Aquaculture Scoop June 2016

Aquaculture Scoop is a magazine for aquaculture professionals worldwide

Issue 12 / June 2016 Mycotoxins

Vaccine against SRS

Analysis of the issue

Better fish health

Neptune Pharma

Industry challenges

Tackling lice problems

STK Aquamor Technologies

Expo list

The world’s top events related to milling from around the world, listed on p. 23

Vaccine against SRS Vaccine against SRS for better fish health and increased profitability Read more on p.8

8

Mycotoxins in aquaculture: 8 things you need to know.

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DEEP TREKKER DTG2 ROV IN USE

Aqua-Cage Fisheries Read more on page 13 Published by Nisa Media Ltd www.aquaculturedirectory.co.uk www.facebook.com/nisamedia www.twitter.com/Aquaculturedire

Filetmaster 180

p.15

MSD Animal Health

p.20

Editorial

Issue 12 / June 2016 Mycotoxins

Welcome to the latest issue of Aquaculture Scoop.

In this issue we take a look at Mycotoxins with insight from Tecna and Biomin. We learn about the vaccine against SRS in salmonids launched

by Pharmaq, the use of Deep Trekker ROV in rainbow trout farming, and a compact unit for mass production of fillets developed by Kroma. We also have a look at Neptune Pharma's solution for treating sea lice in farmed Atlantic salmon, and find out about products from STK Aquamor Technologies which reduce mortality in aquatic organisms as well as the vaccination programme developed by MSD Animal Health.

As ever, please send us your comments and articles for inclusion, contact details below and right.

www.aquaculturedirectory.co.uk

Keeping in touch with Aquaculture Scoop, follow us on: Twitter: www.twitter.com/Aquaculturedire Linkedin: www.linkedin.com/company/nisa-media-ltd Scoop it: www.scoop.it/t/aquaculture-directory Paper.li: www.paper.li/Aquaculturedire/1334242719 Pinterest: www.pinterest.com/aquadirectory/ Facebook: www.facebook.com/pages/Aquaculture-Directory/27260116281734

Analysis of the issue

Neptune Pharma Tackling lice problems

Industry challenges STK Aquamor Technologies

Vaccine against SRS Better fish health

Events

The world’s top events related to milling from around the world, listed on p. 23

>> Published by: NISA Media Ltd 14 Clarke Way Cheltenham GL50 4AX United Kingdom

www.aquaculturedirectory.co.uk > Editorial Manager Nicky Barnes Tel: +44 117 2306494 Email: nbarnes@aquaculturedirectory.co.uk > International Marketing Manager Sabby Major Tel: +44 117 2306493 Email: smajor@aquaculturedirectory.co.uk > News Editor Martin Little Email: mlittle@aquaculturedirectory.co.uk

Aquaculture Scoop / June Issue 2016

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Mycotoxins in 2016: analysis of the issue and strategies to manage the contamination Mycotoxins are toxic compounds produced by moulds. They are secondary products of moulds metabolism; in other words, such toxins are not produced for a specific purpose, or at least it is not yet known the exact one. Anyway, as many other fungal metabolites, mycotoxins are powerful insecticides and, generally speaking, they are part of a defensive mechanism of the fungus. There are hundreds of mycotoxins in nature: some of them are more famous and diffused as aflatoxins or deoxynivalenol, some others as beauvericin or oosporein are less. The effects of these toxins are extremely variable too; as an example, mycotoxins, in some cases, are used as antibiotics (i.e. penicillin), in other cases they are simply the most powerful carcinogenic substance in nature (i.e. aflatoxins). Finally, it is worth to mention some even less known mycotoxins, as diacetoxyscirpenol and the so-called masked mycotoxins.

FAO (Adams and Motarjemi, 1999) estimates that almost 25% of the food all around the world is significantly contaminated with mycotoxins, thus being unsuitable for human alimentation. Mycotoxins diffusion and contamination intensity may vary year over year in different regions. Many moulds contaminate cereals during the harvesting period, many others originate from the seeds and grow along with the plant; in other cases too mycotoxins occur as a consequence of poor storage conditions.

Aquaculture Scoop / June Issue 2016

Moulds proliferation and relative mycotoxins production can be influenced by climate and environmental conditions during the growth, the harvesting and the storage of the plants. For all these reasons, man just has a limited control over mycotoxins contamination.

Currently, there is not an easy solution to the mycotoxins issue; experiments on GMOs and on cross-species breeding could lead to plants varieties that can resist the fungal contamination, but feasibility of such solutions has yet to be demonstrated. Some GMOs that allow the plant to resist to insects and that make harder for the mould to attack do exist, but large part of the consumers anyway dislike GMOs. The best way to cope with mycotoxins contamination though, is to look for them by screening those products that could be contaminated.

Visual determination is a way to detect mycotoxigenic moulds, however the absence of such moulds does not exclude the presence of mycotoxins, as they can still be present even if the fungus that produced them has gone. In some cases there are treatments that can reduce or totally eradicate such toxins as ammoniation, addition of chelating agents, heating or food transformation steps along the food chain.

These procedures can actually fail or leave enough toxigenic power to the mycotoxins so that they still can result harmful for human beings or animals.

Within the last fifty years, consistent advances in the comprehension of mycotoxins, of their toxicity and of the mechanisms underlying their occurrence have been made. Even though, every year, all around the world, sanitary and veterinary systems have to face issues as death, immune system alterations, carcinogenesis, sterility, digestive problems and animal weight loss. All these events and similar others are favoured by mycotoxins contamination, and mostly affect animals, even if incidence on humans is not negligible. In fact, in many countries -especially in the developing countries where food safety strategies are weakersome human diseases were in some circumstances clearly correlating with mycotoxins presence (Propst et al 2007). For these reasons most of the countries in the world issued tight regulations establishing the maximum mycotoxins levels that can be tolerated in agro-food products and to rule out the relative screening methodologies.

Currently, more than 300 mycotoxins species are known and, being the product of the metabolism of a wide range of fungi, they can present very different chemical structures. Among the toxic effects these heterogenic molecules induce, genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, immunotoxicity, mutagenicity, nephrotoxicity and teratogenicity are the most relevant ones.

Another factor that might favour mycotoxins contamination are food intrinsic

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characteristics; as a general statement, substrates that are rich in carbohydrates and lipids are more susceptible to such contamination. Therefore such ideal substrates are cereals, pulses, dried fruits and nuts, some kind of fruits, spices, cocoa and coffee as well as all their by-products.

