Adaptive Reuse: A Way to Preserve Cultural Heritage | Seminar Report

ADAPTIVE REUSE: A WAY TO PRESERVE CULTURAL HERITAGE A SEMINAR REPORT Submitted by DEEPU DILIP In Partial Fulfillment for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Architecture (B.Arch) Under the guidance of Ar. Shalu M.K.

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, CALICUT, NIT CAMPUS PO, CALICUT, KERALA, INDIA 673601 JULY 2020

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am sincerely thankful to National Institute Technology, Calicut for providing me with the opportunity to write a paper in the form of a dissertation on the topic “Adaptive Reuse: A Way to Preserve Cultural Heritage”.

I am also thankful to my guide, Ar. Shalu M, for guiding me in every stage of this paper. Without whose support it would have been very challenging.

I am also thankful to my supervisor, Dr. Deepthi Bendi, for their valuable comments and suggestions which greatly helped with my paper.

I am also thankful to my Seminar Coordinator and Faculty Advisor, Dr. Chithra K, for structuring, organizing and develop my topic from an idea to a fully-fledged report.

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CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the report entitled: “Adaptive Reuse: A Way To Preserve Cultural Heritage” submitted by Deepu Dilip to National Institute of Technology, Calicut in partial fulfilment for the award of the degree of B.Arch. is a bona fide record of the work carried out by him/her under my supervision and guidance.

The content of the seminar, in full or parts have not been submitted to any other Institute or University for the award of any other degree or diploma.

Ar. Shalu M Place: Date:

Signature of Head of the Department

(Office Seal)

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DECLARATION

“I hereby declare that this submission is my own and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, contains no material previously published or written by another person nor material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree of diploma of the university or other institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledge has been made in the text. “

Place: Calicut

Signature:

Date: 13/07/20

Name: Deepu Dilip Reg. No: B160075AR

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CONTENTS: 01 1. INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………1 1.2 AIM…………………………………………………………101 01 1.3 OBJECTIVE………………………………………………...2 1.4. RELEVANCE OF THE STUDY…………………………..2 02 1.5. METHODOLOGY…………………………………………2 02 1.6. DEFINITIONS……………………………………………..303 2. HISTORY 2.1. 18TH CENTURY AND RENAISSANCE………………….303 2.2. JOHN RUSKIN AND CONSERVATION ………………..304 04 2.3. THE RESTORATIVE THEORY…………………………..4 2.4.1. TYPOLOGICAL APPROACH……………………..404 05 2.4.2. TECHNICAL APPROACH…………………………5 05 2.4.3. PROGRAMMATIC APPROACH…………………..5 2.4.4. STRATEGIC APPROACH…………………………606 3. CASE STUDIES 3.1. CRITERIA………………………………………………….7 07 3.2.1. CASTLE-TOWER REGENSBURG, ZURICH 3.2.1.1. INTRODUCTION………………………………707 3.2.1.2. HISTORY……………………………………….707 3.1.1.2.1. HOUSE OF REGENSBERG…………7 07 3.1.1.3. FEATURES……………………………………...8 08 3.1.1.4. CONCLUSION…………………………………..9 09 3.1.2. THE GOAT FARM ARTS CENTER, ATLANTA 3.1.2.1. INTRODUCTION………………………………10 10 10 3.1.2.2. HISTORY……………………………………….10 3.1.2.3. CONCLUSION………………………………….11 11 3.1.3. MUSÉE D'ORSAY, PARIS 12 3.1.3.1. INTRODUCTION………………………………12 3.1.3.2. HISTORY……………………………………….13 12 v

3.1.3.3. CONCLUSION………………………………….14 12 3.1.4. THE CHILDREN'S MUSEUM, PITTSBURGH 3.1.4.1. INTRODUCTION……………………………….14 13 3.1.4.2. HISTORY………………………………………..15 14 3.1.4.3. CONCLUSION………………………………….16 14 3.1.3.3.

3.1.3.3. CONCLUSION………………………………….14 CONCLUSION………………………………….14 3.1.4.

MUSEUM, PITTSBURGH 3.1.5. THE GREEN BUILDING, LOUISVILLE 3.1.4.

THE CHILDREN'S CHILDREN'S MUSEUM, PITTSBURGH 3.1.4.1.

3.1.5.1. INTRODUCTION……………………………….14 INTRODUCTION………………………………17 15 3.1.4.1.

INTRODUCTION……………………………….14 3.1.4.2. HISTORY………………………………………..15 15 3.1.5.2. HISTORY………………………………………..15 HISTORY……………………………………….17 3.1.4.2.

3.1.4.3. CONCLUSION………………………………….16 16 3.1.4.3.

3.1.5.3. CONCLUSION………………………………….16 CONCLUSION………………………………….18 3.1.5. THE GREEN BUILDING, LOUISVILLE 3.1.5.

LOUISVILLE 3.1.6. THE GAS GREEN WORKSBUILDING, PARK, SEATTLE 3.1.5.1.

INTRODUCTION………………………………17 3.1.5.1.

16 3.1.6.1. INTRODUCTION………………………………17 HISTORY………………………………………..18 3.1.5.2.

3.1.5.2.

HISTORY……………………………………….17 3.1.6.2. HISTORY……………………………………….17 SIGNIFICANCE…………………………………18 16 3.1.6.3. CONCLUSION………………………………….18 HISTORY………………………………………..20 3.1.5.3.

18 3.1.5.3.

CONCLUSION………………………………….18 19 4. CONCLUSION……………………………………………….21 3.1.6.

GAS 3.1.6.

GAS WORKS WORKS PARK, PARK, SEATTLE SEATTLE 3.1.6.1. HISTORY………………………………………..18 3.1.6.1. HISTORY………………………………………..18 5. REFERENCES……………………………………………….22 20 3.1.6.2.

3.1.6.2. SIGNIFICANCE…………………………………18 SIGNIFICANCE…………………………………18 3.1.6.3.

3.1.6.3. HISTORY………………………………………..20 HISTORY………………………………………..20 4.

4. CONCLUSION……………………………………………….21 CONCLUSION……………………………………………….21 5.

5. REFERENCES……………………………………………….22 REFERENCES……………………………………………….22

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LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES List of Figures Figure 1.1 - Installation on the terrace of the tower

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Figure 1.2 - A view of the interior which is now a museum

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Figure 2.1 - Images of the Centre for Visual and Performing Arts

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Figure 3.1 - Image of the Musée D’Orsay, Paris

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Figure 4.1 - External view of the museum

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Figure 4.2 - Interior view of the museum

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Figure 5.1 - Aerial view of the Gas Works plant

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Figure 5.2 - The park being used with the plant in the background

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List of Tables Table 1.1- A summary of all the case studies done

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ADAPTIVE REUSE A WAY PRESERVE CULTURAL ADAPTIVE REUSE AS AS A WAY TOTO PRESERVE CULTURAL HERITAGE HERITAGE

ABSTRACT ABSTRACT Adaptive reuse, a pivotal strategy in cultural heritage conservation, involves Adaptive reuse, a pivotal strategy in cultural heritage conservation, paper is done to provide the various implications of adaptive ininvolves the field ThisThis paper is done to provide the various implications of adaptive reusereuse in the field of of transforming historical structures to serve new functions while preserving their intrinsic transforming historical structuresoftocultural serve new functions while preserving their reuse intrinsic conservation preservation of cultural heritage.

First idea of adaptive reuse conservation and and preservation heritage.

First idea of adaptive is is significance.

Departing from traditional preservation practices, adaptive reuse significance.

Departing from traditional preservation practices, adaptive reuse discussed and a suitable definition is developed, upon which the history and the discussed and a suitable definition is developed, upon which the history and the needneed emphasizes sustainability, functionality, community engagement.

Its historical emphasizes sustainability, community Itsvarious historical for adaptive reuse in current ourfunctionality, current situation isand considered byengagement. going through studies for adaptive reuse in our situation isand considered by going through various studies roots lie in addressing evolving societal needs amid urbanization and demographic roots lie in addressing evolving societal needs amid urbanization and demographic and books corresponding to it.

The research leads to mainly 3 types of approach to the and books corresponding to it. The research leads to mainly 3 types of approach to the shifts. shifts. of adaptive reuse. are further studied understood. certain ideaidea of adaptive reuse.

TheyThey are further studied uponupon and and understood.

ThenThen certain examples of such undertaking re considered from around the world and studied examples of such undertaking re considered from around the world and studied to to Incontemporary the contemporary context, the of adaptive is underscored by escalating In the context, theofurgency of ventures. adaptive reusereuse is underscored by escalating understand the various benefits ofurgency such understand the various benefits such ventures. environmental challenges resource constraints.

Aligned sustainable environmental challenges and and resource constraints.

Aligned withwith sustainable development principles, adaptive reuse minimizes the environmental impact of new development principles, adaptive reuse minimizes the environmental impact of new construction. section draws insights various studies, offering a nuanced construction.

ThisThis section draws insights fromfrom various studies, offering a nuanced INTRODUCTION 1.1 1.1 INTRODUCTION perspective on the pressing issues that underscore the relevance of adaptive reuse in the perspective on the pressing issues that underscore the relevance of adaptive reuse in the current conservation Adaptive reuse thelandscape. process of converting an building old building something current conservation Adaptive reuse is theislandscape. process of converting an old into into something else else withwith a a completely different function. be considered a completely alternative completely different function.

ThisThis can can be considered as aascompletely alternative The research identifies three primary approaches to adaptive reuse, each contributing for optimizing and operational aspects of buildings. the buildings.

