New York Golf Economic & Environmental Impact Report
NEW YORK GOLF
ECONOMIC & ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
NNew York Golf is a reflection of the Empire State’s character: enduring strength, innovation, community, and connection to the land.
New York is a state of varied landscapes from towering skyscrapers and remote wilderness to world-class industry and timeless natural beauty - across this vibrant mix, New York golf plays a vital role. The industry has grown into a $6.9 billion economic driver, fueling $12.9 billion in total statewide output, supporting 89,044 jobs, and delivering $3.8 billion in wages and benefits in 2023. Its contributions to the economy surpass the combined impact of iconic New York industries including horse racing, craft beverages, and Yankees home games.
In 2023, golfers played 18.2 million rounds statewide. Across 833 courses and 742 facilities, golf provides recreational access from Long Island to the Finger Lakes to the Adirondacks, with 72 percent of facilities open to the public and 153 municipal courses ensuring affordability for all New Yorkers. Golf facilities preserve over 103,000 acres of green infrastructure contributing to air quality, wildlife habitat, water filtration, urban cooling, and flood mitigation - critical ecosystem services in one of the nation’s most densely populated states.
New York’s golf legacy runs deep. Its courses have been home to many of golf’s most iconic moments, hosting 20 U.S. Opens and 13 PGA Championships at renowned venues including Shinnecock Hills, Oak Hill, Winged Foot, and Bethpage Black – the first state-owned course to host a Ryder Cup, cementing New York’s global golf reputation.
The industry stimulates construction and development, boosts tourism, and fuels retail, hospitality, and transportation. Thousands of charitable tournaments hosted annually at New York golf facilities generate millions for local nonprofits, amplifying impact beyond the course. Golf also powers local suppliers - from turfgrass research and course maintenance to food service and equipment sales, golf helps small and mid-sized businesses thrive.
New York golf courses safeguard 38,000 acres of water, wetlands, trees, and native habitat. The industry embraces science-based environmental practices through the New York Golf Industry Best Management Practices (BMP) Guide, developed with the New York Golf Course Foundation, Cornell University, golf course superintendents, and support from the GCSAA. These practices promote responsible water use, habitat protection, and resource efficiency, while preserving the aesthetic and functional value of golf courses. Environmental study data provides insights as to how New York golf courses are supporting climate resilience and sustainable land stewardship.
Economic impacts incorporate 2023 data and provide a basis for comparative analytics to the New York Economic Impact Report published in 2009. Taken together, golf’s economic strength and environmental value illustrate why the sportand the professionals who sustain it - play a vital role in New York’s future.
Sustainable Development Goals Integration
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) or Global Goals are a universal call-to-action to end poverty, protect the planet, and promote peace and prosperity. Global goals have been integrated within states, cities, and leading organizations worldwide. The goals are mapped and indexed in the report to show New York golf industry and SDG alignment, driving local and global impacts. For additional information: https://www.un.org/ sustainabledevelopment/
Acknowledgments
This 2025 New York Golf Economic & Environmental Impact Study was conducted by Radius Sports Group, a sports and sustainability consulting firm and independent third party, in agreement with the New York Golf Course Foundation and Empire State Golf Alliance, with additional collaboration from Cornell University. The Empire State Golf Alliance includes:
• Adirondack Golf Course Superintendents Association
• Central New York Section PGA of America
• Hudson Valley Golf Course Superintendents Association
• Long Island Golf Course Superintendents Association
• Metropolitan Chapter of the Club Management Association of America
• Metropolitan Section PGA of America
• New York State Chapter of the Club Management Association of America
• National Golf Course Owners Association
• New York Golf Course Foundation
• New York Golf Course Superintendents Association
• New York State Golf Association
• New York State Turfgrass Association
• Northeastern Golf Course Superintendents Association
• Northeastern New York Section PGA of America
• Metropolitan Golf Association
• Metropolitan Golf Course Superintendents Association
• Western New York Section PGA of America
Produced by Research, Reporting, Analysis
Collaboration & Analysis
General Limiting Conditions
General
Every reasonable effort has been exerted to ensure that the data contained in the written report reflects the most accurate and timely information possible; and is believed to be reliable. However, no responsibility will be assumed for inaccuracies in reporting by sources used to collect data from golf facilities, associations and other data source used in preparing the report.
Custom Radius Sports Group Facility Survey – 2024
Radius conducted a survey among golf facility operators in New York in an effort to gather inputs to help quantify the economic and environmental impacts of golf in the state. Data collection took place between November 2024 and February 2025. Key economic survey questions centered around operational data such as rounds, revenues and expenses, and capital expenditures. Information on employment and charitable events was also included. Key environmental survey questions focused on water use, waste management, nutrients, and best management practices.
Survey data was complemented with secondary US Geological Survey (USGS) and GCSAA reporting, in addition to municipal, state, and federal data on goals and environmental benchmarks from a variety of sources.
Survey Response by Region
Of the 742 golf facilities in New York,148 responded to the economic survey and 154 responded to the environmental survey, yielding a response rate of 20% and 21%, respectively; this response rate provides confidence that findings are grounded in a meaningful cross-section of New York’s golf facilities. Survey responses were reviewed and weighted by type (public/private, number of holes, etc.) to properly match and be representative of the mix of golf facilities in New York. A series of extrapolation methods were utilized to assess economic and environmental impacts including total number of golf courses, holes, facilities, and key pricing data to draw an accurate and comprehensive estimate of the size and influence of the golf industry on
The New York Golf Economic & Environmental Impact Report is based on information collected from direct research completed by Radius Sports Group (“Radius”) for the state of New York in 2025 for the data year 2023.
the state’s economy and environment. The data collection effort was completed with the support of the Empire State Golf Alliance, which assisted Radius in garnering survey participation. All ten New York regions received survey responses for both surveys, including major metropolitan areas and rural regions providing strong geographic diversity. The economic and environmental surveys combined represent 200 cities and 230 unique courses across New York.
Survey Participation
The majority of economic data was completed by General Managers, Directors of Golf, and Head Golf Professionals (85%). The majority of environmental data was completed by Directors of Agronomy and Golf Course Superintendents (92%). The remaining respondents were primarily executives in finance or operations.
RIMS II Economic Modeling
The RIMS II (Regional Input-Output Modeling System), developed by the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, was used to derive estimates of direct and secondary economic impacts (including value added, employment, and labor income). RIMS II is a widely recognized input-output modeling framework that provides region-specific multipliers to estimate how spending in an industry flows through the broader economy.
Using these multipliers, RIMS II captures the indirect effects (business-to-business supply chain activity) and induced effects (household spending by employees) associated with golf-related expenditures. This approach enables quantification of total economic output, earnings, employment, and tax revenues supported by the industry across New York State.
Assumptions in the model were informed by golf industry research, the statewide survey of golf facilities, and stakeholder input. Results should be viewed as estimates that may vary slightly depending on the data available and the assumptions inherent in the modeling process.
New York Economic Survey Participation New York Environmental Survey Participation
New York Environmental Survey Participation Survey Responses by Region
NEW YORK GOLF
ECONOMIC & ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
In 2023, New York’s golf industry generated a direct economic impact of $6.9 billion and a total economic output of $12.9 billion including indirect and induced effects. This robust performance solidifies golf’s position as a cornerstone of the state’s vital recreation and tourism sectors. The industry is a significant employer, supporting more than 89,044 jobs and generating $3.8 billion in wages and benefits. Its economic activity contributes an estimated $1.0 billion in state and local taxes, providing essential funding for public services across the Empire State.
Economic
Impact of the Golf Sector for New York
New York Golf Economic Highlights
New York State is the nation’s fourth most populous state with a population of 19.57 million in 2023, anchored by major metropolitan areas including New York City (8.26 million), Buffalo (275,000), and Rochester (207,000). The state’s gross domestic product (GDP) exceeded $2.2 trillion in 2023, an output that, if it were a sovereign nation, would rank among the largest economies in the world.
While often defined by the Wall Street financial services sector, New York’s modern economy is remarkably diverse. Key industries driving its GDP include healthcare, professional and business services, information technology, retail trade, and manufacturing. The state’s role as a global center for business is underscored by its position as home to 53 Fortune 500 companies, ranking third in the nation. Golf provides a powerful platform for New York’s industry leaders like JPMorgan Chase, Pfizer, and Verizon to engage clients, build relationships, host charity events, and leverage business-related tourism.
Within this thriving economic landscape, the game of golf has flourished. The industry provides premier recreational amenities that enhance quality of life and function as a powerful economic engine, contributing billions in economic output, and supporting thousands of jobs statewide.
The New York Golf Market
The New York golf landscape is a unique blend of rich history and modern vitality, boasting a diverse ecosystem of courses that cater to a wide spectrum of players. As the birthplace of The PGA of America in 1916 and host to some of the game’s most iconic championships, the state’s pedigree is unrivaled. This deep heritage, combined with a recent surge in participation, has solidified New York’s status as a premier golf destination.
The stability in the state’s golf course supply has held steady at 833 facilities since 2007 (+2%) which shows the industry’s staying power and ability to serve growing demand. This dynamic of a largely fixed supply meeting escalating demand has fundamentally increased the value and utilization of existing facilities, driving revenue growth and capital investments across the state. The golf industry’s $12.9 billion impact exceeds the combined economic output of iconic New York sectors including craft beverages, horse racing, and New York Yankees home games.
Key New York Golf Facts
New York’s storied golf legacy is rooted in iconic clubs, championship history, and widespread public access. The state boasts an unparalleled collection of world-renowned courses. Golf Digest’s 2023/2024 ranking of the top courses in New York features legendary venues such as Shinnecock Hills Golf Club, National Golf Links of America, Fishers Island Club, Winged Foot Golf Club, and the Bethpage State Park Black Course, which was the first public course to host a U.S. Open. Across the state, a diverse mix of municipal, daily-fee, and resort courses ensures accessibility for all ages and abilities. Historic courses like Van Cortlandt Park Golf Course in the Bronx, the oldest public course in the U.S. dating back to 1895, showcase New York’s commitment to multi-generational participation in the game.
Golf Facility Inventory –State of New York
1.6 Million On-Course Colfers
New York ranks fourth nationally for golf participation, with 1.6 million on-course golfers.
72% Public Facilities
The state’s golf supply is broadly accessible, welcoming golfers of all skill levels, promoting physical activity, mental well-being, and outdoor engagement.
833 Golf Courses
833 golf courses, 742 facilities (72% public, 28% private), with municipal courses comprising 24% of public facilities, ranking fourth nationwide.
46
Stand-Alone Driving Ranges Affordable Public Golf
46 stand-alone driving ranges, one Topgolf entertainment venue in Holtsville, Long Island, and more than 80 resort or real estate-connected facilities.
Affordable public golf: 63% of public courses charge under $50, while 23% fall into the $50-$79 range and 14% exceed $80.
18.2 Million Rounds Played
18.2 million rounds were played in 2023. (+10.3% vs 2022)
153 Municipal Courses
153 municipal courses at 126 public facilities underscore their critical role for providing affordable access to the game.
New York Golf Industry Summary of Economic Impact
The New York golf industry generates a substantial $12.9 billion in total economic impact, a figure that encompasses direct industry sales, indirect supply chain activity, and induced household spending by employees whose livelihoods are supported by the industry. This wide-reaching impact extends to the state’s labor market, driving total employment of 89,044 and labor income of nearly $3.8 billion. The industry’s total fiscal contribution is estimated at more than $1.0 billion toward local and state taxes, supporting essential community services across the state.
2023 Economic Impact of the Golf Sector
State of New York ($ Millions)
Golf Industry Segments
Direct Impact from Core Segments
The direct economic activity generated by the core segments of New York’s golf industry forms the foundation of its overall impact. These segments, which include the daily operations of golf facilities, capital investments, sale of golf-related goods, major tournaments, and charitable events, collectively contributed nearly $6.9 billion to the state’s economy in 2023.
Golf-Related Supplies
• New York golf retail generated $163.0 million in retail margins from $387.0 million in golf apparel, equipment, and shoe sales in 2023. Of this, $170.7 million was driven by off-course retail outlets, while on-course golf shops accounted for the remaining $216.4 million in sales (included in total consumer spending within facility operations).
