NAMAMI GANGE

Ganges

National mission of clean ganga Namami Gange project

morphogenesis.

Content 1.History & Significance- More Than a River.

Physical Characteristics – Facts & Figures.

Dependency.

Biodiversity along the river.

Mythological Importance- Literature, history Importance in Veda and Epics.

Myth about Ganges Spiritual beliefs Culture around Ganges Lifeline of Millions

2.Issues

Pollution.

Flood levels.

Safety from river flow.

Lack of Public spaces.

Lack of Amenities & Infrastructure.

3.Scope and Goals

Our stretch Our Goals Our Strategies & Solutions

4.Design Strategies

How we are achieving Goals Creation of a timeless space

morphogenesis.

Ganges I Physical Characteristics A journey through diverse landforms

Originates from Himalaya

Devprayag (Confluence- Bhagirathi & Alakananda)

Allahabad-PrayagConfluence

Gangrotri glacier-Gaumukh-Bhagirathi

Tehri Dam- 10th Tallest Dam in World)

Varanasi

Rishikesh

Himalaya foothills

Haridwar

Gangtic plains

Kolkata

Sundarban

Ganges I Physical Characteristics River runs through 2,525 km, rises in the western Himalayas .

3rd largest river in the world by discharge. Avg. 38,129 m3/sec.

Yarlung zangbo

Ganges source 4,762 m

Bhramhputra

Ganges

Meghna Himalaya

Allahabad Himalayan foothills

Varanasi Ganges plain

Dhaka Kolkata

Ganges river Delta

Bay of Bengal

A Journey Of Ganges Through Densely Populated Cities

14 Million

2.9 Million

5.9 Million

3.67 Million

1.68 Million

Dhaka

6.9 Million

14 Million

Ganges River Basin China

26% of the India’s land mass Pakistan Nepal

Largest river basin in India

Bhutan

Bangladesh

~700 million ~ 10% of world population

Myanmar

India

Ganges Basin is one of the most populous regions on Earth

7.5 billion (2017)

325 million

United states of America

Area – 1.72 million Km²

Ganges I Delta Almost 85% of worlds jute cultivation is concentrated in ganges delta.

Kolkata

Dhaka

14 Million

6.9 Million

Ganges Delta

One of the Worlds most populated cities lies in Bengal Delta

59,000 km2 Dhaka Kolkata Kolkata

Flows through diverse landforms like Himalayas, Plains and forms Largest delta in the world.

10,000 Km2

Sundarbans – UNESCO World Heritage site largest contiguous mangrove forest in the world

Gaumukh & Gangotri (Mouth of Cow) -The source

Snout of the Gangotri Glacier

one of the largest in the Himalayas with an estimated volume of over 27 cubic kilometers

Gaumukh & Gangotri (Mouth of Cow) -The source

Snout of the Gaumukh Glacier

one of the largest in the Himalayas with an estimated volume of over 27 cubic kilometers

According to popular Hindu legend, it was here that Goddess Ganga descended when Lord Shiva released the mighty river from the locks of his hair. It is one of the four sites in the Chota Char Dham pilgrimage circuit.

Rishikesh - Pilgrimage Town

Gateway to the Garhwal Himalayas World Capital of The World

Rishikesh - Pilgrimage Town

Lakshman Jhula,Rishikesh

Gateway to the Garhwal Himalayas Yoga Capital of The World

Legends state that Lord Rama did penance here for killing Ravana & Lakshmana crossed the river Ganges using a jute rope bridge at a spot where 'Lakshman Jhula‘ stands today.

Popular for Adventure sports activities --Rafting, Bungee jumping , kayaking Ganga offers medium to rough rapids in white water rafting rated class 3 and class 4

133-year-old Kailash Ashram Brahmavidyapitham, -- an institution dedicated to preserve and promote traditional Vedantic studies

Yoga Capital of the World International Yoga Festival is organized every year

Haridwar-Ganges Entry to Plain Land

It is one of the holy places for Kumbh mela.

Kumbh mela is the Largest gathering festival of the World.

Haridwar-Ganges Entry to Plain Land

It is one of the holy places for Kumbh mela.

Kumbh mela is the Largest gathering festival of the World.

Ghat / Bank– An Urban feature that is the human connect with water; A designed human to river interface; A place for life

‘Har ki pauri ‘is the area where the festivities commence at the time of Kumbh Mela .