However, The method research identifies threecommercial primaryand approaches to adaptive each contributing to to method for optimizing commercial operational aspects ofreuse, the However, the overall framework of eligible heritage The approach involves not just any old building can forconservation. adaptive reuse.

Architects, builders, planners the just overall framework of eligible heritage The first first approach involves not any old building can forconservation. adaptive reuse.

Architects, builders, planners repurposing historic buildings for their original functions, ensuring continuity in repurposing historic buildings their original functions, ensuring continuity in must combine efforts tofor analyze find appropriate buildings convert them must combine theirtheir efforts to analyze and and find appropriate buildings and and convert them purpose while accommodating modern The second approach explores the purpose accommodating modern requirements.

The second approach explores the such that they interact positively with the urban scope and is made available to the such thatwhile they interact positively with the requirements. urban scope and is made available to the transformation of heritage structures into mixed-use spaces, integrating contemporary transformation of heritage structures into mixed-use spaces, integrating contemporary people at appropriately affordable prices. people at appropriately affordable prices. functionalities without compromising their historical integrity.

The third approach functionalities without compromising their historical integrity. The third approach The main aim of this seminar is to understand various cases where adaptive reuse The mainonaim this seminar is to understand various cases where adaptive reuse has has focuses onofrepurposing historical structures for entirely new functions, challenging focuses repurposing historical structures for entirely new functions, challenging been as anotions way to cultural and actadaptation. a reminder to people the people been usedused as anotions way toofpreserve cultural and act as a as reminder to the of of conventional ofpreserve conservation byheritage fostering creative adaptation. conventional conservation byheritage fostering creative the older times, to understand the scope of such an endeavor tryjustify to justify the older times, to understand the scope of such an endeavor and and try to it asitanas an effective replacement over new construction, demolition of buildings of historical To illustrate the global applicability success of adaptive reuse, theofpaper examines effective replacement over new construction, demolition of buildings historical To illustrate the global applicability and and success of adaptive reuse, the paper examines importance and a cause for urban regeneration.

Since adaptive reuse is the conversion noteworthy examples worldwide.

These case studies showcase diverse projects, importance a causeworldwide. for urban regeneration.

Since showcase adaptive reuse is the conversion noteworthy and examples These case studies diverse projects, fromfrom a building built a function tocultural another building which or may notresidences have converting industrial facilities hubs to transforming historical of a of building built forfacilities afor function another building which maymay or may notresidences have the the converting industrial intotointo cultural hubs to transforming historical into vibrant community spaces.

Each case study provides insights into the benefits of function for which initially Effective understanding of their needs into same vibrant community spaces.

Each casebuilt. study provides insights into the benefits of can same function for which was was initially built.

Effective understanding of their needs can adaptive including economic revitalization, community engagement, lead toreuse, thereuse, better application of this strategy. adaptive including economic revitalization, community engagement, and and lead to the better application of this strategy. sustainable resource sustainable resource use. use.

AIM 1.2 1.2 AIM

Analyzing these examples demonstrates that reuse extends beyond Analyzing these examples demonstrates that reuse extends beyond The major aim of this seminar to research the adaptive various cases where ADAPTIVE The major aim of this seminar is toisresearch the adaptive various cases where ADAPTIVE preservation; it becomes a catalyst for social, economic, and cultural enrichment. preservation; it becomes afor catalyst forofsocial, economic, and cultural The The REUSE adopted the sake conserving preserving theenrichment. cultural heritage REUSE was was adopted for the sake of conserving and and preserving the cultural heritage of of multifaceted benefits contribute to the overall resilience of communities, fostering multifaceted benefits contribute to the overall resilience of communities, fostering an area.

Where adaptive reuse was used a symbol of older times for people the people an area.

Where adaptive reuse was usedlandscape. as a as symbol of older times for the to to identity and continuity in urban the urban identity andthemselves continuity in the landscape. remind of. remind themselves of.

In conclusion, paper navigates the intricate landscape of adaptive reuse, offering In conclusion, this this paper navigates the intricate landscape of adaptive reuse, offering a a comprehensive exploration of its implications in the realm of cultural heritage comprehensive exploration of its implications in the realm of cultural heritage 1.3 OBJECTIVE 1.3 OBJECTIVE conservation.

From conceptualization to contemporary applications, adaptive conservation.

From conceptualization to contemporary applications, adaptive reusereuse emerges a dynamic and indispensable tool for addressing the challenges posed emerges a as dynamic andthe indispensable toolReuse for addressing the challenges posed by by oasunderstand To understand term Adaptive o To the term Adaptive Reuse urbanization, environmental sustainability, and evolving societal needs. urbanization, environmental sustainability, and evolving societal needs. viii viii

of adaptive reuse. are further studied understood. certain ideaidea of adaptive reuse.

TheyThey are further studied uponupon and and understood.

ThenThen certain examples of such undertaking re considered from around the world and studied examples of such undertaking re considered from around the world and studied to to understand the various benefits of such ventures. understand the various benefits of such ventures.

ADAPTIVE REUSE AS WAY TO PRESERVE CULTURAL ADAPTIVE REUSE AS A WAY TO PRESERVE CULTURAL ADAPTIVE REUSE AA PRESERVE CULTURAL ADAPTIVE REUSE AS AWAY WAY TO PRESERVE CULTURAL ADAPTIVE REUSE AS A TO PRESERVE CULTURAL 1.1 INTRODUCTION ADAPTIVE REUSE ASAS AWAY WAY TOTO PRESERVE CULTURAL 1.1 INTRODUCTION ADAPTIVE REUSE AS A WAY TO PRESERVE CULTURAL ADAPTIVE REUSE AS A WAY TO PRESERVE CULTURAL HERITAGE HERITAGE HERITAGE HERITAGE HERITAGE HERITAGE Adaptive transformative and process, is gaining Adaptive reuse thereuse, process of converting an oldforward-thinking building something else with HERITAGE Adaptive a transformative and forward-thinking process, is gaining Adaptive reuse is theisreuse, process ofaconverting an old building into into something else with a a HERITAGE

prominence an innovative method forcan revitalizing aging and enhancing completely different function.

This be considered ascompletely a and completely alternative prominence as anas innovative method revitalizing aging structures enhancing bothboth completely different function.

Thisfor can be considered as astructures alternative the commercial and operational aspects of buildings.

However, the intricacies method for optimizing commercial and operational aspects of the buildings.

However, the commercial and operational of buildings.

However, the intricacies of of method for optimizing commercialaspects and operational aspects of the buildings.

However, reuse necessitate afor collaborative effort among architects, builders, not just any oldreuse building can eligible adaptive reuse.

Architects, builders, planners successful adaptive necessitate afor collaborative effort among architects, builders, not successful just any oldadaptive building can eligible adaptive reuse.

Architects, builders, planners and planners, who must work in unison to meticulously identify and select suitable and planners, who must work in analyze unison meticulously identify and suitable must combine efforts to and find appropriate buildings and convert them must combine theirtheir efforts to analyze and to find appropriate buildings andselect convert them ABSTRACT ABSTRACT ABSTRACT ABSTRACT ABSTRACT ABSTRACT structures.

Beyond the functional adaptation, these chosen buildings should seamlessly structures.

Beyond the functional adaptation, these chosen buildings should seamlessly such interact positively the urban scope is made available to the suchABSTRACT that that theythey interact positively withwith the urban scope and and is made available to the ABSTRACT integrate into the urban environment while remaining accessible at affordable prices, integrate into the urban environment while remaining accessible at affordable prices, people at appropriately affordable prices. people atpaper appropriately affordable prices.

This paper done provide the various implications of adaptive reuse the field of This paper done provide the various implications of adaptive reuse the field of isis toto provide the implications of reuse inin the This paper isdone done to provide thevarious various implications ofadaptive adaptive reuse infield thefield field of This paper isis done toto provide the implications of reuse inin of ThisThis paper isinclusivity done to provide thevarious various implications ofadaptive adaptive reuse inthe the field of of ensuring and fostering community access. ensuring inclusivity and fostering community access.

This paper is done to provide the various implications of adaptive reuse in the field of This paper is and done to this provide the various implications of First adaptive reuse in thereuse field of conservation and preservation of cultural heritage.

First idea of adaptive reuse is conservation and preservation of cultural heritage.

First idea of adaptive reuse is conservation and preservation of cultural heritage. idea of adaptive reuse is conservation and preservation of cultural heritage.

First idea of adaptive reuse is The main aim of seminar is to understand various cases where reuse has conservation preservation of cultural heritage.

First idea of adaptive is conservation and preservation of cultural heritage.

First idea of adaptive reuse is The conservation main aim of this seminar is to understand various cases where reuse has and preservation of cultural heritage.

First idea of adaptive reuse is conservation and preservation of cultural heritage.

First idea of adaptive reuse is discussed and a suitable definition is developed, upon which the history and the need discussed and a suitable definition is developed, upon which the history and the need discussed and a suitable definition is developed, upon which the history and the need discussed and a suitable definition is developed, upon which the history and the need discussed and aaas suitable definition isis developed, upon which the history and the need been used a away to preserve cultural heritage and actawhich as amultifaceted reminder to people the people of discussed and suitable definition developed, upon which the history and the need been used as a way to preserve cultural heritage and act as reminder to the of This paper attempts on a comprehensive exploration into the multifaceted realm of This paper attempts on a comprehensive exploration into the realm of discussed and suitable definition is developed, upon the history and the need discussed and areuse suitable definition issituation developed, uponby which the history and the need for adaptive reuse in our current is considered by going through various studies for adaptive reuse in our current situation is considered by going through various studies for adaptive in our current situation is considered by going through various studies for adaptive reuse in our current situation is considered by going through various studies for adaptive reuse in our current situation is considered going through various studies for adaptive reuse in our current situation is considered by going through various studies the older times, to understand the scope of such an endeavor and tryjustify to various justify as an the older times, to the scope of such an and try to asitstudies an adaptive reuse, with a particular emphasis on itsendeavor profound implications foritstudies preserving adaptive reuse, with a in particular emphasis profound implications for preserving for adaptive reuse our current situation isits considered by through for adaptive reuse inunderstand our current situation is on considered by going through various and books corresponding it.

