M.Arch Thesis | Oh, In Spite of It All by Ashley Polet

Ashley Ann Polet

Master of Architecture Thesis

Advisor: Neil Minuk Chair: Terri Fuglem

This design thesis book is part of the requirement for

Master of Architecture program Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture, University of Manitoba October 2022

Oh,InSpiteofItAll: EmbracingWinnipeg’sMessySub/UrbanCondition

Copyright © 2022 Ashley Ann Polet

All photographs and images have been produced by the author unless otherwise stated.

Table of Contents

Acknowledgements

I would like to thank my friends and family who helped and encouraged me through the completion of this project. It is amazing what a year can bring.

I dedicate this book to my parents, who have always been there for me and guided me with their wisdom. Thank you both for supporting me and encouraging me to pursue my dream of becoming an architect.

I would like to express my gratitude to my thesis advisor Neil Minuk who has helped and guided me through this project. I also want to thank Lisa and Ted Landrum for their continuous inspiration throughout my master’s studies.

Finally, I am grateful for Zachary, who has always helped me stay on track with my school work and helped me find peace and balance amongst the chaos.

And to you, who is taking the time to read this and look at my labor of love, Thank you.

Abstract

What is an identity, if not the embodiment of struggle and success? Failures or achievements in life may define a person and a city – but how is architecture defined? How does architecture persevere? Furthermore, can architecture embody will over reason? In my thesis, I will be exploring the optimization of space and the improvement of architectural quality between new and existing buildings within Winnipeg. Furthermore, how does this brings meaning to people and their own identity?

Perseverance finds meaning for me in the city of Winnipeg and the people that reside here. I think of my greatgrandparents who immigrated from the Netherlands. I take pride in the perseverance it took my family to travel here during World War Two and the perseverance it must have taken to start over in a new world. My great grandfather went from being a farmer to a soldier in war, then to a roofer and construction worker in Winnipeg. Stories

of perseverance seem to surround the city of Winnipeg. Even if it is simply trying to drive through the seemingly endless road work or bearing through our harsh winters, Winnipeg embodies perseverance with its identity of space and its identity of people.

Notions of perseverance seem to be flooding away from our city with the ongoing construction of many strip malls and parking lot conditions. Most of which lack any consideration of the land and the stories that come with it. If stories are not celebrated or shared, they can become lost to time - much like the area of North Kildonan and the site 1126 Henderson Highway. History of this site has been bulldozed away - as what happens to many other ‘renewal’ projects. Rather than negating the past, this thesis project looks to accept and work with all architecturegood or bad - to restore the Winnipeg architectural identity.

The Winnipeg Identity

This thesis year began by looking at the city of Winnipeg and contemplating what is the Winnipeg identity. As someone born and raised in Winnipeg, I felt that I had a lot to say about –and would be most passionate about Winnipeg architecture. With my family’s construction company, I grew up visiting job sites and witnessing how parts of the built environment

take form. It allowed me to be both critical and sympathetic to our city. Two questions that I have always pondered about is what is Winnipeg architecture and what is the Winnipeg identity?

Preliminary explorations into the history of Winnipeg and its culture resulted in the creation of three collages. They aim to understand better what the Winnipeg identity is or might be. The first collage represents Winnipeg’s more recent context and heritage – perhaps as a memory of the city.

This second collage expresses what I believe to be good and meaningful architecture within the city of Winnipeg.

Finally, the last collage represents the criticism of Winnipeg. It consists of thoughts on how copyand-paste houses and buildings have taken over Winnipeg. And within that are beginning to write over what was once considered our prairie architecture. With this, notions of perseverance began to manifest, and questions arose on how perseverance relates to the Winnipeg Identity.

This form of copy-and-paste architecture repeats in many strip mall conditions found within Winnipeg. Vast parking lot spaces are encompassed by stuccoed boxes. Many of these sites do not have proper pedestrian access to the site and are centered on the car experience. Studies have shown that this carcentric habit in North America has reduced the need for physical exercise and has created more of an isolated community lifestyle.1 These carcentered conditions have been found to contribute to obesity and a city’s urban heat island effect.2,3

965 Henderson Hwy. Henderson Hwy. Henderson Hwy.

Fig.4

Fig.5

One story of perseverance that inspired this thesis project is that of Tom Sukanen and his Boat. Sukanen was a Finnish immigrant who made his way to Saskatchewan but desperately wanted to sail back home across the prairie rivers and lakes into the Atlantic Ocean.4 Sukanen was not close to achieving this goal, but he managed to build his strange-looking ship with whatever he could get his hands on.5

This story inspired the assembly of a collage representing not only the story of Tom Sukanen but of the meaning of perseverance in the Winnipeg context. It begins a conversation of uncertainty and how we build upon it or from it. I believe the story of Sukanen and his perseverance is a quality that the city of Winnipeg possesses. It is this ability to make something out of nothing.

