APPA_Terms_and_Definitions by Audrey Sorensen

APPA – Leadership in Educational Facilities

Terms and Definitions

80/20 Rule: A rule of thumb that says that 80 percent of the maintenance needs will regularly come from 20 percent of the components of the systems, and 20 percent of the maintenance time will be spent on the remaining 80 percent of the components.

Access Control: A security technique that is used to regulate who can enter, view or use resources.

Access Flooring System: A strut-supported removable panel flooring system allowing for cooling and cabling duct space beneath the floor, generally used for computer or server rooms and data centers.

Accessibility Inspections: A standardized physical inspection of an asset, facility, site or program component to evaluate its accessibility, as determined by performing measurement tasks against standard accessibility codes such as Uniform Federal Accessibility Standards (UFAS) and ADA.

Accounting: The system of recording and summarizing business and financial transactions and analyzing, verifying, and reporting the results.

Accounting Procedure: The arrangement of all processes that discover, record, and summarize financial information to produce financial statements and reports as well as to provide internal control.

Accounts Receivable: A balance due from a debtor or customer on an account.

Accrual Basis: The most commonly used accounting method, which reports income when earned and expenses when incurred, regardless of when cash is exchanged.

Accumulated Deferred Maintenance Backlog: An accumulation of uncompleted work or matters that need to be dealt with.

Acquisition Adjustment: The difference between the price an acquiring company pays to purchase a target company and the net original cost of the target company's assets.

Activity Basis Accounting (ABC): A managerial accounting method that traces overhead costs to activities and then assigns them to objects as a way to allocate indirect, overhead costs to products or departments that generate these costs in the production process.

Addenda: Something that needs to be added to clarify or correct information.

Adjacency Diagram: A diagram documenting critical adjacencies (physical proximity) of work and/or support functions, or proximities of organizational groups to each other. Also called a bubble diagram.

Administer: The act or process of governing or controlling an organization.

Administrative Site: Area or land, used and/or set aside for program purposes bounded by a defined perimeter.

Aerial Lift: Any device, telescoping or articulating, or both, which is used to position personnel and/or materials for construction or maintenance.

Aerosol: A substance enclosed under pressure and able to be released as a fine spray, typically by means of a propellant gas.

Aesthetic Zoning: The process of zoning a specific area to create a certain aesthetic look.

Agency Funds: Assets held for distribution by the state as an agent for another entity for which the government has custodial responsibility and accounts for the flow of assets.

Aging of Receivables: The process of sorting uncollected receivables by their due dates.

AIA Contract Documents: AA set of standard contract forms produced by the American Institute of Architects (AIA) for design and construction contracts including the contract administration process.

Alterations: An adjustment, change, or modification.

Ambient Lighting: The light surrounding an environment or subject; also called available light, existing light.

Amendment: A change or addition designed to improve or clarify a policy or document.

American College & University Presidents Climate Commitment (ACUPCC): An effort to address global warming (global climate disruption) by creating a network of colleges and universities that have committed to neutralize their greenhouse gas emissions and accelerate the research and educational efforts of higher education to equip society to re-stabilize the earth's climate.

Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA): An act signed into U.S. law on July 26, 1990, that prohibits discrimination on the basis of disability with regard to employment, programs, and services provided by state and local governments; goods and services provided by private companies; and in commercial facilities. The ADA contains requirements for new construction, for alterations or renovations to buildings and facilities, for improved access to existing facilities of private companies that provide goods or services to the public, and for state and local governments to provide access to programs offered to the public.

Americans with Disabilities Act Accessibility Guidelines (ADAAG): The set of architectural guidelines that directs the design of facilities and infrastructure, as mandated by ADA.

Amortization: The action or process of gradually paying off the initial cost of an asset.

Angle of Repose: The steepest angle at which a sloping surface formed of a particular loose material is stable.

Annual Labor Hours (ALH): Unit of work that represents the productive effort of one person in one year.

Appraise: Assess the value or quality.

Approach Apron: An extension of a slab (usually) either in front of a garage door, or around the perimeter of the building.

Appropriation: A sum of money or total of assets devoted to a specific purpose.

Aquatic Life: Living or growing in water.

Arboriculture: The cultivation of trees and shrubs.

Architect: People who plan and design buildings and other facilities (parks, statuary, etc.) and in many cases also supervise their construction.

Architect of Record: The architect or architecture firm whose name appears on a building permit issued for a specific project on which that architect or firm performed services.

Architectural/Engineering Drawings: A set of technical drawings of a building or engineered item categorized by building trade (e.g., electrical, plumbing) used by architects or engineers to express a design proposal and enable a contractor to proceed with construction.

Architectural/Engineering Scale: A specialized ruler designed to facilitate the drafting and measuring of architectural drawings, such as floor plans and orthographic projections.

Area Take Off: The breakdown of the area on a floor plan to estimate various aspects of construction costs, calculated pro-rata share of operating costs, or make departmental occupancy assessments.

Asbestos Waste Manifest: A document required for the transport and disposal of asbestos containing material at a licensed lined landfill.

As-builts: A set of line drawings, typically prepared by a construction contractor, indicating the precise location of building components and systems as actually constructed.

Asexual Propagation: Any reproductive process such as budding or stem cutting that does not involve the union of gametes.

Asphalt: (1) A dark brown to black cementitious material, solid or semisolid, in which the predominating constituents are bitumens that occur in nature. (2) A similar material obtained artificially in reining petroleum, used in built-up roofing systems as a waterproofing agent. (3) A mixture of such substances with an aggregate for use in paving.

Asphalt Base: Asphalt mix where the largest stone used is no larger than 3/4 of an inch (typically #57 gradation). Base mixes are usually laid over a stone base (at a minimum depth of 2 inches compacted) and applied prior to surface material.

Asphalt Binder: The asphalt layer between the base layer of rock or other aggregate and the driving surface layer. The asphalt binder layer is usually made up of coarser materials and is usually thicker than the surface layer. The binder layer can be used as either a ?rst layer or a driving surface, but its use is actually fairly limited. The vast majority of jobs call for a stone base layer, an asphalt base layer, and a surface layer.

Asphalt Cement: A petroleum byproduct used to "glue" the pavement together. By volume, this material makes up about 4-8% of the pavement mixture. (Aggregates make up the other 92-96%).

Asphaltic Concrete: A composite material commonly used to surface roads, parking lots, airports, as well as the core of embankment dams. It consists of mineral aggregate bound together with asphalt, laid in layers, and compacted. Commonly referred to as asphalt.

Attorney-in-Fact: A person who is authorized to perform business-related transactions on behalf of someone else (the principal).

Audit: Systematic, independent and documented process for obtaining audit evidence and evaluating it objectively to determine the extent to which the audit criteria are fulfilled. [Source: ISO 55000].

Auxiliary Enterprise: An entity that exists to furnish goods or services to students, faculty, or staff, and that charges a fee directly related to, although not necessarily equal to, the cost of the goods or services.

Avulsion: The sudden separation of land from one property, and concomitant connection to another property, as a result of a flood or a shift in the course of a boundary stream.

Backer Rod: A piece of material that is forced into a joint or a opening to form a stop for another material.

Back-pressure Valve: A valve permitting liquids or gases to flow in one direction only.

Backward Pass Scheduling: The calculation of late finish dates and late start dates for the portions of schedule activities that have not been completed. This is determined by starting at the project's scheduled end date and working backwards through the schedule network logic.

Balance Sheet: A statement of the assets, liabilities, and capital of a business or other organization at a particular point in time.

Balanced Scorecard: A statement of the assets, liabilities, and capital of a business or other organization at a particular point in time.

Bar Code: A machine-readable code in the form of numbers and a pattern of parallel lines of varying widths, printed on and identifying a product. Also called Universal Product Code.

Base Map: A map or chart showing certain fundamental information, used as a base upon which additional data of specialized nature are compiled or overprinted.

Baseline Analysis: Using a benchmark as a foundation for measuring or comparing current and past values.

Bay: A part of a building marked off by vertical elements, such as columns or pilasters.

Bequest: The gift of personal property under the terms of a will.

Bias (electronics): A steady voltage, magnetic field, or other factor applied to an electronic system or device to cause it to operate over a predetermined range.

Bid: To make an offer to pay or accept a specified price.

Bid Bond: A bond purchased by a company or individual bidding on a large project or sale in order to demonstrate that sufficient funding exists to complete the transaction if they are selected. The bond guarantees that the bidder will have sufficient funds available to fulfill the contract.

Bid Date: The date established by the owner or the architect for the receipt of bids.

Bid Documents: Drawings, specifications and information to bidders that describe a project that bids are being sought. The bidder submits the prescribed bid form, timelines, and price breakdowns for which he/she agrees to complete the project.

Bid Form: A printed form on which bidders are expected to submit the information required for evaluation of the bid, in correct format and sequence.

Bid Security: Sum of money submitted by the bidder, often established as a percentage of the estimated project budget, which guarantees to the owner that the bidder will honor his/her bid.

Bidder: A person who offers to pay a certain amount of money for something that is being sold or agrees to deliver services or project for a bid amount.

Biennials: A plant that takes two years to grow from seed to fruition and die.

Bill of Lading: A detailed list of goods being shipped.

Biocapacity: The capacity of a given biologically productive area to generate an on-going supply of renewable resources and to absorb its spillover wastes.

Biological Pest Control: TThe control of pests by interference with their ecological status, as by introducing a natural enemy or a pathogen into the environment.

Bitumen: A black viscous mixture of hydrocarbons obtained naturally or as a residue from petroleum, coal tar, or wood tar distillation. It is used for road surfacing materials, waterproofing and roofing.

Blacktop: A bituminous substance, usually asphalt concrete or tar, for paving roads, parking lots, playgrounds, etc.

Boardwalk: A promenade made of wooden boards, usually along a beach or shore.

Bollard: A short post used to divert traffic from an area or road or a variety of structures to control or direct road traffic, such as posts arranged in a line to obstruct the passage of motor vehicles.

Bond Discount: A bond that is purchased below face value (at a discount), and at the maturity date the face value is repaid. This type of bond does not make any interest payments; it just pays off the face value. Also called a zero-coupon bond.

Book Value (of Assets): The value of an asset according to its balance sheet account balance.

Bosun's Chair: A device used to suspend a person in a sitting position from a rope to perform work aloft.

Bridge: A structure carrying a road, path, railroad, or canal across a river, ravine, road, railroad, or other obstacle.

British Thermal Unit (BtU): The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit. It is part of the United States customary units.

Brush Chipper: A specialized piece of equipment designed for shredding brush and limbs into small chips.

Bubble Diagram: A type of chart in which values and amounts are shown as circles of different sizes and in different places in relation to the axis. Used for space planning and organization at the preliminary phase of the design process.

Budget: An estimate of income and expenditure for a set period of time.

Budget at Completion: The total anticipated and budgeted spending for the completed project based on the cost estimates and variations during the project execution.

Budget Variance: The difference between the budgeted or baseline amount of expense or revenue, and the actual amount.

Building (Historic): Old buildings, structures, and monuments owned and maintained for their historic significance.

Building Area: The sum of areas at all floor levels, including the basement, mezzanine, and penthouses included in the principal outside faces of the exterior walls without allowing for architectural setbacks or projections.

Building Automation Systems (BAS): A network of the automatic centralized control of a building's heating, ventilation and air conditioning, lighting and other systems through a building management system.

Building Codes: A collection of regulations adopted by governmental agencies having jurisdiction to govern the construction of buildings.

Building Commissioning: The process of verifying, in new construction, all of the subsystems for mechanical, plumbing, electrical, fire/life safety, building envelopes, interior systems, co-generation, utility plants, sustainable systems, lighting, wastewater, controls, and building security to achieve the owner's project requirements as intended by the building owner and as designed by the building architects and engineers.

Building Common Area: Amenities such as corridors, hallways, lobby, pool, toilets provided for the comfort and use of all occupants, owners, tenants, or users of a building or building complex.

Building Core: Central area of a building housing the elevator and stairwells, electrical equipment, restrooms, and other facilities. It typically consumes 5 to 10 percent of the total building space.

Building Footprint: The area on a project site used by the building structure, defined by the perimeter of the building plan.

Building Information Modeling (BIM): A digital representation of physical and functional characteristics of a facility. A BIM is a shared knowledge resource for information about a facility forming a reliable basis for decisions during its life-cycle; defined as existing from earliest conception to demolition.

Building Inspector: An employee or agent employed by a governmental agency having jurisdiction and is usually certified in one or more disciplines qualifying them to make professional judgment about whether a building meets building code requirements.

Building Line: A line that establishes the limit to which a building may extend toward a street. A building line is also known as the "set back" requirement.

Building Official: An appointed government person who is responsible for enforcing building codes and may approve the issuance of a building permit, review the contract documents, inspect the construction, and approve issuance of a certificate of occupancy.

Building Permit: A license granted by a government agency required for new construction, or adding onto pre-existing structures, and in some cases major renovations.

Building Plan: A view of a building floor, looking down from above, showing its horizontal elements, such as, walls, doors, windows, cabinetry, etc.

Building Related Illness (BRI): A clinically diagnosable disease or condition (as Legionnaires' disease or an allergic reaction) caused by a microorganism or substance demonstrably present in a building.

Building Standard: The level of quality and uniformity of construction an owner or developer chooses to use throughout a building.

Building Systems: Structures assembled from manufactured components designed to provide specific building configurations (e.g., large steel arch structures, large span tension fabric structures, panelized buildings, and pre-engineered buildings).

Build-to-Suit: A type of real estate transaction where a property owner or developer will construct a building for sale or lease that will be built to the tenant's or buyer's specifications.

Built Environment: MCollection of buildings, external works (landscaped areas), infrastructure and other construction works within an area [Source: ISO 41000].

Light Bulb: A light-emitting device that consists of a gas-filled glass tube or bulb and is used inside electric light fixtures and flashlights.

Bumper: A rubber composite pad used on the dock face to cushion the trailer as it backs into the dock position, preventing damage to the concrete. May also be referred to as a "fender".

Underground Storange Tank (UST) or Buried Tank: Any one or combination of tanks including connected underground pipes that is used to contain regulated substances, and the volume of which including the volume of underground pipes is 10 percent or more beneath the surface of the ground.

Business: The practice of making one's living by engaging in commerce.

Calcium Chloride: A granular salt-based chemical sometimes applied to earthen paths and roads as a wetting agent to settle dust. Also used as a deicing agent on pavement. This material is toxic to plants and should be applied with care in their proximity.

Caliper: An instrument for measuring thicknesses and internal or external diameters inaccessible to a scale, consisting usually of a pair of adjustable pivoted legs. any of various calibrated instruments for measuring thicknesses or distances between surfaces, usually having a screwed or sliding adjustable piece.

Candela (CD): The base unit of luminous intensity in the International System of Units that is equal to the luminous intensity in a given direction of a source which emits monochromatic radiation of frequency 540 - 1012 hertz and has a radiant intensity in that direction of 1/683 watt per unit solid angle. Also called also candle.

Capillary Water: Water that remains in the soil after gravitational water is drained out, that is subject to the laws of capillary movement, and that is in the form of a film around the soil grains.

Capital: Wealth in the form of money or assets, taken as a sign of the financial strength of an individual, organization, or nation, and assumed to be available for development or investment.

Capital Assets: Long-term assets either tangible or intangible (as land, buildings, patents, or franchises)

Capital Budget: The process in which a business determines and evaluates potential expenses or investments that are large in nature.

Capital Construction: Any new construction, remodeling or renovation projects with an estimated cost of $75,000 or more for the project.

Capital Improvement: The addition of a permanent structural change or the restoration of some aspect of a property that will either enhance the property's overall value, increases its useful life or adapts it to a new use.

Capital Project: A long-term, capital-intensive investment project with a purpose to build upon, add to, or improve a capital asset. Capital projects are defined by their large scale and large cost relative to other investments that involve less planning and resources.

Capital Rationing: A strategy that firms implement to place limitations on the cost of new investments.

Capital Renewal (CR): The planned replacement of building subsystems such as roofs, electrical systems, HVAC systems and plumbing systems that have reached the end of their useful life.

Carbon Footprint: The measure of the amount of greenhouse gases produced by human activities.

Carbon Neutrality: Carbon neutral, or having a net zero carbon footprint, refers to achieving net zero carbon emissions by balancing a measured amount of carbon released with an equivalent amount sequestered or offset, or buying enough carbon credits to make up the difference.

Carbon Offset: An action intended to compensate for the emission of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere as a result of industrial or other human activity, especially when quantified and traded as part of a commercial program.

Carbon Tax: A tax on fossil fuels, especially those used by motor vehicles, intended to reduce the emission of carbon dioxide.

Cash: Currency, coin, checks, postal and express money orders, and bankers' drafts on hand or on deposit with an official occasionally designated as custodian of cash and bank deposits.

Cash Basis: A method of recording income and expenses in which each item is entered as received or paid.

Cash Discounts: A deduction allowed by the seller of goods or by the provider of services in order to motivate the customer to pay within a specified time.

Cash Flow: The total amount of money being transferred into and out of a business, especially as affecting liquidity.

Catch Basin: A structure or receptacle that allows stormwater runoff to enter a storm sewer while trapping sand, gravel and other materials thereby preventing clogging of the sewers.

Clery Act: U.S. law for reporting crime statistics on campus.

Client: Person or organization responsible for initiating and financing a project, and approving the brief. In some countries, the role and qualification of a construction client is defined by law and regulation, according to the scope and complexity of a project [Source: ISO 15686].

Component: Product manufactured as a distinct unit to serve a specific function or functions [Source: ISO 15686].

Consequence Degree: Expression of the seriousness of consequences in relation to a defined reference level. [SOURCE: ISO 15686-7:2006]

Constituency: All of the internal and external stakeholders of the institution, including various governing boards, neighbors, visitors, students, faculty, staff, etc.

Continuing Appropriation: An appropriation that, once established, is automatically renewed without further legislative action, period after period, until altered or revoked.

Controlled-Release Fertilizer: A fertilizer composed of elements that have been treated to release all or part of the nutrients over a controlled or long period of time. The process may be chemical or physical in nature and varies in length of time.

Conveyor System: A moveable or stationary mechanical handling equipment that moves materials from one location to another.

Cool Roofs: Roofs that reflect a high percentage of solar rays back into the atmosphere and radiate absorbed thermal energy or heat quickly.

Core and Service Area: The area with common access (or benefit) to all users within a gross space (e.g., public corridors, rest rooms, mechanical or utility rooms, and vestibules). Also known as common area, common support area, or core area.

Core Building Systems: Installed equipment that is integral to providing common building services, including HVAC, lighting, electrical systems, transport systems and plumbing.

Core Space: Collectively, the spaces which serve the usable areas of a floor but which generally are not themselves usable area.

Corrective Maintenance (CM): Planned maintenance, usually moderate to major in nature, to repair or replace building components or systems that have failed or been damaged. Corrective maintenance is often undertaken after a problem is identified by repeated calls for reactive maintenance.

Corrosion: The deterioration of metal or concrete by chemical or electrochemical reaction resulting from exposure to weathering, moisture, chemicals, or other agents in its environment.

Creosote: (1) An oily liquid obtained by distilling coal that is toxic to fungi, insects, plants, and people; used to impregnate wood (as a preservative), to waterproof materials, and to retard weathering and checking of wood. (2) A plant native to the southwest United States that is occasionally used for landscaping.

Crotch: An arborist's term for the junction formed by two limbs or where a limb originates from the trunk of a tree.

Crown: The upper portion of a tree from the lowest branch on the trunk to the top.

Crown Cleaning: The removal of dead, diseased, crowded, weakly attached, and weak branches.

Crown Lifting: The removal of the lower branches of a tree to provide clearance for vehicles, pedestrians, or buildings or site clearance (signs, vistas). Sometimes referred to as crown raising or elevating.

Cubic Foot: A volumetric measure of space equal to the volume contained in a cube measuring 12 inches in length, width and height.

Current Replacement Value (CRV): The total expenditure in current dollars required to replace any facility at the institution, inclusive of construction costs, design costs, project management costs, and project administrative costs. Construction costs are calculated as replacement in function vs. in-kind. The value of design (6%), project management (10% to 12%), and administrative costs (4%) can be estimated at 20 percent of the construction cost. The value of property/land, however, is excluded, and insurance replacement values or book values should not be used to define the current replacement value. Costs for the replacement value are typically generated using a cost model based upon the use of reference cost databases using the building construction type, user and use categories, quality level, building systems and/or subsystems/components/units, and local experience. The property owner/manager may decide, for internal purposes, to base the CRV on a replacement in kind (e.g., duplicate constructions techniques), vs. a replacement in function, (e.g., six-story office space). The CRVs for associated infrastructure, such as utility systems, and generating plants, roadways, and nonbuilding structures (e.g., dams, bridges) are developed in a similar manner. Insurance replacement values or book values should not be used to define current replacement value.

Cutting: A piece cut off from a plant that is used to grow a new plant or graft onto another plant.

Dam: A barrier constructed to hold back and impound water, forming a reservoir used to control the flow of the water course to prevent flooding or use the flow to generate electricity or to use the impoundment as a water supply or for recreational purposes.

Data Record: Set of reference service life data compiled into a prescribed format [Source: ISO 15686].

Deferred Maintenance (DM): Maintenance or capital projects that have gone unfunded in previous budget cycles.

Demand: Stated requirement for a services or products to be delivered [Source: ISO 41000].

Design Life (DL): The design, including functionality and service provided [Source: ISO 15686].

Detailed Design: Drawings, data, calculations and specifications from which constructed works, components and assemblies can be constructed [Source: ISO 15686].

Discount Rate: Factor or rate reflecting the time value of money that is used to convert cash flows occurring at different times to a common time. Note 1 to entry: This can be used to convert future values to present-day values and vice versa. [SOURCE: ISO 15686].

Discounted Cost: Resulting cost when the real cost is discounted by the real discount rate or when the nominal cost is discounted by the nominal discount rate [SOURCE: ISO 15686].

Disposal: Transfer of ownership of, or responsibility for, the object of consideration transformation of the state of a building or facility that is no longer of use [Source: ISO 15686].

Disposal Cost: Costs associated with disposal of the asset at the end of its life cycle, including taking account of any asset transfer obligations. Note 1 to entry: Asset transfer obligations could include bringing the assets up to a pre-defined condition. Note 2 to entry: Income from selling the asset is part of WLC, where the residual value of the building components, materials (ISO 6708-1:2014) and appliances can be included. [Source: ISO 15686-5:2008].

Effective Interest Rate: The rate of earning on a bond investment based on the actual price paid for the bond, the coupon rate, the maturity date, and the length of time between interest dates. This is in contrast to the nominal interest rate.

Emergency Preparedness: Capability to take actions that will effectively mitigate the consequences of an emergency [Source: ISO 41000].

End-of-Life Cost: Net cost or fee for disposing of an asset at the end of its service life or interest period, including costs resulting from decommissioning, deconstruction and demolition of a building, recycling, making environmentally safe and recovery and disposal of components and materials, and transport and regulatory costs [SOURCE: ISO 15686].

Environment: Natural, man-made or induced external and internal conditions that may influence performance and use of a building and its parts. modified to also apply to internal conditions and to remove reference to civil engineering works [Source: ISO 15686].

Environmental Impact: Any change to the environment, whether adverse or beneficial, wholly or partially resulting from an organization's environmental aspects [SOURCE: ISO 15686].

Escalation: The pre-planned determination of how to respond to specific conditions with prescribed levels of intensity.

Escalation Rate: Positive or negative factor or rate reflecting an estimate of differential increase/decrease in the general price level for a particular commodity, or group of commodities, or resource. Note 1 to entry: An escalation rate is derived by tracking the change in price over time of a single commodity, or group of commodities or resource, which might or might not be one of the items in the typical basket of goods that is used to derive a general inflation/deflation factor. positive or negative factor or rate reflecting an estimate of differential increase/decrease in the general price level for a particular commodity, or group of commodities, or resource. [SOURCE: ISO 15686].

Estimated Service Life (ESL): Service life that a building or parts of a building would be expected to have in a set of specific in-use conditions, determined from the reference service life data after taking into account any differences from the reference in-use conditions [SOURCE: ISO 15686].

Ethics: Usages and customs regarding the moral and professional behavior toward others.

Evergreen: A plant that retains green foliage throughout the year.

Exfoliate: To peel off in scales, layers, or thin plates, as bark from a tree trunk.

Exhaust Fan: A fan that withdraws air that is not returned to the central air-treatment center and is exhausted to the outside.

Expansion Joint: A joint that makes allowance for thermal expansion of the parts joined without distortion.

Expenditures: The cost of goods or services received, whether or not payment has been made.

Exposed Aggregate Finish: A finished surface of a concrete material that is sandblasted to remove the matrix and expose, as well as etch, the coarse aggregate.

Exterior Insulation and Finish System (EIFS): A general class of non-load bearing building cladding systems that provides exterior walls with an insulated, water-resistant, finished surface in an integrated composite material system.

Exterior Walls: The part of the envelope of a building having one face exposed to the weather or to earth.

External Costs: Costs associated with an asset that are not necessarily reflected in the transaction costs between provider and consumer and that, collectively, are referred to as externalities. Note 1 to entry: These costs may include business staffing, productivity and user costs; these can be taken into account in a LCC analysis but should be explicitly identified. [SOURCE: ISO 15686].

Facilities Needs Index: A benchmark to compare the relative condition of a facility or group of facilities. It is computed by dividing the sum of the planned maintenance, capital renewal, and renovation needs by the current replacement value.

Facilities Operations: All activities related to the use, management and operation of facilities including maintenance and repairs.

Facilities Register: A comprehensive list of the organizations facility assets including buildings, grounds, infrastructure, equipment, and furniture. Also known as facilities portfolio, asset list, or asset inventory.

Facility: Physical setting used to serve a specific purpose. Note 1 to entry: A facility may be part of a building, a whole building or more than one building, and may include related constructions (such as roads and walkways), which, taken as a whole, serve a specific function. Note 2 to entry: The term encompasses both the physical object(s) and its (their) use. [Source: ISO 15686].

Facility Assignable Area: The sum of all areas on all floors of a building assigned to, or available for assignment to an occupant or specific use.

Facility Condition Assessment (FCA) or Audit: An analysis of the condition of a facility in terms of age, design, construction methods, materials and suitability of use.

Facility Condition Index (FCI): A benchmark to compare the relative condition of a group of facilities. It is computed by dividing the planned maintenance needs by the current replacement value.

Facility Exterior: The building envelope as well as structures separate from the main building. The building envelope is a common term for the system that keeps the weather and noise out and the heat and cooling in.

Facility Interior Gross Area: The sum of all areas on all floors of a building included within the outside faces of its exterior walls, including floor penetration areas, however insignificant, for circulation and shaft areas that connect one floor to another.

Facility Management /Facilities Management (FM): Organizational function which integrates people, place and process within the built environment with the purpose of improving the quality of life of people and the productivity of the core business. [Source: ISO 41000].