Considered as the most sacred ghat of Haridwar

Kedarnath

Badrinath

Gangotri

The group of priests daily in the evening ,perform "Agni

Pooja" Ganga aarti

Yamunotri

Haridwar is the Starting point for the famous Chota Chaar Dham Yatra

2013 Flood in ganges caused sever damage cause of sudden cloudburst

Kanpur (Economic capital of Uttarpradesh)

Hub of leather industry in India

India’s largest centre of buffalo-based leather-kanpur Kanpur produce 8% of worlds leather supply.

Kanpur (Economic capital of Uttarpradesh)

Hub of leather industry in India

India’s largest centre of buffalo-based leather-kanpur Kanpur produce 8% of worlds leather supply.

Industrial effluents floating on Ganges.

Kanpur has around 400 tanneries which produce heady metal effluents.

According to Pollution index 2017 , Kanpur has been rated be

2nd most contaminated city of India and 11th of the

world.

Each day, the tanneries pump out about ~80 million gallons of polluted water into Ganges river.

Kanpur generates ~1500 tonnes of solid waste per day

Triveni sangam--Confluence of the Ganges, the Yamuna and the mythical Sarasvati rivers.

Allahabad- place of Prayag : Place of Kumbh

Mythical Saraswati

Ganges

Yamuna

Triveni sangam

"world's largest congregation of religious pilgrims“ An estimated 120 million people visited Maha Kumbh Mela in 2013 in Allahabad over a two-month period.

-Estimated 30 million on a single day on the day of Mauni Amavasya.

Saudi Arabia says Hajj 2016 receives 1.8 million pilgrims

Allahabad- place of Prayag : Place of Kumbh

Triveni sangam

"world's largest congregation of religious pilgrims“ An estimated 120 million people visited Maha Kumbh Mela in 2013 in Allahabad over a two-month period.

-Estimated 30 million on a single day on the day of Mauni Amavasya.

Saudi Arabia says Hajj 2016 receives 1.8 million pilgrims

Ganges Allahabad Mythical Saraswati Yamuna

Triveni sangam

Triveni sangam--Confluence of the Ganges, the Yamuna and the mythical Sarasvati rivers.

Ganges I Delta

An estimated 120 million people visited Maha Kumbh Mela in 2013 in Allahabad over a two-month period.

-Estimated 30 million on a single day on the day of Mauni Amavasya.

Hajj 2016 receives 1.8 million pilgrims, Mecca

Varanasi - ‘City of Light’- Holiest City of Hinduism

Varanasi on the bank of Ganges is India’s oldest continuous inhabited city (2000 BC).

Mark Twain, upon visiting in the 1890s, quipped that it’s “older than history, older than tradition, older even than

legend, and looks twice as old as all of them put together!”

Varanasi - ‘City of Light’- Holiest City of Hinduism

Varanasi on the bank of Ganges is India’s oldest continuous inhabited city (2000 BC).

Mark Twain, upon visiting in the 1890s, quipped that it’s “older than history, older than tradition, older even than

legend, and looks twice as old as all of them put together!”

Varanasi is one of the holiest of Indian pilgrimage centre, (Kashi) city of light, where the devotees gather to perform last rights for their close one’s.

The city of Varanasi is known its cremation, believed to be Holy place for niravana. Folklore says cremation fire continues Dashashwamedh ghat – One of the oldest ghat and lot of devotees gather due to pooja ceramony at ganga ghat. since 3000 years and maintained as eternal flame.

Kolkata- Cultural capital of India

“ It has India's OLDEST operating port and its sole major riverine port".

First established city in India by British

Kolkata- Cultural Capital of India

“ It has India's OLDEST operating port and its sole major riverine port".

First established city in India by British

Ganga sagar mela is 2nd largest mela, turnout of 16 lakh people came for a holy dip in 2017 on the day of Makar Sakranti .

Howrah Bridge 6th largest cantilevered bridge in the world of its type, It carries a daily traffic of approximately 100,000 vehicles and possibly more than 150,000

pedestrians.

Durga pooja is the biggest cultural festival of the Kolkata.

Dependency I India More than 448 million people live along the Ganges River.

Agriculture

Approximately around 27% of Indian population is directly or indirectly depends on river for their livelihood.

