportunity, as I believe the skills and knowledge gained during my internship program have given me a head start in pursuing a career in research. It’s very difficult as an undergraduate student to gain such firsthand practical experience, and I am so grateful to the Lizard Island Reef Research Foundation for providing me, and others like me, this fantastic opportunity. Natalie Meiklejohn

Australian Museum staff members Mark McGrouther, Tracey McVea and Serena Todd won a staff recognition award that enabled them to visit LIRS, during which they assisted as volunteers. It is always great to have AM staff at the station.

The ongoing postgraduate student internship program provides extended access to field and aquarium facilities for PhD students who assist LIRS staff for 12 hours per week in lieu of bench fees for at least three months.

We sincerely thank all of these people for their valued contributions to LIRS.

Archaeology PhD student Samantha Aird of James Cook University was the postgraduate intern this year.

Per person per night, Including GST

Volunteers LIRS relies upon volunteers to help keep it in really good shape. This includes some who come every year and have carved out their own niches. This year, as for many years, Renie and Snow Amos, Lois Wilson and Terry Ford continued to assist us, and Sue Lawrence volunteered for the second year in a row. Continuing another long relationship, Charlie Makray again provided excellent first aid training to all LIRS staff on site without charge.

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Other volunteers in 2017 were: Kailey Bissell, Philip Clark, Alexey Deyneko, Dario Dieterich, Inga Kovalevskaya, Alejandra Munoz, Pauline Narvaez, Becky Nedelec, Brendan Nedelec, Alain Roche, Christine Smith, and Michelle Tridgell.

Bench fees Researcher Researcher’s assistant Postgrad student (own project) Postgrad’s assistant School or university group Media Commercial

2017 $ 142.00 $ 126.50 $ 55.00 $ 50.00 $ 90.00 $ 213.00 $ 267.00

2018 $ $ $ $ $ $ $

145.00 129.00 56.00 51.00 92.00 217.50 272.00

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Visitors in 2017 Scientists from 31 institutions in 9 countries conducted 74 research projects at Lizard Island in 2017 comprising: 58 senior scientists or postdocs, 25 PhD candidates, 5 MSc candidates, 2 Honours candidates and 5 undergraduate research students. The researchers are listed here with their project titles and institutional affiliations.

Institutions Australian 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies Australian Institute of Marine Science Australian Museum Australian National University Curtin University Griffith University James Cook University Macquarie University Monash University RMIT University Southern Cross University University of Queensland University of Sydney University of Tasmania University of Technology Sydney University of Western Australia University of Wollongong

International 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

Auckland University of Technology (NZ) Arkansas State University (USA) Cornell University (USA) Institute of Marine Research (Norway) Norwegian University of Science and Technology (Norway) School for International Training (USA) Scripps Institution of Oceanography (USA) University of Auckland (NZ) University of Exeter (UK) University of Lisbon (Portugal) University of Neuchâtel (Switzerland) University of Saskatchewan (Canada) University of St Andrews (UK) University of Oslo (Norway)

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Oppposite Dr Thomas DeCarlo (2017 John and Laurine Proud Postdoctoral Fellow) and Anton Kuret taking a core from a massive Porites colony at Yonge Reef that will be used to reconstruct past temperatures.

Senior scientists and postdocs

thermal stress histories on the Great Barrier Reef

Trond Amundsen 22 Coral bleaching: effects on fishes

Maria del Mar Palacios 7 The effect of habitat degradation on reef fish

Kristen Anderson King 7 Recovery of coral growth after bleaching across multiple scales

Guillermo Diaz-Pulido 6 Coralline algae evolution and ocean acidification

Esther Angert 20 Exploring circadian cycles in intestinal bacteria of surgeonfish

Tiago Repolho 27 Mutual change: Bio-ecological responses of marine cleaning mutualisms to climate change

Andrew Baird 1, 7 Andrew Hoey 1, 7 Post-bleaching recovery of coral populations Sandra Binning 28 Repeatibility of lateralization behaviour in damselfish Rick Braley Andrew Lewis independent researchers Long-term population dynamics of giant clams at Lizard Island Redouan Bshary 28 Cooperative and cognitive aspects of cleaning symbiosis Daniela Ceccarelli, independent researcher Temporal dynamics and response to disturbance in coral and fish communities at Lizard Island Wen-Sung Chung Justin Marshall 12 Cephalopod vision - comparative neural anatomy of coastal cephalopods 12

Jennifer Donelson 7 Rebecca Fox 15 Megan Head 4 Behavioural thermoregulation of coral reef fish Miriam Henze 12 Justin Marshall 12 Colour and polarization processing in stomatopods Bruce Jenkins 3 Taxonomic, phylogenetic and biogeographical studies in the mollusc families Siphonariidae, Onchidiidae and Ellobiidae Sjannie Lefevre Nilsson 31 Goran Nilsson 31 Physiological responses to hypoxia of the Humpback Conch Damaris Torres-Pulliza as field leader for Elizabeth Madin 8 High-frequency patch reef halo monitoring

Kendall Clements Howard Choat 7 Nutritional ecology of parrotfishes

Joshua Madin 8 Maria Dornelas 30 Andrew Baird 1, 7 Cyclone and bleaching coral recovery

Thomas DeCarlo 16 Malcolm McCulloch 16 Reconstructing coral growth and

Mark McCormick 7 Bridie Allan 21 Effects of boat noise on fishes

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Mark McCormick 7 Fish and benthic survey of Lizard Island Mark McCormick 7 Doug Chivers 29 Maud Ferrari 29 The influence of reef degradation of predator-prey interactions Lauren Nadler 24 Effect of habitat degradation and chemical alarm cues on fast-start escape performance in fish schools

Sean Ulm 7 Ian McNiven 9 Christian Reepmeyer 7 Karen Joyce 7 Lizard Island Archaeological Project Sven Uthicke 2 Testing eDNA as a new monitoring tool for early detection of Crown-of-Thorns Starfish outbreaks Sue-Ann Watson 7 Effects of bleaching on giant clams

Sophie Nedelec Steve Simpson 26 Impacts of motorboat noise on coral reef fish reproduction and survival

Lindsey White 19 Remote sensing using UAVs to map coral reef habitat

Alexandra Ordonez Alvarez Guillermo Diaz-Pulido 6 Catriona Hurd 4 Coralline algae evolution and ocean acidification

Postgraduate research students

6

Michael Rasheed 7 Paul York 7 Seagrass and herbivore interactions Zoe Richards 5 Coral communities at Lizard Island following cyclones and bleaching Dominique Roche 28 Tim Clark 14 To what extent do fish voluntarily exert themselves to obtain prey?