Facility Master Plan: A detailed long or mid-term set of specifications and schedule for implementing elements of a strategic facility plan. Facility master plans often contain scenarios, which are various site-specific options or recommendations proposed to enable business-driven decision-making. Also known as master plan, real estate master plan or campus plan.

Feasibility Study: Examination of a potential program of action that reviews the practicality of its achievement and its projected financial outcome.

Feature: Element or attribute of a facility that indicates an aspect of its serviceability [Source: ISO 15686].

Fence: A physical barrier or boundary used as protection or confinement for humans and/or wildlife, or used to delineate parcels of land according to ownership or use.

Fertilization: The application of required nutrients to living plants to ensure their livlihood.

Fertilizer: A natural or manufactured material added to the soil to supply one or more nutrients.

Fidelity Bond: A form of business insurance that protects an employer against losses caused by its employees' fraudulent or dishonest actions.

Fill: Soil or other material used to create new uplands or raise the elevation of land.

Finance: The discipline of the use, interpretation, and management of money matters.

Financial Accounting: Relates to the tracking and reporting of money matters.

Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB): The independent, private-sector, not-for-profit organization that establishes financial accounting and reporting standards for public and private companies and not-for-profit organizations that follow Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP).

Financial Leverage: The use of debt by an organization to acquire more assets.

Financial Ratios: Analytical comparisons of two or more accounting metrics used in examing the fiscal health of the organization.

Financial Reporting: Process of presenting information about an entity's fiscal position, operating performance, and cash flow for a specified period.

Financial Statements: Documents (e.g., balance sheet, income statement, statement of cash flows, and statement of retained earnings) that report financial information about an organization.

Finish Grade: The top surface of floors, lawns, walks, and drives or other improved surface after completion of construction.

Finish Schedule: A room by room list of surface materials, usually shown in a tabular form.

Finished Area: An enclosed area in a building that is completed and suitable for use, including walls, floors and ceilings.

Finished Surface: A wall, ceiling, floor, or other surfaces that are completed for tenant or occupant use.

Fire Pump: A mechanical system to increase the water pressure when the incoming source is not sufficient to support the fire sprinkler system for the building.

Fiscal Year: A 12-month period for which the annual budget applies. At the end of this period, an organization determines its financial position and the results of its operations.

Fixed Assets: A physical asset of a long-term character that are intended to continue to be held or used such as land, buildings, machinery, furniture, and other equipment. Also referred to as capital assets.

Fixed Costs: A type of expense that recurs on a regular basis regardless of the level of activity (such as insurance, rent, interest, or pension payments).

Fixture: An asset attached to real property that from an accounting viewpoint becomes a part of that property.

Flex Space: A space that with minimal modifications can be used for different purposes.

Flood Plain: Any land area susceptible to being inundated by floodwaters from any source.

Floodway: The channel of a river or other watercourse and the adjacent land areas that must be reserved in order to discharge the base flood without cumulatively increasing the water surface elevation more than a designated height.

Floor: An enclosed horizontal division of a building characterized by a structural surface.

Floor Area Ratio (FAR): The total or gross floor area of the building divided by the gross area of the lot.

Floor Common Area: An area available for use by all occupants of a facility.

Floor Plan: A scaled graphical representation of a horizontal section of a building from an overhead view perspective.

Flower Beds: A collection of annual and/or perennial or herbaceous plants that form a decorative area typically defined by a border.

Fluorescent Lighting: A type of lamp that produces visible light by fluorescence, especially a glass tube whose innerwall is coated with a material that fluoresces when an electrical current causes a vapor within the tube to discharge photons.

Foot-candle (fc): A nonmetric or English system measure that quantifies the amount of light on a surface of one square foot (or 0.1 square meters). A unit of illumination where one foot-candle is equal to one lumen per square foot.

Footing: That portion of the foundation of a structure that transmits loads directly to the soil.

Forecasting: A technique for projecting future occurances such as operating results, weather, or student enrollment over various periods of time.

Formal Authority: The person or group with decision-making rights.

Formal Shrub Planting: Plant placement and selective pruning that results in a pattern that is decorative.

Forward Pass Scheduling: A construction technique that sequentially analyzes the earliest start and completion dates of each construction activity.

Foundation Planting: A method of planting around the base of buildings to blend a building with its setting and obscure any undesirable features of the foundation.

Fresh Air Intake: An opening in a building to allow for outside air supply to support ventilation requirements or to support combustion in heating equipment.

Friable: Soil or other material that is easily crumbled, pulverized, or reduced to powder.

Fuel System: A system of pipes, pumps, valves, and regulators for the purpose of distributing fuel from a source to points of use.

Full Time Equivalent (FTE): Used in facilities and human resource accounting to provide a standard measure of numbers of employees, faculty, or students.

Fumigant: A substance or mixture of substances that produces gas, vapor, fume, or smoke intended to destroy insects, bacteria, or rodents.

Function: Purpose or activity of users and other stakeholders for which an asset or a facility is designed, used, or required to be used [Source: ISO 15686].

Functional /Structural Model: A traditional hierarchical organizational structure model that contains specialized functions and uses line management to produce a vertical chain of command for each function.

Functional Benchmarking: A process that analyzes dissimilar industries to recognize best practices regardless of product or service.

Functional Performance (Facility): Performance of a facility to support required function(s) under specified use conditions [Source: ISO 15686].

Functional Performance Requirement: Type and level of functionality that is required by stakeholders of a facility, building (ISO 6707-1:2014) or other constructed asset, or of an assembly (ISO 6707-1:2014), component or product (ISO 6707-1:2011), thereof, or a moveable asset for a specific function [SOURCE: ISO 15686].

Functionality: Suitability or usefulness for a specific purpose or activity [Source: ISO 15686].

Functions: The particular job positions, activities, and roles that an organization performs.

Fund Balance: The excess of the assets of a fund over its liabilities and reserves.

Gaffs: Pieces of sharp metal fastened to spurs or climbing irons.

Gap: Difference between the level of functionality (or other attribute) that is required and the level of serviceability [capability (ISO 6707-1:2014)] that is or will be provided [Source: ISO 15686].

General Conditions: Contract conditions included in the book of specifications (or in the accompanying architectural drawings) of a contract, that set the minimum performance requirements for the contractor. These conditions also include the rights and responsibilities of the parties involved.

General Contract: A legal document for a construction projec that identifies policies, rules, requirements, and agreement between the owner and the general contractor, including signatures by both parties.

General Contractor: The builder who performs the work by contracting on their own behalf with subcontractors and suppliers.

General Data: Data of any format related to service life as opposed to reference service life data [Source: ISO 15686].

General Fund: A general ledger account that records all assets and liabilities of the institution that are not assigned to a special purpose fund. It provides the resources necessary to sustain the day-to-day activities and thus pays for all administrative and operating expenses.

General Ledger: A complete record of financial transactions over the life of the company. The ledger holds account information that is needed to prepare financial statements and includes accounts for assets, liabilities, owners' equity, revenues and expenses.

Generator: A machine that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy used as a source of emergency and non-emergency power.

Generic Benchmarking: A process that compares unrelated work practices.

Geographic Information System (GIS): A computer application used to store, view, and analyze geographical and statistical information.

Girdle: A circular cut around a tree through its bark which severs the xylem and phloem and precludes the conduct of fluids, nutrients, and sugars of the tree. A girdled tree usually dies.

Girdling Root: A root that has changed normal direction and grown around the trunk or larger roots of a tree. The pressure exerted can become great, and the tourniquet effect cuts off the flow of fluids and nutrients down through the inner bark (phloem) and up through the sapwood (xylem).

Glare: Any excessively bright source of light within the visual field that creates discomfort or loss in visibility.

Glass Line: A vertical plane indicating the location of the glass on a given wall of the building exterior used as a measurement point for various space measurement systems. Also known as window line.

Global Positioning System (GPS): A system that employs satellites and ground-based equipment for locating points on the surface of the earth.

Grade: The slope of a surface.

Gradient: (1) The degree of inclination of a surface, road, or pipe, often expressed as a percentage.

Graff: Asexual method of plant propagation in which a growing part of one plant (called the a scion) is affixed on the growing stock of another.

Graffiti: Illicit drawings or writing that is placed on walls or other smooth surfaces.

Grant: Non-repayable funds or products disbursed or gifted by one party, often a government department, corporation, foundation or trust, to a recipient, often a nonprofit entity, educational institution, business or an individual.

Granular Broadcast: Fertilizer or other material typically applied by means of a mechanical spreader.

Graphic Plan: A two-dimensional representation of the design, location, and dimensions of the project or parts thereof, seen as a horizontal plane viewed from above.

Green Campus Operations: Sustainable activities in the workplace to promote a better environment.

Green Cleaning: The practice of using cleaning methods, products, and ingredients that preserve health and the environment.

Green Design: A type of design that embraces sustainable practices and is considered friendly to the environment.

Green Industry: The business of providing materials, goods, or services in ways that promote responsible environmental stewardship and sustainability.

Green Leasing: The process of integrating sustainability elements into lease negotiations.

Green Teams: Formal or informal groups of people within the facility or organization who are passionate about environmental issues and promote responsible, sustainable environmental practices.

Greenskeeper: A position that provides expertise in the maintenance of golf courses, including tees, greens, fairways, and roughs.

Greywater: A by-product of common campus activities such as bathing, dishwashing, and laundry but does not contain any human waste.

Grid: A pattern or framework formed by a series of parallel lines or other elements and intersecting with another such series.

Gross Building Area (GBA): The sum of the floor areas on all levels of a building that are totally enclosed within the building envelope. (Measured to the outside face of exterior walls.)

Ground Cover: A broad term used to describe low-growing vegetation, typically a vine or succulent plant that is used to cover a large area.

Grounding System: Circuitry used to provide a common electrical reference relative to the earth's conductive surface.

Groundskeeper/Groundsperson/Groundsworker: A generic term for one who performs landscape maintenance tasks, such as mowing, trimming, or fertilizing.

Grout: (1) Thin mortar used for filling in the joints of tile, masonry, brickwork, or brick or stone pavements. (2) Thin mortar pumped into the ground to rectify expansive clay problems or to seal off subsurface drainage.

Guarantee: A pledge that ensures a standard of performance.

Guide Wire: A cable used for directional control , e.g. roadside guardrail and roof edge protection.

Hanger (Construction): Supports, often suspended from a ceiling or upper floor, to carry wires, cables, or utility piping.

Hardiness: The capability of a plant to survive in a given environment.

Hardpan: A hardened, relatively impervious layer of soil.

Hardscape Management: A landscape term for areas that are composed of brick, concrete, or other hard surfaces, such as walks, roads, parking lots, etc.

Hardware Schedule: A list of materials such as hinges, locks, etc. used in the doors being installed in a construction project, usually shown in a tabular form, and referenced in the door schedule.

Hazardous Waste (HW): Liquid, solid, contained gas, or sludge wastes that contain properties that are dangerous or potentially harmful to human health or the environment.

Hazardous Waste Manifest: A shipping document required for the management and shipment of hazardous waste from the generator site (institution) to the final destination (transfer, storage, and disposal facility (TSDF).

Hazmat: Any solid, liquid, or gas that can harm people, other living organisms, or the environment . Contraction for hazardous material.

Heads Up: An alert or warning.

Hearing Conservation Program (HCP): A formal program of protection of personal hearing, and engineered control of noise.

Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning (HVAC) Systems: The systems within a building that control and maintain temperature, humidity, and air quality.

Hectare: A common unit of area in the metric system equal to 10,000 square meters, or about 2.471 acres.

Hedges: A collection of woody shrubs or low trees that are arranged in a dense row; often used to create a fence or boundary.

Herb: A flowering plant with aboveground stems that are destitute of woody tissue and perish when the flowers and fruit (seed) mature.

Herbaceous: Having the nature of herbs.

Herbicide: A chemical substance used to destroy or inhibit the growth of unwanted plants (i.e., weeds).

High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp: A category of lamp that emits light through electricity activating probes which in turn excite pressurized gas in a bulb, including metal halide, sodium halide, and mercury vapor.

High Water: The flood stage of a stream or lake that is the measurement of the actual height of the water surface above the stream banks during the maximum flow of the water.

High-cost Initiatives: Initiatives that require capital expenditure and a significant amount of internal and external work hours that have higher total life-cycle costs when compared to other possibilities.

High-Intensity Recreation: Recreation that uses specially built facilities or occurs in such density or form that it requires or results in a modification of the area of resource.

Historic Housing: Buildings of historic significance used for residency.

Hold Down: Something used to physically fasten an object in place.

Holdback: A percentage of a contract price that an owner or contractor retains or percentage of a loan that a lender retains until the project is finished or all project bills are paid.

Horizontal Boundary: A plane of elevation relative to an established benchmark that defines either an upper or a lower boundary of a unit.

Horticulture: A branch of agriculture that deals with the art, science, technology, and business of growing plants.

Horticulturist: One who practices the art, science, technology, and business of growing plants.

Humus: The dark organic material, produced by the decomposition of vegetable or animal matter that fertilizes soil.

Hydraulic: Pertaining to the science and engineering of liquids in motion and under pressure to effect force.

Hydrologic: The branch of science concerned with the quantative analysis of waters of the earth, successively as precipitation, runoff, storage, and evaporation; the knowledge of which is the basis for the management of water resources.

Impact Glass: A type of safety glass that holds together when shattered.

Impervious: Characteristic of a material that will not pass water.

Improvement: A change or addition to an asset that increases its performance, value or appearance.

Incentives: Inducements linked to specific performance measurements.

Incineration: The process of destroying material by burning it.

Income Statement: Accounting document that represents the company's revenue and expense transactions for the reporting period.

Increment Borer: A specialized tool used to extract a section of wood tissue from a living tree with relatively minor injury to the plant itself.

Incremental Budgeting: A budget constructed by starting with the current year's budget as a baseline and then adjusting each line item for expected changes.

Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ): The measure of the level of indoor comfort, health, and safety for occupants.

Inflation/Deflation: Sustained increase/decrease in the general price level. Note 1 to entry: Inflation/deflation can be measured monthly, quarterly or annually against a known index. [Source: ISO 15686].

Initial Design: Early stage in the development of a design before many of the materials, components or assemblies have been selected [Source: ISO 15686].

Inorganic: Matter containing no organic material occurring as minerals in nature or obtainable from those minerals by a chemical means.

Inspection: An examination or careful scrutiny to ensure compliance.

Inspection of Buildings: Performance evaluation or assessment of residual service life of building parts in existing buildings (ISO 6707-1:2014) [Source: ISO 15686].

Installed Equipment: Equipment affixed to the owners' buildings and maintained by the facility manager (not the landlord, the functional operator, or line manager).

Instructions to Bidders: The ground rules that bidders are expected to adhere to in a bid, such as, date/time bids are due, bid form, where bids are to be delivered, etc.

Insurance: A system to protect persons, groups, or businesses against large financial loss by transferring the risks to an insurance company or other large group who agree to share the financial losses in exchange for premium payments.

Integrated Pest Management (IPM): A system that uses all the appropriate methods and techniques to control pest populations at levels below those that cause economic injury. This system may include cultural practices, natural remedies, and selective pesticides.

Integrated Project Delivery: An Integrated project delivery technique that focuses on early collaboration and data sharing to maximize the final value for the owner in the form of the completed building.

Integrity: The quality or state of being complete and functionally unimpaired; the wholeness or entirety of a body or system, including its parts, materials, and processes. The integrity of an ecosystem emphasizes the interrelatedness of all parts and the unity of its whole.

Interior Elevation: A horizontal view of an interior wall of a building.

Interior Gross Area: The full area of a floor measured to the finished surface of the inside face of the exterior wall where it meets the floor.

Interior Parking Space: Space used for vehicular parking that is totally enclosed within the (occupied) building envelope.

Internal Auditing: A review of operations within established policy guidelines that provides managers with reports, conclusions, and recommendations of the results of the review. It is used to measure and evaluate the effectiveness of the organization.

Internal Benchmarking: A process that concentrates on benchmarking internal customers.

Internal Control: A plan whereby employees' duties are arranged and records and procedures are designed in a way that permits effective accounting control over assets, liabilities, revenues, and expenditures. Under such a system the work of employees is subdivided so that no single employee performs a complete cycle of operations. Thus, for example, an employee handling cash would not post accounts receivable records. Under such a system the procedures to be followed are delineated and require proper authorization by designated officials in order for all actions to be taken.

Internal Rate of Return (IRR): The return on investment a company typically realizes (or targets to realize) based on its past track record regarding asset investments. It is the interest rate at which lifetime dollar savings equal lifetime dollar costs, after the time value of money is taken into account.

International Building Code (IBC): A model building code developed by the International Code Council (ICC). It has been adopted throughout most of the United States.

International Existing Building Code (IEBC): A model code in the International Code family of codes intended to provide alternative approaches to remodeling, repair or alteration of existing buildings.

International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS): A set of international accounting and reporting guidelines and rules that organizations can follow when compiling financial statements.

Internode: The region of a stem between two successive nodes.

Interpretive Display: Specialized structures used to provide interpretive or educational information to visitors. Maintenance is related to the structure and associated signs but not the content of display material.

Interstitial Space: The area of load-bearing surfaces, located above or below occupied building floors, that is not available for general occupancy because of inadequate clear headroom but may contain building mechanical or electrical systems predominantly serving adjacent floors or provide access to such systems.

Intrinsic Rewards: Inherent benefits of performing a job role or task successfully and do not require intervention by the manager or another source.

In-use Condition: Any circumstance that can impact on the performance of a building (ISO 6707-1:2014) or a constructed asset, or a part thereof, under normal use. any circumstance that contributes to or causes the degradation of a building constructed assets or a part of it under normal use Note 1 to entry: In order to encompass all of the seven factor classes of the factor method, definition has been extended relative to that given in ISO 15686-2:2001, thus being in accordance with ISO 15686-1:2000, where an in-use condition is referred to as influencing any of the seven factors. any circumstance that can impact the performance, or a constructed asset, or a part thereof under normal use. [Source: ISO 15686-1:2011]].

Key Performance Indicator (KPI): Measure that provides essential information about the performance [Source: ISO 41000].

Level of Functionality: Number indicating the relative functionality required for a user group or customer for one topic on a predetermined demand scale from the level of the least (functionality) to the level of the most (functionality) EXAMPLE Scale of integers from 0 to 9. Note 1 to entry: The level of functionality may be the consequence of several distinct functions required to act in combination. [Source: ISO 15686].

Level of Performance: Number indicating the relative performance required or provided for one topic on a predetermined scale from the level of the least (performance) to the level of the most (performance). EXAMPLE Scale of integers from 0 to 9. Note 1 to entry: The level of performance may be the consequence of several distinct performances [behaviours in service], of which one may be functional performance, which act in combination. [Source: ISO 15686].

Level of Service (LOS): Parameters, or combination of parameters, which reflect social, political, environmental and economic outcomes that the organization delivers [Source: ISO 55000].

Level of Serviceability: Number indicating the relative serviceability [capability (ISO 6707-1:2014) of a facility] for a user group or customer for one topic on a predetermined supply scale from the level of least (serviceability) to the most (serviceability) EXAMPLE Scale of integers from 0 to 9. Note 1 to entry: The level of serviceability may be the consequence of several distinct physical features acting in combination. [SOURCE: ISO 15686-10:2010]

Life Care: Measures that promote achievement of the design life, including cleaning, maintenance, servicing, repair, refurbishment, protection (ISO 6707-1:2014), control of use and avoidance of neglect. [Source: ISO 15686]

Life Cycle: Consecutive and interlinked stages of the object under consideration Note 1 to entry: The life cycle comprises all stages from construction, operation and maintenance to end of life, including decommissioning, deconstruction and disposal. Note 2 to entry: Adapted from the definition of a life cycle contained in ISO 14040, 7.1. [Source: ISO 15686].

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA): Method of measuring and evaluating the environmental impacts associated with a product (ISO 14050:2009) (ISO 6707-1:2014), system or activity, by describing and assessing the energy and materials (ISO 6707-1:2014) used and released to the environment (ISO 14050:2009) over the life cycle [Source: ISO 15686 ISO/TR 15686-11:2014].

Life-cycle Cost (LCC): Total costs (in present-value terms) expected to be spent on an asset during its operational existence [SOURCE: ISO 41000].

Life-cycle Costing: Methodology for systematic economic evaluation of life-cycle costs over a period of analysis, as defined in the agreed scope. Note 1 to entry: Life-cycle costing can address a period of analysis that covers the entire life cycle or (a) selected stage(s) or (b) periods of interest thereof. methodology for systematic economic evaluation of life-cycle costs over a period of analysis, as defined in the agreed scope [SOURCE: ISO 15686].

Long-term Exposure: Ageing exposure under in-use conditions and with a duration of the same order as the service life anticipated [Source: ISO 15686].

Maintenance: Combination of all technical and associated administrative actions during the service life to retain a building, or its parts, in a state in which it can perform its required functions. [SOURCE: ISO 6707-1:2014 modified to also apply in the broad context of the service life of a whole building]

Maintenance Cost: Total of necessarily incurred labour, material and other related costs incurred to retain a building or its parts in a state in which it can perform its required functions. Note 1 to entry: Maintenance includes conducting corrective, responsive and preventative maintenance on constructed assets, or their parts, and includes all associated management, cleaning, servicing, repainting, repairing and replacing of parts where needed to allow the constructed asset to be used for its intended purposes. [Source: ISO 15686].

Measurement: Process to determine a value [Source: ISO 55000].

Mechanism: Process causing change over time in the composition or micro-structure of a component or material (that can cause degradation [Source: ISO 15686].

Mitigation: Avoidance efforts to reduce the negative impact of a project.

Mixed Costs: Expenses that consist of a fixed component and a variable component.

Mobile Equipment Inspection: Required/recommended inspections on mobile equipment assets.

Mobile Equipment Maintenance: Corrective, preventive, emergency, replacement, and maintenance done on mobile equipment assets, those assets directly contributing to the Real Property/Facility Maintenance mission.

Modernization: The act of updating to meet current and future requirements.

Monitoring: Determining the status of a system, a process or an activity [Source: ISO 55000].

Monitoring Network: Processes and instruments used as part of an organized program to oversee, analyze and report on the performance of a system.

Monkeyfist: Type of knot tied in the end of a throw line to make it easier to throw over a tree limb or through an open crotch.

Motor Circuit Evaluator (MCE): A device that tests and analyzes motor (mechanical) and circuit (electrical) conditions.

Mountable Curb: A curb that can be climbed readily by a moving vehicle.

Mounting Height: The height of the fixture or lamp above the floor or ground.

Mulch: A layer of material (usually organic) applied to soil to conserve moisture, improve fertility, reduce weed growth, and improve visual appeal.

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW): More commonly known as trash, garbage, or rubbish consisting of everyday items discarded by the public.

Narrow Aisle Racking: A type of efficient storage system used in warehouses where space is limited.

National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP): Air emissions standards set by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA): Establishes national environmental policies and goals for the protection, maintenance, and enhancement of the environment, and provides a process for implementing these goals within the federal agencies.

Need: Expectation, specific or abstract, from the demand organization which is essential to enable the achievement of the core purpose and key objectives[Source: ISO 41000],

Needs Assessment: The process of identifying performance requirements and the "gap" between what performance is required and what resources are available.

Negative Declaration: A document approved by a public/regulatory agency based on a determination that a project will not have a significant adverse effect on the environment.

Negligence: The failure to exercise that degree of care that a reasonably prudent person would exercise so as not to submit others to unreasonable risks or harm.

Negotiation: A mutual discussion and arrangement of the terms of a transaction leading to an agreement between two or more parties.

Net Assignable Area: The sum of all areas on all floors of a building assigned to, or available for assignment to an occupant or specific use. [Source: NCES].

Net Assignable Square Feet (NASF): The sum of all areas on all floors of a building assigned to, or available for assignment to, an occupant or specific use.

Net Floor Area: TThe actual occupiable area of a floor, not including accessory unoccupied areas (stairs, elevator and HVAC shafts, mechanical rooms, etc.) or the thickness of walls.

Net Income: The term used in accounting for designating the excess of total revenues over total expenditures for an accounting period.

Net Operating Income (NOI): Income after deducting for operating expenses but before deducting for income taxes and interest.

Net Present Cost (NPC): Sum of the discounted future costs [Source: ISO 15686].

Net Present Value (NPV): Sum of the discounted future cash flows. Note 1 to entry: Where only costs are included, this may be termed net present cost. Note 2 to entry: This is the standard criterion for deciding whether an option can be justified on economic principles, but other techniques are also used. [Source: ISO 15686].

Net Revenue Available for Debt Service: Gross operating revenues of an enterprise less operating and maintenance expenses but exclusive of depreciation and bond interest.

Net-zero Energy Buildings: Term for high-performance buildings that are grid-integrated and capable of generating as much energy as they consume, using cutting-edge technologies and on-site

generation systems such as solar power and geothermal energy.

New Capital Construction: A project performed to create or add to a building. Includes construction and purchase of fixed equipment.

New Construction: The building, erection, installation, or assembly of a new asset.

Nominal Cost: Expected price that will be paid when a cost is due to be paid, including estimated changes in price due to, for example, forecast change in efficiency, inflation or deflation and technology [Source: ISO 15686].

Nominal Discount Rate: Factor or rate used to relate present and future money values in comparable terms taking into account the general inflation/deflation rate [Source: ISO 15686].

Non-conforming Use: A use of land or building space that does not conform to current land use or building controls such as zoning imposed by government.

Non-disclosure Agreement: A legally enforceable contract between parties to refrain from disclosing certain information such as intellectual property.

Non-operating Expenses: Expenses incurred for nonoperating properties, or expenses incurred in performing activities not directly related to supplying the basic service of an enterprise.

Non-selective Herbicide: A chemical that is generally toxic to all plants without regard to species.

Non-systemic Herbicide: A chemical or formulation that works without being ingested into the plants, generally without residual results.

Non-Trade-Specific Position Description: A detailed description of the tasks required to support various aspects of maintenance such as general, preventive, corrective, aesthetic, or others that encompass all trades or are common to many trades.

Normal Interest Rate: The contractual interest rate shown on the face and in the body of a bond that represents the amount of interest to be paid. This is in contrast to the effective interest rate.

Normal/Routine Maintenance and Minor Repairs: Cyclical, planned work activities funded through the annual budget cycle, done to continue or achieve either the originally anticipated life of a fixed asset (i.e., buildings and fixed equipment) or an established level of performance. Normal/routine maintenance is performed on capital assets such as buildings and fixed equipment to help them reach their originally anticipated life.

Notching: Technique used in felling trees or in cutting off large limbs so that the log falls in a certain direction.

Notes Payable: An unconditional written promise signed by the maker to pay a certain sum in money. The money is payable on demand or at a fixed or determinable time either to the bearer or to the order of a person designated on the note.

Novation: The substitution of a new contract for an existing valid contract between the same or different parties.

Noxious Weed: A weed or plant defined as being especially undesirable, troublesome, or difficult to control.

