"Thesis on High Performance Facade for High Rise"

High Performance Faรงade Designing Bioclimatic Envelope for High Rise Tower

By Ashesh Sapkota

Project presented to the Faculty of the Department of Architecture College of Architecture and the Built Environment Thomas Jefferson University In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE Design 6: Research and Design Primary Advisor: James Doerfler Committee Member: Edgar Stach Philadelphia, Pennsylvania May 2019

Acknowledgement I would like to express my sincere gratitude toward the College of Architecture and Built Environment (CABE), Jefferson University for providing this opportunity to research and prepare this report which helped me to gain the knowledge about the high-performance faรงade design.

I would also like to express gratification to my thesis supervisor, Professor James Doerfler for his continual support and invaluable suggestions and guidance throughout this study and research. I would also like to express my deep gratitude to Professor Edgar Stach and Professor David Kratzer for their feedbacks and thoughts upon my project to improve better.

Nevertheless, I am thankful to my friends and family for their direct and indirect help and support for the completion of the project in time and helping me to improve this study as well as the report.

May 2019

Ashesh Sapkota

M.ARCH Thesis

High Performance Faรงade

Table of Contents PART 1 ..................................................................... 5 Thesis Abstract ........................................................... 5 Thesis Statement ........................................................ 5 Research Methodology and Terms of Criticism ................. 9 Analysis of Precedents ............................................... 12 Case Study 1: Pearl River Tower ...................................................... 12 Case Study 2: Quay Quarter Tower .................................................. 14 Case Study 3: The Lanescraper ........................................................ 16

PART 2 ................................................................... 17 Design Objectives and Design Brief.............................. 17 Site Analysis and Documentation................................. 17 Codes Summary............................................................................. 19

Program Study ......................................................... 21 PART 3 ................................................................... 22 Process Documentation.............................................. 22 Design Evolution ............................................................................ 22 Design Development ....................................................................... 23 Detailings ...................................................................................... 25

Final Design Documentation ....................................... 27 Floor Plans .................................................................................... 27 Sections ........................................................................................ 29 Elevations ..................................................................................... 30 Page | 1

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Renderings .................................................................................... 30

PART 4 ................................................................... 34 Analysis/Critique of Project......................................... 34 Thesis Intent ................................................................................. 34 Results.......................................................................................... 34 Restatement .................................................................................. 35 Potential Development .................................................................... 35

Annotated Bibliography .............................................. 36 Annexes .................................................................. 43 Final Board 1 ................................................................................. 43 Final Board 2 ................................................................................. 44 Final Board 3 ................................................................................. 45 Final Board 4 ................................................................................. 46 Final Board 5 ................................................................................. 47 Final Models .................................................................................. 48

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List of Figures Figure 1: Land use map of Kathmandu Valley, 1967-2000 ............................................... 6 Figure 2: Chart showing population increase over three decades in Kathmandu ................. 7 Figure 3: Historical Dharahara tower before and after 2015 earthquake ............................ 7 Figure 4: Electricity consumption in Kathmandu (Source: Nepal Electricity Authority) ......... 8 Figure 5: Image Showing City Core Shopping Market ...................................................... 8 Figure 6: Kathmandu City Aerial View Showing Density of Building ................................... 8 Figure 7: Integrated design approach ........................................................................... 9 Figure 8: Design Process ............................................................................................. 9 Figure 9: Design Process and Analysis ........................................................................ 11 Figure 10: Conceptual Process and Envelope Design ..................................................... 13 Figure 11: Conceptual process of quay quarter tower design ......................................... 15 Figure 12: Offset from facade to optimize view and shade interior spaces ....................... 15 Figure 13: Entry ways from street .............................................................................. 15 Figure 14: Conceptual process of lanescraper tower design ........................................... 16 Figure 15: World Map showing Climate Zones .............................................................. 17 Figure 16: Maximum Floor Area Allowance1 ................................................................. 20 Figure 17: Exit Width Calculation3F .............................................................................. 20 Figure 18: 3D Printed Model Iteration and Study for form analysis ................................. 22 Figure 19: Form Development ................................................................................... 22 Figure 20: City map showing potential site for porotype tower ....................................... 23 Figure 21: Program concept ...................................................................................... 23 Figure 22: Structure Concept ..................................................................................... 24 Figure 23: Radiation Analysis on Four Sides of Facade .................................................. 24