Isaac Santos Anna Scott 11 Estimation of coral ecosystem calcification following a bleaching event 11

Anna Scott 11 Marian Wong 17 Finding Nemo's personalities Jeff Shimeta as field leader for Andrew Ball 10 Evaluating the environmental impact of sunscreens (extension of Port Phillip Bay project) Paul Sikkel 18 Alexandra Grutter 12 with Derek Sun, Genevieve Phillips and Pauline Narvaez as field leaders The role of micropredators and cleaning behaviour in coral reef fish communities

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Samantha Aird 7 Long-term Aboriginal resource use on the Great Barrier Reef (PhD) Luis Gomez Ecological interactions between crustose coralline algae and early life stages of seaweeds and corals (PhD) 6

Randall Barry Effect of coral degradation on chemical alarm cue response in coral fishes (Hons) 7

Antoine Baud 28 Short-term physiological responses of striated surgeonfish Ctenochaetus striatus during interactions with the cleaner wrasse Labroides dimidiatus (MSc) Ellie Bergstrom 6 Biological traits responsible for acclimation/adaptation of coralline algae to ocean acidification (PhD) Nader Boutros 13 Spatial surveys of reef fish (PhD) Viviana Brambilla 30 Coral reef niche construction: quantifying patterns (PhD) Kaycee Davis 11 Estimation of coral ecosystem calcification following a bleaching event (PhD)

Tim Gordon 26 The influence of bleaching on auditory preferences of coral reef fish (PhD) Alexia Graba-Landry 7 The effect of increasing temperature on fish-seaweed interactions on coral reefs (PhD) Naomi Green 12 Seeing and responding to colour signals (PhD) Emily Guevara 12 with supervisor Karen Cheney 12 Highly contrasting outlines increase detectability by predators (MSc) Maureen Ho 6 The role of macroalgae and their different carbon uptake strategies (PhD) Sofia Jain-Schlaepfer 7 Effect of vessel noise on coral reef fish (MSc) Emily Lester 16 with supervisor Mark Meekan 2 Fear in fish: quantifying risk effects behaviour in coral reef fish (PhD) Zoe Loffler 1, 7 Canopy-forming macroalgae on coral reefs: dynamics and herbivory (PhD) Martin Luehrmann 12 Visual ecology of cardinalfishes (PhD) Caitlin Maling 13 Fish work: a collection of poems (PhD) Kieran McCloskey 26 Impacts of motorboat noise on reproduction in Pomacentrus amboinensis (PhD) Jamie McWilliam 5 The pulse of a coral reef: using acoustic survey as a tool for monitoring coral reef ecosystems in a changing climate (PhD) Patrick Monarca 15 The thermal ecology and physiology of mobile reef fishes (Hons) Renato Morais Araujo 7 Structural complexity effects on fish productivity over multiple spatial scales: the influence of cyclone damage and massive bleaching events (PhD)

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Tessa Page 6 Transcriptomic responses to future environmental changes in crustose coralline algae from different evolutionary histories (PhD) JosĂŠ Paula Mutual change: Bio-ecological responses of marine cleaning mutualisms to climate change (PhD) 27

Melvyn Staiff 28 Interannual repeatability of intraindividual variation in cooperation levels by adult Bluestreak Cleaner Wrasse (MSc) Robert Streit 7 Benthic feeding video grids (PhD) Cassandra Thompson with supervisor Morgan Pratchett 7 Effects of coral loss on reproductive biology and population viability of butterflyfishes (MSc) Damaris Torres-Pulliza 8 A multi-scale approach for quantifying habitat complexity of coral reef from space (PhD) Zegni Triki 28 with supervisor Redouan Bshary 28 Cleaners' strategic sophistication after El NiĂąo (PhD) Cedric Van Den Berg 12 Luminance detection and discrimination thresholds in the Picasso Triggerfish (PhD) Loretta White 25 Modification of Fucoida by the hindgut microbes of seaweed-eating fish (PhD) Rachael Woods 8 Cyclone mapping project - coral recruitment on mapped sites (PhD)

Undergraduate research students Melina Keighron 23 The fine-scale feeding selectivity of herbivorous fishes on Sargassum and Turbinaria ornata on the Great Barrier Reef

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Alejandra Munoz 23 Coral bleaching and the effects of disturbances on the damselfish community at Lizard Island, Australia Claire Murphy 23 The growth and herbivory of Sargassum propagules across habitats of a Lizard Island reef Maggie Travis 23 The impact of boat noise on the early development and survival of Acanthochromis polyacanthus Jess Vorse 23 Gnathiid isopods morphological development and feeding habits according to their temporal activities (diurnal vs. nocturnal)

Undergraduate interns James Mellor Natalie Meiklejohn Eleanor Henderson Sam Wines

Media ARD German TV Claudia Schildknecht (independent photographer) Karen McGhee (Australian Geographic) First aid training Charlie Makray Julie Armour AM staff recognition award Mark McGrouther Tracy Mcvea Serena Todd Environment groups Gemma Borgo-Caratti Luke Sweet Kelly Mackenzie (Australian Youth Conservation Council) David Ritter Ariana Neumann Sidney French (Greenpeace) Australian Institute of Marine Science GBROOS maintenance team GBR Foundation Staff

Student groups Barker College Led by Tim Binet, Sarah Cormio and Brianna Callum Geelong College Preparatory School Three groups led by Marita Seaton, Yannick Lairs, Ben Robbins, Rhonda Browne, Tim Colbert, Georgina Rolls and Reef Ecotours staff RMIT University Led by Jeff Shimeta, Nathan Bott, Gale Spring and David Heathcote School for International Training Two groups led by Tony Cummings, Vanessa Messmer and David Sellars

Other visitors Contractors Peter Mullins (cyclone shelter design) Allan Ross (microscope service) Change to Engie (airconditioning) Bryant (cyclone shelter construction) Stratford Painting

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Publications In 2016, 102 publications based on work carried out at LIRS were received into the collection as listed below. There are now more than 2,050 LIRS publications.