Direct contamination can occur during storage, either on cereals or on food of animal origin as cheese and sausages. In addition, when animals are fed with contaminated feed, the products of such animals (as milk, meat, eggs) result contaminated too; this is what can be called “indirect contamination” or “carry over” (something similar to what happens for drug residues). The phenomenon of “indirect contamination” can become a relevant threat due to the high concentrations mycotoxins can reach in cereals, the key ingredients of feed formulas. Noteworthy, not even processed food is immune to contamination: beer, coffee and wine, for instance, can contain mycotoxins, if the raw materials used for their production are contaminated. Finally it is worth mentioning mycotoxins absorption through skin or inhalation in some working places. This actually is a matter of fact, however further investigation is necessary as the effects on the health of workers are not totally clear; nonetheless, the main path mycotoxins exert their toxic effects is through the consumption of contaminated food.

As we have seen, mycotoxins issue is very complex, with many different influencing factors, many different effects and, quite logically, many different ways to address it.

In Tecna we believe that, at present, the best way to cope with mycotoxins contamination is screening for their presence, thus limiting the diffusion of the toxins and preserving food safety and value. As you can imagine, the agro-food chain is an immense sector, involving several millions people all over the world, thus Tecna, in order to address the various analytical needs of this industry, has been developing, producing and commercializing test kits for twenty years.

Such kits are worldwide used in order to screen food and feed for the presence of different chemical contaminants, in particular of mycotoxins.

Following the evolution of regulations, of market demands and the increase of

Aquaculture Scoop / June Issue 2016

agro-food production, the analytical needs of such sector progressively changed. Tecna managed to adapt to these changes, thus providing product lines to specific analytical contexts.

When laboratories’ staff is skilled, as inside universities, research institutes, inspection bodies and QC departments of big companies, the ideal choice would be the I’screen line. Those are ELISA kits suitable for the screening of tens of samples per time. The analysis are extremely precise and accurate, and the analytical process lasts for a few hours.

When speed and ease of use become critical factors, Tecna offers the Celer® mycotoxins test kits. Those are ELISA kits characterized by an easy sample preparation and by a faster incubation time, being 15 or 20 minutes. The kit contains everything that is necessary to carry on the analysis: the standards for the correct calibration, the reagents to run the assay and the instructions for results interpretation that can be easily get by means of the free excel workbooks available for each kit.

More recently Tecna introduced a novel ELISA technology called B ZERO®. The best

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option for who analyses few samples per session, this kind of immunoassay does not require to run any calibration curve. In fact this is an extremely advantageous product line in terms of time, ease of use and cost optimisation. Every well of the microtiter plate can be used for the analysis of a sample; Tecna provides the calibration for each lot and allows for the quantification of mycotoxins level for each sample.

During the last years, maximum analytical simplification has been the main trend. In order to allow un-skilled people to perform an analysis, so-called rapid tests spread within the agro-food industry. Similar to common pregnancy tests, few drops of sample enable to detect the presence of the contaminant. Tecna response to this new need is the SMART STRIP line of rapid tests for the analysis of mycotoxins; un-skilled personnel can use these tests to get a result about the sample contamination within just a few minutes. Up to five samples or five

Aquaculture Scoop / June Issue 2016

toxins can be screened per time thanks to a multiple test reading system.

It’s clear how both agro-food diagnostics and mycotoxins-focused studies continuously evolve and provide new results about toxicity and incidence of these compounds; thus, a constant scientific and technological update is necessary. In this particular aspect too, Tecna is at the forefront, providing analytical kits as well as courses and services to support the customer. Depending on the specific needs, Tecna organizes theoretical and practical courses focused on various topics: from sampling to interpretation of analytical results. In addition, Tecna specialists travel to reach the customer facilities where they set-up brand new analytical laboratories and where they hold start-up courses for those customers who are not familiar with immunodiagnostics.

fundamental; for this reason Tecna considers that working side-to-side with its customers, from the kit choice to result interpretation is the best way of ensuring agro-food products safety and quality.

In order to make a screening plan efficient, theoretical and practical skills are equally

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Mycotoxins in Aquaculture: 8 Things You Need to Know

By Rui Gonçalves, Scientist Aquaculture at BIOMIN

Mycotoxins, secondary metabolites produced by molds, can harm many varieties of aquaculture species. Here are 8 key facts about mycotoxins that reveal the real dangers for production.

1. Plant-based feed ingredients expose aquaculture to mycotoxins Mycotoxins are found in many agricultural commodities and are produced at various stages e.g. before or after harvest, during transportation or during storage. A recent trend to replace animal-derived proteins, such as fish meal, by plant proteins sources or inclusion of other commercially available crop by-products (e.g. dried distillers grains and soluble, DDGS) increases the probability of mycotoxin contamination in aquaculture feeds.

2. Mycotoxins have been a recognized threat since 1960 In 1960 in California, aflatoxin

Aquaculture Scoop / June Issue 2016

-contaminated cottonseed meal caused an outbreak of aflatoxicosis in hatchery-reared rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss). This occurred around the same time as the more well-known turkey “X” disease that killed large numbers of turkeys in England (the culprit again being aflatoxins). Since then, researchers have spent considerable time working to better understand the effects of mycotoxins.

3. Mycotoxins include more than just aflatoxins In aquaculture, aflatoxins remain the most frequently studied mycotoxin in scientific research. Scientific articles on the toxicity of aflatoxins in fish and crustacean species cover: • Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) • Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) • Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) • Rohu (Labeo rohita) • European Seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax)

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Table 1. Documented mycotoxins effects on aquaculture species

Mycotoxin

Studied species

Tested dosage in parts

Key reference

per billion (ppb) Rainbow trout Deoxynivalenol (DON)

300 to 2600

Hooft et al. 2011

200 to 1000

Trigo-Stockli et al. 2000

500 to 1000

Supamattaya et al. 2005

621 to 797

Pietsch et al. 2015

100

Meredith et al. 1998

20 to 200

García-Morales et al. 2013

15

Agouz and Anwer 2011

277

El-Sayed et al. 2009

Oncorhynchus mykiss Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei Black tiger shrimp black

Zearalenone (ZEN)

Penaeus monodon Fabricius Common Carp Cyprinus carpio L. Rainbow trout

Fumonisins (FUM)

Oncorhynchus mykiss Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei Common carp

Ochratoxin A (OTA)

Cyprinus carpio European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.)

Source: Gonçalves et al. 2016

• Gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) • Shrimps Yet, aflatoxins comprise just a small piece in the whole puzzle. Researchers have identified over 400 mycotoxins worldwide.

Most consideration focuses on the main occurring metabolites, i.e., aflatoxins (AFLA), ochratoxin A (OTA), fumonisins (FUM), deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN). Though less research was performed with these mycotoxins in aquaculture species compared to aflatoxins, studies suggest that those mycotoxins can have negative effects on aquaculture species (Table 1).