• 108 golf-related manufacturers and service providers were identified in New York, including golf architects, construction companies, equipment and apparel manufacturers, event and golf course management companies, and more. Golfrelated companies contributed $542.6 million to the New York economy in 2023 and supported 6,377 jobs encompassing retail, manufacturing, marketing, and corporate management roles.
• Companies that call New York home include major golf media brands GOLF Magazine and Golf Digest with significant national and global reach; in addition to OnCore Golf Technology, Inc., Summit Golf Brands golf apparel and sportswear, and Izzo Golf Accessories to name a few.
Golf Facility Operations
• Direct consumer spending at golf facilities for green fees, memberships, golf shop retail sales, driving range usage, lessons, food and beverage, and additional activities totaled $3.2 billion in 2023 vs. $1.6 billion in 2007 ($2.3 billion inflation-adjusted).
• Facility Operations is the single largest component of the industry’s economic engine across New York’s 833 courses; real growth of 38% over the 16-year period.
• Golf facility operations supported 48,464 total jobs across the state, an increase from 35,241 jobs in 2007. (+38%)
Capital Investments
• A stable number of courses and a surge in demand has created reinvestment in existing facilities to sustain the quality of New York’s golf product, supporting nearly 8,500 total jobs and $422.5 million in total labor income for the construction and service-sectors in 2023.
• In 2023, New York golf facilities directly invested over $588.6 million in capital improvements including new facility construction, large-scale course renovations, irrigation system upgrades, and improvements to clubhouses and other existing structures.
• 39% of New York golf facilities launched or continued large-scale capital projects that were not included in regular operating expenses.
Charitable Giving
• The New York golf community demonstrates a profound commitment to philanthropy, every surveyed golf facility in New York hosted at least one charitable event in 2023.
• New York golf facilities supported an impressive 14,284 total events, both golf and non-golf, raising $267.4 million in critical funds for local New York charities.
• Beneficiaries included local Boys & Girls Clubs, Food Banks, Veterans’ organizations, and a wide array of causes, from wellness to youth development, making golf a powerful vehicle for community support.
Tournaments & Associations
• New York is a premier host for major championship golf, hosting 20 U.S. Opens and 13 PGA Championships – more than any other state - across iconic venues like Winged Foot, Shinnecock Hills, Oak Hill Country Club, and Bethpage Black. The 2025 Ryder Cup at Bethpage Black marks New York’s debut on golf’s most prestigious international stage - adding a major milestone to the state’s rich golf legacy.
• In 2023 the industry generated a direct economic impact of $227.5 million from tournaments and associations. The centerpiece of 2023 was the 105th PGA Championship, held at Oak Hill in Rochester, complemented by the DICK’S Sporting Goods Open, a perennial stop on the PGA TOUR Champions schedule, hosted in Endicott, in addition to two LPGAaffiliated events, the Twin Bridges Championship (Epson Tour) in Guilderland and the inaugural LPGA Legends Weekend in Monticello.
• New York is home to over 300 golf-related associations that contributed $105.2 million in economic impact. Major associations include four Sections of the PGA of America, New York State and Metropolitan Golf Associations, the New York State Turfgrass Association, six chapters of the Golf Course Superintendents Association of America, and two chapters of the Club Management Association of America.
• Tournaments and Associations contributed 2,687 jobs in 2023.
Direct Impact from Enabled Segments
Golf Tourism
Beyond its core activities, the golf industry enables significant economic contributions in related sectors, most notably tourism and real estate. These segments are fueled by the appeal of New York’s golf offerings, generating a combined direct impact of nearly $2.0 billion in 2023, creating a ripple effect that supports thousands of jobs in hospitality, construction, and related service industries.
• Golf is a powerful motivator for travel, New York golf tourism generated nearly 1.6 million overnight trips, plus more than half a million day-trips of more than 50 miles within the state in 2023.
• Visiting golfers contributed nearly $1.7 billion in direct spending to the New York economy in 2023, marking a substantial increase from $520.2 million ($765 million inflation-adjusted) in 2007. In addition to staying at any of New York’s 36 golf-related resorts, expenditures include nearby lodging, transportation, food and beverage, and other entertainment by travelers on golf-related trips.
• In total, golf tourism supported more than 19,000 jobs and $871.1 million in labor income for New York through its direct, indirect, and induced activities.
Golf Real Estate
• Golf courses significantly enhance the value of surrounding real estate, driving economic and fiscal contributions that totaled over $444.6 million in direct impact in 2023. This impact is driven by two key factors:
Golf-Related Residential Construction: New residential construction in and around golf communities added significant value to the state’s housing stock, generating $311.8 million in direct spending within the construction industry. This investment, which includes the development of single-family homes and condominiums, supported 2,685 jobs through direct, indirect, and induced spending.
Net Gain to Local Tax Jurisdictions from Value Premiums: The presence of a golf course provides a quantifiable premium to the value of homes in golf course communities, adding an estimated 20% to their value. This premium generated a fiscal contribution of $132.8 million in local property tax revenue in 2023, helping to fund municipal services, city and county streets, schools, and public safety for New York communities.
New York Demographic & Industry Insights
An analysis of New York’s demographic and economic trends provides context for the golf industry’s performance. The state’s unique profile - characterized by a stable population, high household income, and a slightly older median age compared to the U.S. average shapes the market.
New York Demographic InsightsState of New York ($ Millions)
Golf’s Growth Outpaces Population Trends
The industry has experienced growth fueled by deeper engagement from the existing population, increased participation of residents, and growth in visiting golfers.
Source: US Census Bureau | 2023 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates
• New York’s population experienced modest growth at .20% annually from 2007 to 2023 — below the national growth rate of .66%.
• Median household income in New York ($82,095) is higher than the national average ($77,719), indicating a strong earnings base, and aligning with higher living costs in some areas.
• New York’s median age of 40.2 exceeds the national average of 38.2, suggesting an aging population that may influence labor force trends, healthcare demand, and recreational preferences, including golf.
• Despite slower growth, New York remains economically powerful, with a dense urban population, high income levels, and a mature consumer base — important factors for industries like golf, tourism, and events.
• New York’s population grew by 0.17% from 2022 to 2023, while the state’s golf industry showed on-course golf participation rising by 3.8%, more than 22 times the rate of population growth over the same period - in addition to growth in golf tourism up 115% in real terms since 2007, offsetting New York’s modest population growth since 2007 of 3.2% and reinforcing the industry as a stable sector and the sport’s rising appeal to both residents and visiting golfers.
• With a median age of 40.2 and a strong base of over 1.6 million on-course golfers, New York’s demographic profile and golf’s accessibility for all ages favors continued participation.
• New York’s competitive median household income of $82,095 and globally connected business landscape offers an ideal environment for golf to intersect with corporate events, tourism, and talent recruitment — underscoring the sport’s relevance in driving quality of life and economic opportunity.
New York Golf’s Community Impacts
Golf across the Empire State supports health, wellness, and recreation while enriching communities statewide. Walking 18 holes covers approximately 5 miles and cart-assisted rounds span 3 miles – supporting prevention, cardiovascular health, stronger immunity, improved mood, and cognitive benefits to reduce risk of chronic disease and associated medical costs. Golf’s impact also extends to youth development, inclusion, and accessibility across urban and rural regions.
A Welcoming Place for All
• Nearly 69% of New York courses surveyed offer youth development opportunities through junior golf, scholastic golf teams, or The First Tee. New York supports a thriving competitive environment for the state’s approximately 8,000 high school golfers and provides extensive resources for those aspiring to play at the collegiate level.
• New York PGA Sections provide extensive junior golf programming, serving over 6,200 juniors and utilizing a network of more than 400 facilities to foster youth development, sportsmanship, and a lifelong passion for the game.
• More than 50 New York courses participate in Youth on Course through the Metropolitan Golf Association and New York State Golf Association, providing affordable access to junior golfers statewide with rounds for $5 or less.
• Approximately 30% of surveyed courses provide targeted engagement for beginners, seniors, Veterans, military, and individuals with disabilities through initiatives like PGA HOPE and adaptive golf programs, offering inclusive events and therapeutic recreation to expand access and promote wellness.
• All New York PGA Sections have dedicated foundations affiliated with the PGA of America REACH Foundation’s mission to advance inclusion through programming geared toward youth, military, and under-served populations - ensuring age, background, or cost never limit access to the sport.
• About 1 in 13 New York golf courses support shared-use initiatives, such as walking trails, gardens, bird-watching areas, and educational programs - enhancing their role as community-focused greenspaces.
• 71% of New York facilities offer amenities beyond the golf course, including racquet sports, fitness, or aquatics - underscoring golf’s role in multi-sport recreation.
• Golf in New York is inclusive with women 4% more represented and diversity 13% higher than the U.S. average.
• NYSTA’s Apprenticeship Program connects students with turf careers through FFA partnerships, mentorship, and hands-on learning opportunities.
New York golf serves as a model for community engagement, with a deep commitment to nurturing the next generation of players and leaders, while promoting social and health benefits across generations.
Total Impact Summary
The New York golf industry experienced a period of extraordinary growth between 2007 and 2023, demonstrating its role as a major economic driver for the state. After adjusting 2007 figures for inflation, the analysis reveals substantial real growth with total economic impact increasing by 65% and direct impact growing by 61%. Employment expanded 57%, adding 32,450 jobs, bringing total direct, indirect, and induced employment to 89,044. Labor income grew significantly - rising 61% from an inflation-adjusted $2.36 billion in 2007 to $3.80 billion in 2023, highlighting golf’s significant contribution to New York’s workforce. These gains underscore golf’s economic influence, extending beyond the industry itself to benefit tourism, real estate, and hospitality sectors across the state.
While past performance is not a guarantee of future results, the industry’s $12.9 billion economic footprint in 2023 highlights its substantial and growing influence on jobs, tourism, real estate, and community wellbeing. New York golf is poised to remain a vital and enduring force for generations to come.
Impact of the Golf Sector on the New York Economy 2007 and 2023 ($ Millions)
*2007-dollar values have been adjusted to 2023 dollars using the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Consumer Price Index, which reflects a cumulative inflation rate of 47.4% from 2007 to 2023.
**Variance from inflation-adjusted 2007 golf industry dollars as compared to 2023 figures.
New York Golf Environmental Highlights
New York’s 833 golf courses provide nearly 103,000 acres of greenspace across the state supporting wildlife habitats, air quality, water filtration, flood mitigation, and urban cooling. These courses generate a direct economic contribution of approximately $67,000 per acre. Golf is present in all ten New York regions including Long Island, Mid-Hudson, Central NY, Finger Lakes, Western NY, the Southern Tier, Capital Region, New York City, North Country, and Mohawk Valley.
Golf Course Acres by Region
The number of New York golf courses remains largely unchanged from 818 courses in 2007, with 39% of golf facilities launching or continuing large-scale capital projects in 2023, demonstrating the industry’s long-term stability and continued investment in infrastructure, course improvements, and sustainability.
There are 74,177 acres of maintained turfgrass; this includes Greens, Tees, Fairways and Rough. New York courses maintain an average of 89 acres of turfgrass per course, which is slightly below the national GCSAA median of 95 acres for 18-hole facilities, demonstrating responsible land use while still prioritizing high-quality playing surfaces.
Water, wetlands, trees, forests, and native rough make up 37% of golf course acreage in New York - totaling 38,105 acres which help preserve biodiversity and support local wildlife.
2,465 acres (2.4% of total golf course acreage) are designated wetlands and dedicated to wildlife habitat.
Greens, tees, and fairways account for 22% of total golf course acreage.
New York golf is geographically inclusive across all 10 regions, with the largest share of golf course acreage in Long Island (22%), strong representation in Mid-Hudson (16%), Western NY (13%), Finger Lakes (12%), and Central NY (12%). Additional regional coverage in the Southern Tier (9%), Capital Region (6%), North Country (5%), New York City (4%), and Mohawk Valley (3%) reflects the sport’s reach in both urban and rural communities.
More than 1 in 5 acres of New York golf course land is located on Long Island. This provides opportunities for habitat preservation, stormwater capture, and pollinator support in one of the most densely populated and ecologically sensitive regions of the state.