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Figure 24: Facade panels on East, West and North Side ................................................ 25 Figure 25: Facade Connection Detail ........................................................................... 25 Figure 26: Summer Effect on Facade .......................................................................... 26 Figure 27: Winter Effect on Facade ............................................................................. 26 Figure 28: Site Plan and Analysis ............................................................................... 27 Figure 29: First Floor Plan ......................................................................................... 27 Figure 30: Office Level 30 ......................................................................................... 28 Figure 31: Sky Garden/ Lobby Plan ............................................................................ 28 Figure 32: Section AA ............................................................................................... 29 Figure 33: Elevations ................................................................................................ 30 Figure 34: Aerial View of Tower ................................................................................. 30 Figure 35: City Entrance View .................................................................................... 31 Figure 36: Sky Garden/Lobby .................................................................................... 32 Figure 37: Office Interior ........................................................................................... 32 Figure 38: Exploded Axon Showing Facade Layers ........................................................ 33 Figure 39: Street View .............................................................................................. 33

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High Performance Façade

PART 1 Key Words High Performance Façade; Sustainable Façade; Parametric Façade; Dynamic Façade; Energy Efficient Façade; Intelligent Façade System; Double Skin Façade; High Rise Tower Design; Mixed Use Tower

Thesis Abstract My thesis is to design a building with high performance façade in Kathmandu, Nepal. The performance of building may rely on various factors such as shape, size material, texture and geometry of the façade. The goal is to select appropriate system to adapt the building into existing climatic condition.

The selection of site and location defines the further design strategies. Depending on climate zone, a system is adapted that respond to the existing climates such as louvres, vertical/horizontal shades, screenings. The contextual architecture and technology will be studied to ensure façade is highly performative. Furthermore, various geometry and shapes can be tested out to compare performance of it on building. In depth, various materials are applied to tally the performance results and selection of the best.

The main focus will be on visual appearance and performance of the building since the appearance of the building define its identity and creates impact on people and city at various scale. The challenge would be to harmonize the façade on all sides while integrating to the structure of the building. Nonetheless, it also investigates on how to create comfortable working environment and interactive façade design to the user. Consideration of these factors will determine the geometry, shape, size and materiality of the façade system for a high-rise building.

Thesis Statement Building facades are the one of the important parts of the building that gives building its identity and are primarily responsible to minimize energy load in the building. Façade plays very important role in making a building efficient. Façades enclose the building while maintaining daylighting, air flow, ventilation, rain screening and solar shading. The intelligent façade is created when all these factors are considered and designed responding to the typical site conditions. Also, welldesigned facades have high durability that meets structural integrity, weather resistance, seismic forces, energy efficiency, and fire ratings.

The purpose of this thesis is to design a high-performance façade for high rise building. The thesis will focus on finding a façade system that respond to daylighting, incorporate occupant preferences, help in minimizing energy load of the building and give an identity by reflecting the site cultural values. The thesis will also identify range of performance requirement as part of overall building design Page | 5

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enclosure. Furthermore, it will analyze the local material and technology to make it more sustainable and highly performative.

The integration of high-performance faรงade system designed intelligently and contextual to the site allows the building to create better indoor quality spaces through daylighting, ventilation and reduce energy load of the building.

Figure 1: Land use map of Kathmandu Valley, 1967-2000

The thesis is primarily looking at urban sprawl settlement in Kathmandu, Nepal. The city has poor and limited technology, but rich with cultural values and systems. This thesis will investigate the need of the city, people and analyze to integrate modern and parametric technology to fit in the site context and look for design solutions to best represent it.

Kathmandu is the capital city and is the largest metropolis in Nepal. The population is 1.5 million in city and 3 million in its urban agglomeration across Kathmandu valley, which includes Kathmandu, Lalitpur and Bhaktapur 1. The city is diverse in culture and densely populated. The growth of people is because of centralized 0F

1

Nepal Population Census 2011

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government and many job opportunities. Due to poor government policy and administration, increase in population is leading to urban sprawl. At this point, there is no way to resettle millions of people and plan the city. A new approach of building design and construction should be implemented to control the urban sprawl and preserve the cultural value of the city.

Population in Kathmandu 1,400,000 1,200,000

Population

1,000,000 800,000 600,000 400,000 200,000

0 Population

1991

2001

2011

2021

427,045

671,805

915,071

1,319,597

Figure 2: Chart showing population increase over three decades in Kathmandu2

People suffered from the recent earthquake because of these erratic settlements. A magnitude of 7.8 earthquake struck on April 25, 2015, toppling multi-story buildings and creating landslides and avalanches in the Himalaya Mountains. Nearly 9,000 people died and more than 22,000 suffered injuries. The disaster impaired many historic monuments and wiped out settlement in and around the city.

Figure 3: Historical Dharahara tower before and after 2015 earthquake

2

Nepal Population Census 2011

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People have misconception of low rise building for accommodation because of fear of earthquake. But, the need for housing and work space demand for the city is rapidly surging. Since, the city is rich in historic culture and monumental buildings, the city needs to revive with the help of modern technology while cultivating the cultural and contextual value of the city, place and people. The only way to minimize the sprawling city is through high rise buildings. The city needs high rise buildings and should be designed very critically with contextual and bio climatic approach.