Polet

Looking within my critiques and adorations about Winnipeg mixed with the idea of perseverance brought me to my family’s old company, Polet Lumber. Although it existed before my time, the lumber store has been a staple in my family history. Since my grandfather and his family immigrated to

Canada from The Netherlands. Polet Lumber was located in the district of North Kildonan in Winnipeg, Manitoba, along Henderson Highway. Just across the Red River from Kildonan Park. The above image depicts the Polet Lumber site as it was in 1983.

Many images and newspaper ads of the Polet Lumber site were found through archival research. Many of which found from the Winnipeg Free Press.

Kildonan Village

Today Kildonan Village remains a strip mall shopping complex with retail and service occupancies — popular franchises like Starbucks, Shoppers Drug Mart, and Subway. The overall footprint of the site is approximately one hundred and sixty thousand square feet. Although the site once held this idea of perseverance from the family businesses of Redekopp Lumber and Polet Lumber, This typical strip mall typology feels as though it took away the sense of local community and culture from Henderson highway.

Wanting to expand on stories of the site that my family has shared with me, I began to draw what I call a mind map or a relation map. This drawing collages together different visuals from Polet lumber that have manifested in my mind and allowed me to piece together its context. Floor plans, sections, elevations, and other drawn elements are combined based on the information gathered about what the site once was. The drawing then becomes a fragmented memory or retelling of space.

Henderson Highway

There are twenty-six other strip mallconditioned sites in the North Kildonan area of Henderson labeled in the adjacent diagram in orange. Five of which are approximately the same size as the Kildonan village site or bigger. These buildings have no specificity to the site and lack any local or historical context appreciation. I then began contemplating and asking how I could re-specify that which is currently benign architecture? And how do I begin to accept the site’s conditions rather than negate them?

At this time, the thesis project began developing into a new typology intervention for the site. The goal was to design a new building above the site without needing to demolish or remove the existing structures of Kildonan Village.

The thesis project started by looking at the current central parking lot space to bring back the original lumber store qualities.

Case Studies

Connected Living: Metabolic Evolution through Prefabrication and Artificial Intelligence Dio Inno Architecture PLLC: Instability Design Lab,

Preliminary structural explorations looked into architectural flexibility and pre-cast elements. This case study, Connected living, looks at the problems of massive apartment complexes that are repeated at nausea in high density cities such as South Korea.6 The firm looked at using a flexible system to solve this by designing a metal structure that allows for the insertion and removal of shipping containers.

Wohnregal Apartments & Ateliers

FAR Frohn & Rojas, Berlin, Germany, 2019

The second case study, Wohnregal Apartments, is also a flexible building system that uses almost all pre-cast elements. The doubleT structure allows for long spans across the space and with their plans, they allow each floor to be pushed and pulled as needed.7 Some floors are used for working space while others are split into different organizations of 1-to-2-bedroom residential units.

Centennial Hall, University of Winnipeg

Lewis Morse & James Christie

The third case study, Centennial hall, is located at the University of Winnipeg, in Manitoba. This project, completed in 1972, is a building built over an existing structure which explores the usability and economy of space, much like what the thesis project explores within the Kildonan Village site.8

515 Portage Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, 1972

Fig.27

366 Qu’Appelle Avenue

The final case study looks at residential architecture to help with the mixed-use design strategies for the thesis intervention. 366 Qu’Appelle Avenue was built in 1908 and aimed to solve “previous apartment block designs”9 by designing for better airflow and natural light in every room.10 The main feature of the building is its central atrium from which residents can access each dwelling unit.

Weak Architecture

Ignasi de Sola-Morales, from the book “Differences”, 1987

In the essay “Weak Architecture” by Sola-Morales, he describes how good architecture can be weak.11 That weakness or fragility allows architecture to be more humble and relatable to a population. On the other hand, Sola-Morales correlates strong architecture to bad architecture. An architecture that only cares about its final image or the monetary and fame value it would get after completion.12

From these case studies, I began thinking about how to apply some of these radical strategies to help me create a new typology of what is currently considered strip-mall architecture.