New York golf’s “green infrastructure” includes turfgrass, native rough, waterbodies, trees, and wetlands to help offset the need for, and costs of, public infrastructure required to store and manage stormwater. Golf courses also help remove air pollutants, supporting human health and wellness.
Environmental Leadership, Ecosystem Services, and Sustainability
• There are 38 New York golf courses certified by Audubon International, with four courses holding Signature Sanctuary designation, indicating excellence in water conservation, habitat protection, and sustainable land management.
• Approximately 7% of courses surveyed participate in environmental programs including Audubon International memberships or Signature Sanctuary certifications, Audubon Society, STEM hands-on learning programs, or multi-use facilities that include bird-watching, tree walks, shared walking paths, gardens, and more.
• STEAM education programs, including The First Green, provide experiential learning at New York courses, integrating science, math, art, and environmental studies.
• The New York Best Management Practices (BMPs) Guide provides all New York golf facilities with standardized practices, developed in collaboration with Cornell University, using GCSA state-approved protocols to promote water quality and conservation, habitat protection, and responsible land use, ensuring long-term environmental sustainability. Of those surveyed, 99% of New York superintendents report the BMP Guide is ‘valuable’ and nearly half characterize it as ‘very to extremely valuable’ in their operations.
• Golf maintenance BMPs are utilized during planning, design, construction, and ongoing operations to protect and encourage natural, flourishing wildlife habitats, nesting sites, and wildlife corridors.
• New York City is the most impervious city in the U.S., with Manhattan, Brooklyn, and Queens all over 70% covered by hard surfaces like concrete and asphalt. These surfaces absorb heat creating an urban heat island (UHI) and worsen flooding. Golf courses cool cities by reflecting sunlight - their grass, trees, and waterbodies lower surface temperatures and provide shade, reduce smog, help address extreme rainfall, break up heat zones, and offer the same cooling benefits as parks.
• New York City ranks in the top five cities nationwide for the most intense UHI, with intensity at 7.6°F hotter than surrounding areas. The region has over 3,800 acres of urban golf course greenspace to help cool the city and provide climate resilience.
Water Use & Conservation
• In 2023, water use for New York golf courses was less than one-half of one percent of the state’s total annual water consumption.
• This equates to a direct economic contribution for the state of New York of approximately $182,134 per AF of water used by New York golf courses.
• There was 30,646 AF of irrigation water used, representing 80% of total water usage.
• Nearly half of all irrigation water is drawn from on‐site wells, more than one third from self-supplied surface water, and the remainder split between municipal supplies, reclaimed water, and other sources.
• Most courses use metered reporting (84%) for accurate measurement, giving superintendents real-time insights into water budgets and conservation measures.
• Over the past five years, 36.4% of New York golf courses have reduced their irrigation footprint, removing 1,807 acres from irrigation — a 3.5% reduction across the state’s 51,000 total irrigated acres.
Water Conservation and Water Quality BMPs
• 98% of courses use three or more water reduction strategies, 89% use five or more, and nearly one third use twelve or more conservation best practices.
• Top five water conservation efforts of those surveyed include use of wetting agents (94%), visual monitoring and hand watering (92%), mulching (83%), soil moisture meters (78%), and routine irrigation system inspections and calibration (74%).
• 77% of courses have implemented three or more water quality BMPs, indicating deep engagement with 21% reporting seven or more, reflecting pursuit of comprehensive water‐quality safeguards.
• Over four-fifths of superintendents (84%) remove grass clippings prior to washing equipment, 72% conduct routine water-quality sampling, and nearly half (47%) maintain buffer zones of longer vegetation at least 25 feet around waterbodies to protect water quality.
Water Conservation BMPs Summary
Use wetting agents on irrigated surfaces, including fairways.or hot spots, use hand watering.
Visually monitor for localized dry conditions or hot spots, use hand watering.
Mulches in shrubs and flower beds to reduce evaporation losses and under tree canopies to cover bare soil.
Regularly use a portable soil moisture meter.
Perform daily, weekly, quarterly, and annual inspections of irrigation sprinklers and system. Calibrate meters in accordance with manufacturer’s recommendations at least once per year, prior to season.
Irrigation control system to monitor and conserve water use.
Regularly use ET data to guide irrigation decision-making.
On-site weather station to assess weather information and ET.
Rain shut-off devices and rain gauges to conserve water.
Incorporate drought resistant or native plants in non-play areas.
Course is designed for water harvesting (funneling water into an irrigation pond).
Drip irrigation in landscape areas.
Replaced large playing areas with drought-tolerant turfgrass varieties to minimize water use.
Automatic sensors and/or low-flow devices in the clubhouse and/or maintenance facility.
Installed in-ground soil moisture meters.
Have a documented drought emergency plan.
Water
Quality BMPs Summary
Brush or blow off grass clippings from equipment before washing.
Sample water quality.
Maintain a 25 ft chemical free buffer around all surface water bodies and wells.
Collect and compost and/or distribute the clippings that are washed off equipment in areas away from waterbodies.
Maintain a buffer zone of longer vegetation at least 25 ft. around surface waterbodies.
Maintain appropriate silt fencing to prevent erosion and sedimentation.
Implemented structural BMPs (bioswales, berms, buffers, detention areas, etc.) meant to slow water, allow infiltration, and/or trap pollutants in the soil for natural filtration.
Recycle or use grey water for equipment washing.
Maximize use of pervious materials, such as separating brick or concrete pavers by sand and planted with grass, or highpermeability concrete for cart paths or parking lots.
Follow a stormwater pollution prevention plan (SWPPP) which maximizes the use of natural systems to treat water.
Waste Management & Recycling
Waste diversion refers to the share of total waste that is kept out of landfills by redirecting materials into recycling, composting, or other recovery streams.
• New York golf courses achieved a 37% waste diversion rate in 2023, outperforming major benchmarks including Buffalo’s 30% (2019), New York City’s 21%, and even the U.S. municipal average of 32% (EPA, 2018) — demonstrating the golf industry’s leadership in sustainable waste management.
• 63% of courses recycle, and another 28% plan to start within five years meaning over 90% of New York facilities either do or will divert materials from landfill.
• Nearly 80% of courses have adopted four or more waste‐reduction BMPs, over 60% report six or more, and about 20% have implemented nine or more BMPs.
• Repurposing fryer oil and golf balls supports a circular economy demonstrating closed-loop thinking that extends product lifecycles and fosters community goodwill. Additional top waste diversion measures used by New York courses:
Hazardous-Fluid Recycling: used oil, coolant and solvents
Mixed Recycling: Captures the largest mass of materials
On-Site Composting: Organic debris composted into soil amendments
Collect used oil, oil filters, and antifreeze in separate marked containers and recycle them as directed by local and state authorities.
Recycling (plastic, metal, glass, paper, or cardboard).
Compost tree trimmings, leaves, clippings.
Electronic communications to reduce paper use.
Adopt the “first in–first out” principle, using the oldest products first to ensure that the product shelf life does not expire.
Have separate areas designated and labeled for recyclables and waste.
Electronics recycling (i.e. computers).
Repurpose fryer oil from the kitchen.
Educate staff and guests on items which may be recycled using proper signage and communications.
Recycling used golf balls.
Compost food waste.
Pollinator Habitat & Protection
• All ten New York regions from Long Island’s coastal layouts to the Adirondacks’ inland courses report robust pollinator‐BMP implementation.
• Nearly 90% of New York golf courses implement four or more pollinator protection BMPs, with 64% adopting six or more distinct strategies and 20% reporting ten or more in active use - many of which directly support pollinator health.
• Practices include adopting IPM strategies, native habitat restoration, and dedicated pollinator zones, highlighting the industry’s commitment to protecting biodiversity and sustaining essential pollinator populations.
Energy Conservation
• 89% of courses have applied three or more energy conservation BMPs, with 75% utilizing four or more measures.
• Over 50% have adopted six or more distinct BMPs.
• Top three energy conservation efforts of those surveyed include use of indoor and outdoor LED lighting (85%), Variable Frequency Drives (VFDs) in pump stations (82%), and lithium battery golf carts (55%).
• New York golf courses are increasingly adopting energy-efficient equipment, with 47% using hybrid mowers and utility vehicles, 25% using electric mowers, and 30% utilizing electric tools like rollers and backpack blowers.
Integrated Pest Management Practices
• Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a system that combines a holistic approach using biological, cultural, mechanical and chemical controls to solve pest problems effectively while minimizing environmental impact.
• Over 95% of courses report four or more IPM practices, 75% utilize six or more.
• New York superintendents have embraced IPM, with each BMP adopted by at least 55% of respondents and many by over 80%:
Chemical Rotation: Preventing pest resistance (97%)
Routine Scouting: Frequent inspections for early detection and action (88%)
Spot Treatments: Applied only where needed, reducing overall use (81%)
Forecast-Based Timing: Pest predictive models (80%)
Mechanical Controls & Records: Non-chemical methods and records (73%)
• New York golf courses actively deploy decision support tools (DSTs) to synthesize data into digestible formats:
Eight of the 15 DSTs surveyed were used at rates higher than 50%, suggesting New York superintendents are leveraging digital resources to inform management decisions.
Pesticide risk indicators - typically used by researchers - are considered by 43% of New York courses, reflecting advanced efforts to assess risk beyond product labels.
Integrated Pest Management BMPs Summary
Rotate chemicals and modes of action to reduce resistance in pests.
Train personnel to scout regularly (daily, weekly, or monthly, depending on the pest).
Employ spot treatment on large playing areas to treat only where pests have been previously documented.
Regularly consult pest forecasting models to refine application timing for significant pests.
Use mechanical (non-chemical) weed control methods.
Observe and always maintain proper documentation, including photos and historical records regarding which pests are present and key activities on key plants.
Record and map disease outbreaks and identify trends to help guide future treatments and focus on changing conditions in susceptible areas to reduce disease outbreaks.
Evaluate efficacy of pest management programs using check plots and data collection.
Spill control checklist is easily accessible and visible to employees in the mix station area.
Maintain a written IPM plan.
Nutrient Management Practices
• Over the past five years, New York golf course superintendents have made measurable strides in optimizing nutrient use, turf health, and environmental stewardship. Fertilizer is applied to just 56% of total course acreage (57,512 acres) covering 77% of the actively maintained 74,475-acre footprint, highlighting a deliberate, performancefocused approach to turf management and environmental care.
• Nearly one-third (27%) reported they intentionally cut back on total fertilized area. These reductions amount to an average 13% decrease in fertilized acreage, equating to roughly 2,868 acres.
• Almost half of respondents (47%) cut nutrient use by 8.9%, showing they fine tuned application rates and timing to meet plant needs without excess.
• 95% of respondents have adopted four or more BMPs; 75% have implemented seven or more; and 8% report using all twelve BMPs surveyed. This distribution demonstrates that courses are comprehensively integrating nutrient-management protocols.
• Top nutrient management BMPs include written fertilizer logs (90.2%), equipment calibration and maintenance (89.5%), and soil sampling with documentation (87.4%) - promoting precision, accountability, and environmental stewardship.
• Out of 11 comparable BMP questions, New York golf courses adopted five practices at rates at least 10% higher than the national average.
• Notably, 47% reported using Minimum Levels of Sustainable Nutrition (MLSN) guidelines - up from ~10% nationally, potentially reflecting stronger engagement with turf research and education.
Integrated Pest Management BMPs Summary
Calibration and preventative maintenance on application equipment according to manufacturer’s recommendations.
Keep written records of all fertilizer applications.
Maintain records of soil sampling results.
Conduct soil sampling to provide pH, organic matter content, salinity, and baseline nutrient levels available for plant use.
Observe and account for growth on fairways/rough to determine nitrogen application rates.
Avoid “dormant feeding” applications of nutrients.
Make precision treatment applications of fertilizer across large playing areas (spot treatment) to treat only where nutrient is needed.
Measure growth rates on putting surfaces using clipping volume.
Maintain a documented Nutrient Management Plan including site characteristics, site map, nutrient application rates/restrictions, soil testing results/methods, and spill-response plan.
When soil testing, results are interpreted using MLSN guidelines.
Identify and map surface water management areas within 100 feet of any body of water and areas with slopes steeper than 10% located within 1000 feet from the edge of water bodies. Communicate fertilizer spill-response plan regularly with employees.