Observation: Statement of fact made during an audit or review and substantiated by objective evidence [Source: ISO 15686].

Obsolescence: Loss of ability of an item to perform satisfactorily due to changes in performance requirements. inability of a facility or component thereof to perform satisfactorily due to changes in performance requirements. [Source: ISO 15686].

Occupancy Sensor (OCC): A device that provides power to a system when human presence is sensed.

Oils: References are usually to aromatic or paraffinic oils used in formulating such products as diluents or carriers for herbicides. Dormant oil is used to smother insects that overwinter on a plant.

On the Job Training (OJT): Teaching the skills, knowledge, and competencies that are needed for employees to perform a specific job within the workplace and work environment while performing the actual work.

Open Plan Office: Office space within a building that may be divided by movable partitions.

Open Tender/Bidding: A bidding process that is open to all qualified bidders and where the sealed bids are opened in public for scrutiny and are chosen on the basis of price and quality. Also called competitive tender or public tender.

Operating Budget: A short-term budget projecting all estimated income and expenses during a given period (usually one year). Excludes capital expenditures because they are long-term costs.

Operating Permit: The permit required to operate a new emissions source such as a boiler. This is typically obtained by the architect or engineer installing the device, but may not be aggregated with the other emissions sources operated by the institution.

Operating Statements: A statement that summarizes the financial operations for an accounting period. This is to be contrasted with a balance sheet that shows financial position at a given time. Also known as income statement.

Operation Cost: Costs incurred in running and managing the facility or built environment (ISO 15392:2008), including administrative support services Note 1 to entry: Operation costs could include rent, rates, insurances, energy and other environmental/ regulatory inspection costs, local fees and charges. [Source: ISO 15686].

Operational Maintenance: Maintenance activities to extend the useful life and assure reliability related to the normal performance of the functions for which an asset or item of equipment is intended to be used.

Operations: Activities related to the normal performance of the functions for which a facility or item is intended to be used. Costs such as utilities (electricity, water, sewage) fuel, janitorial services, window cleaning, rodent and pest control, upkeep of grounds, vehicle rentals, waste management, periodic

condition assessments, the Facilities Maintenance Management System, miscellaneous engineer service not attributable to a specific project and personnel costs associated with the performance of these functions are generally included within the scope of operations and are not considered maintenance costs.

Opportunity Costs: Represent "lost" opportunities (measured in monetary units) that could have accrued to the entity by pursuing an alternate course of action.

Organizational Culture: The collective character of an organization; as determined by the behavioir of its people, the nature of relationships; and the spoken and unspoken values, norms and systems.

Organizational Design: A plan for how an organization is structured and should function. It takes inventory of the tasks, functions and goals of the organization and then develops groupings and ordering of job positions, departments, and individuals to best and most effectively achieve those ends.

Organizational Development (OD): A field of research, theory and practice that applies behavioral science to improve the resilience of an organization to internal or external changes and to enhance its ability to proactively solve problems.

Organizational Structure: The form of an organization; an expression of who is performing the various functions and tasks and how they relate to one another; encompasses a list of the various job positions, titles, and duties, and the reporting stricture or chain of command among them.

Organizational Values: A key element of organizational culture that provides collective judgments regarding the relative worth or goodness of behavior, decisions, priorities, or actions of members of the organization.

Organizing: Creating an appropriate delivery mechanism and structure for an organization to coordinate its components into an interdependent system. Organizing includes staffing, team building, and resource gathering.

Original Cost: The total price associated with the initial acquisition of an asset.

Ornamentals: Plants that are used to enhance the appearance of landscapes and gardens.

Overhaul: The refurbishment or major renewal maintenance of a component.

Overlay: A covering either permanent or temporary: such as new asphalt over an existing asphalt or concrete surface, an ornamental veneer, a decorative and contrasting design or article placed on top of a plain one; or a transparent sheet containing graphic matter to be superimposed on another sheet.

Overseed: A process by which grass seed is applied over top of an existing stand of turf, often for the purpose of increasing plant density or creating a temporarily green, viable sports surface during winter months.

Overtime Compensation (OT): Unless exempt, employees covered by federal labor laws must receive overtime pay for hours worked over 40 in a workweek at a rate not less than time and one-half their regular rates of pay..

Pallet: A portable platform on which goods can be moved, stacked, and stored, especially with the aid of a forklift.

Partition: Inside structures or wall assemblies that define a space. Partitions can be movable or removable.

Paved Road: Improved travel surfaces, generally constructed of hard materials such as asphalt or concrete, used for vehicular transportation.

Paved Trail: IImproved pedestrian or bicycle paths, generally constructed of hard materials such as asphalt or concrete.

Paving: A cover or impervious layer (a road, walk, etc.) with concrete, stones, bricks, tiles, wood, or the like, so as to make a firm, level surface.

Payback Period: The length of time it will take to recoup an initial investment cost.

Payment Bond: A bond issued by an insurance company or bank on behalf of a general contractor that guarantees payment to all subcontractors and material suppliers if work is completed within the referenced contract set terms and conditions or in the event of default the surety will make the required payments so the project will be free of any liens at completion.

Peak Shaving: The process of reducing the amount of energy purchased from the utility company during peak demand hours. Utility companies typically have variable pricing based on demand, and the pricing during the peak demand hours is typically the highest.

Peavey: Tool for turning, rolling, and lifting logs, especially when floating in water. Has a heavy hook hinged about 8 inches above an iron-shod tip; similar to a cant hook except that it has a pike point on the end instead of a flat-toothed plate.

Penalties: Contractually specified fines linked to failure to meet specific performance measures.

Perennial Flowers: Plants, typically herbaceous, that grow more or less indefinitely from year to year and usually bear seed each year.

Perennial Root: A root that lives over winter and initiates the stem growth from buds. Such a root must be large enough to store enough food to start the new growth in the spring.

Perennials: Plants that live more than two years and that can persist indefinitely in specific climatic ranges.

Performance Assessment: All material that accounts for an item's performance throughout its service life [Source: ISO 15686].

Performance Bond: A bond that binds a surety company to complete a construction contract if the contractor defaults.

Performance Characteristic: Physical quantity that is related to a critical property Note 1 to entry: In some cases, the performance characteristic can be the same as the critical property, e.g. gloss. On the other hand, if the critical property is strength, for instance, (ISO 6707-1:2014) or mass can be utilized

as a performance characteristic, working as an indirect measure (ISO 6707-1:2014) of strength. physical quantity that is a measure of a critical property EXAMPLE A performance characteristic can be the same as the critical property, for instance reflectance. On the other hand, if the critical property is strength, the thickness or mass can in certain cases be utilized as a performance characteristic. [Source: ISO 15686].

Performance Control: Comparison between performance and defined requirements [Source: ISO 15686].

Performance Evaluation: Evaluation of critical properties on (ISO 670-1:2014) the basis of measurement (ISO 6707-1:2014) and inspection [Source: ISO 15686].

Performance Over Time: Description of how a critical property (ISO 6707-1:2014) varies with time [Source: ISO 15686].

Performance Criterion: Minimum acceptable level of a critical property (ISO 6707-1:2014) [SOURCE: ISO 15686].

Performance Survey: Total survey (defining of the task, planning, examination, evaluation and reporting) at a given time in accordance with ISO 15686-7 [Source: ISO 15686].

Performance/Performance In-use: Qualitative level of a critical property (ISO 6707-1:2014, 9.1.3) at any point in time considered. behaviour in service of a facility for a specified use. Note 1 to entry: The scope of this performance is of the facility as a system, including its subsystems, components and materials, and their interactions, such as acoustical, hygrothermal, economic and so on, as well as the relative importance of each performance requirement. [Source: ISO 15686].

Performance-based Contracting: The method of contracting which entails structuring all aspects of an acquisition process around the results of work to be performed as opposed to how the work is to be performed. It emphasizes objective, measurable performance requirements and quality standards in developing scope/statements of work, selecting contractors, determining contract incentives, and performance of contract administration.

Pergola: A garden feature forming a shaded walkway, passageway, or sitting area of vertical posts or pillars that usually support cross-beams and a sturdy open lattice, often upon which woody vines are trained.

Period of Analysis: Period of time over which life-cycle costs or whole-life costs are analysed. Note 1 to entry: The period of analysis is determined by the client. [Source: ISO 15686].

Permeability: The property of soil, rock, or mantle that permits liquids or water vapor to flow through it.

Permit Required Confined Space (PRCS): The employer's overall regulatory (OSHA) program for controlling, and, where appropriate, for protecting employees from, permit space hazards and for regulating employee entry into permit spaces such as underground electrical vaults, sewer manholes, underground IT vaults, some tunnel systems, boilers, steam tunnels, acid neutralization tanks, etc.

Permits: Approvals required by local building authorities, including building, land use, fire, energy code, etc.

Perpetual Inventory: A method of accounting for inventory that records the sale or purchase of inventory immediately through the use of computerized point-of-sale systems and enterprise asset management software.

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Equipment, such as safety glasses, safety goggles, hearing protection, steel-toed boots, chemical resistant gloves, chemical resistant aprons, welding goggles and face shields, chainsaw chaps/pants, and other protective gear to protect the wearer's body from harm.

Perspective: A 2 dimensional drawing that represents a 3 dimensional view with vanishing points.

Pest: An organism that is injurious to plants, humans, their property, or the environment.

Pest Control Specialist: A position that provides expertise in the control of pests and the dangers/problems they can cause.

Pesticide: Any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating any insects, rodents, nematodes, fungi, weeds, or any other forms of life declared to be pests; and any substance or mixture of substances intended for use as a plant regulator, defoliant, or desiccant.

Petty Cash: A sum of money set aside for the purpose of making change or paying small obligations. The money is used for cases in which issuing a formal voucher and check would be too expensive and time consuming.

pH: In chemistry, pH is a numeric scale used to specify the acidity or basicity (alkalinity) of an aqueous solution. With a pH of 7 denoted as neutral, a value less than 7 indicates acidity; a value higher than 7 indicates alkalinity.

pH Maintenance: The management of the pH of soil or a solution by the application of alkaline or acidic products.

Photovoltaic (PV): Relating to the production of electric current at the junction of two substances exposed to light.

Pick N Pack: The assembly of goods and/or products from different sources and repacked in the warehouse and shipped out.

Pit Leveler: A dock leveler that sits in a concrete pit. This type of leveler typically has a range of motion used to accommodate the variabilities of delivery truck floor heights.

Pitch: Refers to the degree of slope.

Planned Maintenance: Any maintenance activity for which a pre-determined job procedure has been documented, for which all labor, materials, tools, and equipment required to carry out the task have been estimated, and their availability assured before commencement of the task. In contrast to unplanned or breakdown maintenance, or preventive maintenance which is predicted and scheduled to prolong the useful service life of equipment.

Planning: Setting a direction for an organization in terms of goals, performance objectives, policies, procedures, and practices.

Planning Commission: A group appointed or elected to consider land use planning matters including proposals to adopt or amend a general plan or zoning ordinance, take action on subdivisions, and approve use permits and variances.

Plant Funds: Funds to be used for the construction, rehabilitation, and acquisition of physical properties for institutional purposes; funds already expended for such properties; funds set aside for the renewal and replacement of properties; and funds accumulated for the retirement of indebtedness on these properties.

Planting Easement: A designated property line for reshaping roadside areas and establishing, maintaining, and controlling plant growth thereon.

Pleach: To train and interlace the tops of trees or other plants to form an archway over an alley or walkway.

Policing: A general term for the hand removal of litter, debris, and rubbish from landscape and hardscape areas.

Poly Chlorinated Biphenyls (PCB): A chemical compound commonly found in old capacitors, insulating fluids in transformers, vacuum pump fluids and hydraulic fluids. PCBs have been outlawed since 1979 in the United States.

Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC): A type of plastic pipe made of polyvinyl chloride commonly used for direct burial.

Portland Cement: A mixture of oxides of calcium, silicon and aluminum. Portland cement and similar materials are made by heating limestone (as source of calcium) with clay or sand (as source of silicon) and grinding the product. The resulting powder, when mixed with water and gravel, will become a hydrated solid over time known as concrete.

Portland Cement Concrete Pavement (PCCP): A hard, compact building material formed when a mixture of cement, sand, gravel, and water dries. Commonly known as concrete used in construction.

Post-consumer Waste: The output material that has been "used" and disposed of. It has served its intended use and has been diverted and recovered for recycling.

Post-emergent Herbicide: A chemical that is applied after the appearance of a specified weed or plant.

Post-occupancy Evaluations (POEs): Surveys taken following project completion to assess the occupants' level of satisfaction with the various aspects of the new working environment, as well as to check the performance against specifications of the major systems.

Potable Water: Water that is fit for human consumption and satisfies the standards of the appropriate health authority.

Potential Asbestos Containing Material (PACM): Products or materials historically known to be made with asbestos.

Pounds Per Hour (lb/h or PPH): A mass flow unit. Fuel flow for engines is usually expressed using this unit,. It is particularly useful when dealing with gases or liquids because volume flow rates vary with temperature and pressure.

Power Distribution: Electricity distribution is the penultimate process in the delivery of electric power, i.e., the part between transmission and user purchase from an electricity provider. It is generally considered to include medium-voltage (less than 50kV) power lines, low-voltage electrical substations and pole-mounted transformers, low-voltage (less than 1000 V) distribution wiring and sometimes electricity meters.

Power of Attorney: A written authorization to act on another's behalf.

Power Plant: An electricity generating facilities. Also used more generically to include boiler plants and other energy generators.

Power Source: The electrical energy sources used to power equipment.

Power Takeoff (PTO): A supplemental mechanism (as on a tractor) enabling the power of the engine to be used to operate nonautomotive apparatus, such as a pump or spreader. It may be a rotating shaft with a splined end.

Power-Generating Facilities: Facilities that contain engines, turbines, generators, alternative energy sources and associated control equipment for the purpose of electrical current generation.

Pre-briefing: Earliest stage in the consideration of a construction project when the need for constructed works is assessed and the suitability of sites (ISO 6707-1:2014] [Source: ISO 15686].

Precast Concrete: Concrete cast elsewhere than its final position.

Precast Element: A concrete unit cast and cured in a place other than the final location in a structure. The precast elements manufactured in a permanent production facility, as opposed to units cast at a building site (such as tilt up panels).

Precast Panel: A panel, tile, counter, Fin, wall etc. that is usually poured in a controlled manufacturing facility (although it can be poured on site) into a mold of a specific shape. Whether it is mass produced or a custom shape the precast panel is usually finished (sealed) before installation.

Predicted Service Life: Service life predicted from recorded performance over time EXAMPLE As found in service life models or ageing tests. service life predicted from performance recorded over time in accordance with the procedure described in ISO 15686-2 [SOURCE: ISO 15686].

Predicted Service Life Distribution: Probability distribution function of the predicted service life [Source: ISO 15686].

Predictive Maintenance (PdM): Service of equipment that forecasts failures through monitoring and analysis of the condition of the equipment.

Predictive Maintenance/Testing/Inspection: Routine maintenance, testing, or inspection performed to anticipate failure.

Pre-emergent Herbicide: A chemical applied to control specific weeds before the emergence of the weed or a crop.

Prepaid Expense: Expenses entered in the accounts for benefits not yet received.

Prescriptive-based Contracting: A method of contracting that entails specifying how the work is to be performed and the materials that are to be used, as well as the results and objectives to be achieved at each milestone.

Present Value (PV): A method to compare costs; the value of past and future dollars corresponding to today's value.

Present-day Value (PDV): Monies accruing in the future which have been discounted to account for the fact that they are worth less at the time of calculation [Source: ISO 15686].

Prestressed Concrete: A method for overcoming concrete's natural weakness in tension. Prestressing can be used to produce beams or slabs with a longer span than is practical with ordinary reinforced concrete. Prestressing tendons (generally steel bars or strands) are used to provide a clamping load that produces a compressive stress that offsets the tensile stress that the concrete member would otherwise experience due to a bending load. Prestressing can be accomplished in two ways: pretensioned or post-tensioned concrete.

Pretensioned Concrete: Tensioned prestressed steel before the concrete is placed.

Prevention: Action taken as a result of logical analysis of the potential future negative consequences of non-action.

Preventive Control: A scheduled program designed to avoid significant damage.

Preventive Maintenance (PM): Routine planned, scheduled, controlled program of periodic inspection, adjustment, cleaning, lubrication, and selective parts replacement of components, and minor repair, as well as performance testing and analyses intended to maximize the reliability, performance, and life cycle of building systems and equipment. Consists of many checkpoint activities, often recommended by the manufacturer, which if disabled, may interfere with an essential installation operation, endanger life or property, or involve high cost or long lead time for replacement. The intent is to avert the incipient failures before they become actual or major failure, which would require "corrective" maintenance.

Priority: Degree of relative importance placed on each of several options.

Private Office: Enclosed office with enclosed floor-to-ceiling walls.

Process Costing: A traditional cost measurement system in which product or service costs are grouped by process or department and then assigned to a large number of nearly identical products by dividing the total costs by the total number of units produced.

Procurement: Value assigned to an asset at the end of the period of analysis [Source: ISO 41000].

Product: Produce of the building sector, from materials (ISO 6707-1:2014) through components, elements and systems to entire buildings (ISO 6707-1:2014) and constructed assets [Source: ISO 15686].

Productivity Factor: The measure of the efficiency of all inputs to a production process.

Professional Standard of Care: Degree of skill or care used in a particular profession.

Profile: List of the levels of functionality required by stakeholders for a facility, or the levels of serviceability provided by a facility, related to various topics [Source: ISO 15686].

Profit: The positive difference between expenses and revenue.

Profitability index (PI): The ratio of the present value of the cash inflows to the initial investment cost. Also called the cost-benefit ratio.

Pro-forma Statement: A financial statement prepared as a projection of the future.

Program Budget: Expenditures based primarily on a scope of work.

Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT): A scheduling model that incorporates the main concepts and techniques of the critical path method but adds a probabilistic method of estimating duration and cost for each task. PERT incorporates probability by including an optimistic and pessimistic estimate but places the most weight on the most likely estimate.

Program Management: The management of the outcomes, strategy and prioritized goals of an initiative.

Quality: Degree to which a set of inherent characteristics of an object fulfils requirements [Source: ISO 41000].

Rater: Individual who conducts the rating of a facility, or of the design of a facility, to determine its profile of serviceability [Source: ISO 15686].

Rating: Process of determining the serviceability of a constructed asset or of an asset that has been designed, but not yet built [Source: ISO 15686].

Real Cost: Cost expressed as a value as at the base date, including estimated changes in price due to forecast changes in efficiency and technology, but excluding general price inflation or deflation [Source: ISO 15686].

Real Discount Rate: Factor or rate used to relate present and future money values in comparable terms, not taking into account the general or specific inflation in the cost of a particular asset under consideration [Source: ISO 15686].

Recapitalization/Reinvestment Rate: Restructuring a company's debt and equity mixture, often with the aim of making a company's capital structure more stable or optimal.

Reference Document: Project document and other supporting evidence, provided for auditing and/or review purposes that demonstrate the project team's response to the service life performance requirements (ISO 6707-1:2014) in the project brief [Source: ISO 15686].

Reference In-use Condition: In-use condition under which the reference service life data are valid Note 1 to entry: The reference in-use conditions can be based upon information gathered through

testing or from recorded performance and actual service life data of a component. [Source: ISO 15686].

Reference Service Life (RSL): Service life of a product (ISO 6707-1:2014) , component, assembly (ISO 6707-1:2014) or system which is known to be expected under a particular set, i.e. a reference set, of in-use conditions and which can form the basis for estimating the service life under other in-use conditions service life of a component which is known to be expected under a particular set, i.e. a reference set, of in-use conditions, and which may form the basis of estimating the service life under other in-use conditions [Source: ISO 15686].

Reference Service Life Data (RSL Data): Information that includes the reference service life and any qualitative or quantitative data describing the validity of the reference service life. Note 1 to entry: The RSL data are reported in a data record. Note 2 to entry: Typical data describing the validity of the RSL include the description of the component to which it applies, the reference in-use conditions under which it applies, and its quality. EXAMPLE: Typical data describing the validity of the RSL include the description of the component for which they apply, the reference in-use condition(s) under which they apply, and their quality. [SOURCE: ISO 15686].

Refurbishment: Modification and improvements to an existing item to bring it up to an acceptable condition (ISO 6707-1:2014 modified to apply the concept to a specific item versus plant, building or civil engineering works) [Source: ISO 15686].

Relative Importance: Importance of any one topic of functionality for the operations or mission of the users [Source: ISO 15686].

Reliability: Probability that a component, assembly (ISO 6701-1:2014) or system will perform its intended function under stated conditions for a stated period of time [Source: ISO 15686].

Repair(s): Return a product (ISO 6707-1:2014)/component/assembly (ISO 6707-1:2014)/system to an acceptable condition by renewal, replacement or mending of worn, damaged or degraded parts [Source: ISO 15686].

Requirement: Need or expectation that is stated, generally implied or obligatory [Source: ISO 15686].

Residual Value: Value assigned to an asset at the end of the period of analysis [Source: ISO 15686].

Risk: Likelihood of the occurrence of an event or failure and the consequences or impact of that event or failure. probability of an event (e.g. failure, damage) multiplied by its consequences (e.g. cost, fatalities, exposure to personal or environmental hazard) [Source: ISO 15686].

Scale: Single set of statements in which intervals between statements, from the most to least, are calibrated according to scalar rules. Note 1 to entry: When people are asked to select one of the statements in a scale as most closely describing the level of functionality required, or as best describing which physical features are present in a facility, the scale, in effect, functions as a multiple choice questionnaire. Note 2 to entry: There are homographs for the term. scale or use in determining the level of functionality of a facility on one topic of functional performance [Source: ISO 15686]

Sensitivity Analysis: Test of the outcome of an analysis by altering one or more parameters from initial value(s) [Source: ISO 15686].

Service: Time-perishable, intangible activity performed for an entity [Source: ISO 41000].

Service Level Agreement (SLA): Document which has been agreed between the demand organization and a service provider on performance, measurement and conditions of service delivery [Source: ISO 15686].

Service Life: Period of time after installation during which a facility or its component parts meet(s) or exceed(s) the performance requirements (ISO 6707-1:2014). Note 1 to entry: Adapted from ISO 6707-1 modified to apply the concept specifically to a facility(ies) and/or its component parts. [Source: ISO 15686].

Service Life Performance Audit: Systematic examination by an independent party of requirements, initial and detailed design proposals, and instructions for installation, commissioning and life care, to determine their adequacy in relation to service life performance Note 1 to entry: In this context, an independent party is an individual or organization that is not directly accountable or responsible for the project activities being audited. Note 2 to entry: A service life performance audit is not concerned with early failures (within the normal contractual warranty period) that are caused by faulty design, manufacture, handling or installation. [Source: ISO 15686].

Service Life Performance Review: Systematic second-party examination of requirements, initial and detailed design proposals, and instructions for installation, commissioning and life care, to determine their adequacy in relation to service life performance [Source: ISO 15686].

Service Life Planning: Design process of preparing the brief and the design for the building (ISO 6707-1:2014) and its parts to achieve the design life. Note 1 to entry: Service life planning can, for example, reduce the costs (ISO 6707-1:2014) of building ownership and facilitate maintenance and refurbishment [Source: ISO 15686].

Service Life Prediction (SLP): Generic methodology which, for a particular or any appropriate performance requirement (ISO 6707-1:2014), facilitates a prediction of the service life distribution of a building (ISO 6707-1:2014) or its parts for the use in a particular or in any appropriate environment (ISO 14050:2009) [Source: ISO 15686].

Serviceability: Ability to meet or exceed relevant performance requirements (ISO 6707-1:2014) capability of a facility, building (ISO 6707-1:2014) or other constructed asset, or of an assembly, component or product thereof, or of a movable asset, to support the function(s) for which it is designed, used, or required to be used. Note 1 to entry: Adapted from ISO 6707 1:2014, definitions 9.1.11 (capability) and 9.3.84 (serviceability). [Source: ISO 15686].

Short Term Exposure: Ageing exposure (ISO 15686-2:2012, 3.1.3) with a duration considerably shorter than the service life anticipated Note 1 to entry: A term sometimes used and related to this type of exposure programme is predictive service life. A predictive service life test is a combination of a specifically designed short-term exposure and a performance evaluation procedure. [Source: ISO 15686].

Specification: Detailed description of the essential performance and/or technical requirements for services or products and processes set out by the demand organization to make clear to the service provider the requirements to be fulfilled [Source:ISO 41000].

Stakeholder: Person or organization that can affect, be affected by, or perceive themselves to be affected by a decision or activity [Source: ISO 55000].

Subcontractor: Organization engaged by the service provider to perform a specific portion of a facility service [Source: ISO 41000].

Substainability: State of the global system, including environmental, social and economic aspects, in which the needs of the present are met without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Note 1 to entry: The environmental, social and economic aspects interact, are interdependent and are often referred to as the three dimensions of sustainability. Note 2 to entry: Sustainability is the goal of sustainable development. [Source: ISO 41000].

Suitability: Appropriateness to support the functions or activities of users or stakeholders [Source: ISO 15686].

Sunk Cost: Costs (ISO 6707-1:2014) of goods and services already incurred and/or irrevocably committed. Note 1 to entry: These are ignored in an appraisal. The opportunity costs of obtaining or continuing to tie up capital are, however, included in WLC analysis and the opportunity costs of using assets can be dealt with as costs in LCC analysis. [Source: ISO 15686]

Symptom: Indicator of the loss of performance of an item [Source: ISO 15686].

System: Contained set of interrelated processes, technologies and/or procedures [Source: ISO 41000]

Threshold Level: Number indicating level of functionality which, if not provided, would significantly or completely impair the ability of users to carry out their intended activities or operations [Source: ISO 15686].

Time Acceleration Factor: Number or function used to transform the results of ageing of a component(s) derived from accelerated short-term exposure testing to a predicted service life or predicted service life distribution [Source: ISO 15686].

Time Value of Money (TVM): Measurement of the difference between future monies and the present-day value of monies [Source: ISO 15686].

Topic: Single aspect of a facility for which a level of performance is determined Note 1 to entry: Levels of performance that may be determined include levels of functionality, levels of serviceability, threshold levels and relative importance. [Source: ISO 15686]

Trade Specific Position Description: A detailed list of the tasks required of an employee at a prescribed skill level within a specific trade. This version of a Position Description is sometimes referred to as a Classification Spec and is often used as a complement to the more detailed Non-Trade-Specific Position Descriptions and includes specific skills and abilities that a tradesperson would develop through education or job assignment within their specific field.

