Design Studio 4.2 Report - Dock Street Community Library- SAMPLE VERSION

Dock Street Community Library – Sample Report Tony Tran – 201260525 Design Studio 4.2 – CIVE5845M

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Site Location and Description The proposed site is located in Leeds on Dock Street, just at the south side of the River Aire, in the Hunslet and Riverside Ward. It faces the open Brewery Wharf plaza area in the south east direction. It is approximately 1085m2 large in area, and at a flat level of 25.9m [Digimaps, 2022]. The site is a 5-minute walking distance from a number of bus stops, as well as a 10-minute walk from the Leeds Railway station. Dock Street allows vehicular access with a route connecting the site from the north side of the River Aire via Leeds Bridge, besides Dock Street. The site is also very accessible by those who are travelling by food as it is adjacent to the Centenary footbridge crossing the river.

1 – Leeds Train Station 2 – Trinity Shopping Centre 3 – Corn Exchange 4 – Kirkgate Market 5 – Leeds Dock

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SITE

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Site Context The site is positioned at the interface of the industrial and modern zones at the edge of Dock Street. On the west-side of the site are the industrial-style, red-brick private apartments and repurposed offices which resemble the historic past of the Hunslet area; whereas the east side boast a more modern development consisting of curved, largely glazed structures like the Brewery Place enclosing the Brewery Wharf plaza, alongside of the relatively recent cable stayed centenary footbridge. The surrounding area of the site offers many footpaths and routes to navigate around the infrastructure, as demonstrated in the site plan.

6 5m

As shown in the site plan, south east corner faces the Brewery Wharf Plaza and its east and north face is visible from the centenary bridge.

On the south and south west direction, the site is exposed to Dock Street and Kendall Street, however, these are both relatively quiet and Kendall Street mainly has car parks and back-sides of buildings facing towards it. But, in the distance of the south direction, there are two notably large and bright coloured buildings called ‘One Brewery Wharf’ and ‘The Jury’ (apartments and hotel) which set and dominate the scene in the south direction from the site.

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Djanogly Learning Resource Centre, Nottingham The Djanogly Learning Resource Centre is a library I have personally visited, and the experience of navigating through it was what truly sparked the design idea of a spiral, single routed building. From entering this building, you are greeted by the start of a continuous ramp which spirals all the way to the top level, along the ramp were a range of occupied spaces from seated study spaces to clusters of bookshelves. From my personal experience of reaching the top was that it felt like walking a continuous straight path - the subtle turning radius and repetitive frame of reference illusively took away the fact that this path way a spiral. As a result, in addition to the experience of being static and sitting in the library of reading, learning, etc. I want to also focus on the experience of circulating my library and create a memorable experience for anyone visiting.

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The Darling Exchange, Sydney Kengo Kuma expresses his abilities and experiences in timber facades from his ‘Darling Exchange’ in Sydney. This example demonstrates how the main form is simple (glazing wrapping around the entire building) and a more complicated, secondary geometry is added to dominate the impression of the dorm from the outside (strips of timber).

As shown from the diagrams, the timber facade consists of many strips of timber attached to a structural support member, branching out at different lengths and heights, distributed along the perimeter.

These supports are attached to a stub connection bolted to the floor slab edge.

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Vietnamese Streets Experience •

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Features •

Walking through the urban Vietnamese streets, the walkways would sometimes be overwhelming from the chaotic, fast paced, loud, and packed activity. From personal experience, it was fascinating walking past these compartments as the activities were so varied from barbers, to restaurants, to drinks vendor, to café, all within a short distance.

From the constant rumble of motorcycles on the road, to the chatter of locals, to the bright and vibrant signs stamped along the street and smell of hot food cooking, these streets were a playground for the senses – there was always something to pay attention to.

Typically, visitors congregate outside at the front of a house, giving a visual indicator of what the compartment was used for. Walking past these spaces, there would often be greetings from the locals, giving a warm and welcoming impression.