4. Mycotoxins can harm aquaculture species Generally, most of the mycotoxins that have the potential to reduce growth and health status of aquaculture farmed animals are produced by Aspergillus, Penicillium and

Aquaculture Scoop / June Issue 2016

Fusarium species (Figure 1). Chemically, they display a wide range of structures, differing also in biological effects, e.g. carcinogenic, teratogenic, mutagenic, estrogenic, neurotoxic, or immunotoxic.

Toxic metabolites produced by these fungi are known to be either carcinogenic (e.g. aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A, fumonisin B1), estrogenic (zearalenone), neurotoxic (fumonisin B1), nephrotoxic (ochratoxin), dermatotoxic (trichothecenes) or immunosuppressive (aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A and T-2 toxin).

production cost increase of 4% or more.

(See Mycotoxins and their economic impact on aquaculture in Science & Solutions Issue 10 for more).

Figure 1: Mycotoxigenic fungi can usually produce more than one mycotoxin

5. Mycotoxins can raise production costs Mycotoxins’ impact on fish growth performance has been estimated to increase the feed conversion ratio (FCR) by 5% on average. Given the prominence of aquafeeds in aquaculture, this loss of efficiency could easily translate into a

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6. Mycotoxin occurrence in aquafeeds quite high According to the BIOMIN Mycotoxin Survey’s full year data, spanning January to December 2014, 41 samples of finished aquaculture feed for both shrimp and fish in aquaculture revealed widespread mycotoxin contamination. According to these results (Table 2), deoxynivalenol was the most prevalent mycotoxin globally, with 68% of the samples testing positive, followed by AFLA and ZEN (both 59% positive), OTA (57%) and FUM (51%). The fumonisin levels were rather high in terms of concentration, at an average of 637 ppb for the 21 positive samples with a maximum value of 7,534 ppb. When comparing the existing literature about the sensitive levels of certain species to mycotoxins we can find several aquaculture species e.g., rainbow trout, white leg shrimp, black shrimp and Nile tilapia that are reported to be sensitive to the found levels.

Table 2. 2014 results of BIOMIN Mycotoxin Survey for aquafeed

AFLA

ZEN

DON

FUM

OTA

Number samples tested (n)

37

37

37

41

37

Positive samples (n)

22

22

25

21

21

59%

59%

68%

51%

57%

Average of positive (ppb)

49

71

162

637

2

Maximum (ppb)

221

306

413

7,534

5

Average (ppb)

29

42

109

326

1

Mycotoxins

% Positive

Source: BIOMIN

7. Aquafeeds normally contain several different mycotoxins While a single mycotoxin alone, in sufficient quantities, can harm farmed species, the reality is such that most animals face contamination by multiple mycotoxins at the same time. The BIOMIN Mycotoxin Survey data in Figure 2 reveals that three out of four samples tested contained two or more mycotoxins. Seventeen percent of samples were contaminated by one mycotoxin, and just 7% of samples did not contain detectable levels of any of the five mycotoxins.

8. Multiple mycotoxins can be even worse than a single one Mycotoxins can have compound effects on living organisms in one of three ways.

Additive effects boil down to basic addition: the impacts of two mycotoxins equal the sum of the harm posed to the animal by each one separately. Synergistic effects mean that the adverse impacts are magnified and thus result in greater overall harm to the animal. Antagonistic effects entail a disruption or ‘cancelling out’ of impacts, though this is not common. Few studies address the combined effects of mycotoxins in aquaculture. In one study

Aquaculture Scoop / June Issue 2016

Figure 2. Co-occurrence of mycotoxins in aquafeeds in 2014 Source: BIOMIN (Carlson, 2001), fumonisin B1 was shown not to be carcinogenic in rainbow trout at 0, 3.2, 23, and 104 mg/kg over 34 weeks. When trout were fed a diet containing fumonisin B1 and aflatoxin B1 over 42 weeks, liver tumors resulted—indicating a synergistic effect.

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ALPHA JECT LiVac® SRS Vaccine against SRS for better fish health and increased profitability Introduction PHARMAQ, now part of Zoetis, is launching its first live, attenuated vaccine against SRS in salmonids. In Chile, the major health problems in salmonid production are SRS, infectious salmon anemia (ISA) and sea lice.

SRS is a welfare challenge which results in large losses of fish, high use of therapeutics and degradation of fish at slaughter.

PHARMAQ recognized the need to consider new technologies in the fight against SRS and, over the last five years, have evaluated different vaccine platforms. Prior experimental use of live vaccination gave promising results with regard to efficacy, and the focus on the attenuated, live-technology was intensified from 2013.

Significant resources were invested in the development of a safe and efficacious vaccine, and led to the submission of a registration dossier to SAG in September 2015. A PMA was granted in February 2016.

PHARMAQ is proud to launch their first ever live vaccine: ALPHA JECT LiVac® SRS, tailor-made for Chile. The PHARMAQ strategy aligns with the Global Salmon

Aquaculture Scoop / June Issue 2016

Initiative (GSI) goal of increasing the sustainability of salmon farming by using effective vaccines to help reduce use of antibiotics in salmonid production.

PHARMAQ are very happy to bring new, innovative products to the market, which help our customers by contributing to a sustainable and profitable industry.

About PHARMAQ PHARMAQ is the global leader in vaccines and innovation for aquaculture and part of Zoetis, the world leader in animal health.

The company provides environmentally sound, safe and efficacious health products to the global aquaculture industry through targeted research and the commitment of dedicated people.

The global fish farming industry has an increasing demand for fish health products.

Today, we manufacture 30 different types of vaccines, distributed to markets in South and North America, Central America, Europe and Asia. To meet future demand for PHARMAQ's products for different fish

species in existing and emerging markets we have made extensive investments in our production facilities.

Research and development activities are essential to PHARMAQ’s innovation. With new disease challenges there are numerous requests for specific new products. With an R&D staff of approximately 75 employees and significant investments in R&D, we are well prepared to meet our customers’ product needs.

PHARMAQ has been present in the Chilean market over the past 15 years and introduced the first IPN vaccine in 2002.

Since 2004, PHARMAQ has introduced 10 new fish vaccines to the Chilean market while providing continuous customer service to help grow and develop the Chilean fish farming industry. In 2007, we launched our first generation SRS vaccine.

By the introduction of efficient ISA vaccines in 2010, PHARMAQ helped the Atlantic salmon industry overcome the ISA crisis.

Today, the company's ISA vaccines remain the market leading products in Chile, and

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almost 80% of Atlantic salmon smolts were vaccinated with these vaccines in 2015.

SRS Salmonid Rickettsial Septicaemia (SRS) or Piscirickettsiosis is caused by the intracellular bacteria, Piscirickettsia salmonis. It is considered to be the most devastating disease problem in the Chilean salmon farming industry, and one of the most important threats to the sustainability of the Chilean salmon industry (Ibieta et al.