The research leads to mainly 33types types of approach the and books corresponding to it.

The research leads to mainly 33going types of approach to the and books corresponding toto it.

The research leads to mainly 3of of approach toto the and books corresponding to it.

The research leads to mainly types of approach to the and books corresponding to it.

The research leads to mainly 3 types of approach to the and books corresponding to it.

The research leads to mainly types of approach to the effective replacement over new construction, demolition buildings of historical cultural heritage.

By repurposing aging structures, adaptive reuse serves as a tangible effective replacement over new construction, demolition of buildings of historical cultural heritage.

By repurposing aging structures, adaptive reuse serves as a tangible and books corresponding to it.

The research leads to mainly 3 types of approach to the and books corresponding to it.

The research leads to mainly 3 types of approach to the idea of adaptive reuse.

They are further studied upon and understood.

Then certain idea of adaptive reuse.

They are further studied upon and understood.

Then certain idea of reuse.

They are studied upon and understood.

Then certain idea of adaptive adaptive reuse.

They are further further studied upon and understood.

Then certain idea of adaptive reuse.

They are further studied upon and understood.

Then certain idea of adaptive reuse.

They are further studied upon and understood.

Then certain importance and a cause for urban regeneration.

Since adaptive reuse is the conversion and poignant reminder of historical eras, contributing to a deeper understanding of our importance and a cause for urban regeneration.

Since adaptive reuse is the conversion idea ofofadaptive reuse.

They are further studied upon and understood.

Then certain and poignant reminder of historical eras, contributing to aaround deeper understanding of our idea of adaptive reuse.

They are further studied upon and understood.

Then certain examples of such undertaking re considered from the world and studied examples such undertaking re considered from around the world and studied to examples of such undertaking re considered from around the world and studied toto examples of such undertaking re considered from around the world and studied to examples of such undertaking re considered from around the world and studied to examples of such undertaking re considered from around the world and studied to of a building built for a function to another building which may or may not have the collective heritage.

The overarching goal of this paper is to delve into a myriad of cases examples of such undertaking re considered from around the world and studied to of a building built for a function to another building which may or may not have the collective heritage.

The overarching goal of this paper is to delve into a myriad of cases examples of such undertaking re considered from around the world and studied to understand the various benefits of such ventures. understand the various benefits of such ventures. understand the various benefits of such ventures. understand the various benefits of such ventures. understand the benefits of ventures. understand thevarious various benefits ofsuch such ventures. where adaptive reuse has been successfully employed, showcasing its potential not only same function for which was initially built.

Effective understanding of their needs can understand the various benefits of such ventures. where adaptive reuse hasbenefits been successfully employed, showcasing itsof potential not only same function which was initially Effective understanding their needs can understand the for various of suchbuilt. ventures. as a sustainable alternative to new construction but also as a means of breathing new lead to the better application of this strategy. as a sustainable alternative to new construction but also as a means of breathing new life life lead to the better application of this strategy. culturally significant spaces. into into culturally significant spaces.

1.1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 INTRODUCTION AIM 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1.2 AIM 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1.11.2 INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION 1.1 1.1 INTRODUCTION

Moreover, this paper ardently advocates forold the preservation ofsomething historically important Adaptive reuse is the process of converting an old building into something else with Moreover, this paper ardently advocates the preservation ofinto historically important Adaptive reuse the process of converting an building into something else with Adaptive reuse isthis the process of converting an old building else Adaptive reuse isof the process of converting an old building into something else with The major aim this seminar isresearch toforresearch the various cases where ADAPTIVE Adaptive reuse isis process of converting an old building into something else with aaa aaa Adaptive reuse is the process of converting an old building into something else withwith The major aim ofthe seminar is to the various cases where ADAPTIVE Adaptive reuse is the process of converting an old building into something else with a buildings, challenging the prevailing trend of demolition.

In positioning adaptive Adaptive reuse is the process of converting an old building into something else with areuse completely different function.

This can be considered as completely alternative buildings, challenging the function. prevailing trend of considered demolition.

In positioning adaptive reuse completely different function.

This can be considered as completely alternative completely different This can be considered aaa completely alternative completely different function.

This can beand considered as completely alternative REUSE was adopted for theThis sake of conserving and preserving the cultural heritage of completely different function. can be as aaaas completely alternative completely different function.

This can be considered as completely alternative REUSE was adopted for the sake of conserving preserving the cultural heritage of completely different function. be considered as abuildings. completely alternative as a catalyst for urban regeneration, it can underscores the critical role this process plays completely different function.

Thisand can beoperational considered as arole completely alternative as a method catalyst for urban regeneration, itThis underscores the critical this process plays in in method optimizing commercial and aspects of the buildings.

However, method for optimizing commercial operational aspects the However, for optimizing commercial and aspects of the buildings.

However, method for optimizing commercial and operational aspects ofbuildings. the buildings.

However, an area.

Where adaptive reuse was used a symbol ofof times forHowever, the people method for optimizing commercial operational aspects the method for optimizing commercial and operational aspects ofolder the buildings.

However, an area.

Where adaptive reuse wasand used asoperational a as symbol of older times for the people to to method for optimizing commercial and operational aspects of the buildings.

However, revitalizing communities, fostering a for sense of reuse. place, and contributing toHowever, theplanners dynamic method for optimizing commercial and operational aspects of the buildings. revitalizing communities, fostering a for sense place, and contributing to the dynamic not just any old building can eligible for adaptive reuse.

Architects, builders, planners not just any old building can eligible for adaptive Architects, builders, planners not old building can adaptive reuse.

Architects, builders, notjust just any oldof. building caneligible eligible forof adaptive reuse.

Architects, builders, planners remind themselves of. not any old building can reuse.

Architects, builders, planners notjust just anyany old building caneligible eligible foradaptive adaptive reuse.

Architects, builders, planners remind themselves not just any old building can eligible for adaptive reuse.

Architects, builders, planners evolution of urban landscapes. not just any oldtheir building can eligible for adaptive reuse.

Architects, builders, planners evolution of urban landscapes. must combine their efforts analyze and find appropriate buildings and convert them must combine efforts analyze and find appropriate buildings and convert them must combine efforts toto appropriate buildings convert them must combine their efforts toanalyze analyze and find appropriate buildings and convert them must combine their efforts toto and find appropriate buildings and convert them must combine theirtheir efforts toanalyze analyze andand findfind appropriate buildings andand convert them must combine their efforts to analyze and find appropriate buildings and convert them must combine their efforts to analyze and find appropriate buildings and convert them such that they interact positively with the urban scope and is made available to the such that they interact positively with the urban scope and is made available to the that they interact positively with the scope and isis made available toto the such that they interact positively with the urban urban scope and made available the such that they interact positively with the urban scope and is made available toto the suchsuch that they interact positively with the urban scope and is made available the The adaptive reuse process goes beyond functional modification; it demands such that they interact positively with the urban scope and is made available to thea The adaptive reuse process goes beyond functional modification; it demands a such that they interact positively with the urban scope and is made available to the people at appropriately affordable prices. people at appropriately affordable prices. people at appropriately affordable prices. people at appropriately affordable prices. people at appropriately affordable prices. people at appropriately affordable prices.

1.3 OBJECTIVE 1.3 OBJECTIVE thoughtful and nuanced understanding of both community needs structural people at appropriately affordable prices. thoughtful and nuanced understanding of both community needs and and structural people at appropriately affordable prices.

The main aim of this seminar is to understand various cases where adaptive reuse has The main aim of this seminar is understand various cases adaptive reuse has characteristics.

This paper emphasizes the importance awhere strategic, well-informed, and main of this seminar totothe understand various cases where adaptive reuse characteristics.

This paper emphasizes importance of a of strategic, well-informed, andhas The main aim of this seminar understand various cases where adaptive reuse has The main aim of this seminar toto understand various cases where adaptive reuse has TheThe main aim of this seminar isAdaptive toisis understand various cases where adaptive reuse has o Toaim understand theisterm Adaptive Reuse o To understand the term Reuse The main aim of this seminar is to understand various cases where adaptive reuse has The main aim of this seminar is to understand various cases where adaptive reuse has been used as a way to preserve cultural heritage and act as a reminder to the people of community-centric application of adaptive reuse in architectural and urban planning.

By been used as a way to preserve cultural heritage and act as a reminder to the people of community-centric application of adaptive reuse in architectural urban planning.