William Wallace Blair, Winnipeg, Manitoba, 1908

Enhancing The Sub/Urban

Kildonan Village finds itself in both a suburban and urban context. It is surrounded by residential on three sides, yet Henderson highway has more urban retail and business occupancies. With my beliefs and criticisms of the strip mall archetype, I began taking this notion of perseverance and transformed it into my thesis question. How I can optimize the qualities of the Kildonan Village site and how this can set a precedent for new and existing strip mall archetypes in the future. Furthermore, how can I optimize the site to create better conditions for the context – in this case, the intersection of urban and suburban lifestyles.

With the researched case studies at hand, the thesis project began with iterations of flexible precast concrete elements as the structure of the new building. How perhaps spaces can change from commercial occupancies to residential occupancies based on the developing demands of the building’s clients.

Form Studies + Explorations

Different iterations explored using the central parking lot spaces and extensions over the existing buildings as possible optimized solutions for the site.

Quality of Site

Given the car-centric nature of the site, it became increasingly important to provide pedestrian-friendly alternatives within the thesis proposal. Although the automobile continues to be an essential tool in the movement of our everyday lives, I began to question how the car

world can co-exist with the pedestrian world and not be so segregated? How can the same mutual architectural respect be given between pedestrian and vehicle access to promote healthier lifestyles?

Readjusting The Site

Further design explorations were sketched out on the plan of the site. Considerations were made to design a more pedestrian-friendly and less car-centric strip mall condition. These iterations looked at what would make locals want to go to the site and what makes them want to stay or come back. Overall these sketches analyzed how the social conditions and qualities could be better optimized.

Based on research into strip malls and their adverse consequences in Canada and the United States, a list of seven goals were created for optimizing the quality Winnipeg strip mall sites. This includes:

1. Nature/Green Space - does the design allow for vegetation rather than only concrete surfaces?

2. Legacy - does the design anticipate change in the future?

.

3. Authenticity - does the design enable a sense of locality/ culture?

.

4. Place Making - does the design invite visitors beyond utilitarian purposes?

.

5. Density - does the design allow for a people-centric site rather than a car-centric site?

.

6. Variety - does the design offer different spatial programming and use that attracts new and revisiting customers.

7. Environment - does the project respond to conditions of the site and surrounding context? And, how does it impact the surrounding sub/urban condition?

New Pedestrian Circulation

As the thesis project development continued, considerations were given to the larger context of the site. This includes passive design strategies within the structure, the overall walkability of Kildonan Village, and the addition of public green spaces.

New Pedestrian Circulation

Structural Components

With further development of the thesis project intervention and the chosen passive design strategies, the structure was finalized to be made of prefabricated wood components. It is made of nail laminated beams and columns with dowel laminated wood ceilings and exterior wood SIP wall panels. The passive strategies for the building include passive cooling and a green roof design with gray water collection.

Each structural column has a mortise and tenon connection for ease of construction. Also, within the parking lot section of the building, there are taller concrete pedestals that the columns sit on to protect the structure from any potential damage.

The seven goals for the project that was created manifested themselves within four collages. They reflects back to the initial three collages that were made at the beginning of the first semester. The first collage looks at the pedestrian life in a dense city –how can it be more walkable over the current car centric nature of Winnipeg.

The second collage reflects back on the community or sense of place making that Polet Lumber once held – and perhaps then how does it get brought back through the thesis project.

The third collage looks at the legacy of Winnipeg as a whole – with all its memorable signage, how does Kildonan Village begin to sit amongst the Winnipeg identity?

Those three previous collages inspired a fourth and final collage representing the proposal for the Identity of Kildonan Village and how the facade, name, and potential local businesses of the site begin to celebrate the heritage of the site.

Material Studies

As references in the design of the thesis project structure, a material case study was found in the 111 East Grand Project. The architects designed the structure primarily out of glue laminated timber columns and beams.13 the ceiling and roof deck panels were designed as a nail-laminated timber prefabricated system.14

Prefabricated Structures: 111 East Grand Nauman Monson Architects, Des Moines, Iowa, 2019

Elements of the case study where looked at within the context of the thesis project structure.

