INDUSTRIALIZATION AND URBAN TRANSFORMATION
INDUSTRIALIZATION AND URBAN TRANSFORMATION
The industrial revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in Great Britain, continental Europe, and the united states during the period of the late 18 century and early 19 century.
STAGES OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
• Water and steampowered mechanical manufacturing facilities
• Electrical powered mass production based on division of labor
• Electronics and it achieve further automation of manufacturing
• Based on cyber physical system
TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE PUWANCHAL CAMPUS, DHARAN INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING TITLE –Industrialization and Urban Transformation SUBJECT – Seminar Directed Studies ARPAN BHATTARAI PUR074BAR008 DATE-2078/04/31
on:
Seminar
INTRODUCTION
Based on agriculture and farming War and machinery tools
Manufacturing and establishment of factories Shaping of cities
EFFECT
Economic Effects
• Increased production and higher demand for raw materials.
• Growth of worldwide trade.
• The exploitation of mineral resources.
• Highly developed banking and investment system.
Social Effects
• Increase in population of cities
• Improved standard of living
• Creation of new jobs.
• Encouragement of technological progress
• Harsh conditions for laborers
Physical Effects
• Development of new raw materials for construction, mainly steel
• Development of machinery tools and advancement of new construction technology
• Development of transportation systems, roads, bridges, railways, etc.
TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE PUWANCHAL CAMPUS, DHARAN INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING ARPAN BHATTARAI PUR074BAR008 Seminar on:
OF INDUSTRIALIZATION
DEVELOPMENT DUE TO INDUSTRIALIZATION Economic growth Immigration Population changes Expansion of cities INDUSTRIALIZATION AND URBAN TRANSFORMATION TITLE –Industrialization and Urban Transformation SUBJECT – Seminar Directed Studies DATE-2078/04/31
INDUSTRIALIZATION MAIN ASPECT OF CITY CREATION
• The changes that took place by modernist design methods, were created after the Second World War.
• The appearance of modern cities.
• Flexible and compact spaces, connected with each other, allowed cities to adapt to changing economical and external factors which lead to the creation of composite city urban spaces.
• Forced changes in urban planning in most European cities.
THE EMERGENCE OF A THEORETICAL MODEL OF CITY STRUCTURE
Population growth is the main factor for the expansion of a city as physical growth. A predictable land use pattern results from the interplay of these factors which create models that describe and simplify relationships among social, economic, and geographic factors that describes the pattern of a city and how it evolved.
TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE PUWANCHAL CAMPUS, DHARAN INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING ARPAN BHATTARAI PUR074BAR008 Seminar on:
THE CONCENTRIC THEORY THE SECTOR THEORY: 1. CBD 2. Wholesale and light manufacturing 3. Low class residential 4. Middle class residential 5. High class residential THE MULTIPLE NUCLEI THEORY
Business Districts
Suburb
INDUSTRIALIZATION
URBAN TRANSFORMATION TITLE –Industrialization and Urban Transformation SUBJECT – Seminar Directed Studies DATE-2078/04/31
6. Heavy manufacturing 7. Outlying
8. Residential
9. Industrial suburbs
AND
INDUSTRIALIZATION AND URBAN TRANSFORMATION
INDUSTRIALIZATION IMPACT ON CONTEMPORARY CITY STRUCTURE
Historical old towns were mainly considered as the basis for the urbanization of new areas around them representing new concepts of space arrangement and usage of natural resources.
AN EXAMPLE OF THE CITY OF LODZ:
• Agriculture city (17th century) into the industrial city (19th century).
• In the first half of the 19th century, the settlement was transformed into a craftsman town.
• New City district was created in symmetrical, classicist style with a geometrical rectangle grid of craftsman plots composed of 22x280m long plots.
• enlarge the city area in order to locate new craftsman houses and establish the first industrial plants.
• isolation of the old historical township center.
• Only the new planned settlement has got its own town trading squares.
• City evolution led to social and structural divisions, which caused the increasing discrepancy between the old and new towns.
• The river border is used for the separation between the old town and the new city and also provides an advantage for production and manufacturing.
Disadvantage of too rapid development
• many structural, spatial, and social difficulties.
TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE PUWANCHAL CAMPUS, DHARAN INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING ARPAN BHATTARAI PUR074BAR008 Seminar on:
TITLE –Industrialization and Urban Transformation SUBJECT – Seminar Directed Studies DATE-2078/04/31
CREATION ITS UNIQUE URBAN LAYOUT.
• The city was built as a system of factory buildings created in the new inner city, while the old town was gradually suburbanizing.
• The whole city became an area of mixed industrial and residential use.
• Development of emerging urban buildings.
Change of city structure
TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE PUWANCHAL CAMPUS, DHARAN INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING ARPAN BHATTARAI PUR074BAR008 Seminar on:
Comparison of the public space Qualityon Kościuszki boulevard. Pedestrian route transformation into vehicle traffic INDUSTRIALIZATION
URBAN TRANSFORMATION TITLE –Industrialization and Urban Transformation SUBJECT – Seminar Directed Studies DATE-2078/04/31
AND
INDUSTRIALIZATION AND URBAN TRANSFORMATION
URBAN DECAY Areas after suffering from industrial decline
CASE OF CAMDEN, NEW JERSEY
• Beginning in the early 1900s, Camden was a prosperous industrial city.