Uncertainty: Lack of certain, deterministic values for the variable inputs used in a LCC analysis of an asset [Source: ISO 15686]

Usage Conditions: In-use conditions due to users of a building/constructed asset and human activity adjacent to a building/constructed assets Note 1 to entry: In ISO 15686-7, the factor class F is designated usage conditions rather than in-use condition as used but not defined in ISO 15686-1:2000. This is called for in order to distinguish the factor class from the term in-use condition as defined in ISO 15686-2:2001 as environmental condition under normal use factor category of in-use conditions that considers the influence on performance due to the use of a building/constructed asset or any human

activity adjacent to a building/constructed asset. [Source: ISO 15686]

User: Organization, person, animal or object which uses or is intended to use, a building or other construction work. Note 1 to entry: This includes any person or entity who uses a facility, whether as occupant, visitor, member of the public, or other stakeholder with interest in the facility [ISO 6707-1:2014 - modified to add a note to provide further clarification.. [Source: ISO 15686]

Vendor: The commercial supplier of materials, equipment or services.

Vertical Mowing/Verti-cutting: Cutting slices in the turf with a machine that has blades mounted in a vertical manner on a rotating shaft. This practice is considered an important method of thatch reduction.

Vine: A plant climbing or scrambling on some other support. Such a plant may attach itself by tendrils or aerial roots.

Vision: Description of what an organization wants to be and how it wants to be seen by stakeholders [Source: ISO 41000].

Void Areas: Unused or unusable building volume.

Volatile Organic Compound (VOC): An organic compound that evaporates at a relatively low temperature.

Voucher: A written document that evidences the propriety of transactions and usually indicates the accounts in which they are to be recorded.

Waiver of Lien: The voluntary relinquishment of one's rights.

Warehousing: The practice or process of storing goods in a building.

Warranty Period: The time period in which a promise or guarantee of quality workmanship or deliverable quality is enforceable.

Waste Prevention: Reducing the amount of unused or unwanted materials generated by a process.

Wastewater Collection System: Consists of pipes, sewer lines, manholes, vaults, septic tanks, pumps, and other works necessary for the collection, treatment, and disposal of wastewater.

Water Dependent: A use or activity that requires water.

Water Distribution System: This may be an open or closed system used to distribute water by gravity or pressure from a collection point to use point(s).

Water Lance: Tool for watering roots below the surface of the ground.

Water Order: A request to deliver water to a water user.

Water Table: The upper limit of the groundwater that is below the surface of the ground.

Water Trail: Designated natural waterways used for travel.

Watt: A unit of electrical power.

Wayfinding: Signage and other features designed to help individuals navigate to a specific location.

WBS Dictionary: A dictionary which includes entries for each work breakdown structure component that briefly defines the scope or statement of the work, defines deliverables, contains a list of associated activities, and provides a list of recognized milestones to gauge progress.

Wedge and Sledge: Technique for removing stumps.

Weed: A plant considered undesirable in a particular situation.

Weed Control: The process of chemically or physically inhibiting undesirable plant growth.

Weep Hole: A small opening in a wall, window member, or the bottom of a retaining wall through which accumulated condensation or water may drain.

Wet Feet: Plant roots located in soil that is continually saturated with water.

Wetlands: Land or areas that are often covered intermittently with shallow water or have soil saturated with moisture.

Wetting Agent: A substance capable of lowering the surface tension of liquids, facilitating wetting of solid surfaces and permitting penetration of liquids through the surface.

Whole Life: Period of time over which the functionality [ functional performance] of a facility is assessed in service life planning. Note 1 to entry: The whole life commences with the process of definition of need, before a project is explicitly launched, continues through the process of acquisition and use and operation of the facility, and concludes with disposal, which involves either a status change or end-of-life action(s). Note 2 to entry: The concepts of life cycle and whole life are interrelated, but differ, with the difference primarily based on the object of consideration and context. Within ISO/TC 59, three similar definitions of life cycle are applied; these definitions are given in ISO 14040:2006, ISO 15392:2008, and ISO 15686-5:2008 [SOURCE: ISO 15686].

Whole Life Cost (WLC): All significant and relevant initial and future costs and benefits of an asset, throughout its life cycle, while fulfilling the performance requirements (ISO 6707-1:2014). [Source: ISO 15686]

Wide Area Network (WAN): A computer network in which the computers connected may be far apart, generally having a radius of half a mile or more.

Widowmaker: A weakness in a tree that creates a hazard below.

Wildflowers: A broad term for plantings of wild or uncultivated plants, typically sown from seed and allowed to naturalize.

Window Schedule: A list of the windows, and their characteristics for a project, usually shown in a tabular form.

Winterize: A broad term used to describe tasks associated with preparing for the extremes of winter.

Wood Preservative: A chemical used to prevent or retard the decay of wood, especially by fungi or insects.

Woody: A perennial stem that has had time to produce a characteristic bark that is often gray to tan, and buds that produce the next season's growth.

Woody Plant: A plant that develops its essential shape from season to season with normal growth.

Work Breakdown Structure (WBS): A deliverable that provides the decomposition of a project into smaller components.

Work Coordination: An organization's activities, policies, procedures, and practices designed to link the activities of its subunits, teams, and individuals into a cohesive whole while minimizing the overlap of individual tasks and responsibilities.

Work in Process: A project or process that is partially completed.

Work Management Center (WMC): A place or activity where all scheduled and unplanned work is screened and evaluated so that work assignments and activities can be communicated to individuals or teams and trades with specific tasks, expectations of time required to complete the job, and date/time for doing the job. Also known as help desk or work desk.

Work Order: A written order, authorizing and directing a certain task to be performed, that is, issued to the person who will direct the work.

Work Order System: A system of initiating and prioritizing maintenance tasks in which precise instructions for commencement of work, cost control elements, and the feedback mechanism for department record keeping are present.

Work Package: A division of a subtask into the smallest size unit of work defined in a work breakdown structure.

Work Standards: The level to which work should be performed to accomplish assigned tasks in the most effective manner that produces both quality and quantity.

Work Unit: A specific group of people with a common task.

Working Capital: Current assets minus current liabilities. A measure of the financial strength to conduct day to day operations.

Working Drawings: Graphic depictions of a building on paper or CAD, prepared as the basis for a construction contract.

Work Station: Location containing furniture and supporting equipment (including telephony, IT and power connections), specifically designed or suitable for work-related activities and is suitable for permanent use [Source: ISO 41000].

Xeriscaping: Designing and maintaining a landscape to minimize water use.

Zero-based Budget (ZBB): Methodology which uses detailed asset lists and engineering and performance standards to assess resource needs, and market unit costs to create a total budget without reference to previous expenditure levels [Source: ISO 41000].

Zone Maintenance: The routine assignment of the same crew, comprising the same people and supervision, to the same specific area of a site, such as a park, campus, or portion of campus, for which they have the responsibility to perform all maintenance in its zone.

Zoning: Local ordinances regulating the use and development of property by dividing the jurisdiction into land use districts or zones represented on a map and specifying the uses and development standards (e.g. maximum height of structures, minimum setbacks, minimum useable open space) within each zone.

Zoning Permit (Zoning Certificate, Land Use Permit): A permit granted pursuant to the zoning ordinance to allow development or use of a specific project on a specific site under the terms of the permit. Required prior to obtaining building permit.

Plug (Ground Maintenance): Short piece of limb left when a large limb is removed by the three-cut method.

Post-emergent (Treatment): A treatment applied after a plant emerges.

Primary Circulation (Architectural): The portion of a building that is a public corridor or lobby; the space required for access by all occupants on a floor to stairs, elevators, restrooms, and building entrances or tenant space entry points on multitenant floors.

Program: A written statement setting forth design objectives, constraints, and criteria for a project, including special requirements and systems, and site requirements.

Housing: Buildings predominantly used as dwellings.

Hydraulic Processes: Actions resulting from the effect of moving liquids to effect mechanical forces, e.g. hydraulic brakes.

Hydroelectric Plant: A facility where the force of water is used to produce electric energy.

Imperial System: Of British origin, a system of non-metric weights and measures.

Indemnification: A clause stating that the owner (officers, directors, employees, etc.) is "held harmless" from any damages or claims.

Indigenous: Native or belonging to a region or an area.

Indirect Costs: Costs that have been incurred for purposes common to some or all of the specific programs or activities of an institution but that cannot easily be identified and charged directly to them with a reasonable degree of accuracy and without an inordinate amount of accounting. Examples are not limited to: heating, lighting, air conditioning, and janitorial services of buildings plus administrative services such as accounting, purchasing, personnel, and library services.

Induction Lighting: A type of lamp where a radio frequency magnetic field excites mercury inside the lamp/bulb emitting UV radiation that is converted into visible white light by the phosphor coating on the lamp/bulb.

Infectious and Chemotherapeutic Waste: Waste that is generated in the diagnosis, treatment, immunization, or autopsy of human beings or animals.

Informal Authority: Individuals or groups who have no formal authority but exert influence through relationships.

Informal Shrub Pruning: Pruning that allows the shrub to develop in a natural shape defined by the species of the plant. Such pruning may be accomplished by thinning or selectively removing branches in the interior of the plant.

Information Technology (IT): The application of computers to store, retrieve, transmit and manipulate data.

Infrared: Invisible light rays, with wave lengths just longer than red light of the visible spectrum (examples: heating food, pavements, diagnosing hot spots).

Infrastructure: System of facilities, equipment and services needed for the operation of an organization [Source: ISO 41000].

Installed Building Equipment (IBE): Items that are attached or built into a constructed asset and become an integral part of the constructed asset (Example: HVAC, elevators).

Installed Building Equipment Inspection: Inspections of building components to comply with, Federal, State, and local codes and owner requirements (Examples: emissions, safety).

Intangible Assets: Quantifiable cost and benefit that have been allocated monetary values for calculation purposes [Source: ISO 15686].

Service Area: The sum of all areas on all floors of a building used for custodial supplies, janitorial sink rooms, janitorial closets, and public rest rooms.

Plant Bulb: A rounded underground storage organ present in some plants, notably those of the lily family, consisting of a short stem surrounded by fleshy scale leaves or leaf bases, lying dormant over winter.

Workplace: Physical location where work is performed [Source: ISO 41000]

Volume: Total output of a measurable activity over a period of time [Source: ISO 41000]

Top Management/Executive Management: Person or group of people who directs and controls an organization at the highest level [Source: ISO 41000].

Top Management: Person or group of people who directs and controls an organization at the highest level [Source: ISO 55000].

Tactical Level: Level at which an organization plans and manages the specific mechanisms and resources for operational delivery of products [Source: ISO 41000].

Sustainable Development: State of the global system, including environmental, social and economic aspects, in which the needs of the present are met without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Note 1 to entry: The environmental, social and economic aspects interact, are interdependent and are often referred to as the three dimensions of sustainability. Note 2 to entry: Sustainability is the goal of sustainable development. [Source: ISO 41000].

Support Services: Non-primary activity delivered in support of core business [Source: ISO 41000].

Supply Chain: System of organizations, people, activities, information, and resources involved in delivering a product or service to an end user from a supplier [Source: ISO 41000].

Subcontracting: Process of engaging a subcontractor [Source: ISO 41000].

Strategic Level: Level at which an organization defines its objectives and policies, and plans and assesses how to achieve its goals [Source: ISO 41000].

Strategic Asset Management Plan (SAMP): Documented information that specifies how organizational objectives are to be converted into asset management objectives, the approach for developing asset management plans, and the role of the asset management system in supporting achievement of the asset management objectives [Source: ISO 55000].

Sourcing: Practice which identifies, evaluates and engages internal and external service providers to deliver a service or products to meet a specification [Source: ISO 41000].

Service Provider: Organization that delivers one or more facility services [Source: ISO 41000].

Service Level: Complete description of requirements of a product, process or system with their characteristics [Source: ISO 41000].

Routine Maintenance: Cyclical, planned work activities funded through the annual budget cycle, done to continue or achieve either the originally anticipated life of a fixed asset (i.e., buildings and fixed equipment) or an established level of performance. Normal/routine maintenance is performed on capital assets such as buildings and fixed equipment to help them reach their originally anticipated life. Sometimes referred to as preventive maintenance.

Renewal: Demolition and rebuilding of an existing item [Source: ISO 15686].

Real Estate: Immoveable property including structures, grounds and undeveloped land [Source: ISO 41000].

Reactive Maintenance: Repairs that are done when a failure has occurred in order to restore basic operating conditions.

Process: Set of interrelated or interacting activities which transforms inputs into outputs [Source: ISO 55000].

Primary Activities: Activities that constitute the distinctive and indispensable competencies of an organization in its value chain [Source: ISO 41000].

Preventive Action: Action to eliminate the cause of a potential nonconformity or other undesirable potential situation [Source: ISO 55000].

Predictive Action: Action to monitor the condition of an asset and predict the need for preventive action or corrective action [Source: ISO 55000].

Policy: Intentions and direction of an organization (3.1.13) as formally expressed by its top management [Source: ISO 55000].

Performance: behavior in service of a facility for a specified use. Note 1 to entry: The scope of this performance is of the facility as a system, including its subsystems, components and materials (ISO 6707-1:2014) and their interactions, such as acoustical, hygrothermal, economic and so on, as well as the relative importance of each performance requirements (ISO 6707-1:2014) [SOURCE: ISO 15686]

Outsource: Make an arrangement where an external organization performs part of an organization's function or process [Source: ISO 41000].

Organizational Plan: Documented information that specifies the programmes to achieve the organizational objectives [Source: ISO 55000].

Organizational Objective: Overarching objective that sets the context and direction for an organization's activities [Source: ISO 55000].

Organization: Person or group of people that has its own functions with responsibilities, authorities and relationships to achieve its objectives [Source: ISO 55000].

Open Book: Transparent exchange of relevant information (especially costs) between the facility management service provider and the demand organization [Source: ISO 41000].

Objective: Result to be achieved [Source: ISO 55000].

Non-conformity: Non-fulfilment of a requirement [Source: ISO 55000].

Management System: Set of interrelated or interacting elements of an organization to establish policies and objectives and processes to achieve those objectives [Source: ISO 55000].

Internal Service Provision /In-house Service Provision: Delivery and management of a service by staff employed by the demand organization [Source: ISO 41000].

Interested Party Stakeholder: Person or organization that can affect, be affected by, or perceive itself to be affected by a decision or activity [Source: ISO 41000].

Insource: Make an arrangement to move external service provisions to internal service provision [Source: ISO 41000].

Incident: Unplanned event or occurrence resulting in damage or other loss [Source: ISO 55000].

Facility Service: Support provision to the primary activities of an organization, delivered by an internal or external provider [Source: ISO 41000].

Entity: Actual or abstract thing that exists, did exist, or might exist, including associations among these things [Source: ISO 41000].

End User: Person or organization which uses products or services from a supplier [Source: ISO 41000].

Effectiveness: Extent to which planned activities are realized and planned results achieved [Source: ISO 55000].

Due Diligence: Compilation, comprehensive appraisal and validation of information of an organization required for assessing accuracy, commercial integrity, financial stability and functional competence integrity at the appropriate stage of the agreement sourcing process [Source: ISO 41000].

Documented Information: Information required to be controlled and maintained by an organization and the medium on which it is contained [Source: ISO 55000].

Deliverable: Measurable and verifiable outcome, result or item to be produced within a specific timeframe to complete a project or part of a project [Source: ISO 41000].

Degradation Indicator: Deficiency which shows when a performance characteristic fails to conform to a requirement. EXAMPLE When gloss is a performance characteristic, gloss loss is the corresponding degradation indicator. When mass (or thickness) is a performance characteristic, mass loss is the corresponding degradation indicator. [Source: ISO 15686].

Degradation: Process whereby an action on an item causes a deterioration of one or more properties [Source: ISO 15686].

Critical Asset: Asset having potential to significantly impact on the achievement of the organization's objectives [Source: ISO 41000].

Corrective Action: Action to eliminate the cause of a nonconformity and to prevent recurrence [Source: ISO 55000].

Core Business: Entity from which needs are derived [Source: ISO 41000].

Contract: Agreement under which two parties undertake to exchange a product for a payment [Source: ISO 41000]

Continual Improvement: Recurring activity to enhance performance [Source: ISO 55000].

Constructed Asset: Anything of value that is constructed or results from construction operations [Source: ISO 15686].

Conformity: Fulfilment of a requirement [Source: ISO 55000].

Competence: Ability to apply knowledge and skills to achieve intended results [Source: ISO 55000].

Capital Cost: Initial construction costs and the costs of initial adaptation where these are treated as capital expenditure Note 1 to entry: The capital cost may be identical to the acquisition cost if initial adaptation costs are not included. [Source: ISO 15686].

Capability: Measure of capacity and the ability of an entity (system, person or organization to achieve its objectives [Source: ISO 55000].

Business Continuity: Capability of the organization to continue delivery of products or services at acceptable predefined levels following disruptive incident [Source: ISO 41000].

Business Case: Document which summarizes the scope, benefits, costs and risks of a proposed solution to a business need [Source: ISO 41000].

Building: Construction works (ISO 6707-1:2014) that has the provision of shelter for its occupants or contents as one of its main purposes and is usually enclosed and designed to stand permanently in one place. [SOURCE: ISO 15686-1:2011].

Best Practice: Documented process or product developed by the user community, consisting of suppliers and end users, working together for the purpose of establishing industry guidelines [Source: ISO 41000].

Benchmarking: Process of comparing processes, performances and/or quality against practices of the same nature, under the same circumstances and with similar measures [Source: ISO 41000].

Benchmark: Reference point or metric against which process, performance and/or quality can be measured [Source: ISO 41000].

Availability: Period(s) during which a facility or service is serviceable [Source: ISO 15686].

Asset Type: Grouping of assets having common characteristics that distinguish those assets as a group or class [Source: ISO 55000].

Asset System: Set of assets that interact or are interrelated [Source: ISO 55000].

Asset Portfolio: Assets that are within the scope of the asset management system [Source: ISO 55000].

Asset Management Plan: Documented information that specifies the activities, resources and timescales required for an individual asset, or a grouping of assets, to achieve the organization's asset management objectives [Source: ISO 55000].

Asset Management: Coordinated activity of an organization to realize value from assets [Source: ISO 55000].

Asset Life: Period from asset creation to asset end-of-life [Source: ISO 55000].

Asset: Item, thing or entity that has potential or actual value to an organization [Source: ISO 55000].

Agreement: Statement agreed between the demand organization and the provider of services or products [Source: ISO 55000].

Ageing: Degradation due to long term influence of agents related to use [Source: ISO 41000].

Activity: Task or tasks that contribute to completion of deliverables [Source: ISO 15686 ].

Equity: The residual ownership value of assets after deducting all liabilities.

Equivalent Annual Cost (EAC): The cost per year of owning and operating an asset over its entire lifespan.

Exotic Plant: A plant or other organism that has been introduced from another country : not native to the place where found.

Facilities Operations and Maintenance (O&M;): The activities, processes, and workflows required to keep the entire built environment and its supporting infrastructure, including utility systems, parking lots, roads, drainage structures and grounds, in a condition to be used to meet their intended function during their life cycle.

Plant Node: The part of a plant stem where one or more leaves emerge, often forming a slight swelling or knob.

Hanger (Groundskeeping): A storm-broken limb or one cut by a trimmer or topper that does not fall to the ground but remains hanging in the tree as a possible hazard.

Vision Statement: The ultimate aspiration of the organization.

Unit of Work: A fixed quantity that will consistently measure work effort expended in the performance of an activity or in the production of a commodity.

Arborist: A specialist in the cultivation and care of trees and shrubs, including tree surgery, the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of tree diseases, and the control of pests.

Financial Transfer(s): The moving of assets, liabilities, and balances from one fund group to another.

Four-pipe Systems: A system that heat and cool at the same time with hot and cold supplies and returns.

Loss: Physical damage to property or bodily injury, Including loss of use or loss of income

Plug (electrical): A device that, by insertion in a receptacle, establishes connection between the conductors of the attached flexible cord and the conductors connected permanently to the receptacle.

Property Insurance: Coverage protecting the insured against loss or damage to real or personal property from a variety of perils, including but not limited to fire, lightening, business interruption, loss of rents, glass breakage, tornado, windstorm, hail, water damage, explosion, riot, civil commotion, rain, or damage from aircraft or vehicles.

Property Loss: Physical damage from a variety of perils, including but not limited to fire, lightening, business interruption, loss of rents, glass breakage, tornado, windstorm, hail, water damage, explosion, riot, civil commotion, rain, or damage from aircraft or vehicles.

Real Property: Land and anything permanently placed on or under it. The elements on or under the land include natural resources and human-made structures.

Realized Revenue: A transaction where goods and services are exchanged for cash or claims to cash.

Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP): Removed and/or reprocessed pavement materials containing asphalt and aggregates. These materials are generated when asphalt pavements are removed for reconstruction, resurfacing, or to obtain access to buried utilities.

Renewable Energy Certificates (REC): The technology and environmental attributes of electricity generated from renewable sources. RECs are usually sold in 1 megawatt-hour (MWh) units. A certificate can be sold separately from the underlying... generic electricity with which it is associated. Once the REC is sold separately from the underlying electricity, the electricity is no longer considered renewable. RECs provide buyers flexibility to offset a percentage of their annual electricity use when green power products may not be available locally.

Rentable Area: A building's actual square-unit ready for lease or rent to tenants. Common areas, elevator shafts, stairways, and space devoted to cooling, heating, or other equipment are typical excluded areas.

Staff Turnover: The replacement of people who leave a position.

Three-pipe Systems: A system that has a hot supply, a cold supply, and a common return. It's actually not allowed by most of the new energy codes, but there are still a few out there.

Trail: A marked path or course that is used primarily for pedestrians, animals, bicycles, ATVs, etc.

Trail Bridge: Spanning structure designed to be used by pedestrians, animals, bicycles, all-terrain vehicles (ATVs), etc.

Trailer: An unpowered vehicle pulled by a powered vehicle such as a tractor. Commonly, the term trailer refers to such vehicles used for transport of goods and materials.

Trailer Lock: A mechanical arm or strut used to clamp the trailer's IC bar to dock in order to prevent the trailer form moving away from the dock during the trailer's loading or unloading or in the event a trailer is moved by a vehicle.

Trailer Restraint: A permanently mounted device designed to prevent the trailer from departing prior to the truck being secured and personnel/driver getting out safely. It is a safety device that is also an effective deterrent to trailer theft.

Trailer Storage: An area designated for the parking of trailers not in use. Trailers can be full or empty.

Transformer: Reduces or increases the voltage of alternating current.

Translocated: The process by which items such as a pesticide are moved in a plant or animal from the site of entry.

Transpiration: The process by which a plant gives off water in vapor form into the atmosphere, mainly through its stomata.

Trash Removal: Activities associated with the solid waste disposal.

Tree Specialist: A position that provides expertise in the field of tree maintenance (see aborist).

Trial Balance: A statement of all debts and credits in a double-entry account book, with any disagreement indicating an error.

Trimmer: An Implement used for trimming of the unwanted or untidy part of vegetation.

Triple Bottom Line (TBL): An accounting framework with three parts: social, environmental (or ecological) and financial.

Truck Court: Traffic area for trucks backing up to a building.

Truck Terminal: Establishments whose sole purpose is to provide for the consolidation, division and/or distribution of bulk goods through the use of large trucks and trailers. An area and building where cargo is stored and where trucks load and unload cargo on a regular basis.

Trunk Injections: Fertilizer injected directly into the trunk of a tree.

Tuber: A fleshy, usually oblong or rounded thickening or outgrowth, as the potato, of a subterranean stem or shoot, bearing minute scalelike leaves with buds or eyes in their axils from which new plants may arise.

Tunnel: A structure constructed by excavating through natural ground to convey traffic, water or house conduits, or pipes.

Turf: An area completely covered with a thick mat of grass plants, often used for sports fields and park areas. Turf areas are mowed with standard mowing equipment.

Turf Renovations: A broad term used to describe various methods used to improve the condition of an area of turf.

Two-pipe Systems: A system within the facility that uses the same pipes for heating and cooling as the seasons change.

Unappropriated Budget Surplus: The portion of the current fiscal year's estimated revenues that has not been designated.

Undesignated Funds: Unrestricted monies available for any purpose.

Unencumbered Appropriations: The portion of an appropriation not yet expended or committed.

Uniform Plumbing Code (UPC): A model code developed by the International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials (IAPMO) to govern the installation and inspection of plumbing systems as a means of promoting the public's health, safety and welfare.

Unit Cost: A term used in cost accounting to denote the cost of producing a unit of product or rendering a unit of service.

Unit Price: A price for a specified unit of work and/or materials.

Universal Waste: A category of waste materials designated as "hazardous waste", but containing materials that are very common (i.e. batteries, pesticides, mercury-containing equipment). [Souce: EPA].

Universal Waste Manifest: A shipping document required for the management and shipment of universal waste from the generator site to the final destination.

Unpaved Road: Not having a hard, impervious surface.

Unpaved Trail: A narrow path for pedestrians.

Unscheduled/Unplanned Maintenance: Any maintenance work that is unscheduled and unanticipated.

Unrestricted Funds: Monies provided to the institution with no restrictions on their use.

Urban Heat Island Effect: The absorption of solar radiation by the surfaces of hardscape features such as pavement and roofs and the release of that energy into the surrounding air.

Urea: A soluble weakly basic nitrogenous compound CO(NH2)2 that is the chief solid component of mammalian urine and an end product of protein decomposition, is synthesized from carbon dioxide and ammonia, and is used especially in synthesis (as of resins and plastics) and in fertilizers and animal rations.

Usable Area: Fully enclosed space for the programmatic use of a building occupant.

Use Permit (Conditional Use Permit): A permit granted to a property owner to make use of real property in a manner allowed under current zoning regulations, but only in accordance with conditions to be applied by the zoning authority.

Used Oil: Any oil that has been refined from crude oil or any synthetic oil that has been used and as a result of such is contaminated by physical or chemical impurities.

Useful Life: Expected time that a component can be left in service, before it will start to experience a rapidly increasing probability of failure.

Utility Systems: A company that provides electricity, gas, or water.

Utilization Rate: The percentage of the capacity of a system that is be used productively.

Vacuum Breaker: A device that will prevent the creation of a backflow in a water supply system.

Value Analysis: An organized effort directed at analyzing the functions of processes, systems, equipment, facilities, services, and supplies for the purpose of achieving the defined project scope at the lowest life-cycle cost.

Value Engineering: A functional analysis to meet the program requirements at a lower cost.

Valve: A device that regulates the flow of a fluid.

Vandalism: The willful or malicious destruction or defacement of property.

Variable Air Volume (VAV): A type of heating, ventilation and/or air-conditioning systems that varies the delivery or removal of energy by varying the flow of air.

Variable Costs/Expenses: Costs and expenses that vary with production and/or use.

Variable Frequency Drive (VFD): A device used to control the speed of an electrical motor.

Variable Speed Drives (VSDs): A device that adjusts the speed of an electric motor to meet its current load requirements.

Variance: A limited waiver from the regulatory requirements that may be granted because of special circumstances regarding the property.

Vault Space: Describes space, generally in an urban context, that is an extension of a basement beyond the building line, often under public rights of way such as sidewalks and plazas.