Perforated Metal Facade: Santa Monica Place / Guatemala City Central Bank Frank Ghery, Córdova & Minondo, 1945

As part of the facade treatment for the Kildonan Village thesis project, perforated screens were studied along with their iconographic designs. Frank Ghery’s Santa Monica Place parking garage was researched for its grand style of signage - which gave the building a sense of place-making. This idea of place and contextappreciation was desired for the thesis project. Further studies looked into the Guatemala City Central Bank for its surface treatments. The facade depicts imagery of the history and heritage of its site.

Continued development of the facade for the Kildonan Village Project.

Through the different iterations the title of the project changed from “KildonanVillage” to “KV”.

To help protect the wood façade while also providing shade to the building, a perforated metal façade was designed to wrap the entire perimeter of the second level to the top level of the building. Thinking back to my Winnipeg identity collage, I wanted to design the façade so that it speaks to the history and identity of the Kildonan Village site.

In pixelated form and based on dimensional lumber, a series of pictograms were created from different events or found images of the site. It includes references to the butcher and animal feed store that it once was, the lumber yard and the original store, and references to when it was eventually torn down. Overall, I wanted the façade to tell a story and give the community a sense of pride in the site. I think that not only is this façade the history of Polet lumber, but it is also the history of the North Kildonan and Henderson highway. It’s the story of the rural working class.

The courtyard was designed similarly to the metal facade treatment. A 3’x3’ grid was first used to scale the courtyard. Then, through the process of removal, walkways and natural paths were cut from the path for both pedestrian and public green space purposes.

The remaining grid area is allocated for plant life, while the cuts from the grid are designated walking paths.

The final iteration of this thesis project proposes the occupation of the central parking lot space to densify, enhance the quality of, and bring more community and green space into the site. Essentially putting the village back into Kildonan Village.

One car entrance was removed from the site allowing for a pedestrian corridor between the new and existing building. With the large perimeter of the site, Parking stalls are offset inwards to make way for this green strip that stretches along the west side of the site. This was created to encourage more neighboring residential property owners to walk to the site by setting up gates along their fences for access to the site.

Finally, a public play park was added to the site to compensate for the lack of public green space in the area, and I’ve also made two architectural cuts through the north building. These cuts take up two previous tenant spaces and offer more pedestrian access from the edges to the center of the site.

The ground floor holds space for street-front businesses, a central courtyard, a service area for mechanical on one side, and a tenant space on the other, and to the west side is ground floor parking which holds space for 25 vehicles. There are three points of egress with staircases with an elevator in the middle. This iteration shows five storefront tenant spaces. However, there could be six, with each unit being 875 square feet, or a double unit (as shown) could be approximately 1400 square feet.

The second floor is where the residential units start – but with the courtyard separation, I have allowed the storefront side or the east side of the building to be flexible, either commercial or residential. This part of the floor plan was made commercial allowing for seven units between 700 and 1500 square feet. A central atrium on the east side leads to ten residential units ranging from one to three-bedroom units, which are between 650 to 1000 square feet.

The atrium residential area on the third floor remains the same with ten residential units, but this floor shows the residential alternative for the east side. There is space for nine residential units with two smaller 570 square feet studio apartment units.

The fourth floor has the same layout as the third—ten residential units on the west side and nine residential units on the east.

The top floor plan shows provisions for a green roof with the three egress access points and the top atrium window that faces south.

In total, this project holds space for 30 to 57 residential occupancies and 6 to 27 commercial occupancies, depending on the needs of the building’s occupants.

This perspectival section reveals the pedestrian walkway that connects the outer perimeter of the site through the new pedestrian ‘woonerf’ (the Dutch word for ‘living street’) into the courtyard of the KV building. The second pedestrian ‘woonerf’ can be seen further back, connecting to the parking lot. These walkways are intended to encourage more pedestrian activity with the neighboring residential community through the site.

Roof Top

Conclusion

There is beauty in the identity of Winnipeg with its culture of perseverance and determination. The story of Winnipeg and its many collages of communities should be celebrated.

Through strip mall sites, it could be possible to re-insert the Winnipeg identity and bring pride back to the many sub/urban communities that strip malls grow around.

In terms of our architectural identity, I believe Winnipeg needs to do better in advocating for the voices and stories of local people. Otherwise, our city will continue to be consumed by the many identical strip mall typologies spread across North America.

Oh, in spite of it all, I think Winnipeg has a chance - a chance at reclaiming the Winnipeg identity.