New
York golf courses are advancing sustainability across water use, waste diversion, energy conservation, pollinator protection, and turf management. Through widespread adoption of BMPs, commitment to habitat preservation, and ongoing continuous improvement efforts the industry is demonstrating how golf can deliver ecological value while enhancing community well-being, resilience, and green infrastructure across the Empire State’s urban and rural landscapes.
Golf Facility Operations
742
833 facilities golf courses
New York boasts a thriving golf landscape, with 742 facilities operating 833 golf courses statewide. The golf facility economy includes all revenues generated from green fees, cart fees, membership fees and initiation fees, plus ancillary golf course purchases such as merchandise, food and beverage, banquets and other revenue. The revenue collected from these sources is assumed to be the basis for all expenditures required to operate the facility.
Facilities range from 9-hole municipal courses to expansive multi-course private clubs, offering diverse recreational opportunities for residents and visitors. New York also features 47 stand-alone driving ranges, including 1 Topgolf location.
Golf Facility Inventory –State of New York
New York Golf Courses: Connecting the State Across Every Region
Golf lives in all 10 regions of New York - woven into culture, landscapes, and community pride. From city skyscrapers and coastal beaches to rolling hills, farms, vineyards, and waterfalls - golf strengthens regional identity while connecting every region across the Empire State with a game that is meant for all.
There were 1.6 million on-course golfers in 2023, an increase of 3.8% versus 2022. New York golf courses hosted a total of 18.2 million rounds in 2023, an increase of 10.3% year-over-year. This volume is strong given the state’s climate and golf season. * Golf facility operations generated approximately $3.2 billion in direct revenues in 2023; this represents a 38% increase over 2007 after adjusting for inflation. This revenue supported 48,464 total jobs statewide.
The average revenue from green, cart and membership fees in the state was $117.47 per round of golf, plus additional revenue from ancillary items such as F&B ($39.12) and golf shop merchandise ($11.89).
2023 Golf Facility Total Revenue Summary
*Totals may not sum precisely due to rounding.
Facility Types & Accessibility
History of Accessibility
New York golf facilities offer broad public access, and a notably higher share of municipal courses at 153 - ranking fourth in the nation, reinforcing golf’s accessibility across urban and rural communities. The New York State Parks Department leads the country with 19 courses, while New York City’s Parks Department is fifth with 13.
Economic Contribution and Broader Impact
Facility operations remain the foundation of New York’s overall golf economy, anchoring activities across tourism, retail, and real estate sectors. Each $1 spent on facility operations generated approximately $1.9 in total economic activity, amplifying the industry’s broader contribution statewide. Through facility operations alone, golf continues to serve as a powerful economic engine and an enduring pillar of recreation and community in New York.
Approach
What is assessed
Golf facility revenue encompasses all receipts generated by operations, including green fees, cart rentals, membership dues, and initiation fees. It also includes ancillary sales such as merchandise, food and beverage, banquets, and other on-site purchases. Collectively, these revenues form the basis for covering all expenditures required to operate the facility.
How it’s measured
Golf facility revenue data comes from the 2023 New York Golf Facility Survey conducted by Radius, which collected and extrapolated reported revenues across seven ownership structures of facilities (n=148). Revenues include on-site driving ranges as well as estimated revenue for 47 stand-alone ranges in the state, including a Topgolf facility. The total number of facilities and courses was benchmarked against National Golf Foundation data. These revenue figures were then applied to RIMS II input-output modeling to calculate jobs, indirect impacts, and induced impacts.
Local and National Treasure: Van Cortlandt Park Golf Course
As the nation’s first public golf course, Van Cortlandt Park Golf Course in the Bronx opened in 1895 and expanded to 18 holes by 1899 — a trailblazer in democratizing the sport. Located along mass transit lines, “Vanny” remains the heart of urban golf, connecting generations to the game’s inclusive legacy.
Golf Facility Capital Investment
In 2023, New York golf facilities invested more than $588.6 million in capital improvements for new construction, large-scale course renovations, and enhancements to clubhouses and related structures not funded directly from operating expenses (+38% from inflation-adjusted 2007 capital expenditures). This level of investment reflects a strategic shift with a stable number of courses and a surge in demand; capital is increasingly directed toward enhancing existing facilities to meet modern player expectations and maintain a competitive edge. This reinvestment supported nearly 8,500 total jobs and $422.5 million in labor income across the construction and service sectors.
Renovations at facilities such as Transit Valley Country Club, Bedford Golf and Tennis Club, The Rock Golf Club, Amagansett Golf Club, and Brookfield Country Club illustrate the breadth of investment and commitment to serve growing demand — ranging from course and irrigation system upgrades to new clubhouses, expanded food and beverage facilities, and even employee housing.
Approach
What is assessed
Capital investments are major improvements beyond routine maintenance and operations. These include upgrading greens and tees, renovating clubhouses and other buildings, purchasing turf equipment and irrigation systems, and constructing new golf courses.
How it’s measured
Golf facility capital investment data comes from the 2024 New York golf facility survey conducted by Radius (n=148), which asked about large-scale capital projects in 2023 outside of normal operating costs. Reported average investment by facility type was applied to the full state census, with outliers removed, then added back in as they represented significant projects.
Golf Related Supplies
Golf Retail Impact
Retail sales of golf equipment, apparel, and accessories represent a significant and direct component of the golf industry’s economic footprint. This spending by golfers on consumer-facing goods, from clubs and balls to shirts, shoes and golf-related gear fuels a vital segment of the local economy. It is estimated that golfers spent $387 million on apparel, equipment, and accessories used primarily for golf in New York in 2023. These items were purchased at golf courses and other golf retail outlets, including specialty stores, sporting goods stores, etc. Of this, $170.7 million was driven by off-course retail outlets, while on-course golf shops accounted for $216.4 million in sales (included in total consumer spending within facility operations).
The following table summarizes the estimated direct retail revenue for New York’s golf industry based on 2023 market data. The “Gross Retail Sales Output” corresponds to total consumer spending, while “Retail Margin Value” represents the portion of that spending that constitutes local value added.
New York Golf Summary of Direct Retail Revenue 2023
The economic value created by golf-related supplies consists of three components:
1: Retailer’s Net Revenue from Sales
2: Manufacturing Cost of Materials
3: Manufacturing Value Added
Approach
What is assessed
This data provides estimates for the direct retail revenue attributable to the golf industry in New York. The methodology involves establishing a national baseline for total U.S. golf retail sales, which is then allocated to New York based on its share of the nation’s active oncourse golfers. This approach ensures that the state-level estimates are grounded in broad, verifiable market data. The final figures, presented as Gross Retail Sales and a corresponding Retail Margin Value, are prepared for direct use in determining off-course retail and economic impact ripple effect modeling.
How it’s measured
The analysis uses a national golf retail baseline, adjusted with New York’s share of active golfers to estimate statelevel sales. Retail margin data from the U.S. Census Bureau is then applied to ensure figures reflect in-state economic contributions. The resulting sales and margin estimates, excluding on-course retail, are factored into the economic impact model.
Services and Manufacturing Impact
New York’s golf economy adopts a “hub-and-spoke” model: corporate leadership and media expertise are based in New York City, while manufacturing and services are spread statewide contributing $542.6 million to the New York economy in 2023. The “hub” includes Summit Golf Brands and premier publications like Golf Magazine (Golf. com) and Golf Digest, leveraging the city’s global media and fashion infrastructure. The “spokes” comprise long-standing manufacturers like Nassau Precision Casting in Freeport and innovators such as OnCore Golf in Buffalo. These producers are supported by service providers, from turf and irrigation companies to architects and event planners, collectively 108 manufacturers and service providers sustaining New York’s diverse and far-reaching golf industry.
Approach
What is assessed
This section evaluates the off-course commercial ecosystem of golf in New York — companies whose revenue and employment are fundamentally tied to the sport. These include manufacturers, apparel brands, architects, technology firms, service providers, and event planners whose businesses would be materially affected without the golf industry. The goal is to capture the broader economic contribution beyond on-site facility revenues.
How it’s measured
Companies were identified through targeted searches, industry directories, and cross-referencing supply chains. Revenue and employment estimates were derived from company websites, business data platforms (e.g., Dun & Bradstreet, Data Axle Reference Solutions, ZoomInfo), industry benchmarks, and public filings. Export percentages were applied to isolate economic impact.
Total Combined GolfRelated Supplies Impact
Golf Buys Local! Local Sourcing & Regional Flavors
New York golf clubs are deeply connected to their communities, supporting local small businesses. From Long Island’s farms and fisheries to the Hudson Valley’s orchards, Western New York’s breweries, and the Finger Lakes’ vineyards, clubs are weaving regional flavor into their operations.
• Nearly one in four surveyed facilities report regularly purchasing local produce, seafood, wine, beer, or specialty goods.
• Examples include fresh-caught fish from Montauk, maple syrup from upstate family farms, and orchard-grown apples from the Capital Region.
• Many courses supplement with on-site gardens, supplying vegetables, herbs, and honey for their kitchens and creating sustainable supply chains.
• Others extend support to local bakers, breweries, distilleries, and family markets, ensuring that golf facilities serve as steady customers for regional producers.
• The PGA of America works with local, small, and diverse-owned businesses to support supply chain opportunities for its PGA Championship events - companies like Stacy K Florals, Image360, and Zweigle’s Inc. of Rochester were sourced for the 2023 PGA Championship.
Tournaments & Associations
New York is a premier host for championship golf, staging more U.S. Opens (20) and PGA Championships (13) than any other state at iconic venues such as Winged Foot, Shinnecock Hills, Oak Hill, and Bethpage Black. In 2023, tournaments and associations generated $227.5 million in direct economic impact, anchored by the 105th PGA Championship at Oak Hill in Rochester. The event showcased the Finger Lakes region globally while driving tourism revenue and long-term brand value. Complementing this were the DICK’S Sporting Goods Open in Endicott, the Twin Bridges Championship on the Epson Tour, and the LPGA Legends Weekend in Monticello.
New York’s leadership in global golf will continue with Bethpage Black hosting the Ryder Cup in 2025, followed by U.S. Opens at Shinnecock Hills (2026, 2036) and Winged Foot (2028), reinforcing the state’s unmatched role in golf’s competitive history and economic vitality.
New York is home to more than 300 golf-related associations that advance professionalism, competition, and community engagement statewide. Four regional PGA Sections, six GCSAA chapters, two CMAA chapters, and the New York State Turfgrass Association elevate service quality through certification, education, and science-based best management practices. In 2023, New York’s PGA Sections hosted championships and junior events statewide, reinforcing professional standards, competition, and golf’s presence across local communities.
The NYSGA and MGA oversee handicapping and statewide championships, driving travel, hospitality, and retail while broadening accessible programming. In 2023, New York hosted multiple U.S. Open local qualifiers through the MGA and NYSGA, giving hundreds of golfers a pathway toward golf’s most prestigious championship. The First Tee – Western New York, Mount Vernon City School District, CP Rochester and other grassroots organizations are among recipients of industrysupported Make Golf Your Thing grassroots grants, promoting inclusion and growth.
Collectively, these associations demonstrate the infrastructure sustaining New York golf’s economic, social, and environmental value.
New York will continue to shine as a host state for the 2026 and 2036 U.S. Opens at Shinnecock Hills, the 2028 U.S. Open at Winged Foot, the 2028 KPMG Women’s PGA and 2033 PGA Championship at Bethpage Black, and the 2035 PGA Championship at Oak Hill.
Golf Tournaments and Associations State of New York
Value Attributed to New York ($ Millions)
Total $227.5
Approach
What is assessed
The tournaments analysis measures the direct economic impact of New York’s major golf tournaments, including tournament operations, spectator spending, and retail activity in host regions. State, regional, and local governance bodies, along with affiliated organizations and golf-related non-profits were identified for the associations segment. The scope included organizational relationships, event calendars, district-level entities, and specialized groups. Financial impact was measured through IRS filings and modeled estimates.