By been aaway totopreserve cultural heritage and act aaand reminder totopeople the been used as way preserve cultural heritage and act as reminder thepeople people of been used as way to cultural heritage and act aaas reminder totothe of been usedused asaaas way topreserve preserve cultural heritage and actas as reminder the people of of been used as a way to preserve cultural heritage and act as a reminder to the people of been used as a way to preserve cultural heritage and act as a reminder to the people of the older times, to understand the scope of such an endeavor and try to justify it as an doing so, adaptive reuse not only emerges as a pivotal tool in preserving cultural heritage the older times, to understand the scope of such an endeavor and try to justify it as an doing so, adaptive reuse not only emerges as a pivotal tool in preserving cultural heritage the older times, to understand the scope of such an endeavor and try to justify it as an the older times, to understand the scope of such an endeavor and try to justify itanas an the times, totounderstand the scope of such an endeavor and try toto justify ititas an theolder older times, understand the scope of such an endeavor and try justify as the older times, to understand the construction, scope of solution such an that endeavor and try to justify itviii as viii an the older times, understand thecost-effective scope of solution such an demolition endeavor and to justify as anneeds effective replacement over new demolition of buildings of historical but also a to sustainable and aligns with the effective replacement over new construction, demolition of buildings of historical but also as a as sustainable and cost-effective that aligns with the evolving needs effective replacement over construction, of buildings of effective replacement over new construction, demolition oftry buildings ofithistorical historical effective replacement over new construction, demolition of buildings of historical effective replacement over newnew construction, demolition of buildings ofevolving historical effective replacement over new construction, demolition of buildings of historical effective replacement over new construction, demolition of reuse buildings ofresponsible, historical importance and aacause cause for urban regeneration.

Since adaptive reuse the conversion and challenges contemporary societies, ultimately fostering a the more responsible, importance and aacause cause for urban regeneration.

Since adaptive conversion and challenges contemporary societies, ultimately fostering areuse more importance aof for urban regeneration.

Since adaptive isis the conversion importance and cause for urban regeneration.

Since adaptive reuse is the conversion importance and aof for regeneration.

Since adaptive reuse isis conversion importance andand cause forurban urban regeneration.

Since adaptive reuse isthe the conversion importance and a cause for urban regeneration.

Since adaptive reuse is the conversion importance and a cause for urban regeneration.

Since adaptive reuse is the conversion resilient, and vibrant urban environment. of a building built for a function to another building which may or may not have the resilient, and vibrant urban environment. of a building built for a function to another building which may or may not have the aabuilding built aafunction totoanother building which may or not of building built for function another building which may ormay may nothave have the of building built for afor function totoanother building which may or may not have the ofaaof building built for a function another building which may or may not have the the of a building built for a function to another building which may or may not have the of a building built for a function to another building which may or may not have the same function for which was initially built.

Effective understanding of their needs can same function for which was initially built.

Effective understanding of their needs can same function for which was initially built.

Effective understanding of their needs can function for which was initially Effective understanding of their needs same function for was built.

Effective understanding of needs can samesame function forwhich which wasinitially initially built.built.

Effective understanding oftheir their needs can can same function for which was initially built.

Effective understanding of their needs can same function for which wasof initially built.

Effective understanding of their needs can lead the better application of this strategy. lead to the better application this strategy. toto the application of strategy. lead tobetter thebetter better application ofthis this strategy. lead to application of strategy. leadlead tothe the better application ofthis this strategy. lead to the better application of this strategy. lead to the better application of this strategy.

1.2 AIM 1.2 AIM AIM 1.2 AIM 1.2 AIM 1.21.2 AIM 1.2 AIM 1.2 AIM

The major aim of this seminar research the various cases where ADAPTIVE The major aim of this seminar research the various cases where ADAPTIVE major of seminar isis toto the cases where ADAPTIVE The major aim of this this seminar isresearch to research research the various various cases where ADAPTIVE The major aim of seminar isis the cases where ADAPTIVE TheThe major aimaim of this this seminar is toto to research the various various cases where ADAPTIVE The major aim of this seminar is to research the various cases where ADAPTIVE TheREUSE major aim of this seminar is to research the various cases where ADAPTIVE REUSE was adopted for the sake of conserving and preserving the cultural heritage of REUSE was adopted for the sake of conserving and preserving the cultural heritage of was adopted for the of and preserving the heritage REUSE was adopted forsake thesake sake ofconserving conserving and preserving thecultural cultural heritage of REUSE was adopted for the of conserving and preserving the cultural heritage of REUSE was adopted for the sake of conserving and preserving the cultural heritage of of REUSE was adopted for the sake of conserving and preserving the cultural heritage of REUSE was adopted for the sake of conserving and preserving the cultural heritage of an area.

Where adaptive reuse was used as a symbol of older times for the people an area.

Where adaptive reuse was used as a symbol of older times for the people to an Where adaptive reuse was used aasymbol of times for the anarea. area.

Where adaptive reuse was used as symbol ofolder older times forpeople thepeople people to an Where adaptive reuse was used as aaas symbol of older times for the toto toto anarea. area.

Where adaptive reuse was used as symbol of older times for the people an area.

Where adaptive a symbol of older times for people the people an area.

Where adaptive reusereuse was was usedused as a as symbol of older times for the to to remind themselves of. remind themselves of. remind themselves of. remind themselves of. remind themselves of. remind themselves of. of. remind themselves remind themselves of.

1.3 OBJECTIVE 1.3 OBJECTIVE OBJECTIVE 1.3 OBJECTIVE 1.3 OBJECTIVE 1.31.3 OBJECTIVE 1.3 OBJECTIVE 1.3 OBJECTIVE

o To understand the term Adaptive Reuse understand the term Adaptive Reuse oTo To the Adaptive Reuse o understand Tounderstand understand theterm term Adaptive Reuse oo the Adaptive Reuse o To To understand theterm term Adaptive Reuse o To understand the term Adaptive Reuse o To understand the term Adaptive Reuse viii viii viii viii viii viii viii viii

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o To understand the reason for the need of Adaptive Reuse o To understand the need for its reuse and how it has helped in the conservation of cultural integrity of that place o To evaluate the case studies on this basis and assess the possibility of Adaptive Reuse as an effective alternative

1.4. RELEVANCE OF THE STUDY In many places all around the identity of a region is being lost with the world becoming closer together. The various factors which led to the formation of a certain culture or the identity of an area are being lost and a common identity is being forced upon with the use of common materials and Modern Designs. Adaptive reuse of appropriate buildings can be perfect replacement over the method of deconstruction and construction of building, and preserve a moment of the past.

1.5. METHODOLOGY o Clarification on the idea of adaptive reuse through research By going through various definitions put forward by various sources, one can try to understand what it actually is and come up with a definition of our own based on our interpretation. o Find and identify the various Socio-Historic factors that lead to the need for adaptive reuse Various research papers are referred to understand how the term adaptive reuse came into being and have a firmer grasp on the idea of adaptive reuse. o Literature case studies to develop parameters for research.

Various cases of real life adaptive reuse is found out and studied.

Using these data one can understand why and how one should proceed with it and whether the idea of adaptive reuse truly is a feasible or beneficial method. o Compare the obtained data from the studies and come to the required conclusion.

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1.6. DEFINITIONS “Adaptive reuse is the process of taking an old building or site, and reusing it for a purpose other than it was designed.” –Compton Construction “Adaptive reuse, or adaptive re-use architecture, is the process of repurposing buildings that have outlived their original purposes for different uses or functions while at the same time retaining their historic features.” – thoughtco.com “Adaptive reuse refers to the process of reusing an existing building for a purpose other than which it was originally built or designed for.” – Wikipedia.org From the above explanations one can come to a definition as to what adaptive re-use actually pertains to. It can be classified as “the repurpose of something whose use, in a particular function and time period, has been fulfilled and is being repurposed for another function, which may or may not be similar to its previous function, and continuing its usage by bringing changes, aesthetic or structural, as a sustainable , cost and energy effective solution over new construction.” Such adaptive reuse when focused on the heritage aspect of a building is the main focus of this paper.

2. HISTORY Now that we have a clear understanding of the meaning and definition of the term Adaptive Reuse we have to have an understanding of how the term came into being.

Although the term might seem like something that came into being relatively new, its idea was present as early as the Renaissance during the 18th century. Although its importance is being prevalent now more than ever.

2.1. 18TH CENTURY AND RENAISSANCE During the 18th century many religious buildings were, after being confiscated and sold, reused for various military and industrial purposes. This was the first form of adaptive reuse to be introduced to the modern world. Although the driving force for the reuse was not preservation nor the want to conserve the buildings or cultural heritage. This led to the founding of “Commission des Monuments” for keeping the inventory of the confiscated properties. The first chief inspector the “Commission des Monuments Historique” was Eugene Emmanual Viollet-le-Duc. This led to the formulation of the idea ‘Restoration’ although his ideas of restoration were bit bold, allowing the addition of completely new parts to a building in the name of restoration albeit in the building’s ‘original style’. His ideas allowed contemporary architects to completely alter the original buildings for reuse in clear, direct and practical manner. Despite the very high following of his ideals, his opinions were not without any oppositions.

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2.2. JOHN RUSKIN AND CONSERVATION John Ruskin was one of the main person to oppose his ideas claiming it as a ‘destruction accompanied with the false description of the thing destroyed’. His ideology laid down the basis for the rejection of Viollet-le-Duc’s destructive restoration principles and the beginning of a more conservationist philosophy with preference provided for protection, conservation and maintenance of monuments.

The difference between these ideologies proved to be the heat of debates throughout 19 and 20th century. th

2.3. THE RESTORATIVE THEORY Alois Riegl saw these conflicting opinions as, the supporters of the restorative movement sought to combine the historic-value with the newness-value. They aimed to remove all traces of decay and rebuild all the current traces of it, to create a historical entity. In contrast to this he suggested that the followers of the anti-restorative community sought to preserve the age-value of buildings and thus considered the incompleteness of the building as a part of its natural decay and thus should be preserved to show that the building was not created now but at some point in the past. His final inclination was clearly seen as a more restorative form of adaptive reuse.

