/HIST232%20COURSE%20HANDBOOK%202011

HIST232 COURSE HANDBOOK 2011/2012 Department of History

Lancaster University

2011/12

Table of Contents

OVERVIEW

1

HIST232 AT A GLANCE

3

AIMS & OUTCOMES

4

COURSE SCHEDULE

5

BIBLIOGRAPHY

6

HIST232: Mass violence in the 20th century

OVERVIEW The module introduces you to the theoretical aspects and the historical experience of mass violence in the twentieth-century. It is divided into three parts: 1.

2.

3.

theoretical approaches to mass violence, focus on perpetrator motives, and overview of the conceptual and judicial tools determined during the twentieth century to deal with these kinds of violent actions (war crimes, crimes against humanity, genocide); exploration in comparative terms of selected case-studies of mass (‘eliminationist’) violence throughout the twentieth century and across the world; and discussion of the political and legal dimensions of prevention and punishment of such crimes, starting with the Nuremberg Charter and the ensuing trials of Nazi war criminals, and proceeding to more recent and contemporary initiatives (ad hoc courts, International Criminal Court)

Within a broadly historical framework of analysis, the module examines comparatively in which circumstances nationalism, memory, and prejudice (religious, ethnic, ‘racial’) resulted in devastating instances of mass violence, perpetrated by states, its various organisations, military and paramilitary forces, dissident groups, and above all ‘ordinary people’. Extensive use of audio-visual material (documentaries, podcasts, relevant films, oral and written testimonies) will be made in both lectures and seminars.

KEY THEMES • • • • • • • •

Violence: motivation, facilitation, execution Violence and modernity Cultural and psychological profile of perpetrators Victims: the individual dimension of mass violence The concepts of ‘genocide’ and ‘crimes against humanity’ Earlier instances of ‘eliminationist’ violence: massacres in history Organisation of eliminationist campaigns Prevention and punishment of crimes of mass violence

HIST232 - Mass violence in the 20th century

CASE STUDIES Ottoman empire and the ‘Armenian genocide’ (1905) The Nazi ‘final solution’: Jews and other victims Democratic Kampuchea/Cambodia (1975-79) Former Yugoslavia (Bosnia, Croatia, Kosovo) (1991-2000) Rwanda (1994) Reference made to the genocide of the Hereros of Namibia (1905), the Ukrainian famine (1932-33), Biafra, East Timor, Democratic Republic of Congo, and Darfur.

1

COURSE SCHEDULE Week

SESSION (weekly)

1

Mon 10.10 Tue 11.10

Introduction Introduction & key concepts

2

Mon 17.10 Tue 18.10

Violence (1): context, motivation, facilitation Violence (2): perpetrators

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Mon 24.10 Tue 25.10 Mon 31.10 Tue 1.11

SEMINAR (fortnightly) Seminar 1 10/17 Oct Mass violence & the ‘human condition’

Violence and ‘licence’ (1): long-term determinants Seminar 2 Violence and ‘licence’ (2): short-term catalysts 24/31 Oct Authoritarian regimes, Mass violence & modernity: before the 20th cendemocracy & violence turyArmenians Ottomans and

Mon 7.11 Tue 8.11 Mon 14.11 Tue 15.11

The Nazi mass murder ‘industry’ The Nazi mass murder ‘industry’ Khmer Rouge regime in Cambodia, 1975-79 The ‘100-day’ genocide: Rwanda

Mon 21.11 Tue 22.11 Mon 28.11 Tue 29.11

Ethnic violence in the former Yugoslavia (1) Ethnic violence in the former Yugoslavia (2) Truth, reconciliation, and justice Justice: legal proceedings against perpetrators

Mon 5.12 Tue 6.12 Mon 12.12 Tue 13.12

An overview of other cases (1) An overview of recent/current cases (1) Conclusions Conclusions

7/14 Nov

Seminar 3 Violence and ‘licence’

21/28 Nov

Seminar 4 OPEN seminar [topic will be determined by Week 5]

5/12 Dec

Seminar 5 Is international justice working?

ASSESSMENT The course is assessed entirely by coursework. There will be no end-of-year examination for HIST232.

1. Assignment (1500 words; 40%)

2. Essay (2500-3000 words; 60%) 3. Seminar performance

: a special project on a place of violence - whether a camp, a prison or a specially designated facility, in one of the case studies studied on the course. If you prefer to use another case study, consult with your tutor first.