Vegetative Propagation: The propagation of plants through asexual means, such as budding, cuttings, division, grating, layering, and so on; distinct from sexual production by seed or spores or bulbs.

Vegetative Roof: Roofs that are completely or partially covered by a layer of living vegetation, used to reduce heat island effects through the shade and evapotranspiration provided by the plants.

Programmed Major Maintenance: A single planned undertaking of significant maintenance costs that cannot be funded by the annual maintenance budget.

Architectural Programming: The process that defines the detailed project requirements of the end user that are needed to meet the project objectives and general project requirements.

Progress Payment: Payment made for completion of work approved by the owner at a given project milestone.

Project: Specific units of work that when completed will produce an outcome or achieve an objective.

Project Budget: The sum established by the owner as available for the entire project, including the construction budget, land costs, costs of furniture and equipment; financing costs; compensation for professional services; cost of owner furnished goods and services; contingency allowance; and similar established or estimated costs.

Project Charter: In project management, a document used to justify and allow formal authorization to release funds to move the project forward.

Project Management: The coordination of people, funds and resources, tasks, approvals, oversight and execution required to accomplish the objective.

Project Objectives Statement: A document used to state what the project should accomplish in terms of its scope and deliverables, and addressing schedule, budget, and quality.

Project Planning: The process of organizing the tasks, resources, and people required to accomplish a unit of work.

Project Request Form: A form completed by the end users of a desired project that is requesting authorization to use institutional resources to begin defining a scope of the project.

Project Selection: A process of listing and ranking protential quantities of work to ensure the best possible expenditure of resources over a given time period.

Property Tax: A tax levied against owner, lessor or occupier of any property based on an assessment of the value of the property, its public infrastructure requirements, or some other determining factor.

Proposal: An offer which, if accepted by the recipient, can become a contract. A proposal may also be rejected, countered, or negotiated.

Prune: To remove dead, diseased, unnecessary, or unwanted twigs, branches, lowers, fruits, and roots from plants for shaping or ornamental purposes.

Punch list: A list of deficiencies, incomplete, or unacceptable work items compiled by the project manager, architect, engineers, or designers during final inspection of the project. Also known as a snagging list.

Purchase Order (PO): An authorization for a vendor to deliver goods or services. A purchase order is often a unilateral contract.

Purchasing: The specific buying activity or the placing of orders to procure goods or services.

Purpose Statement: An expression of the scope and intended use or result of an activity that accounts for priorities and other assumptions or parameters.

Push Button Restraint: A restraint that is activated by push button controls through the use of hydraulic, electric or air power.

Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QAQC): Part of quality management focused on providing confidence that specifications are met.

Quality Control: A product-oriented set of measurement and analysis tools used to monitor project results and deliverables. It determines if results and deliverables comply with quality standards and seeks to discover the root causes of quality issues.

Quasi-endowment Funds: Funds that the governing board, rather than a donor or outside agency, has determined are to be retained and invested. The governing board has the right to decide at any time to expend such funds. These monies are sometimes referred to as funds functioning as endowment.

Quick Ship: A method used by suppliers to produce and ship products from the factory soon after an order has been placed.

Raceway: Enclosed, accessible channels for communications, data, and power cabling.

Racking: Industrial steel shelving that may be bolted to the floor.

Raised Floor: An elevated, removable panel flooring system allowing for cooling and cabling duct space beneath the floor, generally used for computer or server rooms and data centers. Also known as access flooring system.

Raw Space: A completed building shell or envelope often intended for subsequent tenant improvement that lacks final HVAC connections, electrical outlets, interior walls, or finish materials. Also known as shell space.

Rear Loading: Location of shipping and receiving doors on the rear side of the building only. Normally seen in smaller warehouses.

Rebar: A ribbed steel bar that provides greater bonding strength when included in concrete. The result is reinforced concrete, a composite material.

Recapitalization Rate: Restructuring a company's debt and equity mixture, often with the aim of making a company's capital structure more stable or optimal.

Receipts: A written confirmation of purchase.

Recognized Revenue: Revenue that has been recorded as a journal entry.

Recommissioning: Applying the building commissioning process to an existing building, or building subsystem, that has already gone through original commissioning.

Recoverable Expenditures: An expenditure made for or on behalf of another fund or for a private individual firm, or corporation that will subsequently be recovered in cash or its equivalent.

Recurring Maintenance: Maintenance activities that recur on a periodic and scheduled cycle.

Recycling: The recovery of useful materials, such as paper, glass, plastic, and metals, from the trash to use to make new products, reducing the amount of new raw materials needed.

Reengineering: A major rethinking of a process from start to finish.

Reflecting Cracking: Cracks in asphalt overlay pavement caused by cracking in the existing pavement arising up through the overlay.

Reflux Valve: A back pressure valve.

Refund: An amount paid back or credit allowed because of an overcollection or because of the return of an object sold.

Regulations: Control of human or societal behavior by rules or restrictions,generally applied to the mandates of governmental agencies, both state and federal, in the United States.

Rehabilitation: The restoration or improvement of deteriorated areas, structures, public facilities, or neighborhoods to bring them up to an acceptable standard for use.

Reimbursement: Cash or other assets paid back for work or services performed; repayment for expenditures made for or on behalf of another individual, firm, or corporation.

Reinvestment Rate: The amount of interest that can be earned when money is taken out of one fixed-income investment and put into another.

Relationship Management: The process of developing and maintaining communications with relevant stakeholders and developing and maintaining an understanding of their needs, objectives, character, and constraints so that long-term, mutually beneficial solutions can be created for all parties.

Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM): A maintenance strategy which determines the best mix of preventive maintenance, predictive maintenance, proactive repairs, and run-to-failure approaches.

Remontant: A plant that blooms a second time in a season.

Renovation: The act of restoring to good condition; make new or as if new again.

Plot Condition: A rank of relative condition, as in excellent to poor.

Pro-forma: A financial projection of income and expenses used as the basis for a business decision.

Alternating Current (AC): An electric current that reverses its direction many times a second at regular intervals, typically used in power supplies.

Air-to-air recovery system (AAR): Recovers energy in the ventilation air that is leaving the building and used to pre-heat (pre-cool) the fresh incoming air.

Association for the Advancement of Sustainability in Higher Education (AASHE): An association that supports the advancement of sustainability in higher education by empowering higher education faculty, administrators, staff and students to be effective change agents and drivers of sustainability innovation.

Abatement: A complete or partial cancellation of a levy imposed by a governmental unit. Abatements usually apply to tax levy, special assessment, and service charges.

Acidification: One of the types of degradation to the soil that can take place as a result of environmental pollution, along with contamination, desertification, or erosion.

Asbestos: A fibrous mineral, either amphibole or chrysotile, formerly used for making incombustible or fireproof articles.

Asbestos Containing Material (ACM): Any material containing more than one percent asbestos. These materials are considered hazardous and associated with certain diseases and health concerns.

Adequate Facility/Structure/Space: A facility, structure, or space that is fully capable of supporting its current use without modification or repairs (beyond currently funded routine maintenance) and has an acceptable level of reliability.

Adaptation/Renovation/Modernization: The improvement, addition, or expansion of facilities by work performed to change the interior alignment of space or the physical characteristics of an existing facility so it can be used more effectively, be adapted for new use, or comply with existing codes. Includes the total expenditures required to meet evolving technological, programmatic, or regulatory demands.

Adjustment Factor: A method by which a weekly multiplier is determined. For example, if a task is required to be accomplished once per week, it is assigned an adjustment factor of 1.00. If the task is altered to be accomplished every other week or biweekly, then the factor becomes 0.50.

Aerate: The process of making holes or slits in turf to improve or alter the physical soil conditions and to stimulate plant growth. Aeration increases air infiltration, water percolation, and plant nutrient mobility into the root zones. A cultural practice used to correct soil compaction.

Aerial Rescue: The process of getting help for and bringing down a tree worker who has been injured aloft.

American Institute of Architects (AIA): A professional organization for architects in the United States.

Annual Flowers: Herbaceous plants that live one year or less, during which time they grow, flower, produce seed, and die.

Annuals: Herbaceous plants characterized by abundant flowering that live for one year or less, during which time they grow, flower, produce seed, and die.

Annuity Agreement: An agreement whereby money or other property is made available to an institution or individual on the condition that the institution bind itself to pay stipulated amounts periodically to the donor or other designated individuals. The payments are to terminate at a time specified in the agreement.

Annuity Funds: Funds acquired by an institution that are subject to annuity agreements.

American National Standards Institute (ANSI): The primary organization for fostering the development of technology standards in the United States. ANSI works with industry groups and is the U.S. member of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC).

APPA: What is APPA's Purpose? With one eye on providing excellence in today's educational environment, and one always trained on adapting, enhancing, and transforming the facilities of the future, APPA seeks to create positive impact in educational facilities on three important levels: APPA transforms individual facilities professionals into higher performing managers and leaders, which: Helps transform member institutions into more inviting and supportive learning environments, which: Elevates the recognition and value of educational facilities and their direct impact on the recruitment and retention of students, faculty and staff. What Does APPA Stand For? As you can see from the list below, APPA has had several names over its 100 years of existence. APPA used to stand for the Association of Physical Plant Administrators in the late 1960's through the early 1990's. Today, the association is known as APPA: Leadership in Educational Facilities, and is most easily recognized and referred to as simply APPA. 1914 | Association of Superintendents of Buildings and Grounds of

Universities and Colleges 1948 | Association of Physical Plant Administrators of Universities and Colleges 1954 | National Association of Physical Plant Administrators of Universities and Colleges (NAPPA) 1969 | Association of Physical Plant Administrators (APPA) 1991 | APPA: The Association of Higher Education Facilities Officers 2007 | APPA: Leadership in Educational Facilities

Approved Equal: Material, equipment, or method approved by the client for use by the contractor as being acceptable as an equivalent in essential attributes to the material, equipment, or method specified in the contract documents.

Arbor: A light, open structure of trees, shrubs, or vines closely planted, twined together in a self-supporting manner or supported on a light, latticework frame.

Arboretum: A place where trees and related plants are grown for the purposes of education, research, or display.

Assignable square feet (ASF): Net Assignable Area is computed by physically measuring or scaling measurements from the inside faces of surfaces that form the boundaries of the designated areas.

American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE): An organization devoted to the advancement of indoor-environment-control technology in the heating, ventilation and air conditioning industry.

American Society of Mechanical Engineers. (ASME): An engineering society, a standards organization, a research and development organization, a lobbying organization, a provider of training and education, and a nonprofit organization.

Aboveground Storage Tank (AST): One or combination of tanks, including pipes, used to contain an accumulation of oil at atmospheric pressure, and the volume of which, including the volume of the pipes, is more than ninety percent above the surface of the ground.

American Water Works Association (AWWA): An international, nonprofit, scientific and educational society dedicated to providing total water solutions assuring the effective management of water.

Balanced Fertilizer: A balanced-ratio fertilizer that contains equal amounts of the primary elements nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.

Balled and Burlapped (B&B;): Plants prepared for transplanting by digging them so that the soil immediately around the roots remains undisturbed. The ball of earth is then bound up in burlap or similar mesh fabric.

Banked Turf: A turf area that occurs on a slope considered too steep to mow with standard mowing equipment.

Below: Warning call given by tree trimmer or topper when dropping a piece of brush or wood.

Berm: A mound of earth, with a length greater than its width, constructed as a barrier or an aesthetic landform.

Body Thrust: An ascent method in which the climber pre-crotches a line and pulls himself or herself into the tree. The climber is either belayed or secured by a tautline hitch.

Broadleaf Plants: Plants with leaves in which the veins are almost never parallel. These plants tend to have wider leaves than grasslike plants such as lilies, irises, palms, and orchids. Typically, these plants are dicotyledons (dicots).

Brush Control: Control of woody plants and brush, usually by herbicides, weed killers, or mechanical methods.

Buckstrap: Leather strap or 5/8-inch-diameter rope fastened onto a climber's safety belt or tree saddle. Has a large snap-hook to fasten onto a D-ring after being passed around the tree limb or pole.

Bull Line (Bull Rope): Work rope, often 3/4 to 1 inch in diameter, used to pull up and lower large limbs or sections of trees. Used with snatch block and truck for heavy loads. Light loads often pulled by two or three workers with another snubbing the running part of the rope around the trunk of a nearby tree. Use of hydraulic crane units and towers has eliminated much of the need for this technique.

Butt Rope: Work rope, 3/8 or 1/2 inch in diameter depending on size of limb; tied with a clove hitch or running bowline 6 inches above the cut line on a limb to be cut. When the cut is made, this rope enables the butt end to be lowered easily from a crotch or controlled by using a pull rope.

Cost to Benefit (C-B): An analysis of the pros and cons of a given situation or course of action to determine how the downsides compare to the upsides.

Change order (CO): Work that is added to or deleted from the original scope of work of a contract, which may alter the original contract amount and/or completion date.

Clean Air Act (CAA): A set of federally enacted regulations controlling the amount of pollution to be tolerated from various sources under the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

Cable Stretcher: A piece of equipment that is used in installing cable in trees. When hardware has been properly placed on an eyebolt, the cable stretcher is fastened with ropes to the other limb just below the eye. The cable is placed in the come-along clamp of the cable stretcher, and the handle is worked on a ratchet (such as a bumperjack) until the cable is pulled properly snug. Then the other end is spliced around the lag or eye and the cable stretcher is removed. Also known as a cable grip.

Computer-Aided Design (CAD): A specialized application of computers primarily for the purpose of creating a technical drawing with computer software.

Computer-aided drafting and design (CADD): A subfield of engineering which deals with the design and drafting of objects and materials through the use of specialized software that visualizes designs as modular 3D computer models.

Computer-aided facilities management software (CAFM): The support of facility management by information technology.

Capital (Major) Maintenance/Repairs: Previous or future repairs or replacement, paid from the capital funds budget and not funded by normal maintenance resources received in the annual operating budget cycle. Repairs - work to restore damaged or worn-out assets/systems/components (e.g., large-scale roof replacement after a windstorm) to normal operating condition. Replacement - an exchange of one fixed asset for another (e.g., replacing a transformer that blows up and shuts down numerous buildings) that has the same capacity to perform the same function.

Capital Asset Management: The identification and prioritization of facility and infrastructure physical, functional, and budgetary needs, spanning a multiyear timeframe. Includes the process of reinvesting into physical assets in support of the organizational mission, above and beyond normal routine operations and maintenance.

Carrying Capacity: Level of use that can be accommodated and continued without irreversible impairment of the productivity of natural resources, the ecosystem, and the quality of air, land, and water resources.

CAS: A division of the American Chemical Society, an organization that plays a critical role in the world of Material Safety Data Sheets.

Construction Documents (CD): The final set of documents developed before bidding and/or construction.

Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA): Also known as the "Superfund Act" under the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) a Federal "Superfund" to clean up uncontrolled or abandoned hazardous-waste sites as well as accidents, spills, and other emergency releases of pollutants and contaminants into the environment.

Certificate of Recycling: A document providing information regarding the collection of items turned over for recycling, such as weight of materials collected, as well as confirmation of how these items were destroyed.

Characteristic Waste: Wastes that have not been specifically listed but may still be considered a hazardous waste if it exhibits one of the four characteristics defined in 40 CFR Part 261 Subpart Cignitability (D001), corrosivity (D002), reactivity (D003), and toxicity (D004-D043).

Chargeback: A fee by the maintenance department or other support entity for which work services or supplies are provided.

Climber: Arborist term for one who works aloft in a tree.

Construction Management at Risk (CMaR): A type of delivery process for a construction project where the owner assumes much of the risk.

Computerized Maintenance Management System (CMMS): A computer database for an organization's maintenance operations and human resources functions. This data is intended to help the effectiveness of maintenance workers, the quality of management decisions and the verification of regulatory compliance.

Campus Master Plan (CMP): A roadmap for the development and refinement of the campus for the present and future needs of the university. The master plan is the documentation of an approach to physical issues which will help the university achieve its academic and social goals.

Competitive Bidding: A procurement process mandated by many public-sector institutions, and often employed by private institutions, through which interested bidders offer a firm price to provide certain services, based on clearly articulated criteria. Often related to low-bid procurement.

Compliance: The act of adhering to, and demonstrating adherence to, a standard or regulation.

Composting: Collecting organic waste, such as food scraps and yard trimmings, and storing it under conditions designed to help it break down naturally. This resulting compost can then be used as a natural fertilizer.

Concentrate (chemical): A condensed formulation usually diluted with water or oil before use. Also, in a product name, the strongest commercially available formulation of the active ingredient.

Concrete: A composite material that consists essentially of a binding medium within which are embedded particles or fragments of aggregate; in portland cement concrete, the binder is a mixture of portland cement, water, sand, and stone.

Concrete Block: A hollow or solid concrete masonry unit consisting of portland cement and suitable aggregates combined with water.

Conservation: Management in a manner that avoids wasteful or destructive uses and provides for future availability; the act of conserving the environment.

Construction: Any combination of engineering, procurement, erection, installation, assembly, or fabrication activities involved to create a new facility/structure or to alter, add to, or rehabilitate an existing facility/structure and its support areas, such as parking, grounds, roadways, service buildings for power generation, and waste disposal. The construction costs of interior spaces include the costs of ceilings, lighting, life safety such as sprinklers, heating, ventilation, air conditioning, floor systems, carpeting, walls, doors, hardware, and special finishes.

Contamination: One of the types of degradation to the soil that can take place as a result of environmental pollution, along with acidification, desertification, or erosion.

Contingent Fund: Assets or other resources set aside to provide for unforeseen expenditures or for anticipated expenditures of uncertain amount.

Contingent Liability: Items that may become a liability as a result or conditions undetermined at a given date such as guarantee, pending lawsuits, judgment under appeal, unsettled disputed claims, unfilled purchase orders, and incomplete contracts.

Contractor: The bidder awarded the contract for the work.

Consumer Price Index (CPI): A measure that examines the weighted average of prices of a basket of consumer goods and services, such as transportation, food and medical care. It is calculated by taking price changes for each item in the predetermined basket of goods and averaging them.

Crotched In: Safety climbing rope or work rope passed through an open crotch (so the rope will move freely without burning) high in the tree. From a well-chosen crotch, a climber can swing from one part of the tree to another in relative safety.

Campus Safety Health and Environmental Management Association (CSHEMA): An association focused on serving EHS professionals in higher education.

Construction Specifications Institute (CSI): An association that creates standards and formats intended to help owners and designers improve construction documents.

Division of Air Quality (DAQ): Typically a state-level agency created to enforce EPA-mandated air standards.

Direct Digital Control (DDC): The automated control of a condition or process by a digital device (computer).

Deadwooding: The practice of trimming dead wood off of a tree.

Deciduous: Plants that lose all their leaves at the end of the growing season.

Defiency/Requirement (Facility/Structure/Asset): The quantitative difference, typically in terms of dollar amount and associated physical requirements, between an asset's current physical or functional condition and an established minimum level of condition/performance. Any problem or defect with materials or equipment.

Defoliant: A chemical that causes leaves to fall from plants.

Department of Environmental Protection (DEP): A state environmental agency. May also be Department of Environmental Management, Department of Environmental Conservation, or similar name.

Designated Funds: Monies to be expended only for purposes as designated.

Dethatching: The reduction of an excessive amount of dead turf grass tissue lying between the green turf and the roots, usually removed with mechanized equipment, such as a vertical slicer.

Developed Area: An area of land on which site improvements, such as grading and utility installation, have been made and buildings are erected.

Diameter Breast Height (DBH): The diameter of a tree trunk measured at breast height, or 4 feet, 6 inches (54 inches) from the ground. The measurement is taken this high to avoid the flaring effect of the buttress roots on the methods used for estimating the amount of lumber in a tree.

Direct Current (DC): An electric current flowing in one direction only.

Direct Materials: The cost of materials that become an integral part of a specific manufactured product or that are consumed in the performance of a specific service.

Ditch Check: A small dam like structure built transversely to the ditch centerline for the purpose of reducing discharge velocities and associated soil erosion.

Dormancy: A seasonal recession of plant growth, normally caused by shortness of days (during winter), cold, or drought.

Dormant: Not in an actively growing condition but capable of becoming so under proper conditions.

Department of Transportation (DOT): Consists of the Office of the Secretary and eleven individual Operating Administrations: the Federal Aviation Administration, the Federal Highway Administration, the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, the Federal Railroad Administration, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, the Federal Transit Administration, the Maritime Administration,

the Saint Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation, the Research and Innovative Technologies Administration, the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, and the Surface Transportation Board.

Double-crotching: When a climber has tied into one crotch then uses the tail (opposite end) of the climbing rope to tie in around another crotch on the other side of the tree. This technique enables the climber to move across the top of the tree (as one must in installing cables) without a lot shinnying. Double-crotching is also used to provide a more stable work position for extensive tree work.

Double-entry System: A system of bookkeeping that requires, for every entry made to the debit side of an account(s), an entry for a corresponding amount(s) to the credit side of another account(s). .

Drainage Area: The total surface area, upstream of a point on a stream, where the water from rain, snowmelt, or irrigation which is not absorbed into the ground flows over the ground surface, back into streams, to finally reach that point.

Dressed Size: The dimensions of a piece of lumber or a timber after sawing and sanding; usually about 3/8 inch (.95 cm) in thickness or 1/2 inch (1.27 cm) in width less than the indicated size.

Drop-crotching: A type of pruning used to reduces a tree's size while preserving its natural shape.

E-Waste: Electronic waste. While not regulated in every state, this category of waste is growing as an area greatly in need of managed recycling efforts. Every effort must be made to ensure that heavy metals and contaminated glass is not sent overseas for reclamation.

Emergency Action Plan (EAP): A protocol used during catastrophic events or mass casualties.

Ecology: A branch of science concerned with the interrelationship of organisms and their environments.

Ecosystem: All the plants and animals that live in a particular area together with the complex relationship that exists between them and their environment.

Efflorescence: The formation of a whitish powdery deposit on the surface of brickwork, rock, or other material as a result of loss of moisture when exposed to air.

Effluent: Something that flows out: such as; an outflowing branch of a main stream or lake or waste material (such as smoke, liquid industrial refuse, or sewage) discharged into the environment especially when serving as a pollutant.

Elevation: In architecture, an elevation is the front, back, or side view of a building, or a drawing of one of these.

Emergency Maintenance: Unscheduled reactive/corrective activities that require immediate attention to restore a critical facility or piece of equipment whose failure could threaten the safety of personnel or cause damage to other equipment or building systems.

Emergency Repairs: The expedient repairs to damaged facilities necessary for the facilities to support the mission.

Eminent Domain: The right of a government or its agent to expropriate private property for public use, with payment of compensation.

Emulsifying Agent: A substance used to enable oil in water or water in oil to be uniformly dispersed as an emulsion.

Emulsion: A material in which one liquid is suspended in minute globules in another liquid (e.g., milk or an oil preparation in water).

Energy Usage: Amount of energy consumed in a process or system, or by an organization or society.

Environmental Management System: A system that an organization uses for making certain that it does everything possible to protect the environment and obeys all laws relating to the environment.

Emergency Operations Center (EOC): The nerve center of an emergency response situation following a disaster.

Emergency Operations Plan (EOP): The framework for mitigation, preparation, response, and recovery intentions and actions of an institution, in consideration of a disaster.

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): An independent federal agency established to coordinate programs aimed at reducing pollution and protecting the environment.

Emergency Planning & Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA): Passed in 1986, it was created to help communities plan for chemical emergencies.

Equipment Operator: A person who is trained to use a certain piece of equipment or a certain type of equipment.

Emergency Response Plan (ERP): A document that contains the necessary planned procedures to be implemented in case of an emergency.

Energy Service Company/Contractor (ESCO): A commercial or non-profit business providing a broad range of energy solutions including designs and implementation of energy savings projects, retrofitting, energy conservation, energy infrastructure outsourcing, power generation and energy supply, and risk management.

Expendable Fund: A fund whose resources, including both principal and earnings, may be expended.

Face Value (securities): As applied to securities, the amount of liability stated in the security document.

Facility Condition Assessment Program (Facility Capital Planning and Management Program): A continuous systematic approach to identifying, assessing, prioritizing, and maintaining the specific maintenance, repair, renewal, and replacement requirements for all facility assets to provide valid documentation, reporting mechanisms, and budgetary information in a detailed database of facility issues.

Facility Operating Current Replacement Value Index: The level of funding provided for the stewardship responsibility of an organization's capital assets. The indicator is expressed as a ratio of

annual facility maintenance operating expenditure to current replacement value (CRV).

Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA): The federal agency responsible for coordinating emergency planning, preparedness, risk reduction, response, and recovery. The agency works closely with state and local governments by funding emergency programs and providing technical guidance and training.

Fertilize: To add a natural or manufactured material to the soil to supply one or more nutrients.

Foundation: Any part of a structure that serves to transmit the load to the earth or rock, usually below ground level.

Facilities Performance Indicators (FPI): Annual data collection and report produced by APPA.

Government Accounting Standards Board (GASB): The governing board that sets the methodology to be used by universities and colleges in their official accounting processes.

Inventory: A detailed list showing quantities, descriptions, and values of property and, frequently, units of measure and unit prices.

Litigation: A lawsuit or judicial controversy.

Maintenance and Replacement (M&R;): The facility activities that are intended to extend the projected life of assets.

National Association of College and University Business Officers (NACUBO): A membership organization representing college and university chief business and financial officers through advocacy efforts, community service, and professional development activities.

National Fire Protection Association (NFPA): A trade association that establishes and updates fire protection and prevention safeguards in fire detection, signaling, and emergency communications.

Nominal Interest Rate: The contractual interest rate shown on the face and in the body of a bond that represents the amount of interest to be paid. This is in contrast to the effective interest rate.

Object Classification: Grouping expenditures on the basis of goods or services purchased. For example, expenditures would be grouped under personal services, materials, supplies, equipment, and so on.

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA): A federal agency that defines and monitors the working environment.

Programming: The process of planning and organizing the quantitative physical requirements of resources needed to accomplish established goals. A program is an organized set of activities directed toward a common purpose or goal undertaken or proposed in support of an assigned area. It is characterized by a strategy for accomplishing a definite objective(s), which identifies the means of accomplishment, particularly in quantitative terms, with respect to staffing, materials, and facilities requirements. It normally includes an element of ongoing activity, and typically comprises technologybased activities and projects and supports an established level of reliability.

Rate (dosage): The amount of active ingredient material applied to a unit area (such as 1 acre or 1,000 square feet), regardless of the percentage of the chemical in the carrier.

Root: The descending axis of the plant, without nodes and internodes, that absorbs nutrients and moisture from the ground and may store food.

Sanitary Sewer: A sewer intended to carry only domestic sewage.

Sick Building Syndrome (SBS): A condition affecting office workers, typically marked by headaches and respiratory problems, attributed to unhealthy or stressful factors in the working environment such as poor ventilation.

Schedules (accounting): The explanatory or supplementary statements that accompany the balance sheet or other principal statements that are periodically prepared from the accounting records.