Despite being a bit gritty and earthy, I believe the true beauty of these streets are that they represent the day-to-day lives of some locals. In addition to the hustle of managing a pack shop, these were also owners’ homes once the sun comes down and metal shutters/gates close off.

Groups of seating

Light, plastic stools

Grid lines

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The outdoor seating and activity were the main character of these streets. With such a limited amount of space on the walkway, people had to sit close together, even if they were complete strangers, to enjoy their meal, etc.

The streets were furnished with lightweight, cheap plastic chairs and tables which could be stacked and put away quickly. Hence, they can be moved easily, giving some freedom for furniture arrangement someone could move their seat from one spot to another without hassle.

Also, the selection of furniture is based on availability (cheap) and utility rather than aesthetic.

The form of these compartments rectilinear, creating vertical and horizontal grid lines, as shown in figures below.

For each compartment, there is a bright and vibrant sign which labels the space - this is quite eye catching for these streets in particular based on the use of primary and high contrasting colours From above, there are a lot of exposed services and hanging decoration, ranging from hanging electrical wires to Asian lanterns and bunting.

Exposed wires/services

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Bright signs

Hanging fixtures

Greenery

Imitation of Streetscapes With the Vietnamese streets as a principal theme of the design, it is vital to see and analyse how some other buildings and interior spaces can create the effect of replicating a streetscape aesthetic, whether intentional (Zaap Thai) or not. In particular, I have looked at Zaap Thai restaurants’ interior design, the Fujita Coffee Building, Brixton Market, and the Abedian School of Architecture.

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Zaap Thai Restaurants

Fujita Coffee Shop

Brixton Market

Abedian School of Architecture

These examples have forms which create grids of vertical and horizontal lines, making divisions between different bays, compartments, and levels.

High levels of natural light are a strong feature in replicating an outdoor environment – this is achieved by large glazing panels, glazed roofs and tall ceilings.

With the use of either full-height glazing, a glazed ceiling and tall roof, a high level of natural light is achieved in the interior space, creating an impression of being exposed to exterior space.

Raw materials add the ‘grunge’ look of a street – filled with imperfections, irregular patterns and discolouration which resemble external walls and paving.

Sporadicity and variation in furniture and layout give a space the ‘human’ touch – this can be should by the mix and matching of Zaap Thai’s furniture sets; and the range in colour and displays of Brixton Market.

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Design Principles

Form Development

From looking at precedents such as the Djanogly Learning centre, Guggenheim and Fujita Coffee Building, these had influenced me to experiment with the concept of using a string of circulation from top to bottom. In the library, I want to replicate a Vietnamese street through the long spiral of circulation, making visitors walk along a single line passing rooms and open-front compartments, which would be the shops and stall in a real street.

Experimenting with the string of circulation, I decided to arrange it in a circular spiral, forming a central atrium, with the top and bottom ends pointing over the River Aire and at the Brewery Wharf open area, respectfully.

I had taken influence from Kengo Kuma’s Darling Exchange and used two layers of facades. The outer layer is a bulging steel panel to distinguish the layering of the spiral, expressing and amplifying the geometry. Whereas the inner layer is full-height glazing which is purposed for a more practical sense of being the main weather barrier.

One of the challenges faced with liberty in experimentation is ensuring that this circulation is an accessible experience for everyone, such as wheelchair users. For this, I minimised the use of stairs and ensured that the slope was at a reasonable angle to be continuous (<1:20).

Continuous form

Wrapping around the spiral is a set of external glulam columns which progress and ascend to emphasise the spiral nature of the building. In addition to some structural benefit, they are also used to support the mammoth spiral form in a visual sense.

Circulation route

Combine Form and Route 8

Add Extra Structural Support

Form

Accessibility

As a result, from the development, the overall building is a spiralling 6m wide strip which spirals over three revolutions, with an outer diameter of 12m from the ground, progressing to 13m at the top. The top and the bottom are also pointing towards the Brewery Wharf Plaza and over the River Aire, respectively. The set of exterior columns are inclined inwards to indicate visual structural support to the mammoth geometry, and their tops progress in elevation along the spiral.

