tatsulok
A three-act story of the Japanese Occupation in the Philippines
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY FINALS EQUIVALENT
CORPUS, FAITH ANN P. DANCEL, JAMES IVAN B. 4AR2
MS. IVAN KAYE BANTIGUE PROFESSOR
JUNE 07, 2022
In honor of the Filipinos who fought and perished for the liberation of the Philippines
tatsulok
A three-act story of the Japanese Occupation in the Philippines DESIGN CONCEPT
The concept of this project is derived by the components and symbolism of triangles.
Three sides as the three acts The three-sided building symbolizes the three-story act that the structure wishes to portray during the Japanese occupation in the Philippines - the Bataan Death March, Comfort Women of the Philippines, and The Huks. These stories were specifically chosen to remind the people of the present ___ , and to honor the people of the past who courageously fought and conquered for our independence.
the filipino power
femininity, not just masculinity
The base of the form is situated in the natural ground line while the vertex is cantilevered, pointing upward to the sky. The purpose of which is to intimidate and show power to the viewers. Adding to this is the engraved propaganda at the facade used by the Japanese to gain the trust of Filipinos but ultimately failed - “The Philippines is for the Filipinos.” It aims to show the irony of how the sentence is true, but the Filipinos of that time were not gullible enough to believe the lies of the Japanese and be swayed by their words.
The victims and heroes during the Japanese occupation are not only composed of males, but also females. While the massing shows masculinity, the building, when viewed from above, is an inverted triangle that symbolizes femininity. This is to give honor to the soldiers that died during the Bataan Death March as well as the Filipino women who gave medical aid to them along their way to the prison camps in San Fernando Pampanga. This is also to honor the women who were forced to provide sex for the “comfort” of the men who raped them.
form inspiration evolution of forms
plans sitedevelopmentplan
planonsite
1stfloorplan
2ndfloorplan
roofplan
elevations front elevation
rear elevation
right elevation
left elevation
The first act is the Bataan Death March that tells the story of how Filipino and American soldiers fought for the Bataan Peninsula before they surrendered and were forced to walk a total of 117- kilometer march to prison camps without food, water, and medical aid. The surrendered soldiers walked for 106 kilometers from Mariveles, Bataan to San Fernando, Pampanga before they were taken by rail in cramped and unsanitary boxcars to Capras, Tarlac, where thousands died due to diseases. Those who survived walked another 7-kilometers march from Capras to Camp O’Donnell. Thousands perished due to starvation, extreme heat, and harsh treatment of the Japanese guards.
first act THE BATAAN DEATH MARCH
The first exhibit depicts a carved light along the walls showing the path of those who walked the Bataan Death March. The light symbolizes the souls of those who perished and lived through the infamous death march. The wall finish of the exhibit features a rough texture symbolizing the harsh conditions that the soldiers suffered at the hands of the Japanese guards. Didactic panels are placed on exhibits explaining the story of behind each exhibit for the viewers’ understanding.
second act THE comfort women of the philippines
The second exhibit shows the assumed 1,000 women and girls who suffered from sexual gratification in the hands of the Japanese military. The roof of the building is perforated with 1,000 holes to represent each victim. The perforated roof allows natural sunlight to come in, creating different directions of light depending on the time of the day. The latest images of these women are also displayed to honor the resiliency of these women. At the center of the exhibit, visitors can light a candle to pray for the souls of those who perished and suffered during the Japanese occupation.
The second act is the Comfort Women of the Philippines where thousands of Filipinas were forced and raped during the Japanese occupation. The following shows the number and location of the comfort stations in the Philippines during the Japanese Occupation:
1. Bayonbong - 5 or 6 comfort stations where Korean, Filipino and Chinese women worked 2. Manila - 12 comfort stations and 5 brothels for privates and non-commissioned officers 3. Masbate - 1 comfort station named “Military Club” 4. Panay, Iloilo - 2 comfort stations 5. Cebu - 1 comfort station 6. Leyte, Tacloban - 1 comfort station 7. Burauen - 1 comfort stations 8. Cagayan - 3 comfort stations 9. Dansaran - 1 comfort station 10. Davao - 1 comfort station where Koreans, Taiwanese and Filipinos were brought and forced into service
According to the testimonies of the victims, several women were raped and abducted in other parts of the Philippines that were occupied by the Japanese military through violent means. They are confined in garrison buildings and forced to provide sexual services. In many cases, their fathers or husbands are killed in front of them or their family members. Writer and researcher, Evelina Galang, said that there is probably 1,000 women and girls that were taken in put into military sex-slave camps during the Japanese occupation from 1942 to 1945.