Transport Ganga basin 1.08 million km²

0.448 billion

Fishing

Population of India 1.252 billion

Daily usage

Biodiversity I Along the River Ganga is the home for 140 different species of fish and 90 different species of amphibians. Which makes it the richest freshwater fish fauna in India

Ganges River Dolphin

Lesser florican

Gharial

Elephants

There are also 35 reptile and 42 mammal species, including the world’s last population of the mangrove-inhabiting tigers, Panthera tigris.

Bengal tiger

Chousingha

Freshwater turtle

Life around Ganga I Life cycle of a Human being Teen age

Young adults

Adults

Infancy

Old age

New born

Beginnin g of Life

Mundan (Hair donation)

Janeev

Wedding ceremony

Beginning of new life

Old age Tirtha yaatra

Antim Sanskar (End of life)

As per Hindu tradition, People connect with Ganga at various stages of LifeCycle

Amrit (Auspicious) Ganga water – Inherent part of Panchamrit

Holy water (Holy beginning)

Holy bath (washed away one’s Sins)

Moksha Antim sanskar (Cremation-Last sacrifice)

Myhtological Importance I Literature, History Why Ganges is Holy and Pure-Mentioned in ancient scriptures as the River goddess Vedas (1500BC – 600BC)

Mahabharata (3901BC - 3101BC)

Vedas are primary (Holy) text of Hinduism There are four vedas out of which Rig veda is supposed to be oldest

Ancient Indian Agrarian society was dependent on the seasonal monsoons Perennial nature of the Ganga was a Godsend Vedas and Puran revere the Ganga. Epics poetically regard Ganga as a consort of Shiva.

The Mahabharata gives a human form to Ganga.

The mythological story of Ganga the self-cleaning river god—she lived in heaven but chose to live on earth to purify the sins of all those she came in contact with—fuels countless festivals and holidays in India. Tragically, though, it’s often respect for Ganga the god that leads to disrespect for Ganges the river.

Issues

Pollution Flood levels Lack of Amenities and Infrastructure Safety Lack of Public spaces Ritual & relative waste

Issues

Pollution- 5th most polluted river in world (2007)

Sewage - 1.3 billion litres per day Industry - 260 million litres per day farm pesticides - 9,000 tonnes Cremation waste - Bodies Ritual Waste - Visarjan

Pollution in Ganges is reason for killing 600,000 Indians per year due to waterborne diseases.

Cost families around 400 crore per year Sanitation and water pollution issues cause 80% of the diseases that afflict rural Indians.

Cremation Waste I Dead Bodies

14 jan 2015 – India’s most polluted river

Unburnt body in Ganges at Varanasi

What is the reason for dumping unburnt bodies in Ganges?

Issues in Cremation I Affordability of Cremation Process

7000

Traditional way of cremation needs firewood

400 Kg Firewood for one cremation

7000/cremation

15% of Indians

Half burnt bodies Dump in to ganges

have an annual income less than 7000/-

That’s why people dump half burnt bodies in Ganges some people dump dead bodies without cremating them.

Inference: To reduce cost of cremation process via alternative cremation method which doesn’t disturb the spiritual values attached to cremation.

Issues in Cremation I Increasing Need of Fire Wood

Fire wood for cremation

In Allahabad 45 bodies arrives for cremation in avg. per day

Rasulabad crematorium

Avg.18000 kg Firewood per day

Increasing need of fire wood means cutting of more forest

Inference: To meet increasing no of cremation per day, needs more fire wood, Its recommended to reduce the cremation time via alternative and more efficient way of cremation.

Need of Efficient Cremation System

CO2

400kg per cremation Need alternative source

4 – 6 hours per cremation Reduce cremation time

50 to 60 million trees annually Minimize fire wood usage

7000/- per cremation Reduce cost for cremation process

1500 – 2000 km2 annually Conserve forest

8 million tones annually Controlled carbon emission

Sewage treatment & Biodigester

Cremation waste

Convert into renewable source of energy

Reduce dumping cremation waste into river & its reuse

More efficient cremation process addressing all issues related to cremation • Improved wood based crematorium • CDC – Vasudha based crematorium • Electricity based crematorium • CNG based cremation

Introducing New Cremation Systems CDC-Vasudha (cow dung cake system) : • Normally 120 dry CDC each of weight 300gm • Fuel-efficient • User acceptable method • Renewable source • More environmental friendly

Improved wood bases system :

Limited oxygen supply

Ash collection tray Efficient burning More exposed surface to oxygen

• • • • • • • •

Efficient burning Need of fire wood 100 kg Cremation time 2 hours 3-5 cremations per day Carbon emission control Easy to collect ash and waste Fuel-efficient User acceptable method

Ritual Waste I Durga Idol Visarjan, Dussehra

Releases 16.8 tonnes of varnish oil ,32 tonnes of colours 15,000 Idols float in the holy water of Ganges every year at the time of Dussehra

Ritual Waste I Non Biodegradable Waste

In ancient time, offerings to her were biodegradable. All the containers were made of leaves, and the offerings were easily soluble, or were eaten by the fishes.