For this design, it is critical to ensure that all the experiences in the library are accessible to visitors of any mobile capabilities. To start off, the spiralled ramp has a minimum 1:20 angle, which is the requirement for continuous sloping without any landings. Each revolution achieves a 3.5m floor-to-floor height and has a circumference varying from 72.3m to 78.5m, sufficing the minimum 70m circumference given the 1:20 ratio.

Structural Members and Cores

Spiralling Geometry 9

Additional Facade

Floor plans The front entrance and the bottom end of the spiral faces the Brewery Wharf plaza. Once visitors enter the building, there are three routes to walk to – up the spiral, the ground atrium, and the descended café basement. For a quick route through the building, the lift is accessible within the central atrium and the south easter core.

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As will be described later. along the perimeter of the building is the circulation strip which runs a single line from bottom to top. Walking along this strip, occupants will encounter a wide variety of rooms and spaces, with a range of layouts and purposes, such as kid’s rooms, meetings rooms, and openfront reading compartments. Inspired initially from the Djanogly Learning Centre, the space is supposed to create some continuity and repetition the frame of view of someone who walks up the building.

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On the top of the building is the viewing platform which looks across the bridge footpath and sky-line of Leeds, pointing in the eastern direction. Also, along the circulation, there are large openings on the curved façade panels which direct the visitors’ views in certain directions, such as the Brewery Wharf and its plaza as well as over the River Aire.

Ground10 Level

2nd Level

1st Level

3rd Level

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1. Core with Toilets 2. Core with Lift 3. Children’s Learning Room 4. Collaborative and Meeting Room 5. Quiet Room 6. Roof Plant Room 7. Top of Spiral

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Children’s Learning Area It is crucial for children to have a space where they can learn and develop reading, cognitive, and motor skills at a young age, outside of school. So, the library has a children’s space where they can read a variety of books, play with toys, and experience a range of activities that they may not have access to at home. The open plan of the room allows the children to move around but also ensures that they are in their guardian’s site at all times.

Meeting Room In contrast to the quiet reading space, this room is dedicated for groups who plan to collaborate and work together in their activities, at reasonable noise levels. At the end of the room is partitioned off for groups who prefer more privacy, or scheduled sessions such as book clubs, and ESOL lessons (discussed later) Quiet Reading Space This space is dedicated for visitors who want to enjoy some reading and learning time to themselves. The furniture is suited for individuals with single sets of seats and tables, as well as low, soft-partitions to create divisions and some privacy between one another. This space also provides bar-level table workspaces and access to PCs for research and referencing.

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Services Soup Kitchen: Supportive and educational events will be held in the collaborative/meeting room on the second level and run at a range of times to suit different schedules. For example, ESOL (English for Speakers of Other Languages) lessons can be run during later after work hours to suit adults who are working in the day to support their families and want to develop their English speaking skills. This can also help expand existing services such as STAR (Student Action for Refugees) who run sessions on the University of Leeds campus where volunteers assist refugees through educational worksheets and other language-related activities which they struggle with.

Within Leeds, there are many community groups who work to feed, care and support the homeless and vulnerable. On the other hand, recent years, there have been increased pressures on resources, budgets, and staff to provide this support, stated by the Homeless & Rough Sleeping Strategy.

As a result, additional to the many groups around Leeds, the Dock Street Community Hub will contribute their efforts to support the homeless and vulnerable.

Larger charities such as the St George’s Crypt, located a fair distance from the river on the north side, provide services listed above every day of the year. On the other hand, there are other smaller organisations which run soup kitchen events in booked smaller venues (i.e., churches) a, couple days a week, sporadically scattered around Leeds. These have shown to be growing and branching out to areas away from the City centre, for example, FoodCycle has expanded into two venues in Leeds over the last couple of years (Harehills and Beeston).

It is decided for a soup kitchen service to operate using café facilities out of main hours to provide to the hungry and vulnerable in the Hunslet & Riverside area and open volunteering opportunities for locals interested in hosting, cooking, etc. The atrium will be used as a dining space where tables and chairs can be brought to from the rest of the library.