1. Aguado, M.T., C. Noreña, L. Alcaraz, D. Marquina, F. Brusa, C. Damborenea, B. Almon, C. Bleidorn and C. Grande, 2017. Phylogeny of Polycladida (Platyhelminthes) based on mtDNA data.

Organisms, Diversity and Evolution, 17: 767-778.

2. Ahyong, S.T., 2001. Revision of the stomatopod Crustacea. Records of the Australian Museum, Supplement 26: 1-326.

3. Aird, S.M. 2014. Assessing mid-tolate Holocene predation of Conomurex luhuanus and Tectus niloticus at Lizard Island, Northeastern Australia. Honours thesis, James Cook University.

4. Allan, B.J.M, P. Domenici, S.-A. Watson, P.L. Munday and M.I. McCormick, 2017. Warming has a greater effect than elevated CO2 on predator–prey interactions in coral reef fish. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 284: 20170784.

5. Allen, J.D., K.R. Schrage, S.A. Foo, S.-A. Watson and M. Byrne, 2017. The effects of salinity and pH on fertilization, early development, and hatching in the Crown-of-Thorns Seastar. Diversity 9(1): 13.

6. Anderson, K.D., 2016. Temporal and spatial variation in the growth of branching corals. PhD thesis, James Cook University.

7. Anderson, K.D., N.E. Cantin, S.F. Heron, C. Pisapia and M.S. Pratchett, 2017. Variation in growth rates of branching corals along Australia’s Great Barrier Reef. Scientific Reports, 7: 2920.

8. Bainbridge, S.J., 2017. Temperature and light patterns at four reefs along the Great Barrier Reef during the 20152016 austral summer: understanding patterns of observed coral bleaching.

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Journal of Operational Oceanography, 10(1): 16-29.

9. Binning, S.A., O. Rey, S. Wismer, Z. Triki, G. Glauser, M.C. Soares and R. Bshary, 2017. Reputation management promotes strategic adjustment of service quality in cleaner wrasse. Scientific Reports, 7: 8425.

10. Blowes, S.A., M.S. Pratchett and S.R. Connolly, 2017. No change in subordinate butterflyfish diets following removal of behaviourally dominant species. Coral Reefs, 36: 213-222.

11. Blowes, S.A., M.S. Pratchett and S.R. Connolly, 2017. Aggression, interference, and the functional response of coral-feeding butterflyfishes. Oecologia, 184(3): 675-684.

12. Bogdanov, A., C. Hertzer, S. Kehraus, S. Nietzer, S. Rohde, P.J. Schupp, H. Waegele and G.M. König, 2017. Secondary metabolome and its defensive role in the aeolidoidean Phyllodesmium longicirrum (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia, Nudibranchia).

Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry, 13: 502-519.

13. Bok, M.J., M.L. Porter and D.-E. Nilsson, 2017. Phototransduction in fanworm radiolar eyes. Current Biology, 27(14): R698-R699.

14. Bok, M.J., M.L. Porter, H.A. Ten Hove, R. Smith and D.-E. Nilsson, 2017. Radiolar eyes of serpulid worms (Annelida, Serpulidae): structures, function, and phototransduction.

Biological Bulletin, 233: 39-57.

15. Brandl, S.J., 2016. Functional niche partitioning in herbivorous coral reef fishes. PhD thesis, James Cook University.

16. Brooker, R.M., T.L. Sih and D.L. Dixson, 2017. Contact with seaweed alters prey selectivity in a coral-feeding reef fish. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 580: 239-244.

Oppposite Featherstars and other invertebrates near Lizard Island.

17. Bryson, M., R. Ferrari, W. Figueira, O. Pizarro, J. Madin, S. Williams and M. Byrne, 2017. Characterization of measurement errors using structurefrom-motion and photogrammetry to measure marine habitat structural complexity. Ecology and Evolution, 7: 5669-5681.

18. Caballes, C.F. and M.S Pratchett, 2017. Environmental and biological cues for spawning in the Crown-of-Thorns Starfish. PLoS One, 12(3): e0173964.

19. Caballes, C.F., M.S. Pratchett and A.C.E. Buck, 2017. Interactive effects of endogenous and exogenous nutrition on larval development for Crown-ofThorns Starfish. Diversity, 9(1): 15.

20. Caceres-Chamizo, J.P., J. Sanner, K.J. Tilbrook and A.N. Ostrovsky, 2017. Revision of the Recent species of Exechonella Canu & Bassler in Duvergier, 1924 and Arctisecos Canu & Bassler, 1927 (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata): systematics, biogeography and evolutionary trends in skeletal morphology. Zootaxa, 4305: 1-79.

21. Casey, J.M., 2015. The role of territorial grazers in coral reef trophic dynamics from microbes to apex predators. PhD thesis, James Cook University.

22. Chartrand K.M., C.V. Bryant, A. Sozou, P.J. Ralph and M.A. Rasheed, 2017. Final Report: Deep-water seagrass dynamics-Light requirements, seasonal change and mechanisms of recruitment. Centre for Tropical Water & Aquatic Ecosystem Research (TropWATER) Publication, James Cook University, Report No 17/16. Cairns, 67 pp.