Every year, energy use is increasing and Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA) are not able to satisfy the demand. Because of this, people have to face daily 5-19 hour of power shortage. According to NEA, the energy demand is highest with 87% use for residential purpose.

Therefore, an architectural solution to meet this demand of housing and energy should be addressed through high performance faรงade design.

Electricity Use Residential

Transport

Commercial

Agriculture

6%

5% 1%

Industry

1%

87%

Figure 4: Electricity consumption in Kathmandu (Source: Nepal Electricity Authority)

Figure 5: Image Showing City Core Shopping Market

Figure 6: Kathmandu City Aerial View Showing Density of Building

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Figure 7: Integrated design approach3

Research Methodology and Terms of Criticism The thesis is based on research, literature and various case studies. The research will then be synthesized to provide an architectural solution through project-based design. The goal is to study and analyze shape and geometry of building on site to get basic idea and furthermore, various parameters and materials will be added to achieve the targeted performance while maintaining visual appearance of the building. During research, study will be done on development of faรงade to make it more sustainable and performative.

Final Design

Figure 8: Design Process

3

www.wbdg.com Whole building design guide (WBDG)

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Material and Technology in Kathmandu Contextual Analysis

Integration of city culture and building design

Survey on need of high performance building

Exterior: Visual Appearance Interior: Daylighting quality Energy Consumption vs.

Energy Production Residents vs Household data

Case Studies Site Analysis

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First of all, this thesis investigates about high performance façade. According to Selkowitz, high-performance building façades are comprehensive systems that incorporate daylighting, solar heat-gain control, ventilation, and space conditioning.

So, the thesis is investigating on how to control daylight and enhance performance of façade.

Secondly, this thesis focus on quantitative study of Kathmandu, Nepal. The study analyzes the existing urban fabric structure and try to find the problem of the city.

A study will be done on the people, culture, material and climatic condition that helps in designing a high performative façade that best fit the context.

Thirdly, this thesis will involve a qualitative study of mixed-use tower design. The study will be through several relevant case studies at different urban condition and cultural context. The case studies will be visually analyzed and the energy data will be compared to find the performance of the building. These case studies will help in conceptualizing program and ideas to integrate design to site context. Also, it will help in understanding relationship between façade and site surrounding in more realistic way.

Finally, all these data and analysis will be evaluated and will give better understanding for design of final project.

Design Process Climate Analysis

Daylight Analysis

Thermal Analysis

Performanc e Analysis

Building Orientatio n

Building Massing

Façade Design

Thesis: High Performance Building

Figure 9: Design Process and Analysis

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These various conditions will be modelled and analyzed using various software.

SketchUp, Sefaira and Revit will be used for performance and daylight analysis of the faรงade whereas, Rhino and Grasshopper will be used to generate script to compare and analyze various iterations of shapes and appearance of the faรงade.

Analysis of Precedents This thesis is followed by some relevant analysis of high-performance buildings which illustrate some components such as program development, site analysis, energy harvesting, use of material, faรงade design and climate responsive architecture. The case study selected are ideal examples that demonstrate how to harvest energy from high rise building and also explain the conceptual development of program and spaces in urban context.

Case Study 1: Pearl River Tower Location

: Guangzhou, China

Design Completion : 2010 Site Area

: 10,635 m2

Project Area

: 214,100 m2

Number of Stories : 71 Building Height

: 309.60 m

Market

: Commercial + Office

Service

: Sustainable Design

Architecture Style : Neo-Futurism Architect

: Gordon Gill + Skidmore, Owing and Merrill

Owner

: China National Tobacco Corporation

Structure

: Skidmore, Owing and Merrill

LEED

: Platinum

Some of the key design elements of this building are: Shape: A precisely sculpted shape, integrated structure, and integrated vertical axis wind turbines that improve performance and help generate electrical power for the building.

Faรงade: A high-performance building envelope that increases thermal performance, controls solar loads, and optimizes the transmittance of daylight into interior spaces.

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HVAC: A radiant ceiling cooling system that works together with direct outdoor air systems and indoor under-floor ventilation. The system provides improved air change effectiveness and indoor air quality.

Shading: Daylight responsive controls, working in conjunction with high efficiency lighting systems, reduce the amount of energy consumed by artificial interior lighting.

Figure 10: Conceptual Process and Envelope Design

The orientation of the office is at the northeast corner of the intersection of Jin Sui Road and West ZhuJiang Boulevard, area of Guangzhou, China. The floors are rotated off from the city’s grid in order to maximize use of prevailing wind, to strategically capture the sun’s energy through photovoltaic technologies, and to avoid solar radiation. The building shape is also optimized and tested to save energy, material and cost4.