Along with the Armed Forces of the United States, the guerilla-style warfare methods and techniques of the Filipinos were essential in the liberation of the Philippines from the Japanese Imperial Army. Due to the superior knowledge of the guerillas to the local terrain, it provided them information on strategic points and informed them about strategy. The Huks and the Moro Muslim guerillas specifically used the forests to obscure unit movement, and hiding and defending of fortifications. Another tactic that the Filipino guerillas used was the Filipino martial arts known as eskrima or arnis. Notable eskrimadors joined the guerilla movement during the World War II like the Doce Pares school tree, Cañete brothers, and Teodor Saavedra.
Along with the Armed Forces of the United States, the guerilla-style warfare methods and techniques of the Filipinos were essential in the liberation of the Philippines from the Japanese Imperial Army. Due to the superior knowledge of the guerillas to the local terrain, it provided them information on strategic points and informed them about strategy. The Huks and the Moro Muslim guerillas specifically used the forests to obscure unit movement, and hiding and defending of fortifications. Another tactic that the Filipino guerillas used was the Filipino martial arts known as eskrima or arnis. Notable eskrimadors joined the guerilla movement during the World War II like the Doce Pares school tree, Cañete brothers, and Teodor Saavedra.
third act THE GUERILLAS OF THE PHILIPPINES
The third exhibit shows the images of the Filipino guerillas whose methods and techniques served as one of the keys to the Philippines liberation from the Japanese Imperial Army. As a remembrance of the knowledge, skills, and courage that the guerillas exhibited during this period, information about the said methods and techniques are provided on the walls of the exhibit.
Morning Perspective
Night Perspective
architects' notes FAITH ANN P. CORPUS
JAMES IVAN B. DANCEL
“While it is important to know the events that led to our liberation, it is also essential to remember the suffering of those who were oppressed to avoid the repetition of the pain and suffering that they fought to get out of. Let us not repeat the same mistakes and look back at the consequences of being a slave to our own nation, keeping in mind why we continue to fight for our freedom.”
“Let’s us never forget the pain and suffering that our fellow Filipinos experienced in order to make sure the betterment of our lives, our future. Let’s continue to fight for the justice that these Filipinos aim to reach or achieve. The scenarios that took place in the past are not a joke and must always be remembered as it is the sacrifices that shaped us at some point.”
references
History.com Editors. (2019, June 7). Bataan Death March. HISTORY. Retrieved June 7, 2022, from https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/bataan-death-march
McCarthy, J. (2020, December 4). PHOTOS: Why These World War II Sex Slaves Are Still D manding Justice. Goats and Soda STORIES OF LIFE IN A CHANGING WORLD. Retrieved June 7, 2022, from https://choice.npr.org/index.html?origin=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsan soda/2020/12/04/940819094/photos-there-still-is-no-comfort-for-the-comfort-women-of-the philippines#:%7E:text=Press-,Philippine%20’Comfort%20Women’%3A%20Demanding%20Ju tice%20From%20Japan%20For%20WWII,the%20survivors%20in%20the%20Philippines. Minor, C. (2015). Filipino Guerilla Resistance to Japanese Invasion in World War II. Legacy, 15(1), 43–57. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1044&context=legacy Norman, E. M. and Norman, . Michael (2022, April 2). Bataan Death March. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/event/Bataan-Death-March Philippine Veterans Affairs Office. (2021, June 14). Amazing Filipino Women Heroes - PVAO. Retrieved June 7, 2022, from https://pvao.gov.ph/pvao-gad-updates/the-filipino-angels-of-bataan/ The Comfort Women Issue and the Asian Women’s Fund. (n.d.). Women made to be Comfort Women - Philippines. Retrieved June 7, 2022, from https://www.awf.or.jp/e1/philippine-00.html#:%7E text=The%20Japanese%20forces%20waged%20a,or%20rapes%20(45%20cases)
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CORPUS, FAITH ANN P.
DANCEL, JAMES IVAN B.
4AR2
MS. IVAN KAYE BANTIGUE