23. Cheney, K.L., F. Cortesi and H. Nilsson Skold, 2017. Regulation, constraints and benefits of colour plasticity in a mimicry system. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 122: 385-393.

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24. Chivers, D.P., M.I. McCormick, D.T. Warren, B.J.M. Allan, R.A. Ramasamy, B.K. Arvizu, M. Glue and M.C.O. Ferrari, 2017. Competitive superiority versus predation savvy: the two sides of behavioural lateralization. Animal Behaviour, 130: 9-15.

25. Clark, T.D., D.G. Roche, S.A. Binning, B. Speers-Roesch and J. Sundin, 2017. Maximum thermal limits of coral reef damselfishes are size dependent and resilient to nearfuture ocean acidification. Journal of Experimental Biology, 220: 3519-3526.

26. Coker, D.J., J.P. Nowicki and N.A.J. Graham, 2017. Influence of coral cover and structural complexity on the accuracy of visual surveys of coralreef fish communities. Journal of Fish Biology, 90: 2425-2433.

27. Cowan, Z.L., M. Pratchett, V. Messmer and S. Ling, 2017. Known predators of Crown-of-Thorns Starfish (Acanthaster spp.) and their role in mitigating, if not preventing, population outbreaks. Diversity 9(1): 7.

28. Cowan, Z.-L., S.D. Ling, S.A. Dworjanyn, C.F. Caballes and M.S. Pratchett, 2017. Interspecific variation in potential importance of planktivorous damselfishes as predators of Acanthaster sp. eggs. Coral Reefs, 36: 653-661.

29. Diaz, P.E., S.C. Cutmore and T.H. Cribb, 2017. Four new species of Paradiscogaster Yamaguti, 1934 (Digenea: Faustulidae) from batfishes (Perciformes: Ephippidae) on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Systematic Parasitology, 94: 339-349.

30. Duris, Z. and I. Horka, 2017.

Towards a revision of the genus Periclimenes: resurrection of Ancylocaris Schenkel, 1902, and designation of three new genera (Crustacea, Decapoda, Palaemonidae).

ZooKeys, 646: 25-44.

31. Ferrari, M.C.O., M.I. McCormick, B.J.M. Allan and D.P. Chivers, 2017.

Not equal in the face of habitat change: closely related fishes differ in their ability to use predationrelated information in degraded coral.

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Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 284: 20162758.

32. Ferrari, M.C.O., M.I. McCormick, M.D. Mitchell, B.J.M. Allan, E.J. Gonçalves and D.P. Chivers, 2017. Daily variation in behavioural lateralization is linked to predation stress in a coral reef fish. Animal Behaviour, 133: 189-193.

33. Ferrari, M.C.O., M.I. McCormick, S.-A. Watson, M.G. Meekan, P.L. Munday and D.P. Chivers, 2017.

Predation in high CO2 waters: prey fish from high-risk environments are less susceptible to ocean acidification.

Integrative and Comparative Biology, 57: 55-62.

34. Ferrari, R., 2017. The hidden structure in coral reefs. Coral Reefs, 36: 445.

35. Ferrari, R., W.F. Figueira, M.S. Pratchett, T. Boube, A. Adam, T. Kobelkowsky-Vidrio, S.S. Doo, T.B Atwood and M. Byrne, 2017.

3D photogrammetry quantifies growth and external erosion of individual coral colonies and skeletons.

Scientific Reports, 7: 1637.

36. Garcia, M., C. Edmiston, R. Marinov, A. Vail and V. Gruev, 2017.

Bio-inspired color-polarization imager for real-time in situ imaging. Optica, 4(10): 9 pp.

37. Gingins, S., D.G. Roche and R. Bshary, 2017. Mutualistic cleaner fish maintains high escape performance despite privileged relationship with predators. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 284(1853): 20162469.

38. Goatley, C.H.R., A. GonzalezCabello and D.R. Bellwood, 2017.

Small cryptopredators contribute to high predation rates on coral reefs.

Coral Reefs, 36(1): 207-212.

39. Grutter, A.S., M. De Brauwer, R. Bshary, K.L. Cheney, T.H. Cribb, E.M.P. Madin, E.C. McClure, M.G. Meekan, D. Sun, R.R. Warner, J. Werminghausen and P.C. Sikkel, 2017.

Parasite infestation increases on coral reefs without cleaner fish. Coral Reefs, 37(1): 15-24.

40. Grutter, A.S., S.P. Blomberg, B. Fargher, A.M. Kuris, M.I. McCormick and R.R. Warner, 2017. Size-related mortality due to gnathiid isopod micropredation correlates with settlement size in coral reef fishes.

Coral Reefs, 36(2): 549-559.

41. Hall, A.E., 2015. Top-down control, trophic interactions, and the importance of predatory interactions on coral reefs. PhD thesis, James Cook University.

42. Harrison, H.B., M.S. Pratchett, V. Messmer, P. Saenz-Agudelo and M.L. Berumen, 2017. Microsatellites reveal genetic homogeneity among outbreak populations of Crown-ofThorns Starfish (Acanthaster cf. solaris) on Australia’s Great Barrier Reef.

Diversity, 9(1): 16.

43. Hata, T., J.S. Madin, V.R. Cumbo, M. Denny, J. Figueiredo, S. Harii, C.J. Thomas and A.H. Baird, 2017.

Coral larvae are poor swimmers and require fine-scale reef structure to settle. Scientific Reports, 7: 2249.

44. He, S., J.L. Johansen, A.S. Hoey, M.K. Pappas and M.L. Berumen, 2017.

Molecular confirmation of hybridization between Dascyllus reticulatus x Dascyllus aruanus from the Great Barrier Reef. Marine Biodiversity, doi 10.1007/s12526-017-0819-8.