Seal Coat: A surface seal for application on asphalt surfaces on which chips of coarse sand or limestone are spread before the seal has lost its tack or stickiness.

Secondary Circulation: The portion of a building or floor required for access to some subdivision of space that is not defined as primary circulation. May or may not be surrounded by walls or furniture panels.

Sediment: Deposit made by suspended material settling out of a liquid.

Selective Herbicide: A herbicide that is more toxic to some species of plants than others.

Shrub: A woody plant smaller at maturity than a tree and usually with several basal stems.

Shrub Bed: A collection of fairly low-growing woody plants that form a bed or planter, typically defined by a border.

Slope Ratio: The relation of horizontal distance to vertical rise or fall; for example, 2 feet horizontal to 1 foot vertical is designated 2 to 1 or 2:1.

Snow and Ice Removal: The physical or chemical removal of accumulations of ice or snow from transportation or parking surfaces, often by means of one of the following: 1. Sodium/magnesium chloride: a granular salt-based chemical sometimes applied to earthen paths and roads to settle dust. Also used as a deicing agent on pavement. This material is toxic to plants and should be applied with care in their proximity. 2. Calcium chloride: a granular salt-based chemical sometimes applied to earthen paths and roads to settle dust. Also used as a deicing agent on pavement. This material is toxic to plants and should be applied with care in their proximity. 3. Urea: a nitrogen-based fertilizer that is used as a deicing agent on pavement.

Sodium/Magnesium Chloride: A granular salt-based chemical sometimes applied to earthen paths and roads to settle dust. Also used as a deicing agent on pavement. This material is toxic to plants and should be applied with care in their proximity.

Softscape: A landscape term used for areas that are composed of lawn or ornamental plantings. Often absent of hardscape features.

Soil Amendment: A chemical or mineral element added to the soil to improve soil characteristics, such as porosity, aeration, drainage, or moisture retention.

Soil Auger: Tool for boring into the ground. It is usually about 1-1/2 inches in diameter and 3 feet long and may be shaped to take a wooden T-handle that is about 2 feet long. It can also be made for use with a power drill. The soil auger is used to take soil samples, to check for fill or other changes in the normal soil profile that could affect aeration and drainage around and through the root system of an existing tree, or to make a quick check of a proposed planting site. It can be used to check for a suspended subsoil gas leak or to make holes for fertilizer, deep watering, or, when filled with peat moss, to improved aeration.

Soil Conditioner: A material that when added to compacted soil, tends to make it loose, crumbly, or porous.

Space Planning: The process of analyzing current and future requirements relative to physical assets (i.e., type, condition, size, capacity, with respect to their ability to support and advance programs and activities at a level deemed appropriate by appropriate parties in concert with associated regulations, codes, mandates, and acceptable levels of performance). Typically involves identifying each distinct type of activity covered by the program and defining the appropriate values relative to size, capacity, utilization rates, and so on.

Spill Prevention Control and Countermeasures Plan (SPCC): A part of the Oil Prevention Regulation under the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Requires the development of a written inventory and plan if the institution has great than 1,320 gallons of oil aboveground (including that found in transformers, elevators, used food oil, tanks, and drums anything stored in quantities greater than 55 gallons). Few institutions are exempt from this regulation.

Sterilization: The act of treating an area with a chemical or other agent to kill every living organism.

Stores: Goods on hand in storerooms, subject to requisition and use.

Storm Sewer: A sewer for conveying storm and surface water only.

Stormwater: Water that originates during precipitation events. May be harvested and recycled for landscape purposes.

Structure: Anything constructed, installed or portable, the use of which requires a location on a parcel of land.

Subbase: The layer or layers of specified or selected material of designated thickness placed on a subgrade to support a rigid slab or base course.

Subgrade: The soil prepared and compacted to support a structure or a pavement system; the base portion of any surfaced area, the elevation of which is lower than that of the finished grade.

Subsoil: The bed or stratum of earth that lies immediately below the surface or topsoil.

Subtitle D Waste: An EPA classification of solid waste, typically considered as municipal waste, excluding any type of hazardous, low-level radioactive or special handling waste.

Sump: A pit, tank, basin, or receptacle that receives sewage or water and must be emptied by mechanical means (pumping).

Surety Bond: A legal instrument under which one party agrees to answer to another party for the debt, default, or failure to perform of a third party.

Sustainability: This term refers to a system, program, or condition that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It requires the reconciliation or balance of environmental, economic, and social demands. Used in reference to a program or site that is in ecological balance.

Solid Waste (SW): A general category under the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) that also includes categories of hazardous waste and universal waste. Under EPA's definition, SW may be in liquid, gas, or solid form.

Storm Water Pollution Prevention Plans (SWPP): Required by EPA when greater than 5 acres of soil is disturbed in a construction project.

Systemic Pesticide: A chemical that is absorbed and translocated throughout the plant or animal, making it toxic to pests.

Tree: A woody plant of considerable stature at maturity with one or a few main trunks.

Valve Check (Back-Pressure Valve, Reflux Valve): An automatic valve that permits liquid to flow in only one direction.

Cement: A bonding agent, often Portland cement, powdery substance made with calcined lime and clay. It is mixed with water to form mortar or mixed with sand, gravel, and water to make concrete.

Central Plant: A type of facility with the necessary equipment, materials, machinery, space, technology, employees and management to create and produce products such as asphalt concrete, Portland cement or energy sources.

Certificate of Deposit (CD): Short or medium-term, interest bearing, FDIC-insured deposit instrument offered by banks and savings and loans.

Certificate of Insurance: A document from the insurance company that verifies insurance coverage for contractors on construction jobs. It includes dates that coverage is in effect, and the dollar limits and types of coverage.

Certificate of Occupancy: A formal document often required by the local building codes as the final step to closeout of construction to allow for occupancy of the facility. Also known as certificate of beneficial occupancy.

Certified Educational Facilities Professional (CEFP): Advanced facilities management credential developed and offered by APPA.

Certified Grounds Manager (CGM): Advanced grounds management certification developed and offered by the Professional Grounds Management Society.

Certified Grounds Technician (CGT): Certification program developed and offered by the Professional Grounds Management Society.

Certified Pesticide Applicator: A specially trained and certified individual authorized to apply certain pesticides.

Chain of Command: The structure of reporting authority levels between a given job position and the top authority level in the sequence.

Chain of Custody: A legal term that refers to the ability to guarantee the identity and integrity of a piece of evidence or specimen (asbestos, for instance) from collection through the end reporting use.

Change Management: A process that involves defining, refining, and implementing plans for changes.

Chargeback System: A system for allocating occupancy costs to individual departments, divisions or other groups based upon the square footage they occupy and their actual costs.

Chilled Water (CHW): A commodity often used to cool a building's air and equipment.

Cholk Blocks: Blocks often made of heavy duty rubber placed under the rear wheels of the trailer both in front of the rear wheels and the back of them to prevent the trailer from moving.

Churn Rate: The number of moves made within a 12-month period denoting the activity level of an inventory of goods or population.

Circle of Concern: Includes those issues which individuals cannot directly control, but they care about.

Circle of Influence: Includes those issues over which individuals have some control and can make a difference.

Circulation Factor: A percentage added to work space to allow for movement patterns of persons or goods in usable space.

Circulation Space: Corridors, aisles and other similar space required for occupants to access a means of egress and all other functions in serving their space.

Cleanable Area: The actual surface of floors, walls, windows, sills, furniture, fixtures and equipment that require cleaning in order to maintain sanitary conditions and good appearance.

Clear Height: Vertical height providing an unobstructed clearance.

Clearing Account: An account used to accumulate total charges for credit for the purpose of either distributing them later among applicable accounts or transferring the net difference to the proper account.

Client Profiles: Summaries of the strategic objectives and requirements, mission, vision, and goals for each business unit within the organization or of each client if the FM organization is an external service provider. Also known as business unit goals.

Climate Neutrality: The state at which the atmosphere is not being further degraded by carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases regulated by the Kyoto Protocol, namely methane, nitrous oxide, hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, and sulfur hexafluoride (see also Carbon Neutrality).

Clone: An individual plant propagated asexually from another plant.

Coastal Shorelands: Areas immediately adjacent to the ocean, all estuaries and associated wetlands, and all coastal lakes.

Adjusted Average Age Mission Critical Buildings Owned: The average age in years of buildings adjusted for impact of recapitalization of the mission critical buildings and weighted average. Mission critical refers to those buildings deemed critical to the fulfillment of the institution's mission. Examples include academic buildings, libraries, residence halls, etc. Typically, unoccupied buildings would not qualify as mission critical. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

ACUHO-I: The Association of College and University Housing Officers-International

ASHE: American Society for Healthcare Engineering

AUDE: Association of University Directors of Estates

CampusERC: The Campus Environmental Resource Center for Education

CHEMA: The Council of Higher Education Management Associations

HEFMA: The Higher Education Facilities Management Association of Southern Africa

IDEA: International District Energy Association

PGMS: Professional Grounds Management Society

TEFMA: Tertiary Education Facilities Management Association

WHES: Washington Higher Education Secretariat

All Other Space Types CRV: Total other current construction value [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

All Other Space Types CRV per Student: Total all Other space computed CRV cost per student FTE [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Annual Facilities Operating Expenditures per CRV: Percent of the value of the campus annually invested in maintenance and operation of facilities. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Annual Facilities Operating Expenditures per GIE: The annual amount invested per campus building GSF/GSM in maintenance and operation of facilities. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Architect Avg Salary: Individual primarily responsible for design and perhaps master planning efforts. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Architect FTE: Individual primarily responsible for design and perhaps master planning efforts. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Associate/Assistant Director Avg Salary: Responsible to the senior facilities officer. In charge of assigned functions with a minimal amount of supervision. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Associate/Assistant Director FTE: Responsible to the senior facilities officer. In charge of assigned functions with a minimal amount of supervision. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Auxiliary Services: An auxiliary service is an entity that exists to furnish goods or services primarily to students, faculty, or staff, and that charges a fee directly related to, although not necessarily equal to, the cost of the goods or services. The distinguishing characteristic of auxiliary services is that they are managed as essentially self-supporting activities. Examples are: residence halls, food services, college stores, student health centers, golf courses, parking, and laundry. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Auxiliary Services Included/Excluded in Survey Entries: An auxiliary service is an entity that exists to furnish goods or services primarily to students, faculty, or staff, and that charges a fee directly related to, although not necessarily equal to, the cost of the goods or services. The distinguishing characteristic of auxiliary services is that they are managed as essentially self-supporting activities. Examples are: residence halls, food services, college stores, student health centers, golf courses, parking, and laundry. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Business/ Budget Manager Avg Salary: One staff person responsible for facilities accounting and budgeting matters. This typically includes monthly financial reports and annual budgets. Include accountants in this field. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Business/ Budget Manager FTE: One staff person responsible for facilities accounting and budgeting matters. This typically includes monthly financial reports and annual budgets. Include accountants in this field.

Chief Facilities Officer FTE: The highest ranking administrative officer responsible for the operation and maintenance of the institution's facilities. Common titles include vice president for facilities, associate or assistant vice president or vice chancellor, director of facilities management or physical plant, and superintendent of buildings and grounds. An institution may report more than one individual in this data field when primary responsibility for activities such as planning, construction, and maintenance of facilities are separated within the institution. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Classroom NASF/NASM: Classrooms NASF includes space used for general purpose classrooms, lecture halls, recitation rooms, seminar rooms, and other spaces used primarily for scheduled nonlaboratory instruction. Room Use codes in the FICM 100 series. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Classroom NASF/NASM as Percent Total NASF/NASM: Measure of total NASF assigned to Classroom space

Classroom NASF/NASM per Student: Measure of Classroom NASF per student FTE [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Classroom/Admin CRV: Total classroom/administration current construction value [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Classroom/Admin CRV per Student: Total classroom/administration computed CRV cost per student FTE [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Computer Programmer/Analyst FTE: An individual experienced in both hardware and software applications of computer technology. This person may have a strong technical skill related to identifying and making improvements to facilities department computer hardware and software. This includes skills required for maintaining and upgrading electronic building control systems; e.g., programmable logic controllers. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Construction Manager FTE: Plans and coordinates construction projects. Oversees construction supervisors and workers of the in-house workforce. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Construction/Reno/A&E; Contractor FTE: The sum of full service contractor FTEs exclusively performing Construction/Renovation/A&E; functions. (Refer to Construction/Renovation/A&E; Costs and Staffing Definition).[SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Construction/Reno/A&E; Cost per Funded Projects GSF/GSM: Calculation of total construction/reno/A&E; costs per funded projects construction/reno/A&E; GSF/GSM which normalizes the costs among institutions of all sizes for comparison purposes. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Construction/Reno/A&E; Expenditures per Annual Facilities Operating Expenditures: Measure of construction/renovation/A&E; expenditures as a percentage of the total Annual Facilities Operating Expenditures. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Construction/Reno/A&E; Expenditures per Annual Facilities Operating Expenditures plus Purchased Utilities: Measure of construction/renovation/A&E; expenditures as a percentage of the total Annual Facilities Operating Expenditures including purchased utilities. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Construction/Reno/A&E; GSF/GSM Based on Campus GSF/GSM: This data point is intended to capture the GSF/GSM of the campus served by Facilities Management Construction/Renovation/A&E.; [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Construction/Reno/A&E; GSF/GSM Based on Funded Projects: Include only the GSF/GSM of construction that is funded and authorized in a fiscal year. The funded GSF/GSM includes construction in the planning and design phases as well as those projects that are awarded and/or under construction. Projects that are substantially completed during a fiscal year are included. (Refer to Construction/Renovation/A&E; Costs and Staffing Definition.) [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Construction/Reno/A&E; Inhouse & Contractor FTE: The sum of in-house and full service contractor FTEs performing construction/renovation/A&E; functions and paid by the annual facilities operating budget. (Refer to Construction/Renovation/A&E; Definition.) Exclude personnel paid by the construction firm. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Construction/Reno/A&E; Inhouse Labor: Include all salaries, wages, and benefits. Include all miscellaneous salary categories. (e.g., overtime, shift differential, etc.) [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Construction/Reno/A&E; Inhouse Non-Labor: Include supplies, equipment, training, postage, uniforms, copier contracts, pre-employment physicals, travel, overhead charges, and other non-labor expenditures as well as other small service contracts. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Construction/Reno/A&E; Inhouse Staffing FTE: Regular staff or full-time equivalent (FTE) employees. In the Registration module, you opted to include or exclude auxiliary services in ALL your survey entries. Ensure that this data point is consistent with that designation. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Construction/Reno/A&E; Labor Cost per GSF/GSM: Construction/reno/A&E; measure of in-house labor costs which normalizes the costs among institutions of all sizes for comparison purposes. In-house labor (not staffing FTE) including annual salaries and benefits divided by construction/reno/A&E; In-house GSF/GSM. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Construction/Reno/A&E; Outsourced GSF/GSM: If a contractor exclusively performs facilities construction/renovation/A&E; for a portion of the campus, enter the GSF/GSM exclusively serviced by the contractor. (Refer to the Construction/Renovation/A&E; Costs and Staffing Definition). [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Construction/Reno/A&E; Outsourced Services: Include total amount spent on outsourced services that can be classified as part of annual operating costs for facilities management construction/renovation/A&E; versus costs that are capitalized as part of a construction project and funded by capital funds. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Construction/Reno/A&E; Percent Dollars Outsourced: Percent of construction/renovation/A&E; dollars outsourced by contractor FTE.

Construction/Reno/A&E; Percent GSF/GSM Outsourced: Percent of construction/renovation/A&E; GSF/GSM outsourced by contractor FTE. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Construction/Reno/A&E; Total Cost per Student FTE: Calculation of total construction/reno/A&E; costs per student FTE which normalizes the costs among institutions of all student enrollment sizes for comparison purposes. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Construction/Reno/A&E; Total Expenditures: The sum of in-house labor (including benefits), inhouse nonlabor expenditures, and contract/outsourcing expenditures, but EXCLUDING actual construction expenditures. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Construction/Renovation/AE Benefits Percent: Total Construction/Renovation/A&E; benefit cost (insurance, retirement, etc.) excluding the cost of sick leave and vacation. This percentage may be available from the institution's Human Resources Department or Budget Office. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Construction/Renovation/AE Student FTEs: Student full-time equivalent (FTE) employees included in the Inhouse FTEs above. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Contractor Custodial Capital Equipment: Those machines, implements, devices, and long lasting tools used directly to perform the contracted custodial services cleaning processes to include non-consumable items such as floor machines, vacuum cleaners, floor scrubbers, extractors, buffers, janitor carts, mop buckets, and other long lasting and/or high-cost items. Capital equipment generally includes high-cost long lasting items that are expected to be in service for multiple years. Exclude items reported as consumable supplies or those items purchased outside the annual operating budget. When it is not clear as to whether an item should be considered consumable supplies or capital equipment, many organizations have a monetary threshold that defines capital equipment versus consumable supply items. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Contractor Custodial Consumable Supplies Expenditures: Those contractor consumable supplies used directly to perform the custodial services cleaning processes to include consumable supplies such as chemicals, hand cleaners, toilet paper, paper towels, trash bags, mops, brooms, microfiber cloths, small low cost consumable hand tools and devices, walk-off mats, and personal protective equipment (PPE) safety items such as gloves, goggles, and dust masks. Exclude items such as uniforms, jackets, hats, gloves, etc. that are not consumed as a result of the act of cleaning. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Current Replacement Value per Total Building GSF/GSM Maintained by Facilities: Current Replacement Value divided by Survey Section, Total Building GSF/GSM Maintained by Facilities. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Custodial Benefits Percent: Total custodial benefit cost (insurance, retirement, etc.) excluding the cost of sick leave and vacation. This percentage may be available from the institution's Human Resources Department or Budget Office. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Custodial Contractor FTE: The sum of full service contractor FTEs exclusively performing custodial functions. (Refer to Custodial Costs and Staffing Definition). [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Custodial Crew/Team Leader FTE: Responsible for planning and coordinating the work of co-workers as well as guiding and training them while performing the same kind and level of work that they do for a majority of the time. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Custodial Expenditures per Annual Facilities Operating Expenditures: Measure of custodial expenditures as a percentage of the total Annual Facilities Operating Expenditures. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Custodial Expenditures per Annual Facilities Operating Expenditures plus Purchased Utilities: Measure of custodial expenditures as a percentage of the total Annual Facilities Operating Expenditures including purchased utilities. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Custodial In-House & Contractor FTE: The sum of in-house and full service contractor FTEs performing custodial functions. (Refer to the Custodial Costs and Staffing Definition.) [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Custodial In-House FTE: Regular staff or full-time equivalent (FTE) employees. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Custodial In-House Labor: Include all salaries, wages, and benefits. Include all miscellaneous salary categories. (e.g., overtime, shift differential, etc.). [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Custodial In-House Non-Labor: Include supplies, equipment, training, postage, uniforms, copier contracts, pre-employment physicals, travel, overhead charges, and other non-labor expenditures as well as other small service contracts. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Custodial Labor Cost per CSF/CSM: Custodial measure of in-house labor costs which normalizes the costs among institutions of all sizes for comparison purposes. In-house labor (not staffing FTE) including annual salaries and benefits divided by custodial total CSF/CSM. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Custodial Outsourced CSF/CSM: If a contractor exclusively performs all facilities custodial tasks for a portion of the campus with no custodial tasks performed by in-house personnel for this portion of the campus, enter the CSF/CSM exclusively serviced by the contractor. (Refer to the Cleanable Square Feet/Meters definition.) [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Custodial Outsourced GSF/GSM: If a contractor exclusively performs facilities custodial services for a portion of the campus, enter the GSF/GSM exclusively serviced by the contractor. (Refer to Custodial Costs and Staffing Definition.) [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Custodial Outsourced Services: Include total amount spent on outsourced services for custodial services. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Custodial Percent CSF/CSM Outsourced: Percent of custodial CSF/CSM outsourced by contractor FTE. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Custodial Percent Dollars Outsourced: Percent of custodial dollars outsourced by contractor FTE. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Custodial Percent GSF/GSM Outsourced: Percent of custodial GSF/GSM outsourced by contractor FTE. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Custodial Service (Staffing) Level: Level 1 Orderly Spotlessness: Floors and base moldings shine and/or are bright and clean; colors are fresh. There is no build-up in corners or along walls. All vertical and horizontal surfaces have a freshly cleaned or polished appearance and have no accumulation of dust, dirt, marks, streaks, smudges, or fingerprints. Lights all work and fixtures are clean. Washroom and shower fixtures and tile gleam and are odor-free. Supplies are adequate. Trash containers and pencil sharpeners hold only daily waste, are clean and odor-free. Level 2 Ordinary Tidiness: Floors and base moldings shine and/or are bright and clean. There is no build-up in corners or along walls, but there can be up to two-day's worth of dust, dirt, stains, or streaks. All vertical and horizontal surfaces are clean, but marks, dust, smudges, and fingerprints are noticeable upon close observation. Lights all work and fixtures are clean. Washroom and shower fixtures and tile gleam and are odor-free. Supplies are adequate. Trash containers and pencil sharpeners hold only daily waste, are clean and odor-free. Level 3 Casual Inattention: Floors are swept or vacuumed clean, but upon close observation there can be stains. A build-up of dirt and/or floor finish in corners and along walls can be seen. There are dull spots and/or matted carpet in walking lanes. There are streaks or splashes on base molding. All vertical and horizontal surfaces have obvious dust, dirt, marks, smudges, and fingerprints. Lamps all work and fixtures are clean. Trash containers and pencil sharpeners hold only daily waste, are clean and odor-free. Level 4 Moderate Dinginess: Floors are swept or vacuumed clean, but are dull, dingy, and stained. There is a noticeable build-up of dirt and/or floor finish in corners and along walls. There is a dull path and/or obviously matted carpet in the walking lanes. Base molding is dull and dingy with streaks or splashes. All vertical and horizontal surfaces have conspicuous dust, dirt, smudges, fingerprints, and marks. Lamp fixtures are dirty and some lamps (up to 5 percent) are burned out. Trash containers and pencil sharpeners have old trash and shavings. They are stained and marked. Trash containers smell sour. Level 5 Unkept Neglect: Floors and carpets are dull, dirty, dingy, scuffed, and/or matted. There is a conspicuous build-up of old dirt and/or floor finish in corners and along walls. Base molding is dirty, stained, and streaked. Gum, stains, dirt, dust balls, and trash are broadcast. All vertical and horizontal surfaces have major accumulations of dust, dirt, smudges, and fingerprints, all of which will be difficult to remove. Lack of attention is obvious. Light fixtures are dirty with dust balls and flies. Many lamps (more than 5 percent) are burned out. Trash containers and pencil sharpeners overflow. They are stained and marked. Trash containers smell sour.

Custodial Student FTEs: Student full-time equivalent (FTE) employees included in the In-house FTEs above. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Custodial Superintendent/Manager FTE: Responsible for the overall housekeeping operation. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Custodial Supervisor/Foreperson FTE: Individuals with first-line supervisory responsibility for directing the daily work of the skilled and nonskilled housekeeping work force. Includes responsibility for the timeliness, quality, and cost of work, accurate timekeeping, training and certification (if not covered by the department's training officer), and leave balances, etc. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Custodial Total Cost per GSF/GSM: Calculation of total custodial costs per custodial total GSF/GSM which normalizes the costs among institutions of all sizes for comparison purposes. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Custodial Total Cost per Student FTE: Calculation of total custodial costs per student FTE which normalizes the costs among institutions of all student enrollment sizes for comparison purposes. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Custodial Total CSF/CSM: This data point is intended to capture the Cleanable Square Feet/Meters (CSF/CSM) of the campus served by Facilities Management Custodial. Cleanable Square Feet/Meters is a measurement of the space in buildings that is actually being cleaned by Facilities Management Custodial. It excludes space in buildings that for whatever reason is not being cleaned by Facilities Management Custodial. CSF/CSM is measured from interior wall to interior wall of spaces being cleaned. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Custodial Total CSF/CSM/ Custodial Total GSF/GSM: Total Custodial Cleanable Square Feet/Square Meters divided by total custodial GSF/GSM [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Custodial Total Expenditures: The sum of in-house labor (including benefits), in-house non-labor expenditures, as well as contract/outsourcing expenditures. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Custodial Total GSF/GSM: This data point is intended to capture the GSF/GSM of the campus served by Facilities Management Custodial. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Custodian/Housekeeper FTE: Performs duties such as cleaning interior surfaces, windows, restrooms, and much more. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

District Utility System (Central Energy System) FTE: District utility system (or central energy system) full-time equivalent (FTE) employees included in the total FTE count. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

District Utility System Cost as a % of Total Energy Cost: Calculation of total district utility system expenditures as a percentage of total energy expenditures. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

District Utility System Cost per District Utility System GSF/GSM: Calculation of total district utility system expenditures per total district utility system GSF/GSM. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

District Utility System Expenditures: Include all expenditures associated with operating a campus district utility system (also known as a central energy system containing a boiler/heating plant and chiller/cooling plant which serves multiple buildings on campus). The alternative to this would be to install separate units in each building for example. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

District Utility System FTE as a % of Total Energy In-House FTE: Calculation of total district utility system FTEs as a percentage of total in-house energy FTEs. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

District Utility System GSF/GSM as a % of Total Energy GSF/GSM: Calculation of total district utility system GSF/GSM as a percentage of total energy GSF/GSM. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

District Utility System GSF/GSM per District Utility System FTE: Calculation of total district utility system GSF/GSM per total district utility system FTEs. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