How it’s measured
Major tournaments were estimated using inputs such as attendance and validated against official state and event communications, ensuring estimates of the immediate financial activity generated. A four-step protocol guided the process for identifying and assessing Associations. Directories from the Empire State Golf Alliance (ESGA) provided a baseline inventory. Systematic website reviews mapped relationships and activities, supplemented by partner sites, tournament clearinghouses, and nonprofit databases. Financial records were retrieved from IRS Form 990 filings and validated against EINs and submission dates. Where data was unavailable, a structured estimation framework was employed including scale-based modeling, program-fee analysis, and categorical benchmarking.
golf-related associations advance leadership, fitness, competition, and community engagement statewide.
Charitable Giving
Golf facilities in New York are essential venues that make large-scale charitable fundraising possible. In 2023, every surveyed facility hosted at least one charitable event, contributing to an impressive 14,284 total events, both golf and non-golf, and supporting $267.4 million in economic contribution from golf-related events for local causes ranging from local Boys & Girls Clubs to food banks and Veterans’ programs to youth development and health initiatives. Courses provide the setting, organization, and community connections that allow these tournaments to thrive.
High-profile events such as the Nestlé Health Science Foundation Golf Outing, the Islanders Children’s Foundation Outing, the Children’s Happy Faces Foundation event, the Giants Foundation Charity Golf Classic, and the Skyline Charitable Foundation Golf Classic each raised hundreds of thousands of dollars. Collectively, these tournaments underscore how New York fairways are transformed into powerful platforms for philanthropy.
Approach
What is assessed
Charitable giving in New York captures the net proceeds and in-kind contributions from golf-related fundraising events hosted at facilities, along with professional tournament initiatives. While facilities also hosted non-golf charitable events, only golf-dependent tournaments are valued here, as these rely on golf as the essential fundraising platform. Event counts reflect all 14,284 charitable activities, averaging 19 per facility, however the economic contribution of golf is attributed solely to golf events.
How it’s measured
Estimates draw on the Radius New York Golf Facility Survey data and facility benchmarks from the National Golf Foundation. Additional sources include official event websites, press releases, Form 990 filings, and reputable news outlets. Where exact totals were unavailable, estimates relied on historical performance and event scale. Indirect and induced impacts were applied only to significant charitable golf tournaments, where activity exceeded normal facility operations, to avoid double counting.
Golf Tourism
Golf tourism is a powerful driver of New York’s visitor economy, generating $1.64 billion in direct spending in 2023. More than 2.1 million golf-related trips were taken across the state, segmented into out-of-state and international visitors, in-state overnight travelers, and in-state day-trip golfers. Out-of-state golfers represent the highest-value segment, spending an average of $1,515 per trip - over five times more than the typical New York tourist. In total, golf tourism delivers premium visitors who inject vital revenue into local economies from Long Island to the Finger Lakes.
Golf tourism also contributes to community well-being by preserving thousands of acres of greenspace, supporting wildlife habitats, improving air quality, and sustaining attractions that residents also enjoy. These benefits create a virtuous cycle where visitor spending enriches both local businesses and the broader quality of life across the Empire State.
Allocation of Tourism Revenue from Golfers
Visiting New York - 2023
Spotlight: Bethpage & Tourism
Approach
What is assessed
Direct impact is defined as spending by golf tourists on lodging, dining, retail, transportation, and recreation, excluding golf fees to avoid double-counting. The analysis uses a three-part segmentation model: Out-of-State/International, In-State Overnight, and In-State Day Trip to reflect distinct visitor behaviors.
How it’s measured
Trip volumes are benchmarked against industry travel patterns and facility survey data. Assumptions include two rounds of golf per trip for out-of-state visitors and adjusted attribution rates to isolate golf-motivated spending. Per-trip expenditures are composites from state tourism data and industry benchmarks. These assumptions provide a conservative baseline valuation of golf tourism’s economic contribution.
Bethpage State Park, a state-owned and publicly accessible facility, highlights golf’s dual role as a recreational outlet for residents and a powerful economic and marketing asset for New York. Bethpage provides affordable access while hosting globally significant events such as the 2019 PGA Championship which generated more than $120 million and supported over 1,100 jobs on Long Island. The 2025 Ryder Cup is projected to deliver nearly $150 million and attract 225,000 spectators and visitors, while showcasing New York to more than 500 million households worldwide, demonstrating the lasting value of public golf infrastructure.
Golf Real Estate
The walkable open spaces and year-round recreational opportunities provided by golf courses make them a highly valued amenity in residential communities, enhancing quality of life. Golf courses significantly enhance the value of surrounding real estate, driving over $444.6 million in direct economic and fiscal contributions in 2023. This impact comes through two channels. First, golf-related residential construction generated $311.8 million in spending as new communities expanded the state’s housing stock, supporting 2,685 jobs across labor, materials, and subcontracting. Second, homes in golf communities capture a measurable “golf premium,” with adjacency adding an estimated 20% to property values. This premium translated into $132.8 million in recurring property tax revenues for local governments, directly funding schools, infrastructure, and public services. Together, these contributions show golf’s long-term role as a community asset - stimulating new investment, strengthening local tax bases, and sustaining the economic and quality-of-life benefits that make New York’s golf communities highly desirable places to live.
Approach
What is Assessed
The analysis measures the economic contributions of golf-related residential construction and the property value premium of homes adjacent to courses, focusing on spending and fiscal revenues attributable to golf amenities.
How it is Measured
New York Golf Facility Survey data and third-party studies establish a 20% property value premium, applied to adjacent homes and taxed at New York’s 1.70% effective property tax rate for owner-occupied homes. This is a statewide average assumption and not specific to individual counties or municipalities. Premium assumptions are supported by National Association of Realtors studies (15–30%) and academic research identifying premiums up to 25.8% for lots directly abutting courses. New construction impacts are modeled using NAHB’s 64.4% national construction-cost ratio, with a 25% attribution factor applied to reflect buyer motivation tied to golf. The construction impact is treated as a one-time injection, while the property tax impact is recurring. Figures should be interpreted as conservative, statewide aggregates.
New York Golf Real Estate
Community at the Heart of New York Golf
A defining strength of New York’s golf industry is the way courses serve as community anchors, evolving far beyond the traditional role of sport. Today, 71% of facilities offer amenities such as racquet sports, fitness, or aquatics, positioning themselves as multi-use recreation centers that enhance family value, extend year-round engagement, and diversify revenue streams.
These facilities also bring people together in ways that transcend golf. From fireworks displays that light up summer nights to “First Green” outdoor classrooms and Rails-to-Trails partnerships linking neighborhoods, golf courses create shared experiences rooted in pride and connection. Festivals like Wings and Wheels highlight their place as community gathering grounds.
Inclusion is central to this mission. Nearly 69% of courses provide youth development opportunities through scholastic teams, junior golf, or The First Tee, supporting over 8,000 high school golfers statewide. More than 50 courses participate in Youth on Course, giving juniors $5 rounds, while New York PGA Sections engage 6,200 juniors annually through 400 facilities.
Accessibility extends further: 30% of courses host programs for beginners, seniors, Veterans, and individuals with disabilities through initiatives like PGA HOPE and adaptive golf. Shared-use greenspaces— gardens, trails, and birding areas—further underscore golf’s role as an inclusive, welcoming community asset, ensuring age, background, or ability never limits participation.
New York Golf Greenspace & Ecosystem Services
Golf courses across New York comprise a statewide network of green infrastructure that supports people, wildlife, and climate resilience. Collectively, 833 courses provide nearly 103,000 acres of open space. Of this total, 74,177 acres are maintained turfgrass (greens, tees, fairways, rough), averaging 89 acres per course - slightly below the GCSAA national median of 95 acres for 18-hole facilities. This indicates efficient land management that balances playability with environmental stewardship.
Natural areas - wetlands, forests, waterbodies, and native rough - account for 38,105 acres (37% of total golf course land). These areas preserve biodiversity, provide wildlife corridors, and deliver ecosystem services such as water filtration, flood mitigation, and carbon storage. Within the natural areas, there are 2,465 acres designated as wetlands (2.4% of total golf course land), functioning as critical habitat and natural stormwater infrastructure.
NY Golf Land Use Summary
Land-Use Distribution of Course Acreage
(Survey Input)
Geographic distribution underscores golf’s relevance in both urban and rural landscapes - representing substantial open space in every region. With urban development pressure increasing, especially in places like Long Island and Mid-Hudson, golf courses serve as critical buffers for natural habitat, stormwater management, and climate resilience. Notably, New York City includes over 3,800 acres of golf-course greenspace - an important complement to parks in a dense urban context. Natural areas filter surface water runoff, reduce air pollutants, enhance quality of life, reduce the urban heat island, and contribute to the overall health and well-being of New Yorkers.
• More than one in five acres is located on Long Island (22%), followed by Mid-Hudson (16%), Western New York (13%), Finger Lakes (12%), and Central New York (12%).
• Regions with the most acreage - like Long Island, Mid-Hudson, and Western NY - are key zones for capital reinvestment and facility upgrades. These areas may benefit most from sustainability initiatives or economic stimulus aimed at the golf industry.
New York Golf
Facilities Regional Distribution
New York Regional Distribution of Course Acreage
The
New York Best Management Practices (BMP)
Guide - developed with Cornell Universityprovides standardized, research-based protocols that 99% of surveyed superintendents deem valuable, with nearly half rating it ‘very to extremely valuable.’
Environmental Leadership & Ecosystem Services
New York golf facilities operate as living laboratories for environmental management. Golf’s ‘green infrastructure’turfgrass, trees, native rough, waterbodies, and wetlands - helps offset taxpayer costs for stormwater storage and treatment. Vegetation and soils filter runoff, reduce peak flows, and recharge aquifers, while trees and turf remove pollutants to support cleaner, healthier air for communities.
Many New York golf facilities have earned recognition through rigorous third-party evaluations, highlighting their commitment to environmental stewardship.
• 38 courses are certified by Audubon International
• 4 achieved Signature Sanctuary designation for excellence in habitat protection, water conservation, and sustainable land management.
Approximately one in twelve courses surveyed report participation in environmental programs and shared-use initiatives, a figure that amplifies conservation efforts and understates the broader integration of BMPs in daily operations across the state.
New York golf courses support STEAM programs with local schools, hosting golf course field trips with experiential learning focused on science, math, and the arts; many events are co-hosted with the support of the First Green, an initiative
Surface Water Management
Surface water includes rainwater and stormwater that flows off impervious surfaces such as roads, parking lots, and sidewalks. Stormwater can cause flooding, erosion, and reduced water quality by carrying pollutants with it. Golf course turfgrass reduces stormwater by slowing runoff, capturing precipitation, and reducing water volume that flows into the stormwater system.
103,000 acres
The “green infrastructure” of New York golf courses includes 103,000 acres of turfgrass, native rough, waterbodies, and wetlands to help offset the need for, and costs of, public infrastructure required to store and manage stormwater.
26,000
acres
In urban centers like New York City and Long Island, the natural capital provided by more than 26,000 acres of urban greenspace on golf courses is invaluable.
Reducing Urban Heat Island Effects
In urban areas, impervious surfaces (e.g. roads, buildings, sidewalks, parking lots, etc.) absorb rather than reflect heat, causing surface and ambient temperatures to rise, which results in heat stress, increased air pollutants, impaired water quality, negative health impacts, and higher energy consumption. Hard surfaces like concrete and asphalt absorb heat and worsen flooding, as seen during Hurricane Ida.
• As impervious surfaces rise, greenspace becomes increasingly important.
• Golf courses help cool cities by reflecting sunlight, unlike pavement which absorbs it. Their grass, trees, and water lower surface temperatures and provide shade.
• Golf courses reduce smog, break up heat zones, and offer the same cooling benefits as parks - making them valuable for urban climate resilience, especially during hot summer days.
Cooling New York City: Golf vs. Heat Islands
New York City is the most impervious major U.S. city, with Manhattan, Brooklyn, and Queens exceeding 70% hard-surface coverage. These surfaces trap heat, producing urban heat island (UHI) intensities averaging +7.6°F versus surrounding areas. New York City golf courses contribute over 3,800 acres of urban greenspace that reflect sunlight, provide shade, and cool the air, offering the same thermal benefits as parks while supporting habitat, recreation, and stormwater management.
Community, Health, and Wellness
Health, Fitness, and Wellness
Spending time in nature offers profound benefits for physical and mental well-being. Activities like golf, where players immerse themselves in natural surroundings for up to four hours per round, amplify these positive effects. Even golf spectators benefit by walking the course and engaging in physical activity uncommon in other sports.