45. Holmes, L.J., J. McWilliam, M.C.O. Ferrari and M.I. McCormick, 2017. Juvenile damselfish are affected but desensitize to small motor boat noise. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 494: 63-68.

46. Hoogenboom, M.O., G.E. Frank, T.J. Chase, S. Jurriaans, M. ÁlvarezNoriega, K. Peterson, K. Critchell, K.L.E. Berry, K.J. Nicolet, B. Ramsby and A.S. Paley, 2017. Environmental drivers of variation in bleaching severity of Acropora species during an extreme thermal anomaly. Frontiers in Marine Science, 4: 376.

47. Huston, D.C, S,C. Cutmore and T.H. Cribb, 2017. Molecular phylogeny of the Haplosplanchnata Olson, Cribb, Tkach, Bray and Littlewood, 2003, with a description of Schikhobalotrema

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huffmani n. sp. Acta Parasitologica, 62(3): 502-512.

The genus Haplosyllis Langerhans, 1879.

Zootaxa, 2552: 1-36.

48. Jeffery, N.W., E.A. Ellis, T.H. Oakley, and T.R. Gregory, 2017. The genome sizes of ostracod crustaceans correlate with body size and evolutionary history, but not environment. Journal of Heredity, 2017: 1-6.

57. Lienart, G.-D.H., 2016. Effects of temperature and food availability on the antipredator behaviour of coral reef fishes. PhD thesis, James Cook University.

49. Johansen, J., S. He, M.K. Pappas, M.L. Berumen, G. Frank and A.S. Hoey, 2017. Hybridization between damselfishes Dascyllus aruanus and D. reticulatus on the Great Barrier Reef. Coral Reefs, 36: 717.

58. Lin, C. and T.W. Cronin, 2017.

Two visual systems in one eyestalk: the unusual optic lobe metamorphosis in the stomatopod Alima pacifica.

Developmental Neurobiology, doi 10.1002/dneu.22550.

50. Kerry, J.T. and D.R. Bellwood, 2017.

Environmental drivers of sheltering behaviour in large reef fishes. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 125: 254-259.

59. Liu, Y., and C. Erseus, 2017. New specific primers for amplification of the Internal Transcribed Spacer region in Clitellata (Annelida). Ecology and Evolution, 7: 10421-10439.

51. Khan, J.A., C.H.R. Goatley, S.J. Brandl, S.B. Tebbett and D.R. Bellwood, 2017. Shelter use by large reef fishes: long-term occupancy and the impacts of disturbance. Coral Reefs, 36(4): 1123-1132.

60. MacNeil, M.A., K.M. Chong-Seng, D.J. Pratchett, C.A. Thompson, V. Messmer and M.S. Pratchett, 2017.

Age and growth of an outbreaking Acanthaster cf. solaris population within the Great Barrier Reef. Diversity, 9(1): 18.

52. Kingsford, M.J., M.D. O’Callaghan, L. Liggins and G. Gerlach, 2017. The short-lived neon damsel Pomacentrus coelestis: implications for population dynamics. Journal of Fish Biology, 90: 2041-2059.

61. Manassa, R.P., 2013. Social learning and its role in anti-predator behaviour by coral reef fishes. PhD thesis, James Cook University.

53. Kramer, M.J., 2015. Crustacea on coral reefs: habitat associations and trophic relationships. PhD thesis, James Cook University.

54. Kramer, M.J., D.R. Bellwood, R.B. Taylor and O. Bellwood, 2017.

Benthic Crustacea from tropical and temperate reef locations: differences in assemblages and their relationship with habitat structure. Coral Reefs, 36(3): 971-980.

55. LaPlante, L.H., 2017. Female nuptial signal advertises spawning readiness in a population of Halichoeres margaritaceus on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Ichthyological Research, 64: 331-338.

56. Lattig, P., D. Martin and G. San Martin, 2010. Syllinae (Syllidae: Polychaeta) from Australia. Part 4.

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62. Martin, S.B., S.C. Cutmore and T.H. Cribb, 2017. Revision of Neolebouria Gibson, 1976 (Digenea: Opecoelidae), with Trilobovarium n. g., for species infecting tropical and subtropical shallow-water fishes.

Systematic Parasitology, 94: 307-338.

63. McCormick, M.I. and B.J.M. Allan, 2017. Interspecific differences in how habitat degradation affects escape response. Scientific Reports, 7: 426.

66. McWilliam, J.N., R.D. McCauley, C. Erbe and M.J.G. Parsons, 2017. Soundscape diversity in the Great Barrier Reef: Lizard Island, a case study. Bioacoustics, doi: 10.1080/09524622.2017.1344930.

67. Mendoza-Franko, E.F., S.A. Binning and D.G. Roche, 2017. New and previously described dactylogyrid species (Monogenoidea: Polyonchoinea) and a gastrocotylinean pre-adult (Heteronchoinea) from pomacentrid and caesionid (Perciformes) fishes from Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Acta Parasitologica, 62(3): 688-698.

68. Messmer, V., M. Pratchett and K. Chong-Seng, 2017. Variation in incidence and severity of injuries among Crown-of-Thorns Starfish (Acanthaster cf. solaris) on Australia’s Great Barrier Reef. Diversity, 9(1): 12.

69. Messmer, V., M.S. Pratchett, A.S. Hoey, A.J. Tobin, D.J. Coker, S.J. Cooke and T.D. Clark, 2016.

Global warming may disproportionately affect larger adults in a predatory coral reef fish. Global Change Biology, 23: 2230-2240.

70. Mitchell, L., K.L. Cheney, F. Cortesi, N.J. Marshall and M. Vorobyev, 2017. Triggerfish uses chromaticity and lightness for object segregation. Royal Society Open Science, 4: 171440.

71. Moreira, J. and J. Parapar, 2017.

New data on the Opheliidae (Annelida) from Lizard Island (Great Barrier Reef, Australia): five new species of the genus Armandia Filippi, 1861. Zootaxa, 4290(3): 483-502.