District Utility Systems GSF/GSM: Indicate the portion of GSF/GSM for which a district utility system (also known as a central energy system containing a boiler/heating plant and chiller/cooling plant which serves multiple buildings on campus) is distributed on campus. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Energy Cogeneration GSF/GSM: Indicate the portion of GSF/GSM for which cogenerated energy is distributed on campus. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Energy Contractor FTE: The sum of full service contractor FTEs exclusively performing energy/utilities functions. (Refer to Energy/Utilities Costs and Staffing Definition). [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Energy Cost per Student FTE W/O Purchased Utilities: Calculation of total energy/utilities costs (without purchased utilities) per student FTE which normalizes the costs among institutions of all student enrollment sizes for comparison purposes. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Energy Cost per Student FTE WITH Purchased Utilities: Calculation of total energy/utilities costs (with purchased utilities) per student FTE which normalizes the costs among institutions of all student enrollment sizes for comparison purposes. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Energy Expenditures per Annual Facilities Operating Expenditures: Measure of energy/utilities expenditures as a percentage of the total Annual Facilities Operating Expenditures without purchased utilities. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Energy Expenditures per Annual Facilities Operating Expenditures plus Purchased Utilities: Measure of energy/utilities expenditures as a percentage of the total Annual Facilities Operating Expenditures including purchased utilities. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Energy Expenditures plus Purchased Utilities per Annual Facilities Operating Expenditures plus Purchased Utilities: Measure of energy/utilities expenditures as a percentage of the total Annual Facilities Operating Expenditures including purchased utilities. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Energy In-house & Contractor FTE: The sum of in-house and full service contractor FTEs performing energy/utilitiesfunctions. (Refer to Energy/Utilities Costs and Staffing Definition). [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Energy In-house Labor: Include all salaries, wages, and benefits. Include all miscellaneous salary categories. (e.g., overtime, shift differential, etc.). [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Energy In-house Non-Labor: Include supplies, equipment, training, postage, uniforms, copier contracts, preemployment physicals, travel, overhead charges, and other non-labor expenditures as well as other small service contracts. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Energy In-house Staffing FTE: Regular staff or full-time equivalent (FTE) employees. In the Registration module, you opted to include or exclude auxiliary services in ALL your survey entries. Ensure that this data point is consistent with that designation. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Energy Labor Cost per GSF/GSM: Energy/Utilities measure of in-house labor costs which normalizes the costs among institutions of all sizes for comparison purposes. In-house labor (not staffing FTE) including annual salaries and benefits divided by energy/utilities In-house GSF/GSM. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Energy Outsourced GSF/GSM: If a contractor exclusively performs facilities energy/utilities for a portion of the campus, enter the GSF/GSM exclusively serviced by the contractor. (Refer to Energy/Utilities Costs and Staffing Definition.) [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Energy Outsourced Services: Include total amount spent on outsourced services for energy/utilities. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Energy Percent Dollars Outsourced W/O Purchased Utilities: Percent of energy/utilities dollars (without purchased utilities) outsourced by contractor FTE. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Energy Percent Dollars Outsourced WITH Purchased Utilities: Percent of energy/utilities dollars (with purchased utilities) outsourced by contractor FTE. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Energy Percent GSF/GSM Outsourced: Percent of energy/utilities GSF/GSM outsourced by contractor FTE. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Energy Support Benefits Percent: Total energy support benefit cost (insurance, retirement, etc.) excluding the cost of sick leave and vacation. This percentage may be available from the institution's Human Resources Department or Budget Office. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Energy Total Cost per GSF/GSM W/O Purchased Utilities: Calculation of total energy/utilities costs (without purchased utilities) per energy/utilities GSF/GSM which normalizes the costs among institutions of all sizes for comparison purposes. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Energy Total Cost per GSF/GSM WITH Purchased Utilities: Calculation of total energy/utilities costs (with purchased utilities) per energy/utilities GSF/GSM which normalizes the costs among institutions of all sizes for comparison purposes. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Energy Total Expenditures: The sum of in-house labor (including benefits), in-house non-labor expenditures, and contract/outsourcing expenditures. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Energy/Utilities Student FTEs: Student full-time equivalent (FTE) employees included in the In-house FTEs above. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Facilities Administration Benefits Percent: Total facilities administration benefit cost (insurance, retirement, etc.) excluding the cost of sick leave and vacation. This percentage may be available from the institution's Human Resources Department or Budget Office. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Facilities Administration Expenditures per Annual Facilities Operating Expenditures: Measure of facilities administration expenditures as a percentage of the total Annual Facilities Operating Expenditures. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Facilities Administration Expenditures per Annual Facilities Operating Expenditures plus Purchased Utilities: Measure of facilities administration expenditures as a percentage of the total Annual Facilities Operating Expenditures including purchased utilities. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Facilities Administration In-house and Contractor FTE: The sum of in-house and full service contractor FTEs performing facilities administrative functions. (Refer to Facilities Administration Costs and Staffing Definition). [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Facilities Administration In-house Labor: Include all salaries, wages, and benefits. Include all miscellaneous salary categories. (e.g., overtime, shift differential, etc.). [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Facilities Administration Labor Cost per GSF/GSM: Facilities Administration measure of in-house labor costs which normalizes the costs among institutions of all sizes for comparison purposes. In-house labor (not staffing FTE) including annual salaries and benefits divided by facilities administration In-house GSF/GSM. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Facilities Administration Outsourced GSF/GSM: If a contractor exclusively performs facilities administration for a portion of the campus, enter the GSF/GSM exclusively serviced by the contractor. (Refer to Administration Costs and Staffing Definition at the top of this module). [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Facilities Administration Outsourced Services: Include total amount spent on outsourced services for facilities administration. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Facilities Administration Percent Dollars Outsourced: Percent of facilities administration dollars outsourced by contractor FTE. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Facilities Administration Percent GSF/GSM Outsourced: Percent of facilities administration GSF/GSM outsourced by contractor FTE. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Facilities Administration Student FTEs: Student full-time equivalent (FTE) employees included in the In-house FTEs above. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Facilities Administration Total Cost per GSF/GSM: Calculation of total facilities administration costs per facilities administration total GSF/GSM which normalizes the costs among institutions of all sizes for comparison purposes. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Facilities Administration Total Cost per Student FTE: Calculation of total facilities administration costs per student FTE which normalizes thecosts among institutions of all student enrollment sizes for comparison purposes. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Facilities Administration Total Expenditures: The sum of in-house labor (including benefits), in-house non-labor expenditures, and contract/outsourcing expenditures. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Facilities Administration Total GSF/GSM: This data point is intended to capture the GSF/GSM of the campus served by Facilities Management Administration. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Facility Planner FTE: Includes facilities planners and coordinators involved in the construction/renovation activities. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

General Use NAFS/NASM: General Use Facilities NASF includes assembly rooms, exhibition space, food facilities, lounges, merchandising facilities, recreational facilities, meeting rooms, child and adult care rooms, and other facilities that are characterized by a broader availability to faculty, students, staff, or the public than are special use areas. Room Use codes in the FICM 600 series. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

General Use NASF/NASM per Student: Measure of General Use NASF per student FTE [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Health Care NASF/NASM: Healthcare Facilities NASF includes facilities used to provide patient care (human and animal). Room Use codes in the FICM 800 series. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Health Care NASF/NASM per Student: Measure of Health Care NASF per student [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Historic Buildings CRV: Total historic buildings current construction value [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Historic Buildings CRV per Student: Total historic buildings computed CRV cost per student FTE [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Hospitals/Clinics CRV: Total hospitals and clinics current construction value [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Hospitals/Clinics CRV per Student: Total hospital and clinics computed CRV cost per student FTE [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Human Resources Manager FTE: Individual within facilities department responsible for personnel and staffing issues, benefits management, and other administrative activities.[SOURCE: APPA FPI]

In-House & Outsourced Custodial GSF/GSM per Custodial FTE: Measure of workload efficiency. Ratio of custodial total GSF/GSM to custodial FTE. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

In-house & Outsourced Construction/Reno/A&E; GSF/GSM per Construction FTE: Measure of workload efficiency. Ratio of construction/renovation/A&E; total GSF/GSM to construction/renovation/A&E; FTE. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

In-House & Outsourced: Energy GSF/GSM per Energy FTE: Measure of workload efficiency. Ratio of energy/utilities total GSF/GSM to energy/utilities FTE. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

In-House & Outsourced: Facilities Administration GSF/GSM per Facilities Administration FTE: Measure of workload efficiency. Ratio of facilities admininstration total GSF/GSM to facilities administration FTE. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

In-House Custodial Capital Equipment: Those machines, implements, devices, and long lasting tools used directly to perform the custodial services cleaning processes to include non-consumable items such as floor machines, vacuum cleaners, floor scrubbers, extractors, buffers, janitor carts, mop buckets, and other long lasting and/or highcost items. Capital equipment generally includes high-cost long lasting items that are expected to be in service for multiple years. Exclude items reported as consumable supplies or those items purchased outside the annual operating budget. When it is not clear as to whether an item should be considered consumable supplies or capital equipment, many organizations have a monetary threshold that defines capital equipment versus consumable supply

items. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

In-House Custodial Consumable Supplies Expenditures: Those consumable supplies used directly to perform the custodial services cleaning processes to include consumable supplies such as chemicals, hand cleaners, toilet paper, paper towels, trash bags, mops, brooms, microfiber cloths, small low cost consumable hand tools and devices, walk-ooff mats, and personal protective equipment (PPE) safety items such as gloves, goggles, and dust masks. Exclude items such as uniforms, jackets, hats, gloves, etc. that are not consumed as a result of the act of cleaning. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

In-House Construction/Reno/A&E; GSF-GSM per Construction/Reno/A&E; FTE: Measure of workload efficiency. Ratio of construction/renovation/A&E; GSF/GSM maintained by facilities to facilities in-house construction/renovation/A&E; FTE. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

In-House Custodial GSF/GSM per Custodial FTE: Measure of workload efficiency. Ratio of custodial GSF/GSM maintained by facilities to facilities in-house custodial FTE. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

In-House Energy GSF/GSM per Energy FTE: Measure of workload efficiency. Ratio of energy/utilities GSF/GSM maintained by facilities to facilities in-house energy/utilities FTE. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

In-House Facilities Administration GSF/GSM per Facilities Administration FTE: Measure of workload efficiency. Ratio of facilities administration GSF/GSM maintained by facilities to facilities in-house administration FTE. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Laboratory NASF/NASM: Laboratory Facilities NASF includes rooms or spaces characterized by special purpose equipment or a specific configuration that ties instructional or research activities to a particular discipline or a closely related group of disciplines. Room Use FICM codes in the 200 series. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Laboratory NASF/NASM as Percent Total NASF/NASM: Measure of total NASF assigned to Laboratory space [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Laboratory NASF per Student: Measure of Laboratory NASF per student FTE [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Libraries/ Museums/ Archives CRV: Total libraries/museums/archives current construction value [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Libraries/ Museums/ Archives CRV per Student: Total library/museum/archives computed CRV cost per student FTE [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Net Usable Area: Net usable area is the sum of all areas on all floors of a building either assigned to, or available for assignment to, an occupant or specific use, or necessary for the general operation of a building. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

In-House Custodial CSF/CSM per Custodial FTE: Measure of workload efficiency. Ratio of custodial CSF/CSM maintained by facilities to facilities in-house custodial FTE. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Non-Assignable @% Space Inventory GSF/GSM: Measure of non-assignable space as a percent of space inventory GSF/GSM. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Non-Assignable SF/SM: Non-assignable SF includes circulation (nonassignable spaces required for physical access to floors or subdivisions of space within the building, whether directly bounded by partitions or not), building service (nonassignable spaces used to support its cleaning and public hygiene functions), and mechanical areas (nonassignable spaces of a building designed to house mechanical equipment and utility services, and shaft areas). series. Nonassignable Area = Sum of the Areas Designated as the Three Non-assignable Space Use Categories (circulation, building service, and mechanical areas).[ SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Number Buildings Owned: Exclude rented buildings. In the Registration module, you opted to include or exclude auxiliary services in ALL your survey entries. Ensure that this data point is consistent with that designation. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Office NASF/NASM: Office Facilities NASF includes offices and conference rooms specifically assigned to each of the various academic, administrative, and service functions. Room Use codes in the FICM 300 series. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Office NASF/NASM as Percent Total NASF/NASM: Measure of total NASF assigned to Office space [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Office NASF/NASM per student: Measure of Office NASF per student FTE [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Other Administration FTE: Use this category where it is not reasonable to place a position in one of the above job categories. Do not use this category because of a slight difference in the name of the position. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Other Administrative Managers Avg Salaries: Include other administrative managers who are not included in other categories. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Other Administrative Managers FTE: Include other administrative managers who are not included in other categories. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Other Construction/Reno/A&E; Positions FTE: Use this category where it is not reasonable to place a position in one of the above job categories. Do not use this category because of a slight difference in the name of the position. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Other Custodial Positions FTE: Use this category where it is not reasonable to place a position in one of the above job categories. Do not use this category because of a slight difference in the name of the position. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Outsourced Custodial GSF/GSM per Outsourced Custodial FTE: Measure of outsourced workload efficiency. Ratio of Custodial GSF/GSM exclusively serviced by contractors to Custodial Contractor FTEs. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Parking Garages CRV: Total parking garages current construction value [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Parking Garages CRV per Student: Total parking garages computed CRV cost per student FTE [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Project Coordinator/Manager Avg Salary: Coordinates projects in a manner that ensures projects will be completed on time, within budget, and will meet the client's expectations. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Project Coordinator/Manager FTE: Coordinates projects in a manner that ensures projects will be completed on time, within budget, and will meet the client's expectations. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Purchased Utilities: Include the expenditure for electricity, natural gas, propane gas, and all fossil fuels used for heating, cooling, lighting and equipment operation. Include water and sewer. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Purchased Utilities per Energy Total GSF/GSM: Purchased utilities per energy total GSF/GSM. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Purchased Utilities per MMBTU: Purchased utilities per MMBTUs. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Research/Lab CRV: Total research/laboratories current construction value [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Research/Lab CRV per Student: Total research/laboratories computed CRV cost per student FTE [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Research/Lab GSF/GSM: Total Research/Laboratories GSF/GSM [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Residential CRV: Total residential current construction value [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Residential CRV per Student: Total residential computed CRV cost per student FTE [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Residential NASF/NASM: Residential Facilities NASF includes housing facilities for students, faculty, staff, and visitors to the campus. Room Use codes in the FICM 900 series. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Residential NASF/NASM per Student: Measure of Residential NASF per student FTE [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Secretary/Clerical FTE: Includes typical secretaries and clerks who support the facilities staff. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Space Inventory GSF/GSM: Space inventory GSF/GSM is the sum of all areas on all floors of a building included within the outside faces of its exterior walls, including all vertical penetration areas, for circulation and shaft areas that connect one floor to another. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Special Use NASF/NASM: Special Use Facilities NASF includes military training rooms, athletic and physical education spaces, media production rooms, clinics, demonstration areas, field buildings, animal quarters, greenhouses, and other room categories that are sufficiently specialized in their primary activity or function to merit a unique room code. Room Use codes in the FICM 500 series. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Special Use NASF/NASM per Student: Measure of Special Use NASF per student FTE [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Special Use NASF/NASM as Percent Total NASF/NASM: Measure of total NASF assigned to Special Use space [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Special/General Use CRV: Total special/general current construction value [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Special/General Use CRV per Student: Total special/general computed CRV cost per student FTE [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Structural SF/SM: Structural SF includes the sum of all areas on all floors of a building that cannot be occupied or put to use because of structuralbuilding features. Examples of building features normally classified as structural areas include exterior walls, fire walls, permanent partitions, unusable areas in attics or basements, or comparable portions of a building with ceiling height restrictions, as well as unexcavated basement areas. Structural area equals the gross area less the net usable area. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Student Official FTE Enrollment: Use the number that your institution reports as its official Fall FTE enrollment. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Study NASF/NASM: Study Facilities NASF includes study rooms, stacks, open-stack reading rooms, and library processing spaces. Room Use codes in the FICM 400 series. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Study NASF/NASM as Percent Total NASF/NASM: Measure of total NASF assigned to Study space [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Study NASF/NASM per student: Measure of Study NASF per student FTE [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Support Facilities NASF/NASM: Support Facilities NASF includes computing facilities, shops, central storage areas, vehicle storage areas, and central service space that provide centralized support for the activities of a campus. Room Use codes in the FICM 700 series. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Support Facilities NASF/NASM per Student: Measure of Support Facilities NASF per student FTE [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Telecommunications Specialist FTE: A technology specialist whose expertise covers telecommunications. This type of individual tends to be up-to-date on advances in technology and is responsible for communications related issues for the facilities department. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Total Acres-Hectares Maintained: The part of total campus acreage/hectares that are routinely maintained. Farm land and forests are excluded. Acreage/Hectares mowed once or twice per year for fire protection is excluded. This is the acreage/hectares used as the basis for staffing the landscaping/grounds function. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Total Assignable NASF/NASM: The sum total of all areas on all floors of a building assigned to, or available for assignment to, an occupant or specific use. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Total Building GSF/GSM Maintained by Facilities: Campus building GSF/GSM (including rental/leased space) that is maintained by the institution's facilities department. GSF/GSM is defined as the sum of all areas on all floors of a building included within the outside faces of its exterior walls, including all vertical penetration areas, for circulation and shaft areas that connect one floor to another. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Total Building GSF/GSM Owned & Rented: Rental space is now reported along with owned space in the survey. Rental space consists of buildings not owned outright by the institution. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Total Building Rented/Leased GSF/GSM: Rental space is now reported along with owned space in the survey. Rental space consists of buildings not owned outright by the institution. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Total Campus Acres/Hectares: Include acreage/hectares that are undeveloped. Exclude land held as an investment for future sale. In the Registration module, you opted to include or exclude auxiliary services in ALL your survey entries. Ensure that this data point is consistent with that designation [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Total Campus Acres/Hectares Maintained: The part of total campus acreage/hectares that are routinely maintained. Farm land and forest are excluded. Acreage/Hectares mowed once or twice per year for fire protection are excluded. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Total Custodial Capital Equipment Cost per Total Custodial CSF/CSM: Calculation of In-house custodial capital equipment expenditures plus Contractor capital equipment expenditures per total custodial CSF/CSM. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Total Custodial Capital Equipment Cost per Total Custodial GSF/GSM: Calculation of In-house custodial capital equipment expenditures plus Contractor capital equipment expenditures per total custodial GSF/GSM. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Total Energy Consumption in MMBTUs: This entry is a conversion of commonly used units of energy into British Thermal Units (BTUs) so that comparisons can be made on total energy consumption. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Total Facilities FTE: Total number of regular staff, full-time equivalent (FTE) employees, caring for the total GSF/GSM and grounds/hectares maintained by the facilities department. Include the FTE performing all functions covered by this survey (Administration, Renovation/Construction/A&E;, Custodial Services, Grounds/Landscaping, Energy/Utilities, Maintenance, and Other facilities functions). In the Registration module, you opted to include or exclude auxiliary services in ALL your survey entries. Ensure that this data point is consistent with that designation. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Total NASF/NASM @ % Space Inventory GSF/GSM: Measure of total NASF/NASM as a percent of space inventory GSF/GSM. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Total Net Usable Area @ % Space Inventory GSF/GSM: Measure of total net usable area as a percent of space inventory GSF/GSM. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Training Officer FTE: Individual within facilities department responsible for assessing training and certification needs and for organizing and conducting management and technical training. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Unclassified NASF/NASM: Unclassified Facilities NASF includes inactive or unfinished areas, or areas in the process of conversion. Room Use codes in the FICM 000 series. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Unclassified NASF/NASM per Student: Measure of Unclassified NASF per student FTE [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Work Week Hours: The number of hours worked per standard work week. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Engineer FTE: Individuals whose work is associated with design improvements to the campus. Areas of expertise may include civil, mechanical, electrical, or industrial engineering. Would typically be assigned engineering or design work related to the construction or major modification of existing facilities. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Facilities Administration In-House Non-Labor: Include supplies, equipment, training, postage, uniforms, copier contracts, preemployment physicals, travel, overhead charges, and other non-labor expenditures as well as other small service contracts. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Total Custodial Consumable Supplies Cost per Total Custodial CSF/CSM: Calculation of In-house custodial consumable supplies expenditures plus Contractor consumable supplies expenditures per total custodial CSF/CSM. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Total Custodial Consumable Supplies Cost per Total Custodial GSF/GSM: Calculation of In-house custodial consumable supplies expenditures plus Contractor consumable supplies expenditures per total custodial GSF/GSM. [SOURCE: APPA FPI]

Coefficient of Expansion (Thermal): The rate of change in the dimension of a material such as a building component or a measuring tape caused by a given change in temperature.

Coefficient of Utilization (CU): Ratio of luminous flux (lumens) from a luminaire received on the "work plane" [the area where the light is needed] to the lumens emitted by the luminaire.

Cold Dock: A refrigerated/freezer area for loading and unloading.

Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Systems: An energy efficient technology that generates electricity and captures the heat that would otherwise be wasted to provide useful thermal energy - such as steam or hot water - that can be used for space heating, cooling, domestic hot water and industrial processes.

Commodity Classification (Fire Protection): Based on fire prevention regulations the classification of products or packing materials into certain categories to determine the flammability of the product. This determines what type of fire protection system (ESFR, etc) needs to service the warehouse in order for the product to be stored in the building.

Common Area: The fully enclosed space in a building that benefits others but does not accommodate tenant's personnel, furniture, fixtures or equipment.

Common Area Factor (Rentable/Usable Ratio): The factor used to determine a tenant's pro rata share of the common area. Also known as core factor, core and service area factor, or loss factor.

Common Elements: Any elements that are not attributable to individual units.

Common Interest Community: A form of real property ownership that includes, condominiums, cooperatives and planned communities that may be regulated by state statutes such as condominium acts or common interest ownership acts, some of which contain explicit definitions of unit boundaries

that are relevant to the measurement of their floor areas.

Common Support Areas: The portion of the facility usable area not attributed to any one occupant but that provides support for several or all occupant groups. Examples are cafeterias, vending areas, auditoriums, fitness facilities, building mailrooms, and first aid rooms.

Community: A group of people living in the same place or having a particular characteristic in common, group of interdependent organisms of different species growing or living together in a specified habitat.

Compaction: Compressing a given volume of material into a lesser volume.

Competent Person: Defined by OSHA as "one who is capable of identifying existing and predictable hazards in the surroundings or working conditions which are unsanitary, hazardous, or dangerous to employees, and who has authorization to take prompt corrective measures to eliminate them."

Complete Fertilizer: A fertilizer that contains all three of the primary elements, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, not necessarily in a balanced ratio.

Component Renewal: Preventative maintenance activities that recur on a periodic and scheduled cycle.

Comprehensive Condition Assessment: Periodic inspection conducted by qualified personnel to fully determine and document the condition of an asset or item of equipment and identify maintenance needs.

Compression Dock Seal: A foam slab surrounded by a vinyl covering that reduces air, weather and pest penetration when the door is open and the trailer is in place at the loading dock. The seal is created when the rear of the trailer compresses the foam in between the trailer and the dock wall.

Concentration: The amount of active ingredient in a given weight of a mixture or volume of a solution. Recommendations and specifications for concentration of agricultural chemicals are frequently made on the basis of pound per unit volume of mixture or solution.

Concrete Apron: Concrete typically between the asphalt and curb and an extension of a slab either in front of the dock doors, or around the perimeter of the building.

Condition-based maintenance (CBM): A maintenance strategy used to actively manage the health condition of physical assets in order to perform maintenance only when it is needed and at the most opportune time.

Constructed Asset Component: A component is a building subsystem, major item of equipment, or other portion of a major facility.

Construction Agreement: A written contract between an owner and the general contractor detailing the terms to which the parties agree. The agreement details the deliverable (what is to be built), the compensation, the timeframe, and other factors typical of a legally binding contract.

Construction Budget: The sum established by the owner as available for construction of the project, ideally including contingencies for bidding to contractors and for changes during construction.

Construction Document Addendum: Corrections or revisions made to construction documents after they are sent to bidders.

Construction Documents (CDs): Collectively, the working drawings, specifications, general conditions, addenda and instructions to bidders that serve as the basis of a construction contract.

Construction Drawing: Scaled architectural or engineering drawings that include notations on the work required and the materials to be used, showing how to proceed with construction. Construction drawings are usually provides as part of a larger set of construction contract documents.

Construction Management (CM): A professional service that applies effective management techniques to the planning, design, and construction of a project from inception to completion for the purpose of controlling time, cost, and quality.

Consultant (Construction): A design professional , or other expert, usually employed by the architect, to help design a project, such as, a structural engineer, mechanical engineer, interior designer, etc.

Container (Transportation): An enclosed box that can be used to hold or transport something. Usually a large metal box of a standard design and size (20 feet or 40 feet) used for the transportation of goods, especially intermodally, by road, rail, sea, or air.

Containerization: A system of intermodal freight transport using standard intermodal containers as prescribed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). These can be loaded and sealed intact onto container ships, railroad cars, planes, and trucks.

Contingent/Contingency Fund: Assets or other resources set aside to provide for unforeseen expenditures or for anticipated expenditures of uncertain amount.

Contour Interval: The vertical distance between adjacent contour lines on a topographical map.

Contour Line: A line on a topographical map or drawing connecting points on a land surface that have the same elevation.

Contract Closeout: The point at which the termination conditions of the contract have been met (and notice of termination served). It involves the completion of all administrative actions, settlement of any disputes and resolution of any residual liabilities, arrangements made for transfer of any continuing responsibilities and actions.

Contract Documents (Construction): The collection of documents that define the agreement between the owner and the contractor, including, but not limited to, the contract, written specifications, and the drawings.

Contract Time (Construction): The period of time set forth for completion of the project.

Contractual Liability: Liability imposed on an entity by the terms of a contract.

Control Account: An account in a general ledger in which the aggregate of debit and credit postings for a number of identical or related accounts called subsidiary accounts is recorded.

Core and Service Area Factor (Rentable/Usable Ratio): The factor used to determine a tenant's pro rata share of the core and service area.

Corm: A vertical, thickened, solid underground stem, such as is borne by a crocus or gladiolus.

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): The continued commitment of an organization to contribute to economic development while improving quality of life for their workforce, the community and society.

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Policy: A form of organizational self-regulation that integrates the interests of the community and environment into the organization's business model and extends its bottom line beyond a sole interest in profits. Organizational policy mirrors the business model so that staff and contractors hold themselves accountable for compliance. Also known as corporate citizenship policy.

Cost: The price paid for materials or services.

Cost Accounting: The method of accounting which provides for the assembling and recording of all the elements of cost incurred to accomplish a goal, to carry on an activity or operation, or to complete a unit of work for a specific job.

Cost Allocation: The process of determining the proportional share of a total cost that belongs to a particular cost object based on data about the proportions of the total resource cost consumed by the cost object.

Cost Benefit Ratio: The process of determining the proportional share of a total cost that belongs to a particular cost object based on data about the proportions of the total resource cost consumed by the cost object.

Cost Center: An organizational unit in which budgetary funding is used to sustain operations.

Cost Drivers: Activities that have a direct and causal relationship to the incurring of costs.

Cost Ledger: A subsidiary record in which each project, job, production center, process, operation, product, or service is given a separate account to which all items entered into its cost are posted in the required detail.

Cost of Operation: The total costs associated with the daily operation of a facility.

Cost of Ownership: The cost to the owner of owning the building, servicing the existing debt, and receiving a return on equity. This also includes the cost of capital improvements, maintenance and repair, operations, and disposal. (see Total Cost of Ownership)

Cost Tracing: Assigning costs to a particular cost object.

Cost Variance: The amount of money a task is over or under budget.

Coupon Rate: The interest rate specified on the interest coupon attached to a bond. The term is synonymous with nominal interest rate.

Codes: A systematic statement of a body of regulations and requirements as defined by local, state, and federal government.

Communications: A process by which information is transmitted or conveyed between individuals through a common system of symbols, signs, or behavior

Competitive Benchmarking: The strategy of comparing the products, public relations and other characteristics of a particular company with those of a competitor.

Completion Date: The date on which something such as a project or task will be finished.

Cost Benefit Analysis: An analysis of the expense versus the value to be derived from a proposed action.

Credit: The positive cash entries in a bank account. A credit is an amount due to be paid to, or already residing in, an account. Credit is the opposite of debit.