Pearl River Tower’s design incorporates a dynamic high performance building envelope that provides superior thermal performance, controls solar loads, and optimizes the transmittance of daylight into interior spaces. The east and west elevations use a unitized frit glass outfitted with external shades. The external glass is double silver low-E high performance glass, which provides the best balance between low heat gain and high transparency. A photovoltaic system is strategically integrated into the external shading system located on the east and west elevations in order to capture energy from the sun and protect the tower from solar gain.

On North-South, these facades break down into a double-wall, 300mm unitized system with a 240mm ventilated cavity that separates two layers of glazing. A lowE coated, insulating glass unit forms the exterior layer, and a single monolithic glazed panel forms the interior layer. The movement of room air through the ventilated cavity is critical to removing solar gain, especially on the tower’s south elevation.

4

https://www.som.com/projects/pearl_river_tower

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Conclusion The building is great example of high-performance building and has many features that makes the faรงade of this building high performing. The idea of shading devices, double skin faรงade and PV louvres are some of the feature that can be implemented in design to reduce energy load. The building also gives idea about placement of building responding to climatic condition to perform better in existing environment.

The use of shading louvres on two different facades and daylighting control are the primary feature to implement in my design.

Case Study 2: Quay Quarter Tower Location

: Sydney, Australia

Design Completion : 2018 Type

: Competition (Idea)

Site Area

: 6191 m2

Project Area

: 102,000 m2

Number of Stories : 49 Building Height

: 200m

Market

: Commercial + Office

Architect

: 3XN

Developer

: AMP Capital

The tower is an example of high rise that gives a community feeling of a vertical village. The project is a new way to look at high rise by creating added value for people, their culture and city ambience. Instead of one large volume or 49 separate floors, the design envisions five volumes stacked upon each other, each connected by a large atrium. The lower levels of the tower are angled westward to capture the energy and movement of the street. The building blocks are twisted as it goes up to maximize view to harbor side and create communal green spaces. As an additional benefit the rotated volumes help self-shade the northern faรงade from harsh afternoon sun, creating a passive sustainability feature.

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Figure 11: Conceptual process of quay quarter tower design

Figure 12: Offset from facade to optimize view and shade interior spaces

The podium has multiple points of entry from Bridge Street and Phillip Street. Its permeability as well as its retail offerings encourage pedestrian flow through the building and animates the public domain. 5 This connection result in a vibrant, active space, which extends beyond the daily work cycle with retail, food and beverage offerings that become part of the city movement network. Its design will encourage after work socializing; thus, promoting the area as a destination and enhancing the street life and retail value in the precinct.

1F

Figure 13: Entry ways from street

Conclusion The quay quarter is an exemplary high-rise tower that uses site condition to maximize the performance of the building. The building is contextual to site with building being twisted in response to climate and energy optimization while also providing views to Sydney harbor. The base floor is opened up to public with multiple entrances from streets which gives a sense of welcoming to building. This building also features green spaces throughout the building and create harmonious and natural effect.

5

: https://3xn.com/projects

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Case Study 3: The Lanescraper Location

: Melbourne, Australia

Site Area

: 6191 m2

Project Area

: 238,000 m2

Number of Stories : 72 Building Height Market

: 360m : Commercial + Office + Residential

Architect

: Bjarke Ingels + Brian Yang

Owner

: Beulah International

“The Lanescraper” features two blocks, interlocking to provide connectivity and structural rigidity, with the spaces between forming a series of laneways. Reaching a height of almost 360 meters, the scheme features a range of residential, retail and cultural amenities including offices, serviced apartments, and a library.

Figure 14: Conceptual process of lanescraper tower design

The stacked block between the cores extend upward and interlock to provide connectivity and structure rigidity 6. The building taper on top as it goes up minimizing overshadowing of public spaces below. In between the core, a series of green promenade with inter connected and multi-tiered public and social spaces for exploration and discovery. The tower is designed with the concept of village in the city.

2F

Conclusion “The Lanescraper” is a conceptual idea for high rise tower that has diverse programs such as commercial, retail, entertainment, office, residential and hotels and integrated to site. The building also features green spaces throughout the tower and create communal spaces. The idea of green terraces could be implemented in my design.

6

https://big.dk/#projects-sbank)

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PART 2 Design Objectives and Design Brief This thesis is primarily focusing on three main aspect of high performance: • • •

Climate Responsive Facade Contextual Design Structural Response

The design will be highly focused on performance and integrity of façade system with response to light and existing environment. So, the site being located in traditional Kathmandu valley, façade is inspired from the traditional façade screening system and pattern and blended with diagrid structure for better performance.

Site Analysis and Documentation SITE

KATHMANDU

Kathmandu Valley is in the Warm Temperate Zone (elevation ranging from 1,200 to 2,300 metres (3,900 to 7,500 ft)), where the climate is fairly temperate.

Figure 15: World Map showing Climate Zones

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Climate The average summer temperature varies from 28 to 30 °C (82 to 86 °F). The average winter temperature is 10.1 °C (50.2 °F).