64. McCormick, M.I., R.P. Barry and B.J.M. Allan, 2017. Algae associated with coral degradation affects risk assessment in coral reef fishes.

Scientific Reports, 7: 16937.

72. Munoz, A., 2017. Coral bleaching and the effect of disturbances on the damselfish community on Lizard Island, Australia. School for International Training Independent Study Project Collection, 2639.

65. McWilliam, J.N., R.D. McCauley, C. Erbe and M.J.G. Parsons, 2017.

Patterns of biophonic periodicity on coral reefs in the Great Barrier Reef.

Scientific Reports, 7: 17459.

73. Nash, K.L., 2014. Assessment of scale dependent function in reef fish, and application to the evaluation of coral reef resilience. PhD thesis, James Cook University.

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74. Natt, M., O.M. Lonnstedt, M.I. McCormick, 2017. Coral reef fish predator maintains olfactory acuity in degraded coral habitats. PLoS One, 12(6): e0179300.

75. Nedelec, S.L., A.N. Radford, L. Pearl, B. Nedelec, M.I. McCormick, M.G. Meekan and S.D. Simpson, 2017.

Motorboat noise impacts parental behaviour and offspring survival in a reef fish. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 284: 20170143.

76. Newport, C., N.F. Green, E.C. McClure, D.C. Osorio, M. Vorobyev, N.J. Marshall and K.L. Cheney, 2017.

Fish use colour to learn compound visual signals. Animal Behaviour, 125: 93-100.

77. Palacios Otero, M., 2017.

Controlling mesopredators: importance of behavioural interactions in trophic cascades. PhD thesis, James Cook University.

78. Paley, A.S., 2014. Colour polymorphism and its role in stress tolerance in the coral Acropora millepora on the Great Barrier Reef.

PhD thesis, James Cook University.

79. Pereira, P.H.C., 2015.

Competition and habitat selection in coral-dwelling fishes. PhD thesis, James Cook University.

80. Pereira, P.H.C., 2017. Benthic composition influences habitat use and toxicity of coral-dwelling fishes.

Marine Biology, 2017: 164-189.

81. Phillips, G.A.C., M.J. How, J.E. Lange, N.J. Marshall and K.L. Cheney, 2017. Disruptive colouration in reef fish: does matching the background reduce predation risk? Journal of Experimental Biology, 220: 1962-1974.

82. Pisapia, C., 2015. Spatial, temporal and taxonomic variation in the incidence of partial mortality among reef-building corals. PhD thesis, James Cook University.

83. Pizarro, O., A. Friedman, M. Bryson, S.B. Williams and J. Madin, 2017. A simple, fast, and repeatable survey method for underwater visual

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3D benthic mapping and monitoring.

Ecology and Evolution, 7: 1770-1782.

84. Poulos, D.E., 2016. Priority effects and the dynamics of coral reef fish assemblages. PhD thesis, James Cook University.

85. Pratchett, M.S., S. Dworjanyn, B. Mos, C.F. Caballes, C.A. Thompson and S. Blowes, 2017. Larval survivorship and settlement of Crown-of-Thorns Starfish (Acanthaster cf. solaris) at varying algal cell densities. Diversity, 9(1): 2.

86. Pratchett, M.S., Z.-L. Cowan, L.E. Nadler, C.F. Caballes, A.S. Hoey, V. Messmer, C.S. Fletcher, D.A. Westcott and S.D. Ling, 2017. Body size and substrate type modulate movement by the western Pacific Crown-of Thorns Starfish, Acanthaster solaris. PLoS One, 12(9): e0180805.

87. Prazeres, M., T. Ainsworth, T.E. Roberts, J.M. Pandolfi and W. Leggat, 2017. Symbiosis and microbiome flexibility in calcifying benthic foraminifera of the Great Barrier Reef.

Microbiome, 5: 38.

88. Prazeres, M., T.E. Roberts and J.M. Pandolfi, 2017. Variation in sensitivity of large benthic Foraminifera to the combined effects of ocean warming and local impacts. Scientific Reports, 7: 45227.

89. Quattrini, F.G., 2017. Grouping as an anti-predator strategy: two case studies in coral reef fishes. MSc thesis, University of Neuchatel.

90. Ramasamy, R., B.J.M. Allan, M.I. McCormick, D.P. Chivers, M.D. Mitchell and M.C.O. Ferrari, 2017.

Juvenile coral reef fish alter escape responses when exposed to changes in background and acute risk levels.

Animal Behaviour, 134: 15-22.

93. Reverter, M., T.H. Cribb, S.C. Cutmore , R.A. Bray, V. Parravicini and P. Sasal, 2017. Did biogeographical processes shape the monogenean community of butterflyfishes in the tropical Indo-west Pacific region?

International Journal for Parasitology, 47: 447-455.

94. Richardson, L.E., N.A.J. Graham, M.S. Pratchett and A.S. Hoey, 2017.

Structural complexity mediates functional structure of reef fish assemblages among coral habitats.

Environmental Biology of Fishes, 100(3): 193-207.

95. Richardson, L.E., N.A.J. Graham and A.S. Hoey, 2017. Cross-scale habitat structure driven by coral species composition on tropical reefs.

Scientific Reports, 7: 7557.

96. Rizzari, J.R., 2015. Trophic impact of large predators on coral reefs and management implications. PhD thesis, James Cook University.

97. Saito, T., J. Okuno and A. Anker, 2017. Two new species of the stenopodidean shrimp genus Odontozona Holthuis, 1946 (Decapoda: Stenopodidae) from the Indo-West Pacific. Crustacean Research, 46: 25-55.

98. San Martin, G., 2005. Exogoninae (Polychaeta: Syllidae) from Australia with the description of a new genus and twenty-two new species. Records of the Australian Museum, 57: 39-152.

99. San Martin, G. and P. Hutchings, 2006. Eusyllinae (Polychaeta: Syllidae) from Australia with the description of a new genus and fifteen new species.