However while most of his work were theoretical similar to Viollet-le-Duc and Ruskin, there was another person who took up this idea and provided concrete basis and principles to follow to an extent.

2.4.1. TYPOLOGICAL APPROACH: A pioneering researcher into the field of adaptive reuse was Sherban Cantacuzino who was the author of New Uses for Old Buildings(1975), which was based of the another book Architectural Review. The book provides an insight into the history of adaptive reuse, its role into current conservation practice followed by a large number of international examples organized into various typologies based of the function of the host space. Thus he brought onto us 11 different types of typologies, they are: 1) churches and chapels, 2) Monastics and Religious establishments, 3) fortifications, gates and barracks, 4) town houses, country houses outhouses and other ancillaries, 5) School, 6) Corn exchanges, 7) barns and granaries, 8) Mills, 9) Maltings and breweries, 10) Warehouses and other Industrial buildings, 11) Pumping Stations.

Following this was another book by him which further helped refine the ideas of typologies by reducing it to 6, they are: 1) Public Buildings, 2) Private Buildings, 3) Commercial buildings, 4) Industrial Buildings, 5) Ecclesiastical Building and 6) Rural Buildings. Many other researchers have studies various building based on the typology of host spaces upon the release of Cantacuzino’s documentary and have reached similar conclusions.

John Douglas is another author who researched adaptive reuse of buildings in terms of typology of host space, however, his findings results in much less number of categories.

He however, showed various different uses for the various typologies to convert to and he backs it up with various reasons as to why these typologies can be converted and why some are redundant. xi

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2.4.2. TECHNICAL APPROACH: So, in contrast to the other writers mentioned above some researchers decided to approach adaptive reuse as a more technical problem which led to various practical approaches in contrast to the more theoretical approaches. This resulted in the formation of certain technical books or guidebooks for approaching adaptive reuse. The first and considered the best book for the technical approach to adaptive approach is Highfield’s, The Rehabilitations and Reuse of Old Buildings (1987), In this he makes a clear separation between the domestic and non-domestic buildings and explains various ways to take detail upon while adapting it for various functions (in terms of fire, acoustics, prevention against dampness etc.) and all the study was backed up by various case studies done on specific buildings. The various editions which followed this book detailed even more things to look out for while approaching the issue such as ways to promote sustainable redevelopment while adapting existing structures. Now, while both Douglas and Highfield talk about the important of the space as well as its protection, they however saw those spaces are mere spaces which can built upon to achieve functional, financial and technical ends. Even though the main point of adaptive reuse is for the conservation of heritage, there is little talk about this in either the typological or technical approaches to adaptive reuse.

However the last decade has seen the importance of a more sustainable approach to adaptive reuse and has thus become to the forefront of the various theoretical and technical approach to the adaptations of spaces. The various literatures conforming do state that the very idea of reuse is a sustainable approach as it would require less materials and energy for the adaptation over the construction of a newer building. However there arises the counter argument that the old historical buildings have a very poor performance in terms of energy over the new buildings and therefore becomes unviable in ecological terms.

The rise in increased importance has thus caused an increase in the amount of theories and discoveries in this aspect. However, to the contrary to the studies done in the 1990s and 1980s, there have been a tilt towards the idea of overlapping and interconnected approach ranging from conservation, architecture, interior design etc towards reuse of historic approach.

2.4.3. PROGRAMMATIC APPROACH: The Programmatic approach involves selecting as a starting point a specific function and then trying to find another existing historic example of where this function has been applied and is successful in accommodating said function. It is important that this approach be further explored as historical buildings are being reused for mostly commercial purposes and for most of the cases it is done to retain a piece of ‘authenticity’ in their establishment and create a sense of link with the people of that region. So such buildings are preferred by the commercial businessmen and can therefore be catered to.

Various investigations are being developed to study the various application of this approach and have found that the ability to adapt to different programmes, would not only help in the solving of various practical and functional issues but also various demographic issues which arise on passing of time. While there aren’t any studies which show or relate any one particular programme with adaptive reuse, through various instances of xii

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happenings and experience it is seen that dwelling, culture and education is highly probable while industry, military and religious have very limited compatibility as these programmes often need very specific architecture and so are usually compensated sing newly constructed buildings (or in buildings so modified to meet the needs it doesn’t resemble the original building anymore).

2.4.4. STRATEGIC APPROACH: In “Architecture as Palimpset”, Machado creates certain metaphors from the practice of writing to urge other ways to approach the idea of remodeling of a building. He questions the predominant approach of a ‘form/function relationship’ and instead argues for an approach of the ‘form/form relationship’ as he believes this to be the critical potential of the activity. However he further stated by remodeling should not be limited to the form as in form of the building but to the meaning of the past, the way the architect or designer originally dealt with which encompass the ‘form’ of said building. He states: ‘In the process of remodeling, the past takes on greater significance because it itself, is the material to be altered and reshaped. The past provides the already written, the marked “canvas” on which each successive remodeling will find its own place. Thus, the past becomes a “package of sense”, of built-up meaning to be accepted (maintained), transformed or suppressed (refused).”

However, these forms of poetic ideas didn’t receive much consideration, until Robert took up these thoughts in 1989 and tries to bring about a physical explanations for these metaphorical ideas. Thus came about Robert’s seven ‘concepts of conversion’: 1) building within, 2) building over, 3) building around, 4) building alongside, 5) recycling materials or vestiges, 6) adapting to a new function and 7)building in the style of.

Each of these refers to a form of physical intervention to the approach to remodeling over Machado’s more poetic palimpsest ideas. More recently, these writings have also merged with those of Brooker and Stone, who also came up with various design strategies, applicable physically, for building reuse. The 3 strategies are: 1) intervention, 2) insertion, 3) installation. They claim that applying one of these strategies the meaning of the building can be accepted, transformed or suppressed. In Context + Environment, they explain: “It is through an understanding and interpretation of the spirit of place and the particular contextual setting within which a building exists that a designer or architect can heighten, change and reactivate a space. An existing structure is bound to its setting: it has certain qualities that are unique only to that particular situation. The designer can analyse and use these found qualities as the starting point or basis for the next layer of construction.”

Their use of categories and latent concern for a sense of place was also taken up by Jaeger and in his works. He uses three types of classification: 1) Additions, 2) Transformations and 3) conversions. Cramer and Breitlin developed these ideas in a different way through a clear demarcation between ‘design strategies’ and ‘architectonic expressions’. However common to all of them is an approach that is not only practical but also acknowledges the poetic understanding by Machado to adaptive reuse.

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3. CASE STUDIES 3.1. CRITERIA So, now that we have an idea of what adaptive reuse is and how is has evolved to become a practice with many implications in the modern world we have to consider various examples in real life where they have tried to apply the idea and has been successful in their venture. So for deciding the case studies to be considered, various case studies have been done in an international scale. The selection criteria has mainly focused on two things, the successfulness in its adaptive reuseness and how it has managed to preserve its heritage. Other features like providing income, and adding to the urban development as a whole is also considered. x x x x x

Building’s old use has an important significance on the area’s history The new use has tried to retain the memory of its previous use and helped in the revitalization of the area The building is still currently in use Helped retain a distinct architectural element or identity of that area plays a significant role in the urbanscape

3.1.1. CASTLE-TOWER REGENSBURG, ZURICH 3.1.1.1. INTRODUCTION: Regensberg Castle (also known as Schloss Regensberg sometimes referred to NeuRegensberg) is a hill castle which was built about the mid-13th century AD by the House of Regensberg in the Swiss municipality of Regensberg in the Canton of Zürich.

The castle is divided into many parts. The Rundturn (Round Tower) is a 21m high structure, the Palas, located on the western ridge of the Lägern mountain chain (617 m) looking over the lower Glatt Vallley. Originally designed as a fortified hilltop settlement, the small town of Regensberg, the fortified inner town is called Oberburg or Oberstadt whose fortifications included a 57m high deep water well.

3.1.1.2. HISTORY: 3.1.1.2.1. HOUSE OF REGENSBERG: The so-called Hunfried document of 1044 AD mentions among others a witness named Lütold of Affoltern who is suspected as the builder of the Alt-Regensberg Castle on the border between Regensdorf and Zürich-Affoltern around 1050 AD, and Lütold I von Regensberg was mentioned as the first holder of the family's name around 1088.

Lutold of Affoltern is mentioned as the builder of the Regensberg Castle, placed on the border between Regensdorf and Zürich-Affoltern in 1050 AD, as per the Hunfried xiv

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Document of 1044 AD, and Lütold I von Regensberg as the first holder of the Family’s name around 1088 AD. The Regensberg reigned over the Furt, Surb and Wehn valleys besides the Lägern chainand included many other assets including the Limmat and Reppisch valleys, in Zürcher Oberland in the Pfannenstiel area, also sporadically in the present Thurgau and north of the Rhein River and on Bodensee lake shore. The houses also possessed many assets through marriages and connections with other noble houses of Kyburg, RapperswilHabsburg-Laufenburg, Neuchâtel and Pfirt.

The fortified town of (Neu)-Regensberg was established by Lütold V von Regensberg (or his son Ulrich, the data is inconclusive) during 1280 AD and after the death of Lütold V von Regensberg, his land was divided due to inheritance between his two sons, Lütold VI and Ulrich. Ulrich came into possession Regensberg and many other areas. During the mid-13th century th relation between the House of Regensberg and the people of Zürich suffered, which resulted in conflicts with the House of Habsburg for inheriting the lands of the House of Kyburg (a house which at that point had already been extinct). This led to the Regensberger Fehde War (1267-1268 AD) which Ulrich lost.