Deadline: Tuesday 13 December (Week 10, Michaelmas Term), 11am : a piece of conceptual and comparative analysis.

Deadline: Tuesday 17 January (Week 11, Lent term), 11am : + or - 2 marks.

TUTOR Professor Aristotle Kallis Office: Bowland B145 / email: a.kallis@lancs.ac.uk HIST232 - Mass violence in the 20th century

2

HIST232 AT A GLANCE LECTURES (weekly) Monday 5-6pm

Management School LT4

Tuesday 5-6pm

Furness LT2

SEMINARS (fortnightly) (Weeks 1, 3, 5, 7, 9) Tuesday 10am

Management School C38

Tuesday 12pm

Fylde LT3

(Weeks 2, 4, 6, 8, 10) Tuesday 10am

Management School C38

Tuesday 12pm

Bowland North SR25

Tuesday 2pm

Fylde C32

WEBSITE http://www.centuryofviolence.co.uk

ASSESSMENT (100% coursework) Essay (2500-3000 words): 60%

Deadline:

17 January 2012, 11am

Assignment (1500 words): 40%

Deadline:

13 December 2011, 11am

Seminar performance:

+/- 2%

HIST232 - Mass violence in the 20th century

3

AIMS & OUTCOMES The module AIMS to enable you to: ๏ acquire knowledge of the historical origins, cultural parameters, and political context of mass violence in the twentieth century; ๏ examine the role of key-concepts and forces (such as nationalism, prejudice, memory, modernity, facilitation) in the various instances of mass violence examined in the module; ๏ appreciate similarities and differences between key-categories of mass violence, including the terms ‘genocide’, ‘crimes against humanity’, ‘crimes against peace’, and ‘war crimes’; ๏ engage in comparative analysis of a range of case-studies covering the entire twentieth century as well as different parts of the world; ๏ approach the subject of mass violence from the viewpoints of both perpetrators and victims, in order to understand the origins, motivational and facilitating factors. ๏ develop their oral and written communication skills, in a variety of formats ranging from essay-writing and oral presentations to online blog-style self-reflection and asynchronous discussion through the module website; ๏ develop skills that will help them to use a variety of sources and resources, including oral testimonies and films, to understand and solve problems of historical interpretation; ๏ learn how to combine indepth study of particular historical topics with comparative insight

On completion of this module you will have achieved these learning OBJECTIVES : ✓ i. possess good knowledge of a wide variety of case-studies of mass violence across the world, including some lesser-known ones; ✓ ii. show good understanding of the differences between concepts such as genocide, act of genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes; ✓ iii. demonstrate solid knowledge of the causes of mass violence, the aspects of its facilitation and execution, as well as the mechanisms through which it reaches its intended (and sometimes not) victims; ✓ iv. relate knowledge of well-documented cases of genocide (Holocaust, Rwanda, Yugoslavia) with other, more complex and less well-known ones (Ukraine, Namibia, Biafra), including contemporary instances (e.g. Darfur); ✓ v. demonstrate advanced skills in dealing with various forms of evidence and testimony, ranging from written documents to oral memoirs to official trial transcripts; ✓ vi. consolidate their knowledge of the twentieth century as an 'age of extremes', reflecting on a particular aspect of extreme behaviour (mass violence and genocide) in a range of very different contexts and circumstances.

HIST232 - Mass violence in the 20th century

4

COURSE SCHEDULE Week

SESSION (weekly)

1

Mon 10.10 Tue 11.10

Introduction Introduction & key concepts

2

Mon 17.10 Tue 18.10

Violence (1): context, motivation, facilitation Violence (2): perpetrators

3 4

Mon 24.10 Tue 25.10 Mon 31.10 Tue 1.11

SEMINAR (fortnightly) Seminar 1 10/17 Oct Mass violence & the ‘human condition’

Violence and ‘licence’ (1): long-term determinants Seminar 2 Violence and ‘licence’ (2): short-term catalysts 24/31 Oct Authoritarian regimes, Mass violence & modernity: before the 20th cendemocracy & violence turyArmenians Ottomans and

Mon 7.11 Tue 8.11 Mon 14.11 Tue 15.11

The Nazi mass murder ‘industry’ The Nazi mass murder ‘industry’ Khmer Rouge regime in Cambodia, 1975-79 The ‘100-day’ genocide: Rwanda

7/14 Nov

Seminar 3 Violence and ‘licence’

8

Mon 21.11 Tue 22.11 Mon 28.11 Tue 29.11

Ethnic violence in the former Yugoslavia (1) Ethnic violence in the former Yugoslavia (2) Truth, reconciliation, and justice Justice: legal proceedings against perpetrators

21/28 Nov

Seminar 4 OPEN seminar [topic will be determined by Week 5]

9

Mon 5.12 Tue 6.12

An overview of other cases (1) An overview of recent/current cases (1)

Mon 12.12

Conclusions

5/12 Dec

Tue 13.12

Conclusions

Seminar 5 Is international justice working?