Records of the Australian Museum, 58: 257-370.

91. Ramasamy, R.A., 2017. The effects of high-risk conditions on coral reef fishes. MPhil, James Cook University.

100. Schmidt-Roach, S., 2013. The ecological and evolutionary significance of reproductive traits in corals. PhD thesis, University of Tasmania.

92. Rennis, D.S. and D.F. Hoese, 1987.

Aioliops, a new genus of ptereleotrine fish (Pisces: Gobioidei) from the tropical Indo-Pacific with descriptions of four new species. Records of the Australian Museum, 39(1): 67-84.

101. Scott, A. and A.S. Hoey, 2017. Severe consequences for anemonefishes and their host sea anemones during the 2016 bleaching event at Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef. Coral Reefs, 36: 873.

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102. Steinke, D., J.R deWaard, M.F. Gomon , J.W. Johnson, H.K. Larson, O. Lucanus , G.I. Moore, S. Reader and R.D. Ward, 2017. DNA barcoding the fishes of Lizard Island (Great Barrier Reef). Biodiversity Data Journal, 5: e12409.

103. Stella, J., 2015. Effects of climate change-induced thermal stress and habitat degradation to the biodiversity and species composition of coralassociated invertebrates. PhD thesis, James Cook University.

104. Stieb, S.M, F. Cortesi, L. Sueess, K.L. Carleton, W. Salzburger and N.J. Marshall, 2017. Why UV vision and red vision are important for damselfish (Pomacentridae): structural and expression variation in opsin genes.

Molecular Ecology, 26: 1323-1342.

105. Streit, R.P. and D.R. Bellwood, 2017. Strong homing does not predict high site fidelity in juvenile reef fishes.

Coral Reefs, doi 10.1007/s00338-0171636-z.

111. ter Poorten, J.J., L.A. Kirkendale and J.-M. Poutiers, 2017. The Cardiidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia) of tropical northern Australia: A synthesis of taxonomy, biodiversity and biogeography with the description of four new species.

Records of the Western Australian Museum, 32: 101-190.

112. Thoen, H.H., T.-H. Chiou and N.J. Marshall, 2017. Intracellular recordings of spectral sensitivities in stomatopods: a comparison across species. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 57(5): 1117-1129.

113. Thoen, H.H., J. Marshall, G.H. Wolff and N.J. Strausfeld, 2017.

Insect-like organization of the stomatopod central complex: functional and phylogenetic implications. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 11: 12.

114. Trapon, M.L., 2013. Variation in early post-settlement growth and mortality of scleractinian corals. PhD thesis, James Cook University.

106. Streit, R.P. and D.R. Bellwood, 2017. High prevalence of homing behaviour among juvenile coral-reef fishes and the role of body size. Coral Reefs, 36(4): 1083-1095.

115. Triki, Z., R. Bshary, A.S. Grutter and A.F.H. Ros, 2017. The argininevasotocin and serotonergic systems affect interspecific social behaviour of client fish in marine cleaning mutualism.

Physiology and Behavior, 174: 36-143.

107. Tebbett, S.B., C.H.R. Goatley and D.R. Bellwood, 2017. Clarifying functional roles: algal removal by the surgeonfishes Ctenochaetus striatus and Acanthurus nigrofuscus. Coral Reefs, 36: 803-813.

116. Vaughan, D.B. and K.W. Christison, 2017. Anoplodiscus Sonsino, 1890 (Monogenea: Anoplodiscidae): a new Australian species, and the first African record from South African hosts.

Systematic Parasitology, 94: 891-906.

108. Tebbett, S.B., C.H.R. Goatley and D.R. Bellwood, 2017. Algal turf sediments and sediment production by parrotfishes across the continental shelf of the northern Great Barrier Reef. PLoS One, 12(1): e0170854.

117. Wacker, S., M.H. Ness, S. Ostlund-Nilsson and T. Amundsen, 2017. Social structure affects mating competition in a damselfish. Coral Reefs, 36(4): 1279-1289.

109. Tebbett, S.B., C.H.R. Goatley and D.R. Bellwood, 2017. Fine sediments suppress detritivory on coral reefs.

Marine Pollution Bulletin, 114: 934-940.

110. Tebbett, S.B., C.H.R. Goatley and D.R. Bellwood, 2017. The effects of algal turf sediments and organic loads on feeding by coral reef surgeonfishes.

PLoS One, 12(1): e0169479.

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alters predator behaviour and reduces predation rate. Biology Letters, 13: 20160797.

120. Watson, S.-A., K.E. Fabricius and P.L. Munday, 2017. Quantifying pCO2 in biological ocean acidification experiments: a comparison of four methods. PLoS One, 12(9): e0185469.

121. Welch, M.J. and P.L. Munday, 2017.

Heritability of behavioural tolerance to high CO2 in a coral reef fish is masked by nonadaptive phenotypic plasticity.

Evolutionary Applications, 10: 682-693.

122. Wenger, A.S., 2013.

Suspended sediment and its effects on the behavior and physiology of coral reef fishes. PhD thesis, James Cook University.

123. Wismer, S., 2017. The ecology underlying the decision rules of Bluestreak Cleaner Wrasse during client interactions. PhD thesis, University of Neuchatel, Switzerland.

124. Zamora-Silva, A. and M.A.E. Malaquias, 2017. Molecular phylogeny of the Aglajidae head-shield sea slugs (Heterobranchia: Cephalaspidea): new evolutionary lineages revealed and proposal of a new classification.

Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx064.

125. Zanol, J.A., T.D.S.C. Da Silva and P. Hutchings, 2017. One new species and two redescriptions of Marphysa (Eunicidae, Annelida) species of the Aenea-group from Australia. Zootaxa, 4268(3): 411-426.