Rainfall is mostly monsoon-based (about 65% of the total concentrated during the monsoon months of June to August). Rainfall has been recorded at about 1,400 millimetres (55.1 in) for the Kathmandu valley, and averages 1,407 millimetres (55.4 in) for the city of Kathmandu.

Site New Road

Tudhikhel

Durbar Marg

Play Ground Site

200ft.

50ft.

0ft.

100ft.

National Stadium Page | 18

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Codes Summary Nepal National Building Code NBC 206:2015, Architectural Design Requirement •

Based on Occupancy o o o

•

Group A: Residential Group E: Commercial Group F: Offices

Based on Storey & Height Programs

Floors

Area (sq.m.)

Total (sq.m.)

Parking

-1 to -2

1250

2500

Food and Retails

1-5

1250

6250

Skygarden

6-7

625

1250

8-30

625

11250

Offices Total Floor

30

20900

Built Up Area

1250

Total Site Area

2150

Group S3: High Rise Criteria -9 to 39 Stories or 25m to below 100m High rise includes buildings that are beyond the reach of normal firefighting provision on the ground. In case of emergency the rescue operation shall require the use of fire lifts in the upper floors.

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Occupant Load

Figure 16: Maximum Floor Area Allowance1

Occupant Load of the building or area = Net or gross area / Area per occupant

Exit Width

Figure 17: Exit Width Calculation 7 3F

Required width of the exit medium = (Occupant load x 0.5) / Occupant per standard unit B

7

Nepal National Building Code 2015

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Program Study After analyzing and research about site and its potential to create a space for public, a solution to exiting problem was derived. The program with mix-use concept was best to fit in the site with programs such as retail, commercial, entertainment, offices and some green park spaces. These programs were then laid out in different floor plans to see its function and feasibility into the site.

Retail Spaces The lower 5 level is dedicated to retail, commercial and entertainment to public.

The existing site has lot of commercial and retail spaces where people are attracted for shopping and recreation. As the location has high demand for such amenities, people will have easy access to it and will serve better as part of the site and environment.

Core Circulation The center of the tower has concrete core with six number of dedicated elevators and two number of staircases as means of egress. It will also be the primary structure to support all the floor slabs. The working spaces will be around the core with circulation space offset from the core.

Office Spaces The floor level from 6-30 will have different office spaces. The 5-6 floor of office becomes a typical unit of urban block to harmonize the context and stacked on top to fulfill the demand of extra space in dense area.

Sky Garden The office spaces are divided with series of sky garden/lobby where people can come together for recreation, food, drink and relax in natural open green space.

The sky lobby with also break the volume and give air to breathe for people and the building itself.

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PART 3 Process Documentation Design Evolution The design evolved with multiple iteration of building form and size of the tower.

The initial idea of the development was to have several retails and commercials on the lower level of the tower and office spaces on upper levels. So, an urban block of tower was created that comprises all these programs and step gardens. (Step 1) Further, the form needed to response to light and was twisted to optimize. Hence, second layer of faรงade was created to connect the lower volume as roof structure.

(Step 2) Finally, the iteration with implementation of structure with faรงade was created to harmonize the diagrid structure and faรงade pattern with building form. (Step 3) Step Step Step 2

1

3

Figure 18: 3D Printed Model Iteration and Study for form analysis

Building Form Concept The site is small in the city core and has limited space to create openness in busy and dense urban condition. Tower provide openness in surface and more occupying space on top. To harmonize the context low rise podium for tower is created that has similar program as nearby building. Tower is finally twisted to optimize thermal performance and view of the tower.

Figure 19: Form Development

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Prototypical Planning The tower was a prototypical idea to have over different region of the city to address the city urban sprawl condition. Each tower on specific site will response to the light condition and need of that particular site through building program.

Figure 20: City map showing potential site for porotype tower

Design Development The design was developed on the basis of research and analysis of the problem, site and need on one of the chosen sites in core of the city.

Programming Retail + Parking

Core

Offices

Sky Garden

Figure 21: Program concept

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Structural Analysis The site was vulnerable to earthquake and movement of wind since it was in seismic zone. Hence, diagrid steel structure was adapted and iterated to various angle and scale to fit the building form and scale. Similar to structure, the faรงade system also uses diagrid mullion to harmonize the pattern and stability of the faรงade.

Figure 22: Structure Concept

Daylight Analysis

Figure 23: Radiation Analysis on Four Sides of Facade

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Detailings Further development of faรงade leads to detailing of the framing of the faรงade panels which was inspired from traditional windows screening system. Thus, each panel was supported with diagrid mullion and the glass panels was fritted based on different sides. The fritting was based on solar radiation and opening changes as per the direction of the faรงade and movement along the height of the tower to synchronize and response external daylight condition.