Golf in New York serves as a vital platform for fitness and community well-being. The New York PGA Sections, Metropolitan Golf Association (MGA), and New York State Golf Association (NYSGA) collaborate to deliver one of the nation’s most robust pipelines for junior and community golf.
• More than 6,200 juniors participate annually through PGA Jr. League, the Met PGA Junior Tour, and NYSGA championships, learning the game in a team-based, health-focused environment that promotes physical activity and sportsmanship.
• The Met PGA and MGA Foundations extend golf’s reach through scholarships, caddie programs, PGA WORKS and GOLFWORKS internships, ensuring cost and background are never barriers.
• Adaptive clinics, veteran outreach, and inclusion programs further embed golf as a tool for wellness and community connection.
• Since 1967, the NYSGA Scholarship Fund has awarded over $500,000 to club employees pursuing higher education, reflecting golf’s commitment to opportunity, inclusion, and lifelong well-being.
Key Health Benefits of Golf
Social:
Golf promotes connections, making people healthier and happier.
Mental:
Time in nature lowers anxiety, stress, and enhances mood, cognition, and memory. Golf’s strategic elements improve attention and memory.
Physical:
Walking 18 holes covers about five miles or 10,000 steps and using a cart is estimated at 6,280 steps, or roughly three miles - boosting immunity, reducing chronic illness risk, increasing life expectancy, and reducing medical costs.
Water Management & Conservation
Water is a crucial natural resource for New York and water stewardship is a core competency of New York superintendents. New York statewide water use was estimated at approximately 7.9 million AF in 2023. In comparison, New York golf courses used 38,134 AF of water in 2023, representing less than half of one percent of the state’s annual water consumption. Each acre-foot of water applied generated approximately $182,134 in direct economic contribution for New York, underscoring golf’s significant role in delivering economic value for the state.
Total irrigation equaled 30,646 acre-feet (AF) supporting roughly 51,000 irrigated acres, with more than one‐third of facilities proactively reducing their irrigated acreage over a five-year span. In New York, courses report a median of 61.0 irrigated acres per facility, in line with the national median as reported by the Golf Course Superintendents Association of America (GCSAA).
New York’s water strategies, led by the Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC), the Environmental Facilities Corporation (EFC), and the Water Resources Institute, advances resilience principles - protecting supplies, managing infrastructure, and fostering sustainability to safeguard communities and ecosystems statewide. New York State’s strategies align closely with New York Golf Industry BMPs for sustainable water use, emphasizing education, outreach, and innovation. Golf courses lead by example, adopting efficient irrigation systems, monitoring, tracking, and demand management practices that conserve water, safeguard watersheds, and protect water qualitywhile contributing to recreation, fitness, and tourism for the state.
Total Water Use by Golf Course Management Area (2023)
Irrigated Acreage by Surface (acres)
Calculating Water Use in Acre-Feet
Water use is calculated in acre-feet (AF), which is the amount of water required to cover one acre, to a depth of one foot. An acre is about the size of a football field. It represents roughly 326,000 gallons.
Conservation, demand management, green infrastructure, and equitable access to water.
Protect watersheds, rivers, wetlands, aquifers, and enhance climate resilience.
Support agriculture, recreation, tourism, and reliable business operations.
Conservation at the Course:
New York golf courses used less than one percent of the state’s annual water consumption in 2023.
Water Management & Conservation BMPs
Superintendents in New York are deploying an impressive arsenal of water-conservation BMPs that blend cutting-edge science with hands-on stewardship. Nearly every course now uses wetting agents (94%) to boost infiltration, while visual scouting and targeted hand-watering (92%) ensure only the driest, most stressed turf receives supplemental irrigation. Other top water-saving BMPs: mulching (83%), soil-moisture meters (78%), and routine system inspections/calibration (74%). These layered strategies demonstrate an extraordinary commitment to stretch every drop of water as far as possible.
96.6%
facilities have at least 3 or more water conservation practices in place
71.6%
facilities have 5 or more; including irrigation control systems for monitoring water use, irrigation devices to lower water use, and drought resistant or native plants in non-play areas.
New York golf courses demonstrate strong water-quality protections. A vast majority of superintendents remove clippings before wash-downs (84%) and conduct regular water sampling (72%). Over half maintain chemical-free buffers (53%) or compost clippings (50%), while nearly half use vegetative strips (47%). Structural measures - bioswales, filter strips, detention basins - are found at one-third of facilities, with 25% using pervious paving. Emerging practices like greywater recycling (24%) and in-ground sensors are expanding. These layered safeguards highlight the industry’s leadership in conserving resources and protecting waterways while maintaining highquality playing conditions.
77%
of facilities report 3 or more BMPs (e.g., routine sampling, buffer zones around water bodies, and responsible equipment wash practices).
21%
of facilities report 7 or more, reflecting a significant cohort pursuing comprehensive water‐quality safeguards.
In 5 years, more than one-third of New York golf facilities removed 1,807 acres from irrigation, reducing the statewide irrigated footprint by 3.5% signaling lasting conservation gains.
Water Sources
Water sources are diversified to reduce strain on public systems: nearly half of irrigation is drawn from on-site wells; more than one-third comes from self-supplied surface water; and the remainder is split across municipal supplies, reclaimed water, and other sources. Water use and sources may vary due to differences in temperature, geography, water accessibility, and maintenance operations; factors may include precipitation, soil types, temperature, irrigation and xeriscape practices, turfgrass species, etc.
Irrigation Water Sources (Share of Total)
4% of New York golf courses used reclaimed water in 2023 which is below the national average of 21% and above the Northeast regional average of 2.6% as measured by the GCSAA in 2020.
What is Recycled Water?
Recycled water, also called effluent or reclaimed water, is produced by water treatment facilities and is sold for irrigation or other purposes.
Additional Water Conservation Highlights
37.1%
of golf course land is dedicated to natural areas - water, wetlands, trees, and native rough - that enrich communities by preserving habitat and protecting local ecosystems.
51,000
acres of New York golf courses are irrigated turfgrass, with New York golf courses encompass 103,000 total acres.
30,646
AF of irrigation water were used in New York golf courses in 2023, representing 80% of total golf course water usage.
USGS Water Use Data for New York
In 2015, according to the USGS’ Estimated New York Golf Course Irrigation Water Use, published in 2018, New York golf courses irrigated approximately 41,700 acres of turfgrass.
• USGS reported that New York golf courses withdrew about 36% of irrigation water from groundwater and 64% from surface water. Reclaimed wastewater and potable public-supply deliveries were not reported in the USGS dataset.
• According to USGS, public-supply freshwater withdrawals (2,425 Mgal/d) were about 94 times larger than self-supplied golf irrigation freshwater withdrawals (25.8 Mgal/d) in New York in 2015.
• Golf irrigation accounted for roughly 1% of the freshwater volume withdrawn by public water suppliers statewide.
• In 2015, New York golf courses consumed about 0.66 acre-feet of irrigation water per acre of irrigated turf, while roughly 5% of withdrawals cycled back as return flows that contribute to aquifer recharge and help sustain local surface waters.
What are Return Flows?
When golf courses irrigate, water is used by the turf and lost through evapotranspiration. But not all of it disappears. A small portion — about 5% in New York — seeps back into the ground or drains into nearby streams. These return flows help recharge underground aquifers and support local rivers and wetlands, keeping water in circulation for other users and the environment.
GCSAA National & Regional Water Use Data
Accurately measuring irrigated acres is central to water management, allowing superintendents to calibrate pump run times, set application rates, and benchmark efficiency. In New York, courses report a median of 61 irrigated acres per facility, in-line with the GCSAA national median and about six acres more than the Northeast (NE) median of 55.3 acres.
In 2022, GCSAA published the Golf Course Environmental Profile Phase III Volume I 2022 Water Use and Management Practices on U.S. Golf Courses.
• The median applied water per US golf facility in 2020 was 66.3 AF.
• Water use per facility (in median AF) for the Northeast Region in 2020 remained flat vs. 2005.
• Total projected applied AF for the Region declined by 18%.
Projected Water Applied to U.S. Golf Facilities in 2005, 2013, and 2020.
New York & Northeast Region Irrigated Acres by Area:
These insights help superintendents spot opportunities to apply additional BMPs and water management strategies. It is important to note that the GCSAA weighting may have been skewed toward smaller courses or less representative of New York state.
Method of Water-Use Management
An overwhelming share of New York courses (84%) uses metered reporting which allows for accurate measurement and real-time insight into water budgets, leak detection, calibration of pump schedules, and optimization of run-times. This demonstrates stewardship and empowers data-driven decisions that can reduce consumption and costs while maintaining turf quality.
Approach
What is Assessed
Reported volumes were derived from the 2024 New York Golf Facility Survey for total facility water use and golf course irrigation.
How it is measured:
Water meter records were used for 84% of facilities with 16% estimating usage via pump run times or utility bills. Percentages by source are rounded ranges due to local variation and multi-source blending. Conservation rates reflect self-reported adoption of specific BMPs.
Waste Diversion
What is Waste Diversion Rate?
Waste diversion rate measures the portion of waste which is not sent to the landfill, factoring in recycling and composted recycling. Tracking a diversion rate over time helps measure of the effectiveness of reuse, recycling, and composting programs.
Effective waste management is a key sustainability effort for New York golf courses, which are demonstrating leadership by recycling and composting over one-third of their waste. Their commitment to waste reduction lowers disposal costs, reduces greenhouse-gas emissions, and conserves natural resources.
New York golf courses achieved a 37% waste diversion rate in 2023, outperforming benchmarks including Buffalo, New York City, and the U.S. municipal average. This means New York courses are transforming what would otherwise be landfill-bound material into valuable resources.
Over 90% of New York golf courses are driving waste diversion, with 63% already recycling and another 28% set to implement programs within five years. Nearly 80% of courses adopted four or more waste-reduction BMPs, over 60% adopted six or more, and 20% implemented nine or more.
Each of New York’s ten regions reports solid implementation of core waste management BMPs:
• For top practices (oil recycling, mixed recycling, composting), every region contributes roughly 10–12 adopters, totaling over 100 implementations per BMP.
• Even smaller districts like the Southern Tier and Central NY maintain active programs, underscoring that waste reduction transcends geography and course size.
Common strategies include:
Hazardous‐Fluid Recycling (83.2%)
Separate, clearly labeled containers collect used oil, filters, and antifreeze.
Mixed Recycling (78.3%)
Curbside or on‐site programs capture plastics, metal, glass, paper and cardboard, diverting high‐volume streams from waste.
Digital Communications (69.2%)
Transitioning to email, mobile apps and digital signage slashes paper use, printing costs, and administrative overhead.
On-Site Compositing (71.3%)
Tree trimmings, leaves, and grass clippings are turned into compost, closing the loop on green waste and enriching soils naturally.
First-In, First-Out Inventory (62.9%)
Rotating supplies ensures products are used before expiration, reducing spoilage and unnecessary repurchases.
There are benefits of golf BMPs, beyond diverting waste from landfills. On-site composting recycles organics and enhances soil structure, moisture retention, and microbial biodiversity supporting turf resilience and sequestering carbon. Repurposing fryer oil and golf balls promotes closed loop strategies that extend product lifecycles and foster community goodwill. These examples demonstrate New York golf’s commitment to environmental leadership.
What is Assessed
Golf facility waste management data comes from the 2024 New York golf facility survey conducted by Radius Sports Group, which included questions about annual waste, recycling, and composting amounts.
How it is Measured
Conversion estimates were used from averaged ranges published in Measuring Recycling: A Guide for State and Local Governments, by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; Washington: 1997. Materials where scale-based weights were not possible (i.e. motor oil, fryer grease, furniture) were not included in these estimates.
Pollinator Protection and Wildlife Habitat
Golf courses support wildlife habitats, often maintaining critical links between nature and urban environments. Protecting pollinators like bees, butterflies, moths, bats and other vital species is an essential component of modern turf management. Golf courses provide forage, nesting sites, and safe corridors for pollinators. New York superintendents embed pollinator and wildlife-friendly Best Management Practices (BMPs) across their operations to function as interconnected pollinator networks, offsetting urban and agricultural pressures statewide.