118. Watson, C., 2009. A new species of Clavisyllis Knox, 1957 (Polychaeta: Syllidae): a genus with the unusual distribution of New Zealand and the Great Barrier Reef, northern Queensland, Australia. The Beagle, Records of the Museums and Art Galleries of the Northern Territory, 25: 79-85.

119. Watson, S.-A., J.B. Fields and P.L. Munday, 2017. Ocean acidification

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Donors to Lizard Island Reef Research Foundation Life Members Peter Teakle Ken Coles AM and Rowena Danziger AM Susan Maple-Brown AM Vivian and Wendy King Paul and Lucie Slade Michael and Catherine Batten Jim and Nancy Bildner David and Daniela Shannon

Members Mrs. Antionette Albert Hugh Allen and Judith Ainge Terrey Arcus David and Megan Armstrong Tass and Chrisanthy Atgemis Apollo Sports Company Philip Bacon AM Steven Balicki and Audrey Lyon Balnaves Foundation Greer and Jay Banyer Ken and Roddy Bell Peter and Penny Berents Bill and Annette Blinco Graham Bradley AM and Charlene Bradley S.L. Bray Memorial Foundation Ben Carroll John Charrington and Pamela McBride Shirley Coles John and Chris Collingwood Peter Curry and Penny Davis Delaware North Australia Parks and Resorts Dennis and Susan Deane Christopher Dibden Percy and Nicola Ellis Mark and Annie Fesq Michael Fordham and Georgie Haysom Don Fry AO and Susan Fry James and Leonie Furber Belinda Gibson Chris Goatley John and Margie Goodall Andrew Green and Colette Garnsey OAM Geoff and Elisabeth Haddy

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Mike and Louise Hamshere Hanlon Foundation Ronnie Harding and Derek Anderson Paul and Gail Harris Chestnut Tree Foundation, Hartog family Bill and Alison Hayward Kate Hayward Estate of the late Geraldine Haworth Jane Hemstritch John Higgins and Jodie Maunder Greg and Gina Hooper The Ian Potter Foundation The John Villiers Trust Elizabeth and Robert Johnson Chris Joscelyne James N. Kirby Foundation James Kirby and Claire Wivell Plater Raymond Kirby AO and Deidre Kirby Catherine Livingstone AO and Michael Satterthwaite Mrs. Juliet Lockhart Diccon and Elizabeth Loxton Macquarie Group Foundation Madden Sainsbury Foundation Patrick and Janice Mannix Maple-Brown Family Foundation Robert and Sarah McKay Ian and Margaret McKellar Gordon Moffatt AM Lynton and Susan Morgan David and Barbara Mortimer John and Jacqui Mullen Gretel Packer Mrs. Roslyn Packer AC Peters Family Foundation Tony and Heather Power John and Laurine Proud Family Estate Trust No. 1 Robert Purves AM Raymond E. Purves Foundation Thyne Reid Foundation Peter Rockey and Patricia Roberts Rossi Foundation Alan and Lynne Rydge Rolf and Lee Schimann David and Daniela Shannon Simon Shannon John Sharpe and Claire Armstrong Graham Sherry OAM and Kim Olzak Charlie Shuetrim AM and Sandy Shuetrim Geoffrey Shuetrim and Alex Heath

David and Vanessa Shuetrim Nell and Hermon Slade Trust Hermon Slade Raiatea Foundation Dick and Pip Smith Foundation Josh and Erica Stewart John and Christina Stitt Jane Taylor and Scott Malcolm Teakle Foundation Robert and Kyrenia Thomas Lyle Vail AM and Anne Hoggett AM Jol and Jane Valentine John Villiers Trust Vincent Fairfax Family Foundation Rob and Bron Wannan Helen Wellings Sarah Whyte Brooks Wilson AM and Ann Wilson Bill Winning Sue Woodhead Yulgilbar Foundation Virginia and Rob Zink

HOW TO DONATE Your donation to the Foundation provides essential support for the scientific work at Lizard Island.

Every cent of every dollar donated will be spent (a) directly funding science Fellowships and research projects or (b) improving and maintaining facilities at the Research Station. Trustees are substantial donors in their own right and donate their time to administrative tasks.

Thanks also to support from the Australian Museum, the Foundation operates with very low costs of fundraising and administration.

You can donate online at lirrf.org or by direct deposit to: Account name: Lizard Island Reef Research Foundation BSB: 032102 Account number: 473788 For a direct deposit, please (1) use your last name as the reference and (2) send an email to cshuetrim@sancha.com.au advising your full name and mailing address so a receipt can be sent.

Donations of $2 or more are tax deductible.

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Lizard Island Research Station 2017 Report LIRS Directors Dr Lyle Vail AM and Dr Anne Hoggett AM Lizard Island Research Station PMB 37 Cairns QLD 4892 Australia T + 61 (0)7 4060 3977 E lizard@austmus.gov.au australianmuseum.net.au/lizard-island-research-station Australian Museum Research Institute Dr Rebecca Johnson, Director T + 61 (0)2 9320 6237 E Rebecca.Johnson@austmus.gov.au

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The Lizard Island Research Station acknowledges the traditional owners of Jiigurru, the Dingaal people, on whose land the research station is situated. The Lizard Island Research Station respects elders past and present, and welcomes all who visit the research station.

Published March 2018 All photographs by Lyle Vail or Anne Hoggett unless otherwise indicated. Fellowship and grant winners provided own photos.

Design and production Australian Museum Design Studio Printed on 100% recycled paper ISSN 0729-0942

Cover The featherstar Anneissia bennetti has many colour variations.

Above A sea fan on the exposed reef slope of the Lizard Island Group.

Above This species of coral, Porites cylindrica, largely survived the two recent bleaching episodes. It is common in the Lizard Island lagoon where it provides important habitat for small fishes.

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Supported by the Lizard Island Reef Research Foundation 1 William Street Sydney NSW 2010 Australia T +61 2 9320 6000 australianmuseum.net.au

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Australian Museum Lizard Island Research Station 2017 Report

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