Faรงade Concept 30%

East

60%

90%

South North

West Figure 24: Facade panels on East, West and North Side

Figure 25: Facade Connection Detail

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Faรงade Section Detail

Figure 26: Summer Effect on Facade

Figure 27: Winter Effect on Facade

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Final Design Documentation After completion of research and analysis of various component of building design, final design was completed.

Figure 28: Site Plan and Analysis

Floor Plans

Figure 29: First Floor Plan

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Figure 30: Office Level 30

Figure 31: Sky Garden/ Lobby Plan

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Sections

Figure 32: Section AA

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Elevations

EAST

NORTH

SOUTH

WEST

Figure 33: Elevations

Renderings

Figure 34: Aerial View of Tower

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Figure 35: City Entrance View

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Figure 36: Sky Garden/Lobby

Figure 37: Office Interior

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Figure 38: Exploded Axon Showing Facade Layers

Figure 39: Street View

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PART 4 Analysis/Critique of Project The project was analyzed in multiple category and some of them needed more development as it lacks some design intent which is result of time constraints.

The program developed in the lower five level were successful but incorporating them into the existing dense settlement was a challenge and needed very careful design move to harmonize the design. The program given and interaction of it with public needed to be refined and developed with more critical thinking and making it part of the site and place.

Also, the façade pattern could be randomized in different scale and also manipulated in different ways to control light in specific part of the building. The double skin façade could also be part of lower level retails and commercial spaces where all the public and pedestrian can feel the effect of façade. Thus, the façade could play more important role in connecting and interacting people with building.

Thesis Intent The thesis is about creating a high-performance façade that harmonize to the existing site condition and response to the local culture and environment. The façade needed to respond the sun movement and optimize the performance over summer and winter season. The focus was also to balance view and lighting condition in and out from the building through façade.

Besides, this thesis also intent to create a pattern in the façade to reflect the traditional architecture of Kathmandu Valley. The façade was an inspiration from traditional window “akhi jhyal” and later to be designed parametrically to fit the size and scale of the building.

The project is also looking for a solution to address population growth and demand of living, working and playing spaces. In such a dense and populated area, the only solution could be high rise building design with critical thinking about its program.

So, this thesis approach to create an example and protype of a high-performance façade for high rise building in Kathmandu Valley.

Results The thesis helped in finding some major issue in densely populated country and providing a design solution. The challenge is to harmonize the technology and culture of the place. The thesis was exploring to find the balance between them and design to justify the problem. The design of the project helped in realizing the urban problems and issues of various technology to implement. The thesis helps in finding the program and typology of the building on such a dense core area and steps to design with careful consideration of all urban factors.

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Restatement The problem of population density and urban design can be solved through architecture and design. The thesis research and project has shown some evidence of the existing problem and design ideas to resolve it. The program developed as a mix use and high-rise typology of the building help in providing the need of people and reduce the congestion in populated area. On the other hand, the focus of thesis to design high-performance façade was developed into the project with designing a double skin façade. The façade was inspired from traditional pattern and parametrically design to harmonize the context and react to the sun exposure and radiation to control daylighting in the building space. Thus, the façade could harvest heat in winter and prevent heat in summer.

Therefore, this project was successful in addressing the problem on site and a highperformance façade was designed that was creating an iconic façade in the city.

Potential Development The project was primarily focused on development of high-performance façade. So, the project could be further developed considering flow of people and introducing more diverse program to the people in lower podium of the tower. The site could also be potentially developed into small park or recreational spaces to allow people to breathe in the dense core of the city. The site also has potential to develop as a The project was a prototypical example for the growth of city in future. So, this prototype could also be tested in multiple locations to check its feasibility and performance and design accordingly. The development of this towers in different part of the city can help in providing spaces for people to work, live, shop, visit and recreate.

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High Performance Faรงade

Annotated Bibliography 1. Ajla Aksamija and Perkins + Will. 2013. Sustainable Facades: Design Methods for High Performance Building Envelopes. Wiley Publication.

A. Purpose: To learn strategies and approaches for designing sustainable, highperformance building facades.

B. Methods: This guide presents strategies and technical guidelines for designing environmentally sensitive, energy-efficient facades based on scientific principles. It provides climate-specific approaches for minimizing energy consumption, analyzes the thermal behavior of different faรงade systems and materials, and illustrates with case studies how these approaches have been implemented on architectural projects.

C. Findings: It discusses emerging facade technologies, materials, and systems.

D. Conclusion: This book helps to learn how to maintain interior environment of the building while consuming less resources.

2. Capeluto, Guediochoa Carlos Ernesto. 11/17/2016. Intelligent Envelopes for High Performance Buildings Design and Strategy. Springer Publication.

A. Purpose: The purpose of this book is to focus on how intelligence has been applied for successful energy-saving efforts in the planning of building envelopes.