Numerous New York golf courses provide bird and bat houses, beehives, and butterfly gardens to encourage pollinators which help sustain New York agriculture, including apples, grapes, cherries, pumpkins, squash, and berries.
All ten New York regions from Long Island’s coastal layouts to the Adirondacks’ inland courses report robust pollinator BMP implementation. In every core BMP category (timing, spot treatments, drift reduction, mowing before sprays), each region registers at least 8–12 adopters, summing to 100+ implementations per practice. Smaller regions like Central NY and Western NY also actively participate, highlighting that pollinator protection is a statewide priority. Timing and precision measures dominate, underscoring superintendents’ grasp of pollinator behavior and pollinator protection.
Pollinators & Wildlife Habitat BMPs - Summary
ALWAYS apply pesticides at times when pollinators are least active during early morning or late evening.
Employ spot treatment on large playing areas to treat only where pests have been previously documented.
Use spray technologies such as drift-reduction nozzles to prevent offtarget application.
Mow flowering weeds prior to insecticide applications.
ALWAYS avoid insecticide applications to turf areas when flowering weeds are in bloom.
Retain or plant native vegetation and use native drought-tolerant plants when feasible.
Plant flowers with varying characteristics like color, shapes, sizes, flowering times, and growth habits that attract pollinators and refrain from insecticide applications near these areas.
Maintain shoreline buffers planted with native or well-adapted noninvasive vegetation to provide food and shelter for wildlife for out-ofplay waterbodies.
Use granular formulations of pesticides that are known to be less hazardous to bees.
Develop relationships with the DEC or local fish and wildlife service organizations.
Educate stakeholders on pollinator and wildlife habitat BMPs through classes, communications, workshops, or tours.
Identified property as an existing or protected habitat for endangered species, monitor and maintain a management plan for protection of the species.
Participate in bird counts to help assess golf course biodiversity and health of bird species in the area.
Set up and maintain hives within a natural area of the golf course and refrain from insecticide applications near this area.
Use lures, baits, and pheromones as an alternative to pesticides for pest management.
Pollinator Protection & Wildlife Habitat BMPs at New York Golf Courses:
~90% of courses implement 4 or more BMPs
64% have adopted 6 or more distinct practices
20% report 10 or more BMPs in active use
BMPs are integrated into planning, design, and construction to foster habitats, nesting sites, and wildlife corridors. Pollinator and wildlife BMPs encompass habitat restoration, native plantings, and protected zones for bees and butterflies. New York golf courses often integrate these into rough areas, gardens, and buffer zones around water bodies. Wetlands account for 2.4% of New York golf course acreage, with another 3.0% in ponds and streams - both safeguarded as sensitive aquatic areas. Given site-specific feasibility constraints (e.g., not all facilities can host hives), these figures reflect a remarkably comprehensive commitment.
Nearly 40% of courses develop relationships with the New York Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) and local wildlife agencies, and about one in five educate stakeholders on the importance of preserving habitat for wildlife and pollinators through classes, communications, workshops, or tours.
What is Assessed & How it is Measured
Golf facility pollinator and wildlife BMP data comes from the 2024 New York golf facility survey conducted by Radius Sports Group.
Energy Conservation
Energy plays a central role in golf course operations, powering clubhouses, irrigation, and turf fleets, while also offering opportunities for leadership in efficiency and conservation. Across New York, facilities are adopting BMPs that reduce costs, integrate innovative solutions, and demonstrate environmental stewardship. These efforts align closely with New York State’s ambitious Climate Act goals and NYSERDA’s 10-Point Renewable Energy Action Plan, underscoring golf’s role as a proactive partner in advancing clean energy and building a sustainable future.
Expand renewable energy generation: 70% renewable electricity by 2030; net-zero grid by 2040
Invest in efficient infrastructure & grid resilience: major investments in transmission and efficiency
Accelerate transportation electrification: zero-emission vehicles by 2035
Build a clean energy workforce & ensure just transition: training, equity, and community inclusion
Support innovation & future readiness: offshore wind master plan, EV integration, supply chain growth
Golf facilities across New York are advancing this agenda at the ground level. Courses are cutting energy use, investing in solar arrays, electrifying fleets, and embedding BMPs to reduce energy demand. These efforts mirror the state’s priorities - demonstrating how local actions in golf align with statewide policy to build a cleaner, more resilient energy future.
5% of New York courses already generate on-site solar, reducing grid reliance and visibly signaling a commitment to renewables
Courses implement LEDs, variable-frequency drives (VFDs), and advanced pump controls to optimize energy use and lower demand
70% of courses have or plan to adopt electric golf carts; over half are transitioning to electric mowers, reducing emissions and noise
Superintendents receive continuous education on BMPs, integrating conservation into daily operations and training
Courses are utilizing EV charging stations (14.7%) and carpooling programs (14.0%), aligning with statewide mobility and carbon-reduction strategies
NY State Priority (10-Point Action Plan)
Golf Course Alignment (BMPs)
Fuel Mix & Renewable Uptake
Electricity is nearly universal on New York courses, with courses tapping grid power for pump stations, lighting, clubhouse operations, and electric equipment. Diesel remains the next most-common fuel at 81%, closely followed by gasoline at 80%, reflecting widespread use in utility vehicles, small engines, and auxiliary equipment. Propane fuels boilers and backup generators, while natural gas heats clubhouses and heating oil still powers 23% of facilities. On-site renewable energy is in its early stages with 5% of courses harnessing solar, mirroring New York State’s overall solar share of electricity generation. Courses incorporate solar via rooftop arrays, canopy-mounted panels over cart barns, or small ground-mounted installations to help offset clubhouse and pump-station loads, shrink utility expenses, and visibly signal a commitment to renewable energy.
Energy Source Used by New York Golf Courses (2023)
Fleet Electrification Trends
Electric-drive equipment is moving toward mainstream. As of 2023, 45% of courses operate electric golf carts, and another 25% plan to add them within five years driving the total of “already or soon-to-be” electric cart fleets toward 70%. Electric mowers are on a similar trajectory with 16% of facilities use battery-powered units now and 36% planning adoption, pushing the combined electrification rate to more than half of New York golf facilities. This shift lowers fuel and maintenance costs, reduces noise, improves air quality, and positions the New York golf industry as a leader in sustainable, low-emission outdoor recreation.
Electrification of Equipment Used at New York Golf Courses (2023)
Energy Conservation BMPs at New York Golf Courses:
Electric Golf Carts Electric Mowers
New York Golf Energy Conservation
• All ten regions report implementation of core measures LEDs, VFDs, and advanced pump controls indicating that course size or locale does not constrain participation.
• There are no regions where any primary BMP falls below roughly 10 adopters per practice, demonstrating statewide engagement.
• Top four energy conservation efforts include use of indoor and outdoor LED lighting (85%), Variable Frequency Drives (VFDs) in pump stations (82%), lithium battery golf carts (55%), and automated light schedulers (54%).
• Courses are utilizing next-generation practices: Electric Vehicle (EV) Charging Stations: 14.7% providing charging points prepares facilities for electrified fleet vehicles and guest EVs, integrating golf into broader decarbonization trends.
Electric and Energy-efficient Equipment: 47% using hybrid mowers and utility vehicles, 25% using electric mowers, and 30% utilizing electric tools like rollers and backpack blowers.
What is Assessed & How it is Measured
Golf facility energy conservation BMP data comes from the 2024 New York golf facility survey conducted by Radius Sports Group. Adoption percentages are benchmarked against national studies, with regional extrapolations applied to the statewide facility base.
Benefits of Lithium Ion Battery Golf Carts
Charge in 2-3 hours vs. 8-10hrs for traditional lead-acid batteries
Longer product lifespan (3x - 5x longer) than traditional golf cart batteries
They are light reduce weight of cart by 300lbs = more efficient
No maintanence no adding water, cleaning corrosion, or checking acid levels
Batteries do not lose power as voltage dips don’t get ‘tired’ as used
Integrated Pest Management
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a system that allows golf courses to solve pest problems in the lowest risk fashion. Through practices like scouting, identifying pests, and using data, superintendents can become more efficient with pesticide use, leading ultimately to control of key pests with fewer pesticide applications. Most golf courses maintain a suite of complementary tactics, marrying proactive scouting and mechanical controls with judicious chemical interventions.
IPM BMPs at New York Golf Courses
95% report 4 or more IPM practices
87% implemented at least 5 (half) of key IPM practices
75% adopted 6 or more
Environmental Impact Quotient: A ScienceBased Tool to Guide Smarter Decisions
Pesticide risk indicators, like the Environmental Impact Quotient (EIQ), provide numerical risk estimates of a pesticide application to the environment, applicators, and/ or golfers, and can aid in selection of lower risk products. Cornell extension professionals and organizations like the New York State Turfgrass Association (NYSTA) provide continuing education on pesticide risk indicators for the New York golf industry.
The varied nature of pest management in New York requires an array of knowledge and IPM practices to control pests of all kinds and produce high quality playing conditions. Pest scouting is a crucial aspect of IPM and New York golf courses adopt all scouting-related practices at high rates (88%). A strong percentage of courses (56%) evaluate pesticide product efficacy through check plots or data collection, which is indicative of critical evaluation of pest control strategies.
• Top IPM efforts also include chemical rotation (98%) to reduce resistance and spot treatments (81%) to minimize use.
• In top‐tier practices (rotation, scouting, spot treatments), each region contributed roughly 12–14 implementations.
• Even smaller districts (Central NY, Southern Tier) show strong participation, with 8–10 adopters in core areas.
• Development of formal written IPM plans are currently 32% which may suggest practices come before planning, supporting the need for a more concise, clear document to serve as a communication tool for stakeholders.
Of the top 5 most difficult to control pests in New York:
• Two were diseases: dollar spot and anthracnose
• Two were insects: annual bluegrass weevil and earthworms
• One was a weed: crabgrass
Data-driven Pest Management
A key finding shows that 80% of New York golf courses regularly consult pest forecasting models that consider prevailing weather patterns to predict pest emergence. This is a significant improvement from a 2021 nationwide survey by the GCSAA, where 60% of superintendents used such models.
Decision-Support Tools
An emerging trend in golf course management is using data-driven decision-support tools (DSTs). These tools synthesize complex information into practical insights. At New York golf courses:
• 8 of the 15 DSTs surveyed were used at rates above 50%, showing strong adoption
• 43% incorporate pesticide risk indicators - advanced models typically used by researchers - demonstrating commitment to assessing risks beyond product labels
• At least two courses in every geographic region have adopted DSTs, this widespread adoption emphasizes the sensitivity of New York golf courses to pesticide use
• DSTs with the highest use rates involve environmental and weather monitoring either directly (weather data, growing degree days, soil temperatures) or through models that predict pest pressure (insects, weeds, diseases)
- 2023 The Cornell Turfgrass ForeCast website allows New York golf courses to access pestforecasting models for free, offering a template for other states to similarly offer digital support tools that foster BMP adoption.
New York golf courses continue to expand BMP adoption, with growing use of IPM underscoring steady improvement and showing that responsible stewardship enhances the golfing experience.
What is Assessed
How it is Measured
from the 2024 New
Decision Support Tools used by New York Golf Courses
Decision Support Tool (DST)
Nutrient Management
Nutrient management is a cornerstone of sustainable golf course operations, balancing plant health and care for the environment. Over the past five years, New York golf course superintendents have made measurable strides in optimizing nutrient use, balancing turf health with environmental stewardship. Today, 56% of total golf course acreage (57,512 acres) receives fertilizer equivalent to 77% of the actively maintained 74,475acre footprint demonstrating that fertilization remains a targeted practice focused on playability and turf quality.
From the Finger Lakes to the shores of Long Island, golf courses across New York state are intimately familiar with the importance of protecting water quality. Research has shown that strategic use of fertilizer on golf courses through BMPs can maintain water quality while providing the necessary turfgrass quality to support desirable playing conditions for golfers. Every New York region shows strong BMP implementation in top-tier practices (soil sampling, calibration, record-keeping), with each region contributing roughly 10 to 15 adopters, demonstrating true “barn-door” coverage.