5 6 7

10

HIST232 - Mass violence in the 20th century

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GENERAL Allen, Michael Thad. The business of genocide: the SS, slave labor, and the concentration camps / Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, c2002.

Alvarez, Alex. Governments, citizens, and genocide: a comparative and interdisciplinary approach / Bloomington: Indiana University Press, c2001. **Chalk, Frank Robert, The history and sociology of genocide: analyses and case studies / New Haven: Yale University Press, c1990.

Charny, Israel W. Genocide: a critical bibliographic review / London: Mansell, 1988.

Chorover, Stephan L. From genesis to genocide: the meaning of human nature and the power of behavior control / Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, c1979.

Fein, Helen. Genocide: a sociological perspective / London ; Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1990. **Gellately, R and Kiernan, Ben. The Specter of Genocide: Mass Murder in Historical Perspective / New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003 Genocide: conceptual and historical dimensions / Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, c1994. **Jones A, Genocide / London & New York: Routledge, 2007 Jones A, “Gendercide and genocide”, Journal of Genocide Research, 2/2 (2000), 185-211(27) Lippman M, “A road map to the 1948 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime Genocide”, Journal of Genocide Research, 4/2 (2002), 177-195(19) Makino U, “Final solutions, crimes against mankind: on the genesis and criticism of the concept of genocide”, Journal of Genocide Research, 3/1 (2001), 49-73(25) Minow, Martha, Between vengeance and forgiveness: facing history after genocide and mass violence / Boston: Beacon Press, c1998. **Naimark, Norman. Fires of Hatred Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe / Cambridge and. London: Harvard University Press, 2001 Neier, Aryeh, War crimes: brutality, genocide, terror, and the struggle for justice / New York: Times Books, c1998.

Power, Samantha. A problem from hell: America and the age of genocide / London: Flamingo, 2003.

Rawson, Claude Julien. God, Gulliver, and genocide: barbarism and the European imagination, 1492-1945 / Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.

Rubenstein, Richard L. The age of triage: fear and hope in an over- crowded world / Boston: Beacon Press, 1983.

Rummel, R. J. (Rudolph J.), Death by government / New Brunswick, N.J.: Transactions Publishers, c1994.

HIST232 - Mass violence in the 20th century

BIBLIOGRAPHY

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Schabas, William, Genocide in international law: the crimes of crimes / Cambridge, U.K. ; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000.

Shaw, Martin, War and genocide: organized killing in modern society / Oxford: Polity, 2003.

Skutnabb-Kangas, Tove. Linguistic genocide in education, or worldwide diversity and human rights? / Mahwah, N.J.: L. Erlbaum Associates, 2000.

Staub, Ervin. The roots of evil: the origins of genocide and other group violence / Cambridge [England] ; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989.

Steiman, Lionel B. Paths to genocide: antisemitism in Western history / Macmillan, 1998.

Stein S, “Geno- and other cides: a cautionary note on knowledge accumulation”, Journal of Genocide Research, 1 March 2002, 4/1 (2002), 39-63(25) Straus S, “Contested meanings and conflicting imperatives: a conceptual analysis of genocide”, Journal of Genocide Research, 1 November 2001, 3/3 (2001), 349-375(27) Totten, S; Parsons, W; Charny I W, Century of Genocide / New York: Routledge, 1997.

United Nations. Department of Public Information The crime of genocide. U.N. Dept. of Public Information, 1956.

Weindling, Paul. Epidemics and genocide in eastern Europe, 1890-1945 / Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.

THE NAZI ‘FINAL SOLUTION’ Is the Holocaust unique?: perspectives on comparative genocide / Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1996.

Bartov, Omer. Mirrors of destruction: war, genocide, and modern identity / New York: Oxford University Press, 2000.

Bauman, Zygmunt. Modernity and the Holocaust / Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1989.

Benz, Wolfgang. The Holocaust: a German historian examines the genocide / New York: Columbia University Press, c1999.

Bergen, Doris L. War & genocide: a concise history of the Holocaust / Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, c2003.