2011). Piscirickettsiosis has evolved over time: demonstrating increased virulence, clinical and pathological severity, and increasingly variable clinical presentations within species and comparable age and management (Leal & Woywood 2007; Marshall et al. 2007).

losses for the industry from down-grading of products and could be a barrier to entry into some relevant markets for Chilean salmon producers.

A recent review on SRS (Rozas & Enriquez, 2014), suggested that the development and evaluation of a live vaccine against SRS with a non-pathogenic/attenuated P.salmonis strain would be an important advancement.

With PHARMAQ’s new provisional market authorization of the first live SRS vaccine, we bring state of the art technology to support the industry goal of building a more sustainable production cycle. We are confident that this new vaccine will be a valuable tool to help farmers significantly reduce the use of antibiotics in the farming cycle.

R&D testing the new live vaccine

In general, the salmon industry’s control strategy for SRS has relied on antimicrobial therapies and vaccines. Use of antibiotics, both prophylactically and during early infection may inhibit the growth of the pathogen, but have not generally stopped disease outbreaks (Cabello 2006). The number of treatments per cycle varies depending on the species, water quality and fish size. The use of therapeutics has increased in the last 5 years reaching levels of 590 g/MT of biomass. Even in surviving fish, the presence of cutaneous sores and scars on the skin result in tremendous

Aquaculture Scoop / June Issue 2016

Pictures of signs of SRS: internal lesions and cutaneous presentation.

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Vaccinating with ALPHA JECT LiVac® SRS ALPHA JECT LiVac® SRS – with documented effect ALPHA JECT LiVac® SRS has undergone comprehensive testing to ensure a safe and effective product. The P.salmonis isolate used in the vaccine is attenuated meaning it has been treated in laboratory so it has lost its virulence.

Safety Safety tests performed for traditional inactivated vaccines have basically relied on side-effect and toxicity evaluation in fish injected with single and double doses. In comparison, documentation for the live vaccine has included a series of studies demonstrating safety in accordance with EU directives, guidelines from the Agricultural and Livestock Service of Chile (SAG), and additional requirements from SAG. The vaccine isolate is safe for vaccinated fish and

Aquaculture Scoop / June Issue 2016

consumers, and will not revert to virulence.

Important safety features of the vaccine include the following:

• No antibiotic resistance genes are introduced or changed in the vaccine isolate.

Therefore, there is no risk for spreading resistance genes from vaccinated fish to the environment.

• No reduced growth, abnormal behavior or side effects, including the absence of melanin deposits after vaccination with 1x and 10x the recommended dose.

• No mortality or clinical signs of SRS have ever been observed after vaccination, even after stressing fish or transfer of infected tissue homogenate between fish groups.

This is evidence that the vaccine strain does not revert to virulence.

• The proportion of fish with positive tissues after vaccination, evidenced by RNA quantification of P.salmonis, decreases rapidly after vaccination and only a few fish test positive 4 weeks after vaccination (see figure 1).

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Figure 1: The quantity of vaccine isolate RNA decreases rapidly from the fish after vaccination. Highest prevalence is observed in head kidney, liver and spleen 7 days after vaccination.

Efficacy During the last 10 years PHARMAQ has developed a relevant and reliable SRS challenge model which is necessary for the evaluation of the vaccine efficacy.

Intraperitoneal (IP) challenge was compared with challenge by cohabitation. Fish weighing > 20 g were vaccinated IP per recommendation at age 6 weeks when water temperature was 12°C. Fish challenged when water temperature was 12–15°C cf. Following challenge, clinical signs and mortalities were recorded, and P. salmonis infection verified.

Results following challenge are shown in Figure 2: fish challenged by cohabitation on the left, and those challenged IP on the right.

Both models yielded similar results. Control fish developed clinical signs of SRS, mortalities occurred daily and P.salmonis was confirmed as the cause of death.

The vaccine was highly protective against both IP challenges and challenges by cohabitation.

The efficacy of ALPHA JECT LiVac® SRS has been characterized.

• Dose-response: the lower limits of live

P.salmonis needed to obtain good effect is documented.

• Vaccinated fish show few or no clinical signs following challenge, and Ct values after quantification of specific P.salmonis RNA by qPCR are high, indicating low levels of virulent P.salmonis in the fish. The vaccine therefore eradicates the virulent challenge strain.

• Following initial injection with live antigen at the specified titre, serial passages were conducted by inoculation of tissue homogenate in the target animals. No reversion to virulence was observed.

Figure 2: Efficacy obtained after challenge with virulent P.salmonis by I.P. in fresh water (right) and by cohabitation in sea water (left).

Aquaculture Scoop / June Issue 2016

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Summary To develop a live, attenuated vaccine there are many issues that must be investigated and considered before initiation of such a project. Safety issues are the most important to consider, and regulatory authorities in relevant countries must be amenable to the registration of a live vaccine.

We have tested the vaccine strain according to the requirements of the European and Chilean guidelines and several additional requirements stipulated by SAG. All tests indicated that the bacteria will not regain virulence. In all the trials performed, we determined that the vaccine is safe for fish.

All requirements were fulfilled in the safety trials performed. We have not observed any transmission of the vaccine isolate from vaccinated fish to unvaccinated fish and the vaccine isolate is not detectable in the fish by qPCR 4 weeks after vaccination.

Aquaculture Scoop / June Issue 2016

The vaccine stimulates the immune system differently from inactivated vaccines. This is beneficial in the fight against the intracellular bacteria causing SRS. The goal has been to develop a vaccine that will contribute to the reduction in the amount of antibiotics used in the Chilean aquaculture.

References Cabello F.C. (2006) Heavy use of prophylactic antibiotics in aquaculture: a growing problem for human and animal health and for the environment. Environmental Microbiology 8, 1137–1144.

Ibieta P., Tapia V., Venegas C., Hausdorf M. & Takle H.(2011) Chilean salmon farming on the horizon of sustainability: review of the development of a highly intensive production, the ISA crisis and implemented actions to reconstruct a more sustainable aquaculture industry. In: Aquaculture and

the Environment – A Shared Destiny (ed. By B. Sladonja), pp. 215–246. InTech, Available from: http://cdn.intechweb.org/pdfs/25465.pdf (accessed 21 May 2013).

Leal J. & Woywood D. (2007) Piscirickettsiosis en Chile: avances y perspectivas para su control. Salmociencia 2, 34–42.

Marshall S., Conejeros P., Zahr M., Olivares J., Gomez F.,Cataldo P. & Henrıquez V. (2007) Immunological characterization of a bacterial protein isolated from salmonid fish naturally infected with Piscirickettsia salmonis. Vaccine 25, 2095–2102.