Ulrich died in 1280 AD, and his son Lütold VIII had to sell the Regensberg to HabsburgAustria in 1302 AD. The House of Habsburg however mortgaged the castle and town several times and in 1407 AD the, by then called, Herrschaft-Regensberg was acquired by the city of Zürich. From 1417 AD, the castle became the seat of the Bailiff of the Bailiwick of Regensberg of Zürich. During the Old Zürich War (1440–1446 AD), the Council of Zurich forced the citizens to defend the town and castle but was ultimately conquered on 9th June 1443 AD. On 9th September 1540, the Town of Zürich was destroyed by a fire while the Castle was unaffected as the Oberstadt was separated by a ditch. The Oberstadt was rebuilt in the following year. The castle and the upper town was fortified on the basis of then modern benchmark standards on 1689 AD. On March 1798, the bailiwicks were dissolved by the French Revolutionary troops upon their abdication of the Council of the City Republic of Zurich.

3.1.1.3. FEATURES: Rusty steel was used to be bring about a feeling of age within the castle. With this the archaic expression of the castle-tower is underlined, as old as the hills itself.

All the technical installations have been either completely removed or fully integrated into the walls or disguised in the timber work hung with rusty wire meshing. The indirect and diffused lighting brings out the medieval atmosphere and accents the stone works of the walls and the mounted exhibition objects.

The exhibition (containing local history) is experienced vertically. The more one rises through the tower, the younger the exhibitions become, from the medieval ages in the ground floor to the 20th Century on the 5th Floor.

Once ascended upon the roof of the Tower, we come in contact with the Modern era, with Old Aged behind us. On the roof is the final exhibition, materialized using Fibre Glass and possessing the form to that of a snail shell petrified in the battlement cover.

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The exterior lighting was improvised with a new projection technique. This helps in significantly reducing light pollution and a huge reduction in energy consumption of the Thebuilding. exterior lighting was improvised with a new projection technique. This helps in significantly reducing light pollution and a huge reduction in energy consumption of the building.

A view the interior is now museum (left), the installation onisthe of the tower fig. 1.1of - Installation on which the terrace of the atower fig. 1.2 - Amodern view of the interior which nowterrace a museum (right) A view of the interior which is now a museum (left), the modern installation on the terrace of the tower (right)

3.1.1.4. CONCLUSION: The tower is a symbol of the medieval times possessing a huge of history from its point 3.1.1.4. CONCLUSION:

of construction till now. Passing from generation to generations, Houses to Houses, living The through tower is wars, a symbol the medieval times possessing a hugeisofsymbol history of from point and firesof and various calamities, this tower theitsStrength of construction till now.

Passing from generation to generations, Houses to Houses, living perseverance of the people. through wars, fires and various calamities, this tower is symbol of the Strength and perseverance the people.of this tower would be removing a landmark of inspiration from the The of destruction town. The idea of adaptive reuse as a solution comes into play in these situations. Since The its destruction of this tower would be removing a landmark of inspiration thepresent original function of a battle tower or a House of the Bailiff cannot be from done in town. The idea of adaptive reuse as a solution comes into play in these situations.

Since times, so a new use has to be thought of which incorporates the building as a whole but its original function battle tower or a House of the Bailiff cannot of beitdone present of the also is helpfulof toathe urban context.

This lead to the conversion into in a museum times, local so a new use has to be thought of which incorporates the building as a whole butas well. history, thus allowing to keep the building and acts as a source of income also is This helpful to the urban context.

This lead to the conversion of it into a museum of the but is a case where adaptive reuse has been used for the betterment of the building local history, allowingastoa keep theThe building and actsofas sourcehas ofbeen income as well. also thethus community whole. very heritage thea town preserved with the This ispeople a case for where adaptive reuse has been used for the betterment of the building but generations to come. also the community as a whole. The very heritage of the town has been preserved with the people for generations to come.

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3.1.2. THE GOAT FARM ARTS CENTER, ATLANTA 3.1.2.1. INTRODUCTION: A for-profit organization, the Goat Farm Arts Centre focuses on discovering experimental and innovative art works. The Goodson Yard, The Rodriguez Room, The Warhorse and three exterior venues (The Village Green, Warhorse Court and the Dovetail) are the non-traditional rustic auditoriums present in the center. There are two residential groups, gloATL (provides contemporary dance classes) and Stimulus Diffusion (provides a wide variety of educational initiatives in Atlanta). The Goat Farm Art Centre facilities are provided on a selection basis. The artists who wish to use the facilities to display their arts can submit their proposals. After all their proposals are viewed and is selected, the Center invests in them and provide them the support required to actualize their ideas. The selected receive what is called The Goat Farm’s AIP (Arts Investment Package). The package includes funding, production assistance, marketing assistance, financial assistance and rehearsal, performance exhibition and classroom space.

3.1.2.2. HISTORY: Edward Van Winkle built it in 1880s, and underwent various expansion through the early 1930s. By 1898, the site specialized in cotton-related machinery, winning awards at state fairs and international expos. It was later bought out from Van Winkle by the Murray Company of Texas and came to be known “Murray’s Mill”. During World War II, it was converted into a complex which produces ammunition and mortars.

During the early 1970s many sculptors, musicians, painters and photographers set up studios here after Robert Haywood bought it. In the early 2000s, a space was rented to antique dealers as “The Shops at Murray Mill”, but it never took off and the site remained unused for many years.

Hallister Development bought the property for a reported amount of $7 Million who were specialists in the field of renovating historic properties in July 2010. They planned to preserve and develop the property as an arts friendly community. They also decided as an alternate back up plan, executed a “Development of Regional Impact” application with the Georgia Regional Transportation Authority, a project containing 426 residential unit, 96,000 sqft of office and 96,000 of retail to develop at that location.

They however, did not follow through with the plan and in 2009, Hallister made the decision to develop the site into a Centre for the Visual and Performing Arts from performance and exhibition hall. This included a café/library, an on-site organic farm, an education centre, a 5000 sqft space dedicated to contemporary dance and creative studios for artists.

In 2010, it was used for filming in the episode "Vatos" of The Walking Dead. In 2012, it was used for The Hunger Games: Catching Fire filming.

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3.1.2.3. CONCLUSION: 3.1.2.3.

CONCLUSION: Although in this case, there isn’t any sudden change or sudden intervention in the name

ofAlthough adaptiveinreuse.

Thethere building goessudden through various changes throughout the name years. this case, isn’t any change or sudden intervention in the in function happens each goes time the ownership changes andthroughout each time the ofChange adaptive reuse. The building through various changes thefunction years. depends on the need of the area during that time period.

Change in function happens each time the ownership changes and each time the function

depends on the need the was area converted during thatinto time The unused hugeofland anperiod. arts hub, encouraging the local artists to develop their huge skillsland andwas provide a stage display their accolades.

The unused converted intowhere an artsthey hub,can encouraging the local artistsThe to conversion form a cotton mill to a weapons manufacturer during the world war to an Arts develop their skills and provide a stage where they can display their accolades. The Centre bring with it a lot Trying to keep itduring as it is the conversion form a cotton milloftohistory. a weapons manufacturer themeans world carrying war to anall Arts memories it went through along with it.

The building stands as a testament to the varying Centre bring with it a lot of history. Trying to keep it as it is means carrying all the times it went through. memories it went through along with it. The building stands as a testament to the varying times it went through.

fig. 2.1- Images of the Centre for Visual and Performing Arts

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3.1.3. MUSÉE D'ORSAY, PARIS 3.1.3.1. INTRODUCTION: A Beaux-Arts railway station, built between 1898 and 1900, originally called the Gare d’Orsay, now the Musée d'Orsay, is now a museum in Paris, France. Housing some of the greatest works dating from 1848 to 1914, including painting, sculptures, furniture and photography from some of the greatest artists like Monet, Manet, Degas to name a few.Most of these were in the Galerie nationale du Jeu de Paume before the opening of the museum in 1986. Being one of the largest art museums in Europe, it has over 3.6 million visitors ever year (data from 2019).

3.1.3.2. HISTORY: Designed by three architects; Lucien Magne, Émile Bénard and Victor Laloux, the Gare d'Orsay, was originally envisaged as a Railway Station for the Chemin de Fer de Paris à Orléans in the 1900 Exposition Universelle where it was used as the Terminus for the railways of Southwestern France until 1939.

By 1939, the World War II was happening and the trains through this stayion was used for suburban services and as a mailing centre and as such led to longer trains to meet the demands. However the station’s original platforms became too short for these trains and thus was discontinued. It was then used as a set for several films, such as Kafka's The Trial adapted by Orson Welles, and as a haven for the Renaud–Barrault Theatre Company and for auctioneers, while the Hôtel Drouot was being rebuilt.

Being an unused railway station, it was scheduled for demolition in 1970, but the then Minister for Cultural Affairs, Jacques Duhamel ruled against it and decided to build a hotel instead. The station was finally put in the List of Historic Monuments in 1978. However the Directorate of the Museum of France suggested the conversion of the station into a museum. The fundamental concept behind this conversion was for it to act as a museum that would bridge the gap between the Louvre and the National Museum of Modern Art at the Georges Pompidou Centre. The plan was accepted by Georges Pompidou and a study was commissioned in 1974. In 1978, three young architects, Pierre Colboc, Renaud Bardon and Jean-Paul Philippon, won the competition for the new Museum Redesign for the station and was awarded the contract which involved creating 20,000 m2 of new space upto 4 floors. The Italian architect Gae Aulenti was chosen to design the interior spaces of the museum in 1981. Finally, in December 1986, after 6 months to install 2000 painting, 600 sculptures and other works, was officially opened. It was inaugurated by thenpresident François Mitterrand.