Support for Migrants: The ‘Vision for Leeds 2011-2030’ report said that Leeds is becoming an increasingly popular hub for migrants, meaning that greater efforts are required to ensure they experience a smooth transition into the cohesive local community.

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Façade Build-up and Material Selection As mentioned earlier, there are two layers of the facades – the curved, perforated panels, and full-height glazing.

Stainless steel is the selected material for the double curve panels as they offer a number of benefits. Firstly, they 92% of stainless steel used architecture and construction and recycled and repurposed at the end of their service. Stainless steel products are known to be highly resistant to corrosion, but, if necessary, barrier (zinc) coatings can further help the resistance for exposure to water and oxygen. The panels are double curved and perforated by laser cutting. These are supported by metal supporting members which have bolts to the panel, and the other side is attached to a stub connection bolted onto the edge slab. (REF) The inner layer of the façade is a full-height triple glazed panel with integrated louvre panels at lower levels for incoming natural ventilation, and openable, high windows.

With the expanding nature of the spiral, the overhanging slab is susceptible to thermal bridging if not insulated, similar to balconies.

So, there is an insulation wrapping around the edge slab and overhanging soffit, with an extruded metal cladding panel to cover this, as shown in the detailed section of the edge slab.

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1 Slab Edge and Façade Connection Detailed Drawing Scale 1:200

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1. Screed

2. Insulation

3. RC Floor Slab 4. Glazing Channel Bolted to RC Slab 5. Façade Panel Support

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6. Façade Panel 7. Glulam to RC Fastener Connection 8. Extruded Metal Cladding

Environmental Services Design – SAMPLE • • •

Demonstration of ventilation, thermal and building fabric analysis of a typical open-front reading compartment Preliminary calculations Simulated data

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Central atrium Enclosed room

Room Descriptions Open-front reading compartment Area 42.43m2 Occupancy 5m2/person density Ventilation mode Stack into atrium Central atrium Area 113.1m2 Occupancy 4m2/person density Ventilation mode Stack Enclosed room Area 50.27m2 Occupancy 5m2/person density Ventilation mode Stack into atrium Café 23.75m2 7m2/person

Area Occupancy density Ventilation mode

Open-front reading compartment

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Cafe

Open-front Reading Compartments Ventilation Strategy and Analysis

Thermal performance

These spaces are completely open, exposed to the circulation and atrium.

Air flows crosses the space via natural stack ventilation, across the circulation strip. The air enters the building via external louvres, sized approximately 0.5m, and at spaced around 5m apart along the perimeter.

To further assist the ventilation, there are openable windows on the higher level of the ceiling.

The space is heated with low-level radiators which are connected to the outside louvre openings, to heat up incoming air if necessary. The recirculated air is also heated up by entering the radiators through low grille openings.

Generally, the gain in this space is quite moderate as there is not a high assigned occupant density (5m2 per person) and no real concern for equipment and lighting gains (Appendix _)

Based on fresh air requirements and heat gains of a space, the ventilation should be at a level of 309 l/s which have been achieved 98.5% of occupied hours below this level. Also, the natural ventilation has maintained the open compartments at to a CO2 concentration level below 1500ppm for all occupied hours, having a maximum around 1230ppm.

The table below shows how the spaces’ environment performs in comparison to given benchmarks, both within acceptable percentages.

Temp Benchmark >25 % of occupied hours 2.7

>28 0.3

Solar analysis Table 6 - % hours above temperature benchmarks From the Radiance tool, it shows that the space is mainly within the ‘UDI achieved’ range of 500-2000 lux. However, far corners which reaches 2598 lux in the summer in the UDI range risking some glare. The outer perimeter is close to the upper limit of the acceptable range, but this should not be a concern as the circulation is not occupied for long periods. Deeper into the space, the illuminance ranges from 722 to 727 in summer, which is closer to the suggested illuminance of a reading space at 500 lux (suggested by CIBSE). On the other hand, winter illuminance levels are low, within the ‘UDI fell short’ range, meaning that supplementary artificial lighting is necessary.