B. Methods: Illustrations, tables and graphs accompany the text, clarifying the concepts discussed.

C. Findings: This book presents a series of significant methods and examples for the design of sustainable intelligent facades in a variety of contexts.

D. Conclusion: This book is useful as an introduction to intelligent envelope system and also serves as a guide to achieve more responsive building methods.

3. John Carmody, Stephen Selkowitz, Eleanor S. Lee, Dariush Arasteh.

04/17/2004. Windows Systems for High Performance Buildings. Norton.

A. Purpose: To study different type of window design issue, technology and application.

B. Methods: Illustration, analysis and over 200-line drawings.

C. Findings: This book outlines information and data on energy efficiency and life cycle cost for window design.

D. Conclusion: This book gives idea for selecting glazing system for windows in commercial buildings.

4. Mary Benedict Bonham. 03/08/2008. Bioclimatic Double Skin Facades.

Routeledge.

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High Performance Façade

A. Purpose: To learn about bio climatic facades.

B. Methods: Illustrated case studies with diagrams and quantitative data’s and project description.

C. Findings: Bioclimatic double-skins conserve energy passively and often resonate with the culture of a place.

D. Conclusion: This book help in understanding bioclimatic façade and how to adapt double skin façade.

5. Oesterle, Eberhard. 07/01/2001. Double Skin Facades: Integrated Planning A. Purpose: To learn details of double skin façade system.

B. Methods: The initial overview in types of construction shows for some built examples. Questions and answers and ten planning steps give an initial summary of the most common aspects. All chapters are presented with basic equations, diagrams or nomograms for fast application as well as measured or simulated performance data, detailed photos or CADdrawings C. Findings: Double skin façade provide natural ventilation while keeping unwanted noise, rain and wind out of building.

D. Conclusion: The book gives detail idea about double skin façade and integration of it in design and construction.

6. Keith Boswell. 2013. Exterior Building Enclosures: Design Process and Composition for Innovative Facades.

A. Purpose: To learn about different building enclosure system.

B. Methods: The book illustrate various materials, drawings and pictures.

C. Findings: This book help in finding different building material options for enclosure of façade.

D. Conclusion: This book is a comprehensive guide to the design and execution of sophisticated exterior building enclosures.

7. Mark Bessoudo. 11/27/2008. Building Facades and Thermal Comfort.

A. Purpose: To study how building façade can create thermal comfort.

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High Performance Façade

B. Methods: This book presents an experimental and simulation study of the indoor thermal environment of a perimeter zone office with glass façade and solar shading device.

C. Findings: Designing buildings with high-performance façades can improve energy performance, provide a high-quality thermal and visual environment, and reduce thermal loads.

D. Conclusion: High-performance and passive solar buildings are not only aesthetically pleasing and energy-efficient, but also comfortable and enjoyable places to work and live.

8. Jenny Lovell. 2010. Building Envelopes: An Integrated Approach.

A. Purpose: To have understanding of how materials and technologies can be applied to meet both aesthetic and performance requirements.

B. Methods: Texts, original diagrams and sketches, and striking photographs, Building Envelopes illustrations.

C. Findings: Far from being just a simple outer wall or decorative element, the building envelope, or facade, determines a building's structural stability, climate control, and degree of energy performance.

D. Conclusion: This book help in designing building envelopes in an integrated way, where appearance, use, context, energy performance, structure, and cost are inseparable 9. Andrew Watts. 2011. Modern Construction Envelopes.

A. Purpose: To understand technique of construction of modern envelopes.

B. Methods: Constructive and material related details. This presentation is based on an easy-to-understand text, photos, and standardized detail drawings as well 3D representations of the components.

C. Findings: The final part of this book deals with the topic “Future” focusing on digitally controlled construction parts and upcoming application solutions for material und technology.

D. Conclusion: By considering facades and roofs as envelopes, this book offers particular interest as to design and its creative freedom.

10.Mayine L.Yu. 2013. Skins, Envelopes, and Enclosures Concepts for Designing Building Exteriors.

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M.ARCH Thesis

High Performance Façade

A. Purpose: To understand building envelope concept as building exterior design.

B. Methods: Seventy significant case studies located in North America, South America, Europe, and Asia from prehistory to the present, this book illuminates the theory and techniques of assembling exteriors.

C. Findings: Examples from the ancient world, including the Pyramids and the Great Wall, through range of renowned modern architects, such as Studio gang, Sauerbruch Hutton, Herzog and deMeuron, and Rafael Moneo, illustrate how significant works in the history of architecture explored innovative use of materials – stone, brick, concrete, glass, and aluminum.

D. Conclusion: This book integrates the best building envelope construction methods, materials science, and structural principles in your work using this book as a resource 11.Jules Maloney. 08/02/2011. Designing Kinetics for Architectural Facades: State Change.