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fig. 3.1 - Image of the Musée D’Orsay, Paris

CONLCUSION: 3.1.3.2.3.1.3.2.

CONLCUSION:

The adaptive reuse of this building was a joint decision by the government to convert

The adaptive reuse ofthatthis building was a joint decision by the government to convert CONLCUSION: it 3.1.3.2. from a building could no longer fulfill its original function to being almost demolished to a museum housing various exhibits containing years of history and art.

The it from a building that could no longer its original function to being almost The adaptive of thisa building was a fulfill joint by theofgovernment to convert marvelous building,reuse standing true testament to thedecision architecture that time period is demolished to abeing housing various exhibits containing years of history and art. The it from amuseum building that longer preserved a part of thecould peoplenoand a linkfulfill to the its agesoriginal before. function to being almost to astanding museum housing exhibits to containing years of historyofand art. The marvelousdemolished building, a truevarious testament the architecture that time period is marvelous building, standing a true testament to the architecture of that time period is preservedpreserved being abeing part aof the people and a link to the ages before. part of the people and a link to the ages before.

3.1.4. THE CHILDREN'S MUSEUM, PITTSBURGH 3.1.4. THE CHILDREN'S MUSEUM, PITTSBURGH 3.1.4. THE CHILDREN'S MUSEUM, PITTSBURGH 3.1.4.1. INTRODUCTION:

Present in the Allegheny Center neighborhood in Pittsburgh, the Children's Museum INTRODUCTION: of 3.1.4.1.

Pittsburgh is a hands on interactive children’s museum.

Present in the Allegheny Center neighborhood in Pittsburgh, the Children's Museum 3.1.4.1. AINTRODUCTION: place to pique the interest of children, taking off on fantastic flights of Imagination.

of Pittsburgh is a hands on interactive children’s museum.

Parents Magazine named it as one of the nation’s top 15 children’s museum in 2015.

Present in the Allegheny neighborhood in experience Pittsburgh, thechildren Children's Museum Having an annual footfallCenter of 306,000 with hands on, real for the that place piqueand the interest of children, taking off museum. on fantastic flights of Imagination. of Pittsburgh iscreativity atohands oncuriosity. interactive children’s inciteAjoy, Parents Magazine named it as one of the nation’s top 15 children’s museum in 2015.

Having an annual footfall of 306,000 with hands on, real experience for the children that The building is actually amalgamation of two buildings, The Allegheny Post Office incite joy, creativity andancuriosity.

A place to pique the interest children, taking offsculpture on fantastic and the Buhl Planetarium. Theof center is housed by a wind created flights by the of Imagination.

Parents environmental Magazine named as one the nation’s topthe 15LEED children’s museum in 2015. artist NeditKahn.

Theof museum was awarded certification in The building is actually an amalgamation of two buildings, The Allegheny Post Office and honored by theof American Institute for Architects and the National Historic Having 2006 anand annual footfall 306,000 hands experience the Buhl Planetarium.

The centerwith is housed by aon, windreal sculpture created byfor thethe children that Preservation Trust. incite joy,environmental creativity and artistcuriosity.

Ned Kahn. The museum was awarded the LEED certification in 2006 and honored by the American Institute for Architects and the National Historic Preservation Trust.

The building is actually an amalgamation of two buildings, The Allegheny xx Post Office and the Buhl Planetarium. The center is housed by a wind sculpture created by the environmental artist Ned Kahn. The museum was awarded the LEED certification in xx 2006 and honored by the American Institute for Architects and the National Historic 13 Preservation Trust.

3.1.4.2. HISTORY: Originally the Allegheny Post Office founded in 1983, it was gifted by the Pittsburgh History and Landmarks Foundation and is situated on Pittsburgh’s North Side (formerly Allegheny City). The Buhl Planetarium building was vacated in the year 1991 and was replaced with the Carnegie Science Center. The Museum started off from the Three Rivers Arts Festival in 1972, and grew exponentially. This museum was a part of the first wave of children’s museum popping up at the time. .Koning Eizenberg Architecture, Inc. in the early 2000s envisaged a plan to connect the old Beaux Arts-Style post office currently present with the neighboring vacant Art Deco Buhl Planetarium, with a modern glass addition over the Allegheny Square.

It became the largest Silver LEED certified museum in the country in March 2006. This validates that the Museum’s expansion has been designed and constructed using sustainable practices with particular attention to site development, water conservation, energy management, using recycled materials, waste management, reusing resources, indoor air quality as well as developing new programs for visitors. To offer teaching moments about the new green museum, many of the building’s structural and mechanical systems are left exposed.

Much of the Museum’s evolution was done by using various sustainable practices including in terms of waste management, water conservation, and greater indoor air quality with a particular attention to site development. Most of the building’s structural and mechanical systems are left to be seen for educational purposes.

3.1.4.3. CONCLUSION: The museum originally a post office was reused into an interactive museum for children. The architects not only decided to keep the library but decided to incorporate within the vacant planetarium as it would be a great addition to the Children’s Museum.

The amalgamation of two distinct style of architecture was done perfectly, preserving the style of architecture present at those times. They provide the contrast to the modern buildings present in the neighborhood and the children are shown of the growth and change the area went throughout the ages.

fig. 4.1 - External view of the museum

fig. 4.2 - Interior view of the museum

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3.1.5. THE GREEN BUILDING, LOUISVILLE

3.1.5.1. INTRODUCTION: Located in the East Market District (NuLu) in Louisville, Kentucky, it is the first commercial Platinum LEED certified building and Kentucky’s first Platinum LEED adaptive reused building in 2010. The Green Building was designed by the Los Angeles Firm FER Studio.

The green building gallery is an art space, with offices, even rooms and is also the headquarters for sonaBLAST! Records, Holland Brown Books and La Coop (a café).

3.1.5.2. HISTORY: Originally, in 1774, the area was part of a 1,000 acre Royal Land granted to Col. William Preston of Virginia for his service in the French and Indian War. Upon inheritance, his son, Maj. William Preston, moved from Virginia to Louisville in 1815 which led to the City of Louisville annexing the property in 1827 (known at the time as ‘Uptown’ that now includes NuLu as well as the Phoenix Hill and Butchertown neighborhoods).

Since 1885, the neighborhood has evolving through a variety of establishments ranging from bakeries, magistrates' and constables' offices, saloons, an apothecary, grocers, tailors, a jewelry store, the Great Western Tea & Coffee Co., and others. The building was commercialized for the first time between 1890 and 1893, as a dry goods store as Sternau’s Dry Goodsand remained as such for more than half a century. Upon its closure, the building housed a supply mill between 1950 and 1955, then a Goodwill between 1956 and 1977. In the 1970s there was sharp increase in vacancies, market areas which were used for storage were no longer used and simply sat idle.

Originally a dry goods store, this 119 year old masonry structure was renovated by its owners Augusta and Gill Holland in 2007 when thy decided to make it the first commercial building to achieve LEED platinum certification in Louisville, KY. Wanting to rescue it from decades of neglect, the project included resuscitating the structural masonry shell and infusing it with a modern core, including a 40 foot high lobby, expansive natural lighting, eco-friendly materials, and renewable energy systems, as well as extensive solar power, geothermal wells, and recycled denim insulation. The Green Building is home to The Green Building Gallery, Edj Analytics and Galaxie, event spaces, and an indooroutdoor courtyard.

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3.1.5.3. CONCLUSION: The transition from a dry goods store to something left for rotting and the owner’s decision to convert said building to a Platinum level LEED quality building shows a very inspiring story. The building’s natural aesthetic was maintained, not as in untouched, but work was done to keep the original aesthetic unchanged. This building shows that adaptive reuse can be a source of combining new technology with the old buildings to create energy efficient and sustainable alternative to demolition and creation. This shows that preservation of cultural heritage through adaptive reuse does not need to be a sacrificial attempt, but rather a step beyond just preservation and more towards the path of development.

3.1.6. GAS WORKS PARK, SEATTLE 3.1.6.1. INTRODUCTION: A 19.1 acre public park (formerly a gasification plant), the Gas Works Park, is placed on the north shore of the Lake union at the south end of the Wallingford neighborhood.

The only remaining coal gasification plant in the US, operating from 1906 to 1956, was bought by the city of Seattle for park purposes in 1962, opened to the public in 1975.

The park designed by Seattle landscape architect Richard Haag and its conversion into a park by the Daviscourt Construction Company.

Originally named Myrtle Edwards Park, in honor of the councilwoman who had lead the process for the acquisition of the site and unfortunately died in a car crash in 1969.

However the name was changed on request of the family in 1972, as the design called for retention of the plant.

3.1.6.2. HISTORY: The original structure is a technological marvel and can be considered as an archeological proof of the last of this type of technology. The structure has been preserved and has also been uniquely composed into an innovative park design. A statement by Paul Goldberg from the New York Times in 1975 during the construction of the gas plant: "Seattle is about to have one of the nation’s most advanced pieces of urban landscape design. The complex array of towers, tanks and pipes of the gas works forms a powerful industrial still life ... serving both as a visual focus for the park and as a monument to the city’s industrial past. The park represents a complete reversal from a period when industrial monuments were regarded, even by preservationists, as ugly intrusions on the landscape, to a time when such structures as the gas works are recognized for their potential ability to enhance the urban experience." xxiii

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The possibility for National Historic Landmark status was recognized in 1971 when Victor Steinbrueck inventoried the Gas Works and Eric DeLony of the National Park Service wrote: "Gas Works Park will not only be a unique first in the United States, if not the world, but will set an important precedent for the future preservation of industrial structure through an imaginative plan for adaptive use."

