Position Paper on Hydrogen Economy

Page 83

POSITION PAPER ON HYDROGEN ECONOMY

3.4.6 Hydrogen Production from Renewable Energy Alternatively, hydrogen could also be produced from renewable energy sources such as ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC), wave/tidal/current energy and solar energy without the need for CCS because they do not produce carbon dioxide. a.

Solar energy

Solar conversion techniques to produce hydrogen: • Electrolysis: water electrolysis using electricity and is capable of producing pure hydrogen of 108.7 kg of hydrogen from 1 m3 of water. • Thermolysis: thermochemical reactions to produce hydrogen driven by the heat produced from concentrated solar power (CSP)

Figure 53 and 54 gives the solar energy potential in Malaysia that shows the solar irradiance map and the average yearly solar irradiance. Solar energy is dependent on solar distribution based on specific land area grids that can be covered with photovoltaic cells, including electrolyzers. One way to jump-start the hydrogen economy in Malaysia is to convert the excess energy from existing and future solar energy farms into hydrogen as energy storage that could be used to continue to supply electricity at night via fuel cells or to refuel the public and private transport or homes. In terms of transportation, one of Honda’s solar-powered hydrogen production and filling station facilities at their Swindon factory uses pressurised alkaline electrolysis of water at their solar farm and has a hydrogen-producing capacity of 20 tonnes/yr. Honda also claimed that their FCX Clarity could run about 16000 km/yr with their 6kW solar panel system (Crosse, 2014).

• Photoelectrochemical water splitting (photolysis): biological or electrochemical reactions that produce hydrogen using solar photons

Figure 53: Solar Irradiance Map of Malaysia Source: Hussin et al. 2012

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REFERENCES

8min
pages 131-139

5.0 CONCLUSIONS

1min
page 130

Figure 61: 8i Ecosystem Analysis (ASM, 2020

1min
page 120

Figure 59: National Niche Areas across 10 socio-economic drivers (ASM, 2020

1min
page 118

Figure 58: 10-10 MySTIE Framework (source: ASM (2020

1min
page 117

4.3 13th & 14th Malaysia Plans 2026-2035 (Medium Term

5min
pages 105-110

4.4 15th, 16th, 17th & 18th Malaysia Plans 2036-2050 (Long Term

3min
pages 111-115

4.2 12th Malaysia Plan 2021-2025 (Short Term

4min
pages 101-104

Figure 56: Hydrogen Roadmap in 2020

1min
page 100

4.1.4 Strategy Recommendations - Hydrogen Economy Roadmap 2020

2min
pages 98-99

4.1.3 Barriers of Transition to Hydrogen Economy

2min
page 97

4.1.2 Potential for Malaysia to become a pioneering country in Hydrogen Economy

2min
page 96

4.1.1 Malaysian Hydrogen Economy Roadmap

2min
page 95

Figure 54: Average Solar Irradiance, kWh/m2/day

1min
page 84

Figure 52: Number of NGV Stations by States

3min
pages 81-82

Figure 55: Malaysia’s Hydrogen Roadmap 2006

9min
pages 87-93

Figure 53: Solar Irradiance Map of Malaysia

1min
page 83

Figure 50: Map of Hydrogen Refueling Stations in Asia

4min
pages 78-79

Figure 49: Cost of Green Hydrogen from Zero Carbon Renewable Energy

1min
page 76

Figure 46: Schematic of a Microbial Fuel Cell

1min
page 74

Figure 42: Hydrogen Production from Microbial Electrolysis Cell

5min
pages 69-70

Figure 44: Schematics of a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell

1min
page 72

Figure 41: Hydrogen Production from Direct and Indirect Bio-photolysis

1min
page 68

Figure 45: Schematics of a Direct Methanol Fuel Cell

2min
page 73

Figure 40: Basic Principles of PEC

1min
page 67

Figure 39: Layout of a Solid Oxide Electrolysis System

1min
page 66

Figure 38: Schematic Diagram of a PEM electrolysis system

1min
page 65

1. INTRODUCTION

5min
pages 22-25

Figure 22: Net Energy Metering (NEM) by Region

1min
page 42

Figure 35: Layout of alkaline electrolysis for AEL

1min
page 63

Figure 18: Malaysia’s petroleum production and consumption 2002-1016 (thousand barrels per day

1min
page 39

Figure 15: ASEAN Fossil Oil Reserve 2017 (Mtoe

1min
page 37

Figure 31: The Hydrogen Economy

1min
page 53

Figure 19: Natural gas resources and consumption by region, 2013

1min
page 40

3.2 Hydrogen Production and Storage Technology

1min
page 56
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