Rozas & Enriquez (2014) Piscirickettsiosis and Piscirickettsia salmonis in fish: a Review. Journal of Fish Diseases 2014, 37, 163–188.

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Aqua-Cage Fisheries Uses Deep Trekker DTG2 ROV in Rainbow Trout Farming Operations To learn more about Deep Trekker Inc. visit www.deeptrekker.com

Aqua-Cage Fisheries is an aquaculture farm in Parry Sound, Ontario that produces rainbow trout for the food market. They receive fingerlings from a hatchery in Southern Ontario, grow the fish in the open waters of Georgian Bay and harvest them for a processor that ships to major grocery stores. Aqua-Cage produces environmentally sustainable, high quality fish for the consumer, while bringing in a profit. Last year, Aqua-cage Fisheries acquired a Deep Trekker remotely operated vehicle (ROV) to perform a multitude of jobs around the farm.

Deep Trekker Inc. manufactures completely portable ROVs for underwater inspection purposes in a number of industries. Due to the complete portability, robust design and ease-of-use that Deep Trekker products offer, the aquaculture industry has become the perfect place for the ROVs to operate.

Having a tool that farm managers and employees can easily deploy below the surface in less than a minute for inspection

Aquaculture Scoop / June Issue 2016

and routine tasks has brought about numerous benefits to farms around the globe.

Aqua-Cage Fisheries has been using their Deep Trekker DTG2 ROV for the past year to accomplish subsurface inspections from a safe top-side environment, to inspect the nets for holes, to monitor fish behavior and health, to inspect mooring lines and anchors, and to check cage depths to ensure they are not touching the lakebed.

Aqua-Cage Fisheries does not employ commercial divers to perform underwater inspection work. The ROV performs the necessary tasks while eliminating all of the risks associated with sending a person into the water.

“Before Deep Trekker we had another company’s unit… two units in fact. We needed two because while one was away for necessary repairs/maintenance, we could not afford down-time and a second unit was essential to get us through that month or

two (hoping it didn’t develop issues as well).

We’ve only needed one Deep Trekker even though it is less expensive than the other company’s submersible.” Kana Upton from Aqua-Cage Fisheries explained when asked about how they went about performing tasks before they had a Deep Trekker ROV. When asked to comment further on the difference between their current Deep Trekker DTG2 ROV and their previous units, Aqua-Cage Fisheries explained that the fact that the DTG2 has batteries housed within the submersible unit is a major plus for them. They state that it cuts down the set-up time and reduces the equipment required to run the unit. “With the other units we had, I would need to bring an inverter/generator, fuel, a TV (as the screen was too small), an extension cord, the unit’s box, the controller box, and all necessary connection cables. With the Deep Trekker I wheel one box around. The unit requires maybe 20 seconds to get in the water. The best part for me is not having the constant sounds and exhaust fumes from the

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inverter. The Deep Trekker is completely silent top-side. Plus it's fast in the water!

Really fast!” says Kana.

The fact that Deep Trekker ROVs are entirely portable is widely appreciated in the aquaculture industry. Even though farms may be quite large in size, the DTG2 ROV is the perfect option for performing multiple underwater inspections at several locations.

Deep Trekker's on-board batteries completely eliminate the risk of generator fuel leaks and spillage that can be detrimental to any farm. Deep Trekker also offers a number of add-ons and accessories that can improve the unit to suit specific jobs and tasks. Aqua-Cage Fisheries recently upgraded their ROV to include a side facing auxiliary camera that will make net inspections with the ROV even easier.

industry problems and come up with effective solutions. Deep Trekker is an obvious addition to any underwater work.

It’s cheaper, safer and often more functional than divers, and it’s cheaper, more dependable, better service and more functional than the competitor” expressed

Kana and Gord Cole, co-owner of Aqua-Cage Fisheries.

Aqua-Cage Fisheries will continue to utilize their DTG2 ROV to perform all sub-surface inspections on the farm and monitor the fish stock.

“I can’t say enough about the customer service we have received. Having the owner of the company make visits to demo, and again to try out new features has been invaluable. They work diligently to solve

Aquaculture Scoop / June Issue 2016

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FILETMASTER 180 Kroma A/S is a Danish manufacturer of fish-processing equipment. With an experience of over 40 years, the company has always been oriented to providing high quality products to its local and international customers.

Over the past decade, the team has grown rapidly, not only significantly raising the bar, but also creating the latest trends in the processing industry. The latter is a reality now due to customer requirements. With the hygiene, efficiency, adaptation and safety principles the managing department follows, KROMA A/S has become one to be reckoned with.

Already in 2009 the first line was installed for the handling of thawed (de-frosted) mackerel. This customer has daily been processing 10.000 kg of mackerel each day since the installation. The same capacity is also reached today by fresh trout and fresh mackerel.

Aquaculture Scoop / June Issue 2016

The FILETMASTER 180, inspired by the need for perfect fillets, is one of the key core products of KROMA. The machinery is designed in a simple, yet contemporary way, to process few species with the highest demand – trout, mackerel, sea bass and sea bream. The FILETMASTER can be used as a stand alone unit or in-line with other KROMA equipment.

The machine itself is famed with the highest yield among its competitors, production capacity, efficiency and quality of output.

The de-heading unit – the HEADMASTER 600, has already been considered as a part of the filleting line setup, however it is also available as a stand alone unit, if required.

The FILETMASTER 180 is a compact unit for mass production of fillets. When the fish is placed into the machine, the belly is firstly being cut from the bottom with a static or a rotating knife. After that, the fish is gutted with either a suction unit – from the bottom,

connected to the KROMA VACMASTER 400 or by a rotating system which accurately removes the intestines. Both options can be active for even better results. With the suction unit in the FILETMASTER 180, hygiene standards are kept high and waste is stacked at one place. In this way it is easier and more efficient to clean after production. At the same time the use of water is reduced as guts are taken out clean.

KROMA often supplies their hygienic handling system for guts in the production.

The following step includes a cut to the back bone – bottom-to-top movement, using 2 blades, placed very closely and parallel to each other. After that, 2 sets of blades, placed triangle-like remove the ribs of the fish, without damaging the meat. If single fillets are required 2 more parallel blades are placed in the machine and cut the backbone from the top.

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The tooling inside the FILETMASTER 180 is always made according to the species that will be filleted. During filleting, the fish is held tight by 2 belts, ensuring stability. The tooling is also made according to the required filleting result. If the fish is wanted as a single fillet or with the butterfly cut, the knives are adjusted accordingly. The adjustment can be easily done by a single operator.

The add-on and single unit HEADMASTER 600 is an ideal tool for the removal of fish parts, such as the head and the tail. If the product is connected to the KROMA’s FILETMASTER 180, the process starts with the de-heading unit.