Reducing Fertilized Acreage and Use
Nearly one-third (27%) New York golf facilities reported they intentionally reduced total fertilized area, amounting to an average 13% decrease in fertilized acreage, equating to roughly 2,868 acres.
Superintendents Reporting Reduction in Fertilization Practices
of Fertilizer Reduction
Nutrient Management BMPs at New York Golf Courses Understanding Application Rates
of respondents adopted 4 or more BMPs
Measuring fertilizer per 1,000 ft² is central to responsible turf management. New York courses calculate application rates by dividing total pounds of nitrogen (N), phosphate (P₂O₅), and potash (K₂O) by the full acreage under active maintenance. Guided by soil tests, product innovations, and BMPs, this method supports strong turf performance while protecting water quality and maximizing efficiency.
report using all 12 BMPs surveyed
New York State Park Golf Courses and Cornell University: Environmental Stewardship & Sustainable Turf Care
Fertilized Acres as % of Maintained Acres
Fertilized Acres as % of Total Golf Course Acres
Fertilized Acres (77%)
There has been increased study and application using turfgrass growth rates to guide fertilization, resulting in more efficient fertilizer use and improved playing conditions. In this survey, 81% of New York golf courses are accounting for growth when fertilizing fairway/ rough areas, and 58% are collecting clipping volume data from their putting greens that offers a precise datapoint to inform fertilizer decision-making. Adoption of growth rate related BMPs, a newer concept in the industry, by New York superintendents indicate they may be more closely following the latest research as early adopters.
• Of the 13 nutrient management BMP questions asked, 8 had adoption above 50%.
• 86% of superintendents surveyed implemented at least 6 (half) of key nutrient management BMPs.
• Record-keeping of fertilizer applications and soil tests are done at a high rate >87%.
Over the past 25 years, New York State Park Golf Courses and Cornell University have forged a partnership that reshaped golf course management nationwide. What began as an effort to address pesticide concerns on the Bethpage Green Course evolved into a model of sustainable, science-based turf care that balances golfer expectations with environmental stewardship.
The program’s success stemmed from New York State allowing research directly on its courses—an uncommon chance to test practices under real-world conditions over decades. Early studies at Bethpage showed that progressive cultural practices, pest scouting, and precise interventions could maintain playing quality while reducing pesticide use. The program also introduced Environmental Impact Quotient (EIQ) metrics, guiding superintendents nationwide in selecting products for both performance and safety.
Today, the partnership is fully data-driven, with superintendents tracking pesticide risk, nutrients, and water use to optimize resources and limit environmental impact. Validated globally at Bethpage Black, the program now stands as a national model, proving championship golf and environmental responsibility can thrive together.
Lowering Fertilizer Volumes
• Over the past five years, New York golf course superintendents have made measurable strides in optimizing nutrient use, turf health, and environmental stewardship. Fertilizer is applied to just 56% of total course acreage (57,512 acres) covering 77% of the actively maintained 74,475-acre footprint, highlighting a deliberate, performance-focused approach to turf management and environmental care.
• Fertilizer use across fairway and rough areas accounts for most of the fertilizer applied on golf courses. 71% of facilities surveyed indicate they apply fertilizer on a spot treatment basis in these areas, a crucial BMP to reduce overall fertilizer use.
• Only 39% of golf courses apply phosphorus to fairways and just 22% to roughs. This marks a significant improvement since 2021, when a GCSAA survey of Northeastern courses found that 50% applied phosphorus to fairways and 31% to roughs.
• Almost half of respondents (47%) cut nutrient use by an 8.9% reduction in total pounds, showing they fine tuned application rates and timing to meet plant needs without excess.
• Out of 11 BMP questions that were similar between the most recent national GCSAA and New York State surveys, 5 BMPs were adopted by New York golf courses at rates at least 10% higher than courses at a national level.
• Of particular interest is the adoption of modern soil test interpretation methods – Minimum Levels of Sustainable Nutrition guidelines (MLSN) – that have changed how turfgrass managers think about nutrient management. In previous national surveys, adoption of these new guidelines was very low (~10%), New York findings shows 47% adoption. While the GCSAA survey question did not ask specifically about MLSN, it would be assumed that “new fertilizer guidelines” would refer to MLSN.
Comparison of Best Management Practice Adoption Rates: GCSAA and Empire State Golf Alliance
GCSAA Question NY Survey Question
New York golf courses demonstrate responsible nutrient management, with nitrogen and potassium use aligned to national GCSAA benchmarks and phosphorus applied responsibly under state rules. Courses focus nutrients on key play areas while limiting use elsewhere, demonstrating efficiency and environmental stewardship.
Percent of Courses Applying Potassium to Specific Course Areas
New York golf courses pair a steadfast commitment to turf quality and cost control with proactive watershed protection, using continuous monitoring and technology to fine-tune applications. Nearly half of total acreage is unfertilized, while widespread adoption of record-keeping, calibration, soil testing, and precision spot treatments builds a strong nutrient-management foundation. These data-driven strategies support environmental stewardship and sustainability for New York golf courses.
What is Assessed
Golf facility IPM BMP data comes from the 2024 New York golf facility survey conducted by Radius Sports Group.
How it is Measured
Analysis was completed in collaboration with Cornell University and benchmarked against national and state golf industry studies.
New York State Golf Course BMP Guide: A Cornerstone of Environmental Stewardship
New York has been a leader among states in codifying and implementing Best Management Practices (BMPs) starting with its first codified BMP document in 2014. The New York State Golf Course BMP Guide is a statewide roadmap created through collaboration among the DEC, industry associations, Cornell University, and superintendents. It provides research-based protocols that 99% of surveyed superintendents deem valuable, with nearly half rating it ‘very to extremely valuable.’ Covering water, nutrients, IPM, pollinators, energy, and waste, the Guide translates science and regulations into clear, actionable practices. By standardizing practices and offering state-approved protocols, the Guide unites stakeholders in protecting watersheds, enhancing wildlife habitat, and positioning golf as a leader in sustainable land management
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Index
This index maps the actions and impacts of the New York golf industry to the 17 Global Goals or SDGs. It demonstrates how local initiatives - from water stewardship to youth programs - align with global priorities for people, the planet, and prosperity.
No Poverty: $267.4 million raised through 14,284 charitable events supporting local nonprofits, Veterans, and youth causes.
Zero Hunger: Courses source produce and specialty goods from New York farms; some maintain on-site gardens for herbs, vegetables, and honey.
Good Health & Well-being: Walking 18 holes provides ~5 miles of exercise; PGA HOPE and adaptive programs support Veterans, seniors, and people with disabilities.
Quality Education: The First Green STEAM and NYSTA Apprenticeship programs engage students in science and math; junior golf programs reach 6,200+ youth and ~8,000 high school golfers.
Gender Equality: Women’s golf participation is 4% above national average; New York hosts the 2028 KPMG Women’s PGA Championship.
Clean Water & Sanitation: 98% of courses use three or more water reduction strategies; 77% use three or more water quality BMPs; ecosystem services provided by golf courses include water filtration and aquifer recharge.
Affordable & Clean Energy: 89% of courses implement energy BMPs: 47% hybrid mowers, 25% electric mowers, and 30% other electric tools.
Decent Work & Economic Growth: $12.9B total output; 89,044 jobs; $3.8B in wages and benefits; $542.6M in manufacturing and services.
Industry, Innovation & Infrastructure: $588.6M in capital improvements for irrigation, facilities, and renovations; advanced use of risk indicators and decision-support tools.
Reduced Inequalities: Youth on Course and municipal access provide affordable play; 153 municipal facilities ensure wide access.
Sustainable Cities & Communities: 103,000 acres of greenspace mitigate flooding and urban heat; 3,800+ acres in NYC provide ecological services in dense areas.
Responsible Consumption & Production: 37% waste diversion rate - above the U.S. average - via recycling, composting, oil reuse, and golf ball recycling.
Climate Action: BMP adoption supports climate resilience; 38,000 acres of wetlands, trees, and native habitat offset pollution and stormwater.
Life Below Water: Buffer zones and designated wetlands (2,465 acres) safeguard aquatic ecosystems and stormwater capture.
Life on Land: 90% of courses adopt multiple pollinator-friendly BMPs; restoration projects expand biodiversity; 38 Audubon International Certified (including four Signature Sanctuaries). (80,
Peace, Justice & Strong Institutions: Transparent BMP reporting; collaboration and engagement with Cornell University and New York regulatory bodies.
Partnerships for the Goals: Empire State Golf Alliance unites 16 organizations; collaboration with six GCSA chapters and Cornell University for the New York Golf BMP Guide demonstrates statewide collaboration.
Summary
New York golf courses are advancing sustainability through concrete actions that map directly to each of the 17 SDGs. From reducing water use and diverting waste to providing urban greenspace and supporting inclusive community programs, the industry reflects how local leadership can contribute to global goals.
Appendix A: References
Government Data Sources
• U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis. State annual summary statistics (SASUMMARY): Personal income, GDP, consumer spending, price indexes, and employment.
• U.S. Census Bureau. (n.d.). QuickFacts: New York. https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/NY/PST045224
• U.S. Census Bureau. (n.d.). QuickFacts: United States. https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/US/ PST045224
• U.S. Census Bureau. Annual Retail Trade Survey (ARTS). https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/arts.html
• New York State Department of Health. (2012). Table 1: Estimated population by age, sex, and region. https://www. health.state.ny.us/statistics/vital_statistics/2012/table01.htm
• New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC). (2024). Total Water Use 2018–2023. https://dec. ny.gov/sites/default/files/2024-11/totalwateruse18-23.pdf
• New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC). Water quantity and conservation. https://dec. ny.gov/environmental-protection/water/water-quantity/water-use-conservation
• New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC). Water withdrawal permits & reporting. https:// dec.ny.gov/environmental-protection/water/water-quantity/water-withdrawal-permits-reporting/water-conservationrequirements
• New York State Department of State (DOS). (2021). Resilience principles. https://dos.ny.gov/system/files/ documents/2021/08/resilienceprinciples_opd.pdf
• New York State Department of State (DOS). Water resources management. https://dos.ny.gov/water-resourcesmanagement
• New York State Department of Taxation & Finance.
Industry Reports & Trade Groups
• Golf Course Superintendents Association of America (GCSAA). (2022). Golf Course Environmental Profile Volume III: Water Management and Conservation Practices on U.S. Golf Courses.
• National Association of Home Builders (NAHB). (2024). Cost of Construction Survey.
• National Association of Realtors. (2020). Housing data.
• National Golf Foundation (NGF). (2024). Golf participation in the U.S.
• National Golf Foundation (NGF). (2023). National Rounds Played Report.
• GolfLink. New York golf courses: Public and private.
• Golf Digest. (2023/2024). New York Top 50 courses. https://golfday.us/course-listings/Course-Listings.html
• U.S. Golf Association (USGA).
Academic & Market Research
• Grand View Research. (2023). U.S. golf equipment market outlook.
• Data Bridge Market Research. (2024). U.S. golf apparel, footwear, and accessories market.
• Guidestar. https://www.guidestar.org
• Data Axle (ReferenceUSA).
Tourism, Economy, and Regional Sources
• Office of Governor Kathy Hochul. (2024, August 28). Governor Hochul announces record-setting tourism milestones for New York State. Governor.ny.gov
• Tourism Economics. (2024). Economic impact of visitors in New York 2023 – Statewide. Esd.ny.gov
• New York State Tourism Industry Association (NYSTIA). (2024, November 5). 2023 Economic Impact: How tourism drives success in New York State. Nystia.org
• Empire State Development. (2023). Economic impact of visitors in New York 2023.
• Greater Rochester Enterprise (GRE). (2023). Economic impact of the 2023 PGA Championship.
• Turning Stone Resort. (2023). Golf at Turning Stone fuels record-breaking tourism.
• U.S. Travel Association. (2015). U.S. travel answer sheet. Ustravel.org
Demographics, Economy, and Business Profiles
• New York Demographics. Current census data. https://www. newyork-demographics.com/
• Wikipedia. (n.d.). Demographics of New York (state). https:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_New_York_(state)
• New York Demographics. Cities by population. https://www. newyork-demographics.com/cities_by_population
• Investopedia. (2016). New York’s economy: The six industries driving GDP growth.