A. Purpose: To understand Kinetic Façade systems.

B. Methods: Animations and diagrams to illustrate concept of kinetic façade.

C. Findings: This book explores the aesthetic potential of these new types of moving facades.

D. Conclusion: This design research provides a unique and timely resource for those interested in the capacity of kinetics to enliven the public face of architecture.

12.Lara Menzel. 05/16/2012. Facades: Design, Construction and Technology.

A. Purpose: To study different practical façade construction and technology B. Methods: The projects from around the world show in each instance how the relationship of interior and exterior must be defined, designed and implemented. Special emphasis is placed in the presentation on revealing photographs, technical specifications and detail drawings.

C. Findings: In addition to aspects of function, construction, design and urban space, increasingly sustainability parameters are gaining importance.

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High Performance Faรงade

D. Conclusion: This volume provides an overview of the entire spectrum and presents the great creativity and technical gamut of current faรงade types.

13.M. Hank Haeusler. 03/31/2010. Chromatophoric Architecture: Designing for 3D Media Faรงade.

A. Purpose: To study modern technology of facades.

B. Methods: Diagrams and text to illustrate idea about the concept.

C. Findings: A "voxel" ("volumetric" + "pixel") is the three-dimensional equivalent of a pixel, and one of the most important developments in design technology.

D. Conclusion: Voxel displays enable surface attributes such as dynamic relief, multilayered surface, decay function, privileged perspective, movement and speed and design process.

14.Kiran Kumar D.E.V.S. 03/08/2012. Faรงade Performance for Glazed Buildings.

A. Purpose: To know performance of glazing in building.

B. Methods: Experimental measurements accompanied by subjective surveys have been performed to evaluate the indoor thermal and lighting quality along with the performance of the glazing system. Comparative data is acquired from simulation studies for monthly variation in cooling energy with different double-glazed windows.

C. Findings: Experimental studies are performed to see the effect of sun control films as well as external shading over the double-glazed glass in bringing down the heat gain.

D. Conclusion: Glazing facades provide a visual connectivity with the exteriors, enhance daylighting and provide better aesthetics for such spaces.

15.Ine ter Borch. 2004. Skins of Buildings: The Architects Materials Samples Book. BIS A. Purpose: B. Methods: This book catalogues 200 different surface materials in eight families: wood, natural stone, fired man-made stone, unfired man-made stone, glass, metal, plastics and future materials.

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High Performance Façade

C. Findings: This book is in extent, visual quality and practical information an unsurpassed source of information on architectural surfaces.

D. Conclusion: This book help in knowing the material and its effect closely and help in selection of material in design.

16.Andrew Watts. 2007. Facades: Technical Review. RIBA Pub. A. Purpose: To learn about contemporary façade technology.

B. Methods: Full color picture, plans and sections of cutting-edge facades.

C. Findings: The book present information in a way that is most useful to practicing construction professionals in their day-to-day work.

D. Conclusion: This book gives technical idea about façade design.

17.Alan Brookes, Chris Grech. 1996. The Building Envelope and Connections.

Architecture Press.

A. Purpose: To understand about the building envelope and connection details.

B. Methods: Collection of case studies and detail of connection compared.

C. Findings: The buildings are analyzed on a comparative basis, and the examples and their respective details are assessed to illustrate the full range of workable alternatives available to the designer through advances in current building technology.

D. Conclusion: It explore the relationship between the overall intention of a project and the means of creating it.

18.Carles Broro. 2011. New Facades. Links.

A. Purpose: To learn about new façade material and construction details.

B. Methods: Full-color photography, floor plans and explanatory texts accompany all the featured projects.

C. Findings: It focuses on a particular material, the wide range of design possibilities it offers and the relevant construction details.

D. Conclusion: This book presents a study of the treatment and application of facades from the conception of the design to the final execution of the project.

19. Inês Alexandra do Côrro Caetano. June 2015 “An Algorithmic Framework for Façade Design”.

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M.ARCH Thesis

High Performance Faรงade

A. Purpose: To study about algorithmic based faรงade design.

B. Methods: Research and experiments to demonstrate the idea.

C. Findings: Programming languages and a set of guidelines helps a designer select and combine the most useful operators to implement a design for a particular facade.

D. Conclusion: This dissertation presents framework that helps designers in the generation of different facade designs and geometries.

20.Linda Brock. 2005. Designing the Exterior Wall: An Architectural Guide to Vertical Envelope A. Purpose: To study about building envelope.

B. Methods: Contemporary case studies and hundreds of envelope details.

C. Findings: The material and faรงade type are different according to climate.

D. Conclusion: It helps to know why building fail and how it can be made durable.

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High Performance Faรงade

Annexes Final Board 1

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High Performance Faรงade

Final Board 2

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High Performance Faรงade

Final Board 3

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High Performance Faรงade

Final Board 4

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High Performance Faรงade

Final Board 5

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High Performance Faรงade

Final Models

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High Performance Faรงade

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