Today, everyone perform the same rituals but using plastic and non degradable substances.

Ritual Kund I For bathing and offering

Constructed ritual kund will provide devotees a place for their offering which is easy to maintain waste generated by ritual practice.

Floods I Cloudburst

Drenched out amenities on ghat

Silting on ghat edge

Scouring of ghat edges

After Floods Effects I Silting at River Edge Design the bathing platform in a way which reduce silting and keeps continuous flow of river

Normal Flood level

Low flood level Surface slope

Silting at ghat edge due to river flow – Oliyur ghat (Mirzapur)

Ghat fulled with silting after flood – Rasulabad ghat (Allahabad)

After Floods Effects I Scouring of River Edge Some of the part of ganges river is facing major issue for scouring of river edge which is one of the thread for people living close to ganges river bank.

Provision of Hume pipe

Retaining wall to protect soil from scouring

Hume pile: To reduce silting at river edge

Lack of Amenities

Open ended ghat edge with absence of safety measures – Hand chain, water level post etc.

Lack of public amenities like toilets

Inaccessibility to water transport

Lack of changing rooms

Design strategies I Amenities: Boat access, changing room/space, hand railing, Toilets Pooja Platform for daily rituals

Changing space for bathing

Amenities at design flood level Hand railing for safety purpose

Extended platform to access boat Facility

Need of platform to access boating facility at all possible levels

Lack of Public Spaces

Allahabad

Mirzapur

Most of the historic Towns & cities lack of public spaces inside City people have no other public space other than Riverside

Celebration at ganga ghat: From movie “MASAAN�

Varanasi

Design strategies I Key features

Design strategies I Key features Ghat platforms

Extended platforms at all levels to access boating

Colonnade for uninterrupted river flow

Small platforms for daily rituals

Need of the public space for social gathering

Performing space for event and other activity

Ritual pond to manage waste

Changing space below colonnade

Design strategies I Amenities

Design strategies I Amenities

Extended upper promenade for amenities and public facilities

Amenities above Design flood level

Placing amenities close to public gathering zones with easy access

Facilities like parking and spillover space at upper promenade

Green ground cover to reduce heat island effect

Plating trees above normal flood level for shading

Scope and Goals

Our stretch-Population, Load SAIL/GOALS Our Strategies & Solutions

Our design stretch I Allahabad to Varanasi

ALLAHABAD

TOTAL 210 K.M. VARANASI

MIRZAPUR ALLAHABAD TO MIRZAPUR WATER WAY DISTANCE 130

K.M.

MIRZAPUR TO VARANASI WATER WAY DISTANCE 80 K.M.