Braham, Randolph L. The politics of genocide: the Holocaust in Hungary / New York: Columbia University Press, 1981.

Browning, Christopher R. The path to genocide: essays on launching the final solution / Cambridge / New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press, 1992.

Browning, Christopher. Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battallion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland Burleigh, Michael, A History of the Third Reich Burleigh, Michael, The Racial State / Cambridge: CUP, 1989 Burrin, Philippe. Hitler and the Jews: the genesis of the Holocaust / London ; [New York]: Edward Arnold; New York, NY: Routledge, Chapman, and Hall, c1994.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Cohn, Norman Rufus Colin. Warrant for genocide; the myth of the Jewish world-conspiracy and the Protocols of the Elders of Zion / London, Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1967.

Friedlander, Henry, The origins of Nazi genocide: from euthanasia to the final solution / Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, c1995.

Gellately and Kiernan, The Specter of Genocide, 241-263.

Grin F*, “Uniqueness (redux): trivialization by any name”, Journal of Genocide Research, 3/2 (2001), 185-186(2) Heinsohn G, “What makes the Holocaust a uniquely unique genocide?”, Journal of Genocide Research, 1 November 2000, 2/3 (2000), 411-430(20) Katz, Steven T. The holocaust in historical context / New York: Oxford University Press, 1994-2 Lang, Berel. Act and idea in the Nazi genocide / Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990.

Lewy G, “Gypsies and Jews under the Nazis”, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, 13/3/ (1999), 383-404 Mann M, “Were the perpetrators of genocide ‘ordinary men’ or ‘real Nazis’? Results from fifteen hundred biographies”, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, 14/3 (2000), 331-366 Mierzejewski AC, “A public enterprise in the service of mass murder: the Deutsche Reichsbahn and the Holocaust”, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, 15/1 (2001), 33-46 [modernity] Müller-Hill, Benno, Murderous science: elimination by scientific selection of Jews, Gypsies, and others, Germany 1933-1945 / Oxford [Oxfordshire] ; New York: Oxford University Press, 1988.

Rosenfeld GD, “The politics of uniqueness: reflections on the recent polemical turn in Holocaust and genocide scholarship”, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, 13/1 (1999), 28-61 Roth, John K. Remembering for the future: the Holocaust in an age of genocide / Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2001.

Weinberg GL., “Germany’s war for world conquest and the extermination of the Jews”, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, 10/2 (1996), 119-133

MASS VIOLENCE ON TRIAL Aronson S, “Preparations for the Nuremberg Trial: The O.S.S., Charles Dwork, and the Holocaust”, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, 12/2 (1998), 257-281 Wolfe R, “Flaws in the Nuremberg legacy: an impediment to international war crimes tribunals’ prosecution of crimes against humanity”, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, 12/3/ (1998), 434-453 Bloxham, Donald. Genocide on trial: war crimes trials and the formation of holocaust history and memory / Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.

Kuper, Leo. International action against genocide / London: Minority Rights Group, 1982.

Meltzer B.D, “The Nuremberg Trial: a prosecutor’s perspective”, Journal of Genocide Research, 1 December 2002 (2002), 4/4, 561-568(8)

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OTTOMANS & ARMENIANS Boyajian, Dickran H. Armenia: the case for a forgotten genocide / Westwood, N.J., Educational Book Crafters [1972] Dadrian V.N, “The signal facts surrounding the Armenian genocide and the Turkish denial syndrome”, Journal of Genocide Research, June 2003, 5/2 (2003), 269-279(11) Dadrian VN., “The Turkish military tribunal’s prosecution of the authors of the Armenian genocide: four major court-martial series”, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, 11/1 (1997), 28-59 Dadrian, Vahakn N. The history of the Armenian genocide: ethnic conflict from the Balkans to Anatolia to the Caucasus / Providence, R.I. ; Oxford: Berghahn Books, 1997.

Dolabjian V.S, “The Armenian Genocide as portrayed in the Encyclopaedia Brittanica”, Journal of Genocide Research, March 2003, 5/1 (2003), 103-115(13) Levene M, “Creating a modern ‘zone of genocide’: the impact of nation- and state-formation on eastern Anatolia, 1878-1923”, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, 12/3 (1998), 393-433

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Morris, Virginia, The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda / Irvington-on-Hudson, N.Y.: Transnational Publishers, c1998.

Ratner, Steven R. Accountability for human rights atrocities in international law: beyond the Nuremberg legacy / Oxford: Clarendon Press ; New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.