The head is removed by a special cut, removing only the “head area”, without throwing away parts of the meat. The HEADMASTER provides a precise head cut – “U” cut. The “U” cut increases the yield compared to other de-heading methods. As the head is removed and guided out of the machine, a second blade cuts the tail. Then, the built-in transfer conveyor in the HEADMASTER 600 guides the fish to the filleting machine. At this position, KROMA’s vacuum system is giving further advantages for correct handling of this protein product.

The FILETMASTER 180, along with the HEADMASTER is the ultimate filleting line for both single and butterfly fillets and operates with a capacity of up to 180 fish per minute, depending on the size of the fish.

The production setup is created in a way that ensures highest possible output and minimized operator use. The design of the FILETMASTER 180 and the HEADMASTER 600 has its purpose to deliver fully or semi-automated processes with a confidence interval of over 95%.

KROMA is often working with its customers to find the best solution and optimize the product flow on the line. This is from the delivery of the round fish to the fish processing plant, until the product is ready to leave the processing line again. In order to know more about all the products and line setups made by KROMA, please visit www.kroma.dk

Aquaculture will supply two-thirds of global fish consumption by 2030 Sign up to our FREE weekly newsletter Email us at seafood@nisamedia.com Source: World bank report

Aquaculture Scoop / June Issue 2016

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Neptune Pharma

tackling lice with a trident approach

The global aquaculture industry is booming thanks to growing appetites for healthy and affordable protein-rich food sources.

perform well. However, sea lice infestations present a major economic risk to salmon aquaculture producers worldwide. The

lice in farmed Atlantic salmon populations.

Remarkably, the growth in output of farmed fish has managed to outpace global population growth, leading to a ready supply at an affordable cost. The sector’s expansion also offers a reprieve for wild stocks which have been under pressure for many years. A notable area a success has been the growth of the farmed salmon sector, with year-on-year output having grown steadily in the last decade.

world’s leading producer, Marine Harvest, reported that they spent £12.7m in 2013 alone to tackle sea lice. Meanwhile, the Sea Lice Research Centre based at Bergen University, Norway, estimates losses due to sea lice cost the global industry some £234m annually. In Scotland alone, the costs of sea lice management (encompassing treatment, labour, and losses) have been estimated at £33m annually.

However, the expansion of salmon farming operations has not come without impacts.

As with any farming methods, poor management and conditions can lead to disease and the rapid spread of pests and parasites between animals. Stocked year round with hundreds of thousands of fish in close proximity, salmon farms are ideal breeding grounds for parasites.

As many will recognise, salmon farmers have ethical and legal responsibilities to maintain the highest standards of health and welfare of the fish in their charge.

Additionally, regulators in the leading countries for aquaculture have introduced licensing systems whereby annual levels are set for the level of infestation tolerated.

Azamethiphos-based anti-sea lice product to the Norwegian market, which is the largest in the world. Last year, Neptune expanded into Chile. Neptune’s lead product, Azasure Vet allows for the successful management of sea lice infestations and is targeted at the two leading species of sea lice Lepeophtheirus salmonis and Caligus. It has been granted Marketing Authorisations from the Veterinary Medicines Directorate (VMD) in the UK, the Norwegian Medicines Agency (NoMA), Chile's Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero (SAG) and the regulator in the Faroe Islands.

Sea lice, small copepods protected by a shell, are natural parasites for salmon, both wild and farmed. They have a detrimental effect on the health and quality of farmed salmon. They lodge themselves in the mucus layer of the salmon’s skin, and cause the animal immune deficiency, growth retardation and loss of appetite. Infestations on farms can also increase lice numbers in surrounding waters, presenting a risk to the wild population or other farms.

Keeping farmed salmon healthy makes good business sense; well cared for fish grow and

Aquaculture Scoop / June Issue 2016

In response to the problem of sea lice, a number of methods have been developed to rid farmed fish populations of the pests. The use of pesticides is a leading solution in the fight, with treatments available which have the potential to increase productivity and save unnecessary waste and suffering.

Neptune Pharma, founded in 2011, developed Azasure Vet, a product considered a generic version of Salmosan (which contains Azamethiphos). The company has established itself as a rapidly growing player in the global aquaculture sector, and has focussed on supplying farms with an affordable solution to treating sea

The company supplies its

The treatment is supplied in a powder form - to be diluted into a seawater solution - and is administered using the Bath Technique. In this technique, the fish cage net is reduced to a known depth and a tarpaulin placed around the net so that it is totally enclosed.

Oxygen is immediately pumped into the system and the product is added, removing any lice present. After an hour the tarpaulin is removed and the cage lowered again.

The success of the treatment has seen Neptune Pharma claim almost a third of the Chilean market share, having only launched Azasure in Chile in September 2015. But it is not just lice which Neptune wants to target.

The company is seeking to grow its market presence in the global animal health industry, with a specific focus on Europe and South America.

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Neptune seeks to bring more generic products to market, taking on the established industry players. It aims to create high-quality generics at an affordable price. It also has an in-house pharmaceutical team who are currently working on the development of innovative new products for unmet or under-served market needs.

Indeed, for Adrian Endacott, Neptune’s Founder and CEO, tackling sea lice is just the start: “It's our drive to bring innovation to the table in the form of products for leading aquaculture health problems, as well as to seek out new niches with unmet or under-served needs. Like Neptune’s trident, we are taking a three-pronged approach: offering high-quality, low cost, and easy-to-use products.”

Aquaculture Scoop / June Issue 2016

Mr Endacott has formed a small but highly dedicated team from a diversity of professional backgrounds spanning from biomedical engineering, fish nutrition, and pharmaceutical manufacturing to drug development, drug registration, and international business. “Through successful co-operations in other areas and our investment in product development for other diseases and additional fish species, I think we can present farms with a wide value offering” he added.

With the growth in salmon farming and the wider aquaculture industry expected to continue in coming years, Neptune is readying itself to provide its customers with the products they will need.

The future is certainly exciting,” says Endacott. “Our vision is to strengthen our presence as a major player in the global sector.”

“Our mission is to continue to grow market share in the global animal health industry.

We want to be a leader in the industry by building a reputation as a company that holds itself to the highest professional standard, in both the sense of our team and our products,” says Endacott.

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STK Aquamor Technologies Sustainable solutions for the aquaculture industry’s challenges: Focusing on vaccination, transportation and stress reduction.

STK Aquamor Technologies, the Veterinary Unit of the Stockton Group (STK),, develops and commercializes botanical based products for the rapidly growing aquaculture industry. As the global population continues to grow to 9 billion by 2050, farm fish will be critical to supplying the world’s proteinneeds, STK Aquamor Technologies provides innovative sustainable solutions to the challenges fish farmers face today in vaccination, transportation and stress reduction.