• Amboy Railroad opened in 1834 and helped to spur an increase in population, Camden quickly became an industrialized city.
• In 10 years 1860 to 1870 no of the factories grew to 125.
• Population rise from 20000 to 116000 between 1870 to 1920.
• Mainly immigrants were German, British, Irish, African Americans and Italian.
Effects due to industry
• The ethnic character of Camden changed radically between these decades, and immigrants formed their communities within Camden.
• They develop different buildings/places within Camden. Like churches, the introduction of different architecture
• Italian immigrants have significant influences on social and political organizations
TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE PUWANCHAL CAMPUS, DHARAN INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING ARPAN BHATTARAI PUR074BAR008 Seminar on:
High unemployment
Poverty
Contaminated land Obsolete infrastructure
TITLE –Industrialization and Urban Transformation SUBJECT – Seminar Directed Studies DATE-2078/04/31
INDUSTRIALIZATION AND URBAN TRANSFORMATION
Decentralized of industries
• Camden manufacturers began gradually closing their factories and moving out of the city.
• The new work shipbuilding cooperation dropped abruptly from a height of 47000 during the war and shut down entirely.
• Immediately Camden was dramatically affected by its economic and social position with loss of jobs.
Impacts
• Sharps decline in population numbers.
• Civic unrest and crime became common.
• The unemployment rate was more than twice the state average
• Almost half of Camden’s inhabitants lived below the poverty line.
• row houses built for workers in the 1930s that were architecturally unique were all abandoned or torn down.
• The highest crime rate in the united states in 2012 Camden had 2500 violent crimes for every 10000 people which is 560 percent higher than the national average.
TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE PUWANCHAL CAMPUS, DHARAN INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING ARPAN BHATTARAI PUR074BAR008 Seminar on:
TITLE –Industrialization and Urban Transformation SUBJECT – Seminar Directed Studies DATE-2078/04/31
TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE PUWANCHAL CAMPUS, DHARAN INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING ARPAN BHATTARAI PUR074BAR008 Seminar on: INDUSTRIALIZATION AND URBAN TRANSFORMATION POLLUTION INCREASES SUSTAINABLE URBAN RESTORATION NECESSITIES OF REGENERATION TOO RAPID URBANIZATION • Increase in pollution. • Degradation of the natural environment ECONOMIC DOWNFALL ECOLOGICAL DEGARDATION ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY CITY ECONOMIC GROWTH Triple bottom-line approach Fulfillment the need of industrial area in city Allocation of best possible industrial land Collaborative solution TITLE –Industrialization and Urban Transformation SUBJECT – Seminar Directed Studies DATE-2078/04/31
INDUSTRIALIZATION AND URBAN TRANSFORMATION CONCLUSIONS
• This study first aimed to momentarily concentrate on the revolutionary process of industrialization and its effect on the development of cities to give areas of strength for the conversation about the idea of urban regeneration.
• It examined how ecological, social, and monetary examples of cities changed after the development of industrialization.
• Decentralized industrial facilities may also lead to urban decay in the city.
• This research explained that industrialization is a major activity that transforms the urban structure of cities and improper and unmanaged industrial placement make serious damage to cities.
• So sustainable urban restoration is a key function to installing effective industrial facilities in the city without economic downfall and environmental degradation
TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE PUWANCHAL CAMPUS, DHARAN INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING ARPAN BHATTARAI PUR074BAR008 Seminar on:
TITLE –Industrialization and Urban Transformation SUBJECT – Seminar Directed Studies DATE-2078/04/31
INDUSTRIALIZATION AND URBAN TRANSFORMATION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
• Mehdipour, A. and Nia Rashdi, H., 2013, industrialization and City Change, Bauhaus University Weimar, Faculty of Architecture, Department of Urban Studies and Anhalt University of Applied Science, Department of Landscape Architecture, Weimar, Germany
• Grabowski, M., 2018, The Case of Lodz, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Lodz, Poland
• Admin, 2015, Link between industrialization and urbanization in terms of development approach, Planning Talk, India
• Editors, 2006, urbanization, Encyclopaedia Britannica, Brazil
• Rees, J., 2016, Industrialization and Urbanization in the United States, Oxford university press, Oxford England
• Admin, 2021, How Does Industrialization Lead to Urbanization, Investopedia Press, USA
• Yunko, E., 2021 How the Industrial Revolution Fueled the Growth of Cities, History TV, New York, USA
• Thompson, k., 2017, Industrialization and Development, Revise Sociology, Educational website
• Walton, J., 1987, theory and Research on Industrialization, Department of Sociology, University of California, California, USA
• Sharma, S., Theoretical Explanations of Morphological Pattern of a City, Article Library
• Trudeau Elliott, T., 1976, Effect of Urbanization, UN Conference on Human Settlements, Vancouver, Canada
• Gillette, H., 2006, Camden After Fall, Decline and Renewal of Post Industrial City, University of Pennsylvania Press
TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE PUWANCHAL CAMPUS, DHARAN INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING ARPAN BHATTARAI PUR074BAR008 Seminar on:
TITLE –Industrialization and Urban Transformation SUBJECT – Seminar Directed Studies DATE-2078/04/31