The Gas Works Park is a unique and great combination of a dramatic site and historic structure. Although not all of the machinery were able to be salvaged, the defining character of the structure was still preserved and uniquely integrated with Lake Frontage.

The Seattle Gas Company's production plant located on Lake Union, now known as Gas Works Park, was co-founded by one of Seattle's foremost pioneers, Arthur A. Denny.

The Gas Company played a major role in the development of Seattle and its adjoining communities during the first half of the twentieth century. Initially developed for the generating gas for energy for the city, it also manufactured other basic necessary commodities for urban growth like tar for roofing, lampblack for pigment in tires and ink etc. Another main product from the gas plant was Toluene. Toluene was in high demand during World War II, as toluene was used for making TNT and various types of gunpowder. So, the impact the gas plant had was not only for the daily commercial and domestic life in Seattle but also at a national level.

The Gas Work Plant is the only survivor of gas work plants from the Industrial Revolution (a revolution that transformed the face of the world) with most of the structures and machinery still intact. Being only one of the 1400 other such pants in US present in the Production era, the plant stands as a testament to a unique and dramatic collection of industrial revolution era technology. Although currently old fashioned and outmoded, the towers machines and buildings are a true monument to humanity inventiveness and acts as a visual evidence of the pioneering technology. . As UW Professor of Anthropology Kenneth Read so eloquently expressed it: "History sits on this little wasteland, not only the parochial history of a given city, but also a fragment of the chronicle of world and culture. It is certainly as valuable a document as anything preserved in the Museum of History and Industry."

The Gas Works plant is a true example of industrial site conversions of an international scale in terms of conservations approach and land reclamation and is referenced in various research papers and textbooks as a an outstanding archetype. Upon its inauguration, it was awarded various awards for its reuse, the jury at the panel even said that: "A remarkably original and attractive example of how to reclaim a seemingly hopeless and obsolete industrial installation. Instead of being destroyed or disguised, it has been transformed into a lighthearted environment.”

The huge towering constructs preserved within the park acts as a monuments to be seen from any point in the Lake Union, providing an insight into the Seattle’s great history of xxiv

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the industrial revolution era. Another depth to the experience by movement through the monolithic structures and going the various eras of time the structures have gone through.

"The black shapes of the towers on their grassy point leap out with startling clarity against the bright collage of the shoreline, silhouettes that might be the pictogram for the works of industrial man." (Landscape Australia, February 1980)

3.1.6.2. CONCLUSION: The Gas Works plant is a living memory of the Industrial Revolution, a time of great advancements in technology for the whole world. After the shutdown of the plant there were talks demolish it like the other 1399 other gas plants present in the US. However understanding that this is a testament of the times of World War and the development the world went through pushed people to protect it and integrate it into a park.

fig. 5.1 - Aerial view of the Gas Works plant

fig. 5.2 - The park being used with the plant in the background

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4. CONCLUSION: 4. CONCLUSION: CASE STUDY CASE STUDY CASTLE-TOWER

INITIAL USE INITIAL USE CASTLE

CURRENT USE CURRENT USE

LOCATiON LOCATiON

MUSEUM DEPiCTiNG A REGENSBERG, CANTON CASTLE MUSEUM DEPiCTiNG CASTLE-TOWER REGENSBERG, CANTON REGENSBERG TRANSFORMATiON FROM A ZURiCH, SWiTZERLAND REGENSBERG TRANSFORMATiON ZURiCH, SWiTZERLAND TH TH FROM 5 CENTURY TO 20 CENTURY TO 20TH 5TH CENTURY CENTURY THE GOAT FARMS ARTS 19TH CENTURY PERFORMANCE AND ATLANTA, GEORGiA THECENTER GOAT FARMS ARTS iNDUSTRiAL 19THBUiLDiNGS CENTURY PERFORMANCE AND ATLANTA, GEORGiA EVENT VENUE CENTER BUiLDiNGS EVENT VENUE USEDiNDUSTRiAL TO MAKE COTTON USED TO MAKE TO COTTON LATER REVAMPED LATER REVAMPED PRODUCE AMMUNiTiON TO ANDPRODUCE MORTARSAMMUNiTiON iN WWii AND MORTARS iN WWii 10,175-SQUARE-FOOT LOiUSViLLE, KENTUCKY THE GREEN BUiLDiNG DRY GOODS STORE THE GREEN BUiLDiNG DRY GOODS STORE MiXED-USE 10,175-SQUARE-FOOT LOiUSViLLE, KENTUCKY COMMERCiAL MiXED-USE COMMERCiAL BUiLDiNG WiTH A BUiLDiNG WiTH A GALLERY, AN EVENT GALLERY, EVENT SPACE, OFFiCES,AN AND A SPACE, OFFiCES, CONFERENCE ROOMAND A CONFERENCE ROOM SEATTLE GAS WORKS GASiFiCATiON PLANT PUBLiC PARK iN 1975 SEATTLE, WASHiNGTON SEATTLE GAS WORKS GASiFiCATiON PLANT PUBLiC PARK iN 1975 SEATTLE, WASHiNGTON PARK FROM 1906 TO 1956 PARK FROM 1906 TO 1956 MUSÉE D’ORSAY RAiLWAY STATiON MUSEUM PARiS MUSÉE D’ORSAY RAiLWAY STATiON MUSEUM PARiS CHiLDREN'S MUSEUM OF CARNEGiE FREE LiBRARY MUSEUM PiTTSBURGH CHiLDREN'S MUSEUM OF CARNEGiE FREE LiBRARY MUSEUM PiTTSBURGH PiTTSBURGH PiTTSBURGH table 1 - A summary of all the case studies done

Through this paper, we were trying to consider Adaptive Reuse as an alternative or the were trying to consider Adaptive Reuse asWe an went alternative or the way toThrough conservethis the paper, culturalwe heritage of a place, in terms of architecture. through way to conserve the cultural heritage of a place, in terms of architecture.

We went through the various stages of history and understood that Adaptive reuse is not a new term and has the various of history reuse is not aevolved new term anda has actually existedstages for a long time. and We understood saw the waythat theAdaptive term adaptive reuse from actually existed for a long time.

We saw the way the term adaptive reuse evolved from a metaphorical idea to a more practical approach. metaphorical idea to a more practical approach.

However, the main question still arises as to why should we do this or How does this thecultural main question still arises as tocase why studies should we we do thisthrough or Howearlier does this help inHowever, conserving heritage.

The various went help in conserving cultural heritage.

The various case studies we went through earlier shows various examples of where adaptive reused was used to preserve the cultural shows various examples of where adaptive reused was used to preserve the cultural heritage of an area. In some cases we saw a way in which it was reused as a way to further heritage of anof area.

In some cases cases we saw waythe in which it wasofreused as a way to the further develop heritage an area.

In some wea saw integration technology with develop heritage of an area.

In some cases we saw the integration of technology with building to create something even better. All these positive outcomes only further show the building to something even better.

All these positive outcomes only further show the practical andcreate beneficial applications of adaptive reuse. the practical and beneficial applications of adaptive reuse.

This concept seems to hold a special promise in today’s premise with the loss of This concept seems to hold a special promise in today’s premise with the loss of architectural identity in areas. With people no longer caring about vernacular form of architectural identity in areas. With people no longer caring about vernacular form of architecture and recreating things found in the internet, the identity of a place is slowly architecture and recreating things found in the internet, the identity of a place is slowly diminishing until everything looks the same. Oblivious to the solution adaptive reuse diminishing until everything looks the same. Oblivious to the solution adaptive reuse presents itself people continue doing the same. As we have seen from the examples above presents itself people continue doing the same. As we have seen from the examples above adaptive reuse provides an energy efficient and culturally preservative options. adaptive reuse provides an energy efficient and culturally preservative options.

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2.

3.

About | Children’s Museum of Pittsburgh. (2011, March 9). Pittsburghkids.

https://pittsburghkids.org/about ArchDaily (2010) Castle-Tower Regensberg / L3P Architects Retrieved 7 Jul, 2020. From https://www.archdaily.com/53308/castle-tower-regensberg-l3p-architects/

Damla misirlisoy & Kagan günc. (2016). Adaptive reuse strategies for heritage buildings: A holistic approach. Sustainable Cities and Society

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Gas Works Park - Parks | seattle.gov. (n.d.). Seattle Gov. Retrieved July 7, 2020, from https://www.seattle.gov/parks/find/parks/gas-works-park

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In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 06:33, July 7, 2020, from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Green_Building_(Louisville,_Kentucky)&oldid=918 817304 13. Wikipedia contributors. (2020, January 12). Goat Farm Arts Center. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 06:31, July 7, 2020, from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Goat_Farm_Arts_Center&oldid=935445247 14. Wikipedia contributors. (2020, January 13). Regensberg Castle. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia.

Retrieved 06:30, July 7, 2020, from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regensberg_Castle&oldid=935632747 15. Wikipedia contributors. (2020, July 8). Musée d'Orsay. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 06:32, July 7, 2020, from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay&oldid=966645797 16. Wikipedia contributors. (2020, March 2). Children's Museum of Pittsburgh. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 06:32, July 7, 2020, from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Children%27s_Museum_of_Pittsburgh&oldid=9435658 64 17. Wikipedia contributors. (2020, May 26). Gas Works Park. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia.

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