The global per capita fish consumption has almost doubled from the 1960s. Nearly half of the seafood destined for human consumption is produced today through fish farming, also known as aquaculture. Farmed fish are crowded together in net pens or cages anchored to the sea floor in the ocean near the coast. Unfortunately, these fish are exposed to high tense stress, which can foster disease and parasites.

Farm fish for culture operations, public aquariums, aquatic researchers etc. often have the need to transport live fish. These fish are frequently transported in live-haul boxes by ground transportation. Survival rates and the arrival of healthy fish are dependent on the transport and on the pre-handling and post-handling procedures

Aquaculture Scoop / June Issue 2016

associated with fish-hauling operations.

Poor conditions during transport, can induce large stress responses from which the fish will take a long time to recover. The overcrowding and inadequate water quality can cause irreparable damage to the fish and even cause death.

“There are all sorts of activities involved when transporting the fish which may affect its health, such as handling, water quality and of course, the stress due to the psychological changes”, explained Guy Elitzur, CEO of Stockton Group. “We understand the negative impacts that some fish products may bring; therefore, we make sure our products will not harm the fish, humans and the environment. It addresses the seafood regulations, as well as safe for fish consumption.”

STK Aquamor Technologies led by Dr. Shlomo Pleban, develops products which reduce mortality in fish, shrimp and other aquatic organisms. The products are based on innovative formulations of organic compounds extracted from plants, which have been extensively tested and proven in clinical and field tests. STK Supreme is used for the treatment and prevention of bacteria and parasitic and fungal diseases in fish and shrimp. STK Ocean is a product for safe

transportation of fish and shrimp. It replaces a combination of three products, and prevents shipping errors.

About Us STK Aquamor, the Veterinary Unit of the Stockton Group (STK), develops and commercializes a number of products based on its proprietary, patented intellectual properties for the growing aquaculture industry. STK Aquamor provides cost-effective solutions to reduce mortality of fish, shrimp and other aquatic organisms.

STK Stockton currently operates in more than 25 countries worldwide. STK Stockton’s Research and Development Innovation Center is devoted to catering to the complex challenges facing modern sustainable aquaculture, and to meet today’s global food consumer markets’ demands.

Contact: For more information, please visit our website: www.stockton-ag.com, or contact Judy Jamuy at: +972 52 7599242 or judy@stockton-ag.com

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MSD Animal Health Aquaculture Completes the World’s First Commercial Vaccination Programme of AQUAVAC® PD3 MSD Animal Health, the market leader in aquaculture welfare, (known as Merck Animal Health in the United States and Canada), has completed the world’s first commercial vaccination programme of AQUAVAC® PD3, the single-injection vaccine that protects against the three main pathogens affecting salmon in the UK.

• Reduce clinical signs (heart lesions and pancreas lesions), viraemia, viral shedding and mortality from infection with pancreas disease (SPDV) • Reduce mortality from infections with infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPNV) • Reduce mortality from infections with furunculosis (Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida)

Approved indications: AQUAVAC® PD3 is indicated for the active immunization of Atlantic salmon to:

Aquaculture Scoop / June Issue 2016

AQUAVAC PD3 is a single injection vaccination to protect against the common diseases facing the industry including

Pancreas Disease, Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis and Furunculosis. Replacing the previous regime of two injections, AQUAVAC PD3 significantly cuts down on the potential negative impact of handling fish, while reducing the time required by fish farmers to administer successfully the single dose.

Working with Scotland’s leading salmon producers, MSD Animal Health Aquaculture undertook the programme across Scotland to inoculate farmed salmon since launch in 2015.

Results from this leading programme revealed a variety of benefits set to improve the health of the fish. These included a noted increase in weight*, a reduction in viraemia, PD-related heart and pancreas lesions, and a significant improvement in protection against Pancreas Disease compared to groups vaccinated with NORVAX Compact PD and commercial bivalent vaccines.

With the increase in weight*, farmers can transfer larger fish to sea. The one-shot vaccination also means fish experience less stress, reducing time off of feed and ultimately, reducing vaccination costs.

A reduction in lesions was also noted, meaning when fish are challenged with the SPDV virus, the impact is reduced. The better protection for PD means infected fish

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will recover quicker and return back to feeding normally which in turn boosts growth.

As a crucial tool in ensuring proactive fish welfare, AQUAVAC PD3 is the latest in a line of successful treatments improving fish health among farmed salmon and trout.

Dafydd Morris, Business Manager of Aquaculture at MSD Animal Health Aquaculture said: “We have invested heavily in R&D to enable us to launch AQUAVAC PD3. The three pathogens remain a significant challenge for the industry and we are continually seeking ways to improve salmon health as they travel through each life stage”.

“Our role is to support fish farmers to ensure that their stock remains as healthy as possible. Alongside the production of the vaccine, we support an on-site audit programme as well as working with farmers to maximise the benefits of the vaccine”.

“MSD Animal Health’s AQUAVAC MONITOR analyses the uptake and efficacy of the vaccination programme and the results will be made available in due course.”

“AQUAVAC PD3 was developed in response to requests from fish farmers for a combination vaccine that protects against major diseases with a single injection,” said Chris Beattie, Ph.D., Head, Global Aquaculture, Merck Animal Health.

“As the global demand for seafood

Aquaculture Scoop / June Issue 2016

continues to grow, MSD Animal Health is committed to working with our customers to provide innovative solutions such as AQUAVAC PD3, which can help Scottish salmon farmers save time and increase productivity while protecting against the most common diseases facing the industry.”

Results breakdown*: • AQUAVAC PD3 vaccinated group provides significantly improved protection against Pancreas Disease than the groups vaccinated with NORVAX Compact PD and commercial bivalent vaccines.

• A significant reduction in viraemia and in PD-related heart and pancreas lesions was shown after SPDV challenge 500 degree days post vaccination.

• Weight gain: Fresh water phase: AQUAVAC PD3 fish 17.6g (12.81%) bigger. Pre-harvest: AQUAVAC PD3 fish bigger in both small grade (389g, 11.2%, statistically significant) and large grade (230g, 5.3%, not statistically significant).

Laboratory tests and field trials demonstrated that AQUAVAC PD3 provided at least 16 months protection against furunculosis and at least 15 months against pancreas disease. In addition, trials demonstrated a reduction in shedding of salmon pancreas disease virus.

Protection against mortality due to IPNV infection has been demonstrated at 4 months in the field. * MSD AH data on file About MSD Animal Health MSD Animal Health Aquaculture forms part of the Integrated Livestock Business Unit driving higher standards in fish welfare and health management.