STALINIST SOVIET UNION Conquest, Robert. The nation killers; the Soviet deportation of nationalities. [New York] Macmillan [1970] Grin F, “Kalmykia, victim of Stalinist genocide: from oblivion to reassertion”, Journal of Genocide Research, 3/1 (2001), 97-116(20) Pohl J.O, “Stalin’s genocide against the “Repressed Peoples””, Journal of Genocide Research, 2/2 (2000), 267-293(27) Richardson C, “Stalinist terror and the Kalmyks’ national revival: a cultural and historical perspective”, Journal of Genocide Research, 4/3 (2002), 441-451(11) Rummel, Genocide by Numbers*

DEATH OF YUGOSLAVIA Gellately & Kiernan, The Specter of Genocide, 353-371.

Hoare M.A, “Genocide in the former Yugoslavia: a critique of left revisionism’s denial”, Journal of Genocide Research, 5/4 (2003), 543-563(21) Kallis Aristotle A, “Eliminationist crimes, state sovereignty and international intervention: the case of Kosovo”, Journal of Genocide Research, 1/4(1999), 417-37 Mirkovic D, “The historical link between the Ustasha genocide and the Croato-Serb civil war: 1991–1995”, Journal of Genocide Research, 2/3 (2000), 363-373(11) HIST232 - Mass violence in the 20th century

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EXTRA-EUROPEAN CASES Adelman H, “Rwanda revisited: in search for lessons”, Journal of Genocide Research, 1 November 2000, 2/3 (2000), 431-444(14) Barbedo de Magalhaes, Antonio. East Timor: Indonesian occupation and Genocide / Oporto University, 1992.

Beres, Louis Rene. Punishing genocide and crimes against humanity after the Gulf War: Iraqi crimes and international law. Lausanne: Graduate Institute of International Studies, 1992.

Gourevitch, Philip. We wish to inform you that tomorrow we will be killed with our families: stories from Rwanda / New York: Picador USA: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1999.

Gutman, Roy. A witness to genocide: the first inside account of the horrors of “ethnic cleansing” in Bosnia / Shaftesbury, Dorset: Element Books, 1993.

Jennings, Christian. Across the Red River: Rwanda, Burundi, and the heart of darkness / London: Gollancz, 2000.

Joint Evaluation of Emergency Assistance to Rwanda. The international response to conflict and genocide: lessons from the Rwanda experience :/ editor, David Millwood. - Synthesis report / Joint Eval. of Emergency Assistance to Rwanda, 1996.

Klinghoffer, Arthur Jay. The international dimension of genocide in Rwanda / Macmillan, 1998.

Kohen, Arnold. An act of genocide: Indonesia’s invasion of East Timor / London: TAPOL, 1979.

Kuperman A, “Provoking genocide: a revised history of the Rwandan Patriotic Front”, Journal of Genocide Research, March 2004, 6/1 (2004), 61-84(24) Lemarchand, René. Selective genocide in Burundi / London: Minority Rights Group, 1974.

Magnarella, Paul J. Justice in Africa: Rwanda’s genocide, its courts, and the UN criminal tribunal / Aldershot: Ashgate, 2000.

Mamdani, Mahmood. When victims become killers: colonialism, nativism, and the genocide in Rwanda / Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, c2001.

Mcleod, Suzanne Maria. The genocide in Rwanda: violence of ethnic conflict or violence of common interests? / M.A. (Lancaster), 1995.

Melvern, Linda. A people betrayed: the role of the West in Rwanda’s genocide / London ; New York: Zed Books ; New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2000.

Peterson, Scott. Me against my brother: at war in Somalia, Sudan, and Rwanda: a journalist reports from the battlefields of Africa / New York: Routledge, 2000.

Prunier, Gerard. The Rwanda crisis: history of a genocide. London: Hurst, 1995.

Taylor, Christopher C. Sacrifice as terror: the Rwandan genocide of 1994. Oxford: Berg, 1999.

HIST232 - Mass violence in the 20th century

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Naimark, Norman. Fires of Hatred, Ch. 5 Power, Samantha. A Problem from Hell, 247-328 & 391-442.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

GENOCIDE PREVENTION Cushman T, “Is genocide preventable? Some theoretical considerations”, Journal of Genocide Research, 5/4 (2003), 523-542(20) Totten S, “The intervention and prevention of genocide: Sisyphean or doable?”, Journal of Genocide Research, June 2004, 6/2 (2004), 229-247(19)

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