End Notes

1. Farrow, Tye S, and Sharon Vanderkaay. “Bringing Healthy Design to the Suburbs.” Canadian architect 56, no. 3 (2011): 31–.

2. Farrow, Tye S, and Sharon Vanderkaay. “Bringing Healthy Design to the Suburbs.” Canadian architect 56, no. 3 (2011): 31–.

3. Mingxing Chen, Yuan Zhou, Maogui Hu, and Yaliu Zhou. “Influence of Urban Scale and Urban Expansion on the Urban Heat Island Effect in Metropolitan Areas: Case Study of Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Urban Agglomeration.” Remotesensing(Basel,Switzerland) 12, no. 21 (2020): 3491–.

4. Book, Rick. “Dreams in the Dust: The Story of Tom Sukanen.” Dreams in the Dust: The Story of Tom Sukanen - Canada’s History, August 21, 2014. https://www.canadashistory.ca/explore/ settlement-immigration/dreams-in-the-dust-the-story-of-tomsukanen.

5. Book, Rick. “Dreams in the Dust: The Story of Tom Sukanen.” Dreams in the Dust: The Story of Tom Sukanen - Canada’s History, August 21, 2014. https://www.canadashistory.ca/explore/ settlement-immigration/dreams-in-the-dust-the-story-of-tomsukanen.

6. Inno, Dio. “Connected Living: Metabolic Evolution through Prefabrication and Artificial Intelligence.” Dioinno Architecture PLLC, 2017. https://dioinno.com/Connected-Living-MetabolicEvolution-through-Prefabrication-and.

7. Pintos, Paula. “Wohnregal Apartments and Ateliers / Far Frohn&Rojas.” ArchDaily. ArchDaily, March 18, 2021. https://www. archdaily.com/928487/wohnregal-apartments-and-ateliers-far-frohnand-rojas.

8. “515 Portage Avenue (Centennial Hall).” Winnipeg Architecture Foundation. Accessed December 17, 2021. https:// www.winnipegarchitecture.ca/centennial-hall-university-ofwinnipeg/.

9. Historical Buildings Committee. “366 QU’APPELLE Avenue - Winnipeg,” January 26, 1983. https://www.winnipeg.ca/ppd/ Documents/Heritage/ListHistoricalResources/QuAppelle366-long. pdf.

10. Historical Buildings Committee. “366 QU’APPELLE Avenue - Winnipeg,” January 26, 1983. https://www.winnipeg.ca/ppd/ Documents/Heritage/ListHistoricalResources/QuAppelle366-long. pdf.

11. Sola-Morales, Ignasi de. “Weak Architecture.” Differences, 1987. https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/differences.

12. Sola-Morales, Ignasi de. “Weak Architecture.” Differences, 1987. https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/differences.

13. “111 East Grand.” Neumann Monson Architects, April 29, 2021. https://neumannmonson.com/111-east-grand/.

14. Tapia, Daniel. “111 East Grand and St. Kilda Surf & Turf / Neumann Monson Architects.” ArchDaily. ArchDaily, December 9, 2019. https://www.archdaily.com/929832/111-east-grand-and-stkilda-surf-and-turf-neumann-monson-architects.

Figure List

Figure 1. Google Maps. “965 Henderson Highway”.Accessed March 3, 2022. https://www.google.com/ maps/@49.9347409,-97.0963656,3a,75y,149.47h,91.31t/ data=!3m6!1e1!3m4!1sgDEzGmAHNZPHCFpQppvQmw!2e0! 7i16384!8i8192

Figure 2.Google Maps. “1045 Henderson Highway”. Accessed March 3, 2022. https://www.google.com/maps/@49.936308,97.0948607,3a,75y,268.07h,91.61t/data=!3m6!1e1!3m4!1s1c wIT8VMaZ2pwyCvHApu1A!2e0!7i13312!8i6656

Figure 3. Google Maps. “1475 Henderson Highway”. Accessed March 3, 2022. https://www.google.com/ maps/@49.9467939,-97.0847284,3a,55.4y,127.63h,90.83t/ data=!3m6!1e1!3m4!1sLrnz5QtXExaFR0WT9UrOfA!2e0!7i163 84!8i8192

Figure 4. Book, Rick. Don Book, with the Reconstructed Sontiainen at the Sukanen Ship Pioneer Village and Museum South of Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan. August 21, 2014. Canadahistory.ca. https://www.canadashistory.ca/explore/settlement-immigration/ dreams-in-the-dust-the-story-of-tom-sukanen.