Today's MSD is a global healthcare leader working to help the world be well. MSD Animal Health, known as Merck Animal Health in the United States and Canada, is the global animal health business unit of MSD. Through its commitment to the Science of Healthier Animals™, MSD Animal Health offers veterinarians, farmers, pet owners and governments one of the widest range of veterinary pharmaceuticals, vaccines and health management solutions and services. MSD Animal Health is dedicated to preserving and improving the health, well-being and performance of animals. It invests extensively in dynamic and comprehensive R&D resources and a modern, global supply chain. MSD Animal Health is present in more than 50 countries, while its products are available in some 150 markets. For more information, visit www.msd-animal-health.com or connect with us on LinkedIn.

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Events in detail January 20th Edition India International Seafood Show 22-24th January Chennai, India www.indianseafoodexpo.com/ MVC Cereals-Mixed Feed Veterinary 2016 26-28 January Moscow Russia www.mvc-expohleb.ru/ Practical Short Course on Feeds & Pet Food Extrusion 31st January – 5th February Texas, USA http://foodprotein.tamu.edu/extrusion February SeaWeb Seafood Summit 1-3rd February St Julian’s, Malta www.seafoodsummit.org/ Fish International 14-16th February Bremen, Germany www.fishinternational.com/en/ Aquaculture 2016 22-26th February Las Vegas, USA www.was.org March Seafood Expo North America 6-8th March Boston, USA www.seafoodexpo.com/north-america/ AquaMe 13-15th March Dubai, UAE www.agramiddleeast.com/en/Aqua/ Seafood Istanbul 23-26th March Istanbul, Turkey http://cnrseafoodistanbul.com

Aquaculture Scoop / June Issue 2016

Aquafeed Horizons Asia Conference 29th March Bangkok, Thailand http://feedconferences.com/ Victam Asia 29-31st March Bangkok, Thailand www.Victam.com April Offshore Mariculture Conference 6-8th April Barcelona, Spain www.offshoremariculture.com/europe Seafood Expo Global 26-28th April Brussels, Belgium www.seafoodexpo.com/global/

June Future Fish 2016/Middle East Aquaculture Forum (MEAF) 2-4th June Izmir, Turkey www.eurasiafairs.com AquaVision 13-15th June Stavanger, Norway www.aquavision.org/ July 2nd Global Summit on Aquaculture & Fisheries 11-13th July Malaysia http://aquaculture.global-summit.com/ August

Asia Pacific Aquaculture 2016 26-29th April Surabaya, Indonesia www.was.org

Asean FishExpo 2016 4-6th August Bangkok, Thailand www.aseanfishexpo2016.com/

May Aquafeed Extrusion Technology Short Course 9-11th May Norway www.fie.com.au Food & Feed Drying Technology Short Course 12-13th May Norway www.fie.com.au 7th World Fisheries Congress 23-27th May Busan, South Korea www.fisheries.org Aquaculture UK 25-26th May Aviemore, Scotland www.aquacultureuk.com/

Aqua Fisheries Cambodia 2016 8-9th August Phnom Penh, Cambodia www.veas.com.vn/index/articles/lang/en/cid /278/id/756 Nor-Fishing 16-19 August Trondheim, Norway www.nor-fishing.no/?lang=en The 18th Japan International Seafood and Technology Expo 17-19th August Tokyo, Japan www.exhibitiontech.com/seafood/e_index.html 11th International Conference on Recirculating Aquaculture & 2016 Aquaculture Innovation Workshop 19-21st August Roanoke, USA www.recircaqua.com

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Events in detail 3rd International Conference on Fisheries and Aquaculture 24-25th August Negombo, Sri Lanka www.aquaconference.com Shanghai International Fisheries & seafood Exhibition 2016 (SIFSE) 25-27th August Shanghai, China www.sifse.com China International (Guangzhou) Aquaculture Exhibition 2016 26-28 August Guangzhou, China www.aquaexpochina.com China International (Guangzhou) Cold Chain Equipment and Technology Exhibition 2016 26-28 August Guangzhou, China www.coldchain-china.com/html/en/ China International (Guangzhou) Fishery and Seafood Exposition 2016 26-28 August Guangzhou, China www.chinafishex.com/index.asp September

Aquarama 2016 22-25th September Guangzhou, China www.aquarama.com.cn/ Humber Seafood Summit 28th September Grimsby, UK http://www.seafish.org/aboutseafish/news-and-events/events/the-humber-seafood-summit Aqua Fisheries Myanmar 2016 28-30th September Yangon, Myanmar http://myanmar-aquafisheries.com/ October AquaSG 2016 19-21st October Singapore www.aquasg.com/ AquaSur 2016 19-22nd October Puerto Montt, Chile www.aqua-sur.cl/ November

February Aquaculture America 2017 19-22nd February San Antonio, USA www.was.org March VIV Asia 2017 15-17th March Bangkok, Thailand www.viv.nl Seafood Expo North America 19-21st March Boston, USA www.seafoodexpo.com April AquaMe 10-12th March Dubai, UAE www.aqua-middleeast.com/ Seafood Expo Global 25-27th April Brussels, Belgium www.seafoodexpo.com

VIV China 2016 6-8th September Beijing, China www.vivchina.nl/

Taiwan international Fisheries and Seafood Show 2016 9-11th November Kaohsiung, Taiwan https://www.taiwanfishery.com/en_US/inde x.html

Seafood Summit 5-7th June Seattle, USA www.seafoodsummit.org/

Seafood Expo Asia 6-8th September Hong Kong www.seafoodexpo.com

EuroTier 15-18th November Hannover, Germany www.eurotier.com/home-en.html

World Aquaculture 2017 26-30th June South Africa www.was.org

Aquaculture Canada and Cold Harvest 2016 Conference and Tradeshow 18-21st September Newfoundland, Canada http://www.aquacultureassociation.ca

2017

Aquaculture Europe 2016 20-23rd September Edinburgh, Scotland www.easonline.org/

March Issue 2016 Aquaculture Scoop / June Issue 2016

January MVC Cereals-Mixed Feed Veterinary 2016 31st January – 2nd February Moscow Russia www.mvc-expohleb.ru/

June

July Asia Pacific Aquaculture 2017 25-27th July Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia www.marevent.com

32 Page 23

Industry Report: Top 25 Salmon Farming Companies Worldwide Salmon farming is one of the most interesting and closely followed sub-sectors of the global aquaculture industry. Its top 25 companies are constantly changing, either through success, failure, expansion or acquisition.

This detailed report presents both

key financial and harvest data, ranking the top 25 Salmon producers worldwide and giving insight into activities, locations, history, and owners.

NOW AVAILABLE in printed copies delivered to your desk or as a digital download for UKÂŁ350

Email us or visit our website for more information: seafood@nisamedia.com www.aquaculturedirectory.co.uk