Acoustic strategy For the continuous spiral form, sound needs to be absorbed to minimise spreading. Suspended perforated ceiling panels are used to achieve this and are distributed along the room.

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High level openable window: ~2.2m2 0:00 – 7:00 – 30% open if ext temp >10C 7:00 – 19:00 – open 19:00 – 24:00 – 30% open if ext temp >10C

Building fabric Floor slab Material Concrete tiles Screed Insulation Reinforced concrete Glulam beams

Thickness (mm) 10 50 50 155 -

Openings for continuity of space

U-value (W/m-2K) 0.484

Roof slab (for top level) Material Roofing felt Waterproof membrane Insulation Screed Reinforced concrete Glulam beams

Thickness (mm) 10 5

U-value (W/m-2K) 0.161

100 50 155 -

External glazing Material Outer pane Argon cavity Pane Argon cavity Inner pane

Thickness (mm) 6 12 6 12 6

Exterior louvres: ~ 0.6m2 Sized as 0.55m2 in preliminary calculations 0:00 – 7:00 – closed 7:00 – 19:00 – open 19:00 – 24:00 - closed

U-value (W/m-2K) 1.107

Openings for continuity of space

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Appendix A – Fresh air requirements and vent rates for heat gains

Appendix B – Approximate louvre calculation The central atrium induces stack ventilation in the building. For the open-front reading compartment, a preliminary size of opening can be calculated considering environmental and opening-characteristic parameters.

The benchmark for ventilation rate of each space is the greater of the fresh air requirement, and vent rate to counter heat gains.

The fresh air requirement is determined by the occupancy of each space, considering the area, occupancy density and fresh air demand per person.

An advanced natural ventilation (ANV) calculation is set up to do this, considering only the buoyancy driven flow as wind can be unpredictable in built-up, urban areas.

The calculations used are:

Table 9 – Fresh air requirement calculations

∆𝑝𝑖 = ∆𝑝𝑜 − ∆𝜌𝑜 𝑔𝑧𝑖

Firstly, the heat gains need to establish in table 10 considering gains from people, equipment, lighting, and solar gains. Then, the vent rate to counter the heat gains is determined by the equation:

Where: 𝑇 −𝑇𝐸 ∆𝜌𝑜 = 𝜌𝑜 ቀ𝑇 𝐼−273 ቁ and @𝑧𝑖 = 𝑧𝑛 , ∆𝑝𝑖 = 0 so ∆𝑝𝑜 = ∆𝜌𝑜 𝑔𝑧𝑖 𝐸

𝑄 = 𝑚ሶ𝐶𝑝 ∆𝑇 which is rearranged to 𝑣 = 1200∆𝑇

Once the pressure difference (∆𝑝𝑖 ) is established, we can relate it to the required flow rates to establish the appropriate opening area:

Summer is conservatively considered as they have the lesser temperature differences.

𝑞𝑖 = 𝐶𝑑 𝐴𝑖 𝑠𝑖 ට

𝑄

2ȁ∆𝑝𝑖 ȁ 𝜌0

→ 𝑨𝒊 =

𝒒𝒊 𝟐ห∆𝒑𝒊 ห 𝝆𝟎

𝑪 𝒅 𝒔𝒊 ඨ

Table 10 – Total gains per room

Table 12 Table 11 – Summer Required Vent Rates

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Appendix C - Graphs for Enclosed Room [IES-VE] C.1 – Graphs for Open Reading Compartments

Dry Resultant Temperature

CO2 Concentration

Ventilation

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Structural Engineering Design – SAMPLE • •

Diagrams and construction detail drawings Sample of construction design calculations – Timber Concrete Composite design considering non-composite and composite action between the materials, at different stages of the life

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TCC Side View: 1:250 Five 10mm diameter screws in a row 270mm screw length 170mm penetration depth 100mm spacing parallel to grain 450x300mm glulam beam - GL32c

TCC Cross-Section: 1:150 - support - H6 @125mm spacing (top) - midspan - H6 @125mm spacing (bottom)

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3) Glulam Beams (TCC)

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