Our design stretch I Allahabad to Varanasi

ALLAHABAD Ghats Crematoriums

TOTAL 210 K.M. VARANASI

MIRZAPUR Allahabad 10 ghats & 6 crematorium

Allahabad to Mirzapur 6 ghats & 8 crematorium

Mirzapur 11 ghats & 2 crematorium

Mirzapur to Varanasi 6 ghats & 4 crematorium

River Edge Condition I Allahabad to Varanasi Case 1

Case 2

Case 3

Case 4

Case 5

Case 6

River Course Transformation I Since last decade

2007

2010

2008

JUNE 2016

2013

2012

2014

NOV 2016

River Course Transformation I Since last decade

Purposed ghat location for development

2007

2013

2008

2010

2012

2014

JUNE 2016

NOV 2016

River Course Transformation I Since last decade

Goals

1. PUBLIC

SPACE

RIVERFRONT Human Water Experience

Adequate Public Space

Via Cultural and recreational uses

For community and visitors

Exercise and Relaxation

2. POLLUTION CONTROL

Restrict Effluent Discharge Into the Ganges

Treatment Of Water At Source And Discharge

Renovation/Construction of new crematoriums

Prevent the disposal of unburnt/partially burnt bodies in Ganges

3. CLEANLINESS

Facilities, Guidance and Awareness To control litter

Secure Entries

Keep stray animals away

Goals

4. ESSENTIAL

AMENITIES Changing Rooms To optimize comfort

Toilets

Male, Female,handicapped

Boat Docks

To optimize utility

5. SAFETY

Flood Management Plans

Ghat/Crematorium Built Structures At appropriate levels

6. LOCAL AND REGIONAL

MATERIAL

Robust Materials

Construction Of Ghats and Crematoriums

Sourced from locally and regionally available material

Goals

7. ROBUST DESIGN

Design for flow, Crowd Management

Design for Capacity

For long term use with robust materials

For ease of maintenance with robust materials

8. EDUCATION AND DEMONSTRATION

Educate on Waterfront ecosystem and cleanliness

Migratory birds

Design to attract natural beings

Educate on Recycling organic waste Sustainable practices, clean solar energy

9. INVOLVE COMMUNITY

Community And Local Stakeholders

Operations and Maintenance

Goals

10. SIGNAGE CONTROL

Program and educational signage

Descriptive signage To reduce visual clutter

For ease of maintenance

11. REVENUE GENERATION

Controlled opportunities for revenue generation

Leasing space for Community use and Retail use Always in commerce in the background

12. SUSTAINABILITY

Design for low energy

Design for water resource consumption Design for a minimal/no reliance on city service

Design for zero energy consumption

Design Principles

Sustainability

Affordability

Imageability

Can proposal be built that consume 75% lesser energy than certified green development benchmarks?

Can we break barriers of established price benchmarks and reduce consumption of resources through design innovation?

Can architecture be rooted in the Global and the Local, celebrating Diversity over Homogeneity?

Livability Can Smart architecture build resilient communities by putting the user at the center of the design process?

Design Strategies

Features- addressing issues How we are achieving Goals Creation of a timeless space

Proposed Ghat Schematic Diagram

PARKING

PUBLIC AMENITIES

GATHERING SPACE

RITUALS AND DAILY ACTIVITY SPACE

BATHING

Human Interaction at All Flood Levels I Lower Flood Level

Human Interaction at All Flood Levels I Normal Flood Level

Human Interaction at All Flood Levels I Design Flood Level

Flexible congregation space I Use of Smart columns to create vibrant gathering spaces

Flexible congregation space I Cluster of sustainable smart columns

Flexible congregation space I Temporary shade to facilitate gathering

Flexible congregation space I Provision for backdrop screen for large performance

A Design Unit I Column for various usage

Solar Panel Wifi Hotspot Hook for Shading Led Light Mist Cooling

Shading smart units in various composition

Power Generated by Two square meter Solar PV Panel: Approx. 200 Watts (with an average efficiency of 30%) Drinking Water

Load requirement of pillar is 160 Watt for LED, WiFi & Mist Pump One Nozzle can cover 1-2 sqm of area (for outdoor application w/o fan), and can bring the temperature down by 8 to 15°c.

Shaded Gathering Space

Ritual Kund I Ritual Bathing & Pooja Offering

Amenities I Public Toilets

Killa Ghat I Arial View

Amenities & Toilets Complex

Solar Panel

Ritual pond for Bathing & Pooja offering

Locally available porous material

Chaupal

Biodigester & Sewage treatment plant Green cover to reduce heat island effect Gathering & Performance space Flexible pavilion Ritual platform Hume Pipe

Lower promenade

Design strategies I Key features

Ghat platforms at various levels

Amenities above high flood level for year round use

Ritual and gathering areas for congregational activities

Solar Panels and Strategies for a sustainable environment

Safety Railings for bathing and ease of accessibility

Natural Shade and Tree Sit-outs to reduce heat island effect

Killa Ghat I Proposed Schematic Diagram

Schematic layout of crematorium

Arrival of the body

1

Official formalities (Office)

TOILET

Washing of body, Rituals OUT

IN WAITING HALL

Washing platform, Ritual platform

2

OFFICE

1 PRE CREMATION RITUAL

Cremation, Mukhagni, Kapalkriya Pyre

2

CARE-TAKER’S ROOM

5

3

BODY WASH

platform with assembly area

3 PYRES

PRAYER HALL ASH STORAGE

WOOD STORAGE

Bathing of the family members

4

Bathing Ghat

4 Prayer

GANGA

5

Prayer Hall