Figure 5. Saskatchewan Archives Board. Two People Stand next to the Hull of the Sontiainen, Which Was Used as a Granary in the 1940s. August 21, 2014. Canadahistory.ca. https://www. canadashistory.ca/explore/settlement-immigration/dreams-in-thedust-the-story-of-tom-sukanen.

Figure 6. 0030. Photograph. Ottawa, 1983. National Air Photo Library of Canada. 1126 Henderson Highway Winnipeg.

Figure 7.City of Winnipeg Planning Department. “Property Map / Aerial Photography.” City of Winnipeg : Planning, Property& Development Department: Maps. Accessed January 22, 2022. https://www.winnipeg.ca/ppd/maps_aerial.stm.

Figure 8. Winnipeg Free Press. “Polet Lumber”. July 19, 1983. Pg. 11. Winnipeg, Manitoba, CA.https://newspaperarchive. com/winnipeg-free-press-jul-19-1983-p-11/

Figure 9. Winnipeg Free Press. May 20, 1982. Winnipeg, Manitoba, CA.

Figure 10. Winnipeg Free Press. “Polet Lumber”.September 15, 1981.Pg. 42. Winnipeg, Manitoba, CA. https://newspaperarchive.com/winnipeg-free-press-sep-151981-p-42/

Figure 11. Stonewall Argus And Teulon Times. “Polet Lumber”. May 04, 1983.Pg. 13, Stonewall, Manitoba, CA. https:// newspaperarchive.com/stonewall-argus-and-teulon-timesmay-04-1983-p-13/

Figure 12. Winnipeg Free Press. “Polet Lumber”. April 20, 1979. Pg. 2. Winnipeg, Manitoba, CA. https://newspaperarchive. com/winnipeg-free-press-apr-20-1979-p-2/

Figure 13. “Allmar.” Manitoba Business and Trade Magazine, Publsished 2016.

Figure 14. “Allmar.” Manitoba Business and Trade Magazine, Publsished 2016.

Figure 15. Neptune Properties. Kildonan Village Shopping Centre. Accessed January 22, 2022. https://www.neptuneproperties.ca/ properties/manitoba/kildonan-village.

Figure 16. “Site Plan.” Cooper Rankin Architects. Kildonan Village. 1989.

Figure 17. Google Maps. “1126 Henderson Highway”. Accessed March 3, 2022. https://www.google.com/maps/place/112 6+Henderson+Hwy,+Winnipeg,+MB+R2G+ 0E3/@49.9383528,-97.0935658,1141m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5! 3m4!1s0x52ea704451909d95:0x4139f81b03088a35!8m2!3d 49.9387291!4d-97.0926825

Figure 18. Inno, Dio. “Connected Living: Metabolic Evolution through Prefabrication and Artificial Intelligence.” Dioinno Architecture PLLC, 2017. https://dioinno.com/Connected-Living-MetabolicEvolution-through-Prefabrication-and.

Figure 19. Inno, Dio. “Connected Living: Metabolic Evolution through Prefabrication and Artificial Intelligence.” Dioinno Architecture PLLC, 2017. https://dioinno.com/Connected-Living-MetabolicEvolution-through-Prefabrication-and.

Figure 20. Inno, Dio. “Connected Living: Metabolic Evolution through Prefabrication and Artificial Intelligence.” Dioinno Architecture PLLC, 2017. https://dioinno.com/Connected-Living-MetabolicEvolution-through-Prefabrication-and.

Figure 21. Inno, Dio. “Connected Living: Metabolic Evolution through Prefabrication and Artificial Intelligence.” Dioinno Architecture PLLC, 2017. https://dioinno.com/Connected-Living-MetabolicEvolution-through-Prefabrication-and.

Figure List

Figure 22. Inno, Dio. “Connected Living: Metabolic Evolution through Prefabrication and Artificial Intelligence.” Dioinno Architecture PLLC, 2017. https://dioinno.com/ConnectedLiving-Metabolic-Evolution-through-Prefabrication-and.

Figure 23. Pintos, Paula. “Wohnregal Apartments and Ateliers / Far Frohn&Rojas.” ArchDaily. ArchDaily, March 18, 2021. https:// www.archdaily.com/928487/wohnregal-apartments-andateliers-far-frohn-and-rojas.

Figure 24. Pintos, Paula. “Wohnregal Apartments and Ateliers / Far Frohn&Rojas.” ArchDaily. ArchDaily, March 18, 2021. https:// www.archdaily.com/928487/wohnregal-apartments-andateliers-far-frohn-and-rojas.

Figure 25. Pintos, Paula. “Wohnregal Apartments and Ateliers / Far Frohn&Rojas.” ArchDaily. ArchDaily, March 18, 2021. https:// www.archdaily.com/928487/wohnregal-apartments-andateliers-far-frohn-and-rojas.

Figure 26. Pintos, Paula. “Wohnregal Apartments and Ateliers / Far Frohn&Rojas.” ArchDaily. ArchDaily, March 18, 2021. https:// www.archdaily.com/928487/wohnregal-apartments-andateliers-far-frohn-and-rojas.

Figure 27.“515 Portage Avenue (Centennial Hall).” Winnipeg Architecture Foundation. Accessed December 17, 2021. https://www.winnipegarchitecture.ca/centennial-halluniversity-of-winnipeg/.

Figure 28. Progressive Architecture. “Centennial Hall.” USMODERNIST library, March 1973. https://usmodernist.org/ PA/PA-1973-03.pdf.

Figure 29. “515 Portage Avenue (Centennial Hall).” Winnipeg Architecture Foundation. Accessed December 17, 2021. https://www.winnipegarchitecture.ca/centennial-halluniversity-of-winnipeg/.

Figure 30. Centennial Hall (University of Winnipeg). Digitalcollections.lib.umanitoba.ca. Accessed January 22, 2022. https://digitalcollections.lib.umanitoba.ca/islandora/ object/uofm%3A2624678.

Figure 31. Historical Buildings Committee. “366 QU’APPELLE Avenue - Winnipeg,” January 26, 1983. https://www. winnipeg.ca/ppd/Documents/Heritage/ListHistorical Resources/QuAppelle366-long.pdf.

Figure 32. Historical Buildings Committee. “366 QU’APPELLE Avenue - Winnipeg,” January 26, 1983. https://www.winnipeg.ca/ppd/ Documents/Heritage/ListHistoricalResources/QuAppelle366long.pdf.

Figure 33. Historical Buildings Committee. “366 QU’APPELLE Avenue - Winnipeg,” January 26, 1983. https://www.winnipeg.ca/ppd/ Documents/Heritage/ListHistoricalResources/QuAppelle366long.pdf.

Figure 34. Historical Buildings Committee. “366 QU’APPELLE Avenue - Winnipeg,” January 26, 1983. https://www.winnipeg.ca/ppd/ Documents/Heritage/ListHistoricalResources/QuAppelle366long.pdf.

Figure 35. “Weak Architecture.” Cover page. Differences, 1987. https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/differences.

Figure 36.“111 East Grand.” Neumann Monson Architects, April 29, 2021. https://neumannmonson.com/111-east-grand/.

Figure 37.“111 East Grand.” Neumann Monson Architects, April 29, 2021. https://neumannmonson.com/111-east-grand/.

Figure 38. Bartolini, Olivia. “The Possibilities of Wire Mesh in Architectural Facades.” ArchDaily. ArchDaily, October 26, 2021. https://www.archdaily.com/970088/the-possibilitiesof-wire-mesh-in-architectural-facades.

Figure 39. Santa Monica Historical Society Museum. Santa Monica Place. 2008. Surf Santa Monica. https://www.surfsantamonica. com/ssm_site/the_lookout/news/News-2008/April-2008/ 04_20_08_The_Rebirth_of_a_Mall.htm.

Figure 40. Adels. Bank of Guatemala. December 20, 2018. Archinet. https://archinect.com/features/article/150099373/a-look-atbrutalist-guatemala#&gid=1&pid=4.

Figure 41. Bartolini, Olivia. “The Possibilities of Wire Mesh in Architectural Facades.” ArchDaily. ArchDaily, October 26, 2021. https://www.archdaily.com/970088/the-possibilitiesof-wire-mesh-in-architectural-facades.

Figure 42. “Allmar.” Manitoba Business and Trade Magazine, Publsished 2016.

Figure 43. “Allmar.” Manitoba Business and Trade Magazine, Publsished 2016.

Figure 44. “Allmar.” Manitoba Business and Trade Magazine, Publsished 2016.

Figure 45. “Allmar.” Manitoba Business and Trade Magazine, Publsished 2016.