Creditor: A lender of money or one to whom funds are owed.

Credits: Relates to the basic accounting equation of "assets equal liabilities and owners' equity (or fund balance)." Credits, on one hand, increase liabilities and owners' equity (or fund balance) and, on the other hand, decrease assets and expenses.

Critical Path: The longest set of sequential tasks in a project, which is the shortest possible planned project duration.

Critical Path Method (CPM): A technique in project planning that identifies the activities whose scheduling is inflexible.

Critical Path Scheduling: A scheduling technique that is based on identifying predecessors and timeframes. Each process that requires a previous process to be completed before the new one can begin is entered in a time schedule so that the minimum time for overall project completion can be determined.

Cross Dock: A practice in logistics of unloading materials from an incoming semi-trailer truck or rail car and loading these materials directly into outbound trucks, trailers, or rail cars, with little or no storage in between.

Cultivar: A variety of plant denoting an assemblage of cultivated individuals that are distinguished by a significant characteristic and that when reproduced (sexually or asexually), retains its distinguishing feature. Derived from "cultivated variety."

Cultural Control: Control measures that modify the methods by which crops are grown and aid in preventing pest damage rather than focusing on elimination of the pest.

Current Assets: Assets that are available or can be made readily available to meet the cost of operations or to pay current liabilities.

Current Funds: Resources available to be expended in the near term and used for operating purposes.

Current Liabilities: Liabilities that are payable within a relatively short period of time, usually no longer than a year.

Customer (Facility): Individuals or organizations whose missions, roles, functions, and needs, respectively, are served by the staff and resources of the facilities organization.

Cut and Fill: A construction process of excavating and relocating earthen material to another location to use as fill to adjust the surface grade.

Building: Construction work that has the provision of shelter for its occupants or contents as one of its main purposes and is usually enclosed and designed to stand permanently in one place. [SOURCE: ISO 6707-1]

Environmental Aspect: Element of an organization's activities or products or services that can interact with the environment [SOURCE: ISO 14001:2004]

Factor Method: Modification of reference service life by factors to take account of the specific in-use conditions [SOURCE: ISO 15686-1:2011]

Failure: Loss of the ability of a building or its parts to perform a specific function [SOURCE: ISO 15686]

Performance In-use: Qualitative level of a critical property (ISO 6707-1:2014) at any point in time considered [SOURCE: ISO 15686]

Service Life Design (Deprecated): Design process of preparing the brief and the design for the building and its parts to achieve the design life. Note 1 to entry: Service life planning can, for example, reduce the costs of building ownership and facilitate maintenance and refurbishment.[SOURCE: 15686]

Globally Unique Identifier (GUID): Identifier given to a product that guarantees its uniqueness throughout its entire life Note 1 to entry: Once the designed product is realized as an asset then this can be complemented with an asset tag, bar-code or other identifier. [SOURCE: ISO 16739]

Object: Unique occurrence of an item belonging to a class such that the attributes and constraints are defined by the class, having its own identity, behavior and values for its attributes (state) [SOURCE: ISP 16739]

Impact: Representation of an economic, environmental or social dis-benefit of a product. [SOURCE: ISO 16739]

Property Set: Grouping of properties that belong together based on some principle, e.g., viewpoint, life-cycle stage[SOURCE: ISO 16739]

Quantity Set: Grouping of characteristic measure properties [SOURCE: ISO 16739]

Utilization Ratio: Proportion of time that the facility or the product is expected to be fully utilized. EXAMPLE Typically utilization will be 1,0 (100%) for architectural fabric elements, but can be less for mechanical and electrical equipment that are used intermittently such as plant or a light bulb [SOURCE: ISO 16739].

Construction Operation Buildings Information Exchange (COBie): Representation of a handover view of the IFC schema, typically seen as a spreadsheet. [SOURCE: ISO 16739]

Accelerated Short-term Exposure: Short-term exposure in which the agent intensity is raised above the levels in service. [SOURCE: ISO 15686-2:2012]

Acquisition Cost: All costs included in acquiring an asset by purchase/lease or construction procurement (ISO 10845-1:2010) route, excluding costs during the occupancy and use or end-of-life phases of the life cycle of the constructed asset. [SOURCE: ISO 15686-5:2008]

Ageing Exposure: Procedure in which a product (ISO 6707-1:2014) is exposed to agents believed or known to cause ageing for the purpose of undertaking/initiating a service life prediction or comparison of relative performance. [SOURCE: ISO 15686-2:2012]

Agent: Whatever acts on a building (ISO 6707-1:2014) or its parts to adversely affect its performance. EXAMPLE persons, water load, heat. [SOURCE: ISO 15686-2:2012]

Agent Intensity: Measure (ISO 6707-1:2014) of the extent to or level at which an agent is present. Note 1 to entry: In ISO 15686-2, the term "agent intensity" refers figuratively to any quantity that conforms to the requirements for a measure; i.e. not only to UV radiation and rain intensity, etc., but also to relative humidity, SO2 concentration, freeze-thaw rate and mechanical pressure, etc. [SOURCE: ISO 15686-2:2012]

Behaviour in Service: How a whole building (ISO 5707-1:2014), structure (ISO 6707-1:2014) or unit of construction works (ISO 6701-1:2014), or a system or component or part thereof actually functions in its intended place and use.[SOURCE: ISO 15686-10:2010]

Client (Construction): Person or organization responsible for initiating and financing a project, and approving the brief. Note 1 to entry: Adapted from ISO 6707-1:2014 Note 2 to entry: In some countries, the role and qualification of "construction client" is defined by law and regulation, according to the scope and complexity of a project. [SOURCE: ISO 15686-10:2010]

Demand (Facility): Requirement for functional performance. [SOURCE: ISO 15686-10:2010]

Design Option: One of several product (ISO 6707-1:2014) alternatives that is a candidate for inclusion into the design, including functionality and service provided. [SOURCE: ISO 15686-6:2004]

Design Team: Individuals involved in the decision-making process affecting the service life of the constructed asset. [SOURCE: ISO 15686-6:2004]

Disposal (End of Life): Transformation of the state of a building (ISO 6707-1:2014) or facility that is no longer of use. Note 1 to entry: Transformation can include, either individually or in some combination. [SOURCE: ISO 15686-5:2008]

Dose-Response Function: Function that relates the dose)s) of degradation agent to a degradation indicator. [SOURCE: ISO 15686-2:2012]

Externality: Quantifiable cost or benefit that occurs when the actions of organizations and individuals have an effect on people other than themselves. EXAMPLE: Non-constructions costs, income and wider social and business costs. Note 1 to entry: Externalities are positive if their effects are benefits to

other people and negative, or external costs, if the external effects are costs on other people. There may be external costs and benefits from both production and consumption. Adding the externality to the private cost/benefit, the total social cost or benefit. [SOURCE: ISO 15686-5:2008]

Factor Category: Category of in-use conditions that are considered in the determination of an ESL from and RSL. EXAMPLE 1: Inherent performance level, design level, work execution level, indoor environment, outdoor environment, usage conditions and maintenance level. EXAMPLE 2: In-use conditions, such as temperature and moisture level, can be considered under the factor category, outdoor environment, in determining factor E. Note 1 to entry: Factor categories are used in the factor method to determine the factors A to G, and can be applicable in a similar way in any feasible alternative method. [SOURCE: ISO 15686-7:2006]

Factor Class: Label of an in-use condition indicating which factor of the factor method the condition will influence. [SOURCE: ISO 15686-7:2006]

Intangible: Quantifiable cost and benefit that have been allocated monetary values for calculation purposes. [SOURCE: ISO 15686-5:2008]

In-Use Condition Grade: Designation representing a qualitative description of an in-use condition. Note 1 to entry: An in-use condition grade is the outcome of the in-use condition. Note 2 to entry: In-use condition grades are designation qualitatively in terms of not available, very high/very mild, high/mild, normal, low/severe, very low/very severe and not applicable. Note 3 to entry: In-use condition grades are designated numerically using numbers in the range from 0 to 5, with 3 representing a "normal" condition. [SOURCE: ISO 15686-8:2008]

In-use Condition Grading: Act of collective judgement of all qualitative information of in-use conditions within a factor class. [SOURCE: ISO 15686-8:2008]

Network Level: Stock of objects, e.g. bridges (ISO 6707-1:2014) tunnels (ISO 6707-1:2014), power plants, buildings (ISO 6707-1:2014) under management of an owner. [SOURCE: ISO 15686]

Nonconformity: Non-fulfilment of specified requirements [SOURCE: ISO 15686]

Object Level: Basic level of the network serving a specific function [SOURCE: ISO 15686]

Performance Degree: Comparison of the performance of an item in relation to a defined reference level. [SOURCE: ISO 15686]

Performance Requirement: Performance demanded or expected of a facility for a specified use [SOURCE: ISO 6707-1:2014 modified to apply to the requirements for a specific use of a facility]

Recovery Management: Planning and control procedures designed to maximize the economic reuse of resources committed to a constructed works project [SOURCE: 15686]

Replacement: Change of parts of an exiting item to regain its functionality [SOURCE: ISO 15686]

Scale (Supply): Scale for use in determining the level of serviceability of a facility on one topic of capability (ISO 6707-1:2014) [SOURCE: ISO 15686]

Short-term Exposure: Aging exposure (ISO 15686) with a duration considerably shorter than the service life anticipated Note q to entry: A term sometimes used and related to this type of exposure programme is "predictive service list test". A predictive service life test is a combination of a specifically designed short-term exposure and a performance evaluation procedure. [SOURCE: ISO 15686]

Terminal Critical Property: critical property (ISO 6707-1:2014) that first fails to maintain the corresponding performance requirement (ISO 6707-1:2014) when subjected to exposure in a particular service environment [SOURCE: ISO 15686]

Usage Condition: Factor category of in-use conditions that considers the influence on performance due to the use of a building (ISO 6707-1:2014)/constructed asset or any human activity adjacent to a building/constructed asset Note 1 to entry: in ISO 15686-8, the factor category relating to factor F is designated "usage conditions" rather than "in-use condition" as used elsewhere in order to distinguish the factor category from the concept "in-use condition" [SOURCE: ISO 15686]

Whole-Life Costing: Methodology for systematic economic consideration of all whole-life costs and benefits over a period of analysis, as defined in the agreed scope. Note 1 to entry: The projected costs or benefits may include external costs [including, for example, finance, business costs, income from land (ISO 6707-1:2014) sale, user costs] Note 2 to entry: Whole-life costing can address a period of analysis that covers the entire life cycle or (a) selected stage(s)or (b) periods of interest thereof. Note 3 to entry: This definition should be contrasted with that for life-cycle costing. [ISO 15686]

Whole-Life Cost: All significant and relevant initial and future cots and benefits of an asset, throughout its life cycle, while fulfilling the performance requirements [SOURCE: ISO/TS 21929-2:2015]

Whole Life Costing: Methodology for systematic economic consideration of all whole-life costs and benefits over a period of analysis, as defined in the agreed scope. [SOURCE: ISO 21932]

Whole Life Costing (WLC): All significant and relevant initial and future costs (ISO 6707-1:2014) and benefits of an asset (ISO 15686) throughout its life cycle, while fulfilling the performance requirements (ISO 6707-1:2014) [ISO/TR 121932]

Life-cycle Cost Model: Mathematical relationship between cost elements and life-cycle cost differences. [SOURCE: ISO 15663-1:2000]

Life Cycle Inventory Analysis Result: Outcome of a life cycle inventory analysis that catalogues the flows crossing the system boundary and provides the starting point for life cycle impact assessment. [SOURCE: ISO 14040:2006 ISO 14044:2006]

Life Cycle Inventory Analysis: Phase of life cycle assessment involving the compilation and quantification of inputs and outputs for a product throughout its life cycle. [SOURCE: ISO 14040:2006 ISO 14044:2006 ISO 13315-2:2014]

Life Cycle Inventory (LCI): Phase of life cycle assessment involving the compilation and quantification of inputs and outputs for a product throughout its life cycle [SOURCE: 14046:2014]

Life Cycle Impact Assessment: Phase of life cycle assessment aimed at understanding and evaluating the magnitude and significance of the potential environment impacts for a product system throughout the life cycle of the product [SOURCE: ISO 14044:2006 ISO 14040:2006]

Life Cycle Inventory Assessment (LCIA): Phase of life cycle assessment aimed at understanding and evaluating the magnitude and significance of the potential environmental impacts for a product system throughout the life cycle of the product [SOURCE: ISO 15659:2013]

Dam Hazard - High: Any dam that impounds 50 acre-feet of water or more and could cause loss of life downstream in the event of a dam failure.

Dam Hazard - Low: Any dam whose failure or mis-operation is unlikely to cause loss of human life but may cause minor economic and/or environmental losses.

Dam Hazard - Significant: Any dam whose failure or mis-operation will cause possible loss of life, economic loss, environmental damage, disruption of lifeline facilities, or can impact other concerns.

Dam Hazard Classifications: A dam originally constructed and operated as low or significant hazard that is now reclassified as high hazard due to new downstream development.

Data Tag: A non-hierarchical keyword or term assigned to a piece of information. Also known as Metadata.

Datum: A base point from which measurements are made, eg, sea level is the datum (a singular piece of information) from which vertical geographical measurements are based.

Daylight Harvesting: An energy management technique that reduces artificial lighting use by taking advantage of natural light when available.

Dead-End Corridor: A portion of a corridor in which there is no access to an exit to the exterior of the building.

Debit: An amount due to be paid from, or already paid from, an account. Debit is the opposite of credit.

Debt Financing: Money raised for working capital or capital expenditures by selling bonds, bills, or notes.

Debt Service: The funds that are required to cover the repayment of interest and principal on a debt for a particular period.

Debtor: An individual, company, or other organization that is under financial obligation to another.

Deck: A structure of planks or plates, approximately horizontal, extending across a ship or boat at any of various levels, especially one of those at the highest level and open to the weather.

Deferred (or Unearned) Revenue: Advance payments a company receives for products or services that are to be delivered or performed in the future.

Deferred Capital Renewal: The total dollar amount of existing maintenance repairs and required replacements (capital renewal) that were not accomplished when they should have been, not funded in the current fiscal year, or otherwise deferred.

Deferred Charges: Expenditures that are not chargeable to a fiscal period in which they are needed but are carried on the asset side of the balance sheet pending amortization or other disposition.

Deferred Component Renewal: Delay of planned preventative maintenance activity that recurs on a periodic and scheduled cycle greater than 10 years that was not completed as scheduled.

Deferred Corrective Maintenance: Delay of work to restore a damaged, broken, or worn out asset, asset component, or item of Installed Building Equipment (IBE) to normal operating condition.

Deferred Demolition: Delay of the dismantling and removal of surplus or a deteriorated or otherwise unneeded asset or item of IBE including necessary clean-up work.

Deferred Maintenance Backlog: Planned maintenance work waiting to be scheduled.

Deferred Recurring Maintenance: Delay of planned preventative maintenance activity that recurs on a periodic and scheduled cycle of greater than 1 year, but less than 10 years that was not completed as scheduled.

Deferred Rehabilitation: Delay of the renovation of an existing asset or any of its components in order to restore and/or extend the life of the asset. Because there is no expansion or change of function the work primarily addresses deferred maintenance.

Deficiency/Requirement (Facility/Structure/Asset): The quantitative difference, typically in terms of dollar amount and associated physical requirements, between an assets current physical or functional condition and an established minimum level of condition/performance.

Deficit: The excess of the liabilities and reserves of a fund over its assets. It is also the excess of expenditures over revenues during an accounting period.

Deflection: Deviation of a structural member from its pro?le under certain weight loads.

Delegation: A management decision to give employees/contractors full responsibility for planning and execution of a task.

Demand Response: A contractual arrangement between facilities and power companies in which facilities agree to reduce or shift their consumption during peak demand periods in return for defined financial incentives.

Demising Wall: A wall between one tenants area and another as well as a wall between tenant areas and public corridors.

Demolition: Dismantling and removal of surplus or a deteriorated or otherwise unneeded asset or item.

Density: The measure of the number of units per area or volume, eg, the metric for office space utilization expressed as the number of persons occupying an area.

Derived Requirements: Identified specific needs resulting from the analysis of project overall needs.

Design Architect: A design architect would produce the schematic and/or design development documents for a project, but usually not the construction documents, and may not be the architect of record. This is usually only done on larger projects.

Design Build: A method of project delivery in which the owner contracts directly with a single entity that is responsible for both design and construction services for a construction project.

Design Development: The preparation of more detailed drawings than the schematic phase and less than the final construction documents, showing correct sizes and shapes for rooms. Also included is an outline of the construction specifications, identifying the major systems and materials to be used.

Design Gross Area: The total constructed area of a building measured to the outside dominant finished surface and including all enclosed floors of a building including above grade levels, mechanical floors, penthouses, structured parking and crawl space.

Design Intent Drawings: Scaled drawings that form the basis of construction drawings by showing where all construction elements are to be assembled, omitting engineering calculations.

Design Review Committee: A committee having jurisdiction over the design and aesthetics of a proposed development.

Depreciation: An accounting method of allocating the cost of a tangible asset and is used to account for decline in value.

Destructive Measurement: Creation of openings in walls by boring or sawing holes to permit inspection of hidden surfaces or enclosed spaces for the purposes of classifying space and determining field dimensions to space class boundaries.

Detail Drawing: A drawing, at a larger scale, of a small portion of the building, indicating in the detail the design, location, composition, and correlation of the elements and materials shown.

Differential Cost: The difference between the costs of two alternative decisions.

Dike: A water detention/retention structure or retaining wall that impounds bodies of relatively shallow water or protects facilities from flood runoff, or to create or restore wetland habitat.

Direct Costs: Costs that can be specifically traced to an item or activity. (For example, repairing a hole in the roof).

Direct Expenses: Expenses that can be charged directly as a part of a cost of a product or service, of a department, or an operating unit. They are to be distinguished from overhead and other indirect costs that must be prorated among several products or services, departments, or operating units.

Direct Labor: The cost of labor directly expended in the production of specific goods or rendition of specific services.

Direct Negotiation: A method for awarding a contract where a single contractor or a small group of selected bidders is subject to negotiation to award the contract.

Disbursement: Payment of money from a fund.

Dispatcher: A person whose job is to receive messages and organize the movement of people or vehicles, especially in the emergency services.

Diversion Dam: A dam that diverts all or a portion of the flow of a river or stream from its natural course.

Overhead Door (OHD): A door that rotates on a horizontal axis and is supported horizontally when open.

Dock Leveler: A piece of loading dock equipment that corrects for differences in height to facilitate smooth loading and unloading.

Dock Light: Light fixture on interior side of the door that illuminates the trailer. OSHA requires one per position/door.

Dock Seal: A resilient pad around the door of a loading dock to provide a tight seal between the door and a trailer which has backed into the loading dock.

Dolly Pad: Used to help prevent trailer jacks from sinking in the ground.

Door Schedule: A list of the doors, and their characteristics for a project, usually shown in a tabular form.

Dosage: The size or frequency of a dose of a chemical additive, medicine or drug; a level of exposure to or absorption of ionizing radiation.

Drainage: The process by which surface water is removed or leaches downward from the upper soil layers to lower layers.

Due Care: The effort made by an ordinarily prudent or reasonable party to avoid harm to another, taking the circumstances into account. It refers to the level of judgment, care, prudence, determination, and activity that a person would reasonably be expected to do under particular circumstances.

Dumpster Enclosure: A 3 wall structure typically made of CMU (block) or concrete, to enclose the trash or recycling dumpsters.

Early Suppression Fast Response (ESFR): Quick responding, high volume sprinkler systems that provide exceptional protection for high piled storage occupancies. Instead of merely controlling a fire until the original fuel source is depleted, ESFR systems are designed to suppress the fire by discharging a large volume of water directly to the fire to reduce the heat release rate.

Earned Revenue: Revenue included in the budget because the organization has done a substantial amount of what it promised to do (provided goods or services).

Earnings Before Interest and Taxes (EBIT): A measure of a firm's profit that includes all incomes and expenses (operating and non-operating) except interest expenses and income tax expenses.

Earnings Before Interest, Tax, Depreciation and Amortization (EBITDA): A measure of how much cash profit a company made in a year relative to its total sales.

Conservation Easement: A voluntary restriction on land preventing development on the property in order to retain its natural condition.The restriction will remain on the property for all subsequent property owners unless it can be successfully removed by court order or by agreement of all affected

parties.

Easement, Scenic: A conservation easement intended to preserve a desirable view of an area.

Electrical Power Distribution System: The final stage in the delivery of electricity to end users. It carries electricity from the transmission system to individual consumers.

Electrical Engineer: The branch of engineering that deals with the technology of electricity, especially the design and application of circuitry and equipment for power generation and distribution, machine control, and communications.

Emergency Operation Center (EOC): A central command and control facility responsible for carrying out the principles of emergency preparedness and emergency management, or disaster management functions at a strategic level during an emergency, and ensuring the continuity of operation of an organization.

Emergency Operation Plan (EOP): The structure and processes that the organization utilizes to respond to and initially recover from an emergency event.

Encroachment: Intrusion into a person's property, territory, rights, etc.

Encumbrances: Any and all security interests, pledges, obligations, liens, charges, easements, encroachments, claims, purchase options or other restrictions of any kind on title to any asset, including, without limitation, any restriction on the use, transfer, receipt of income or other exercise of any attribute of ownership of such asset (not including applicable laws).

Endowment Funds: An investment made by or on the behalf of a foundation or institution that uses the earnings from the investment to fund its operations. Generally the principle of the fund is untouched, i.e., never withdrawn such that the funds last in perpetuity.

Energy Code: The subset of provisions in a building code that establishes the criteria for the buildings thermal envelope; heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) system; service water heating system; lighting system; and other areas related to efficient energy usage and performance.

Energy Management Systems: A computer-based tool that monitors energy use throughout the facility and gives a better sense of where and how much energy is being consumed such that adjustments can be made to optimize energy consumption.

Energy Performance Certificate (EPC): The energy efficiency rating that is a measure of the overall energy using efficiency of a property.

Energy Service Company or Contractor (ESCO): A commercial or non-profit business providing a broad range of energy solutions including designs and implementation of energy savings projects, retrofitting, energy conservation, energy infrastructure outsourcing, power generation and energy supply, and risk management.

Energy Use Intensity (EUI): Energy use expressed as the kBTUs (1,000 British Thermal Units) used per square foot area.

Entry (Financial): The record of a financial transaction in its appropriate book of accounts.

Environmental Clean Up: The process of removing pollution or contaminants from environmental media, i.e. soil, ground water, sediment or surface water.

Environmental Compliance Surveys: Inspections conducted in accordance with 40 CFR Protection of Environment to determine enforcement and compliance activities for air, water, pesticides, toxics, and radiation.

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA): The process of assessing the likely environmental impacts of a proposal and identifying options to minimize environmental damage.

Environmental Impact Report (EIR): Detailed review of a proposed project, its potential adverse environmental effects, possible changes that can be made to reduce adverse effects, and possible alternatives.

Environmental Scanning: The acquisition and use of information about events, trends, and relationships in an organization's external environment. It is used to assist management in planning the organization's future course of action.

Epidemic: The widespread and severe outbreak of a disease.

Equipment (Mobile): Any type of machinery or equipment which is not fixed and is expected to be used in multiple locations.

Equity (Financial): The monetary value of a property or business beyond any amounts owed on mortgages, claims, liens, etc.

Errors and Omissions Insurance: A type of professional liability insurance that protects organizations and their workers or individuals against claims made by clients for inadequate work or negligent actions. Also known as Professional Indemnity Insurance.

Estimate at Completion: A forecast of the final cost of a task/project using the most current data.

Electronic Waste (E-Waste): Electronic products that have become unwanted, non-working or obsolete, and have essentially reached the end of their useful life.

Expansion: (1) Increasing the capacity or size of a facility to serve needs different from, or significantly greater than, those originally intended. (2) Growth in a material or building element that would result from an increase in ambient temperature.

Expendable Funds: Donations, grants or contracts that can be used directly to fund a particular or general activity.

Expenses: The expenditure of money.

External Risk: Those risks that arise from events outside the organization's control.

Extrinsic Rewards: Any benefit of a particular job or activity, which is external to the job itself.

Facilities Audit: Thorough, periodic reviews that encompass all of the components and equipment within a facility.

Facility Management (FM): The practice of coordinating the physical workplace with the people and work of the organization. The FM integrates the principles of business administration, architecture, and the behavioral and engineering sciences to optimize the use and longevity of the physical space.

Facility Rentable Area: Actual square-unit of a building that may be leased or rented to tenants, the area upon which the lease or rental payments are computed. It usually includes a pro rata share of the common areas, elevator shafts, stairways, and space devoted to cooling, heating, or other equipment.

Facility Usable Area: The amount of space that can be utilized by tenants within the walls defining their usable space. Calculated by subtracting the primary circulation and the building core and service areas from the facility rentable area.

Fine Aggregate: That portion of an aggregate that passes through a 4.76 mm (no. 4) sieve and is predominantly retained on a 74 m (no. 200) sieve.

Fire Code: That portion of the building code that relates to fire safety requirements, and standards.

Fire Protection Engineer: An engineer that designs the fire alarm, and fire suppression systems for a building.

Fixed Changes: Expenses, the amount of which is more or less fixed. Examples are such items as interest, insurance, and contributions to pension funds.

Fixed Expenses: Expenses over which a company has little control.

Fixed Retaining Wall: A retaining wall that is rigidly supported or laterally braced at its top and bottom, enabling it to withstand higher pressures than a freestanding wall.

Floating Debt: Liabilities other than bonded debt and time warrants that are payable on demand or at an early date.

Flood Frequency: A period of time within which the probability exists that a discharge equal to or greater than the discharge under consideration will occur.

Floor Plate: A floor of a building, as depicted by a floor plan, encompassing the major building elements on the floor like the exterior enclosing walls, columns, core walls, elevators, stairs, and the like.

Floor Stacking: Stacking unit loads on top of unit loads on the floor of a building/warehouse. Typically used for high volume, high cube and/or seasonal products. Often uses nesting or stacking racks.

Foot: A unit of length equal to 12 inches.

Footlock: A method of ascent using a doubled-suspended rope. The rope is passed under one foot and clamped on by the other foot. The use of a Prusik loop or an ascending device is required to ensure safety during the ascent.

Fork Lift: A forklift (also called a lift truck, a high/low, a stacker-truck, trailer loader, side loader, fork truck, tow-motor or a fork hoist) is a powered industrial truck used to lift and transport materials. Used to

pick up and move goods loaded on pallets or skids.

Freezer/Cooler: A refrigerated compartment a container or room used to store food or other perishable items at temperatures below 273 Kelvin (0 Celsius). Comprises a thermally insulated compartment and a heat pump. Chemical or mechanical means, electric water to transfer heat from it to the external environment.

Front Loading: Location of shipping/receiving doors on the front side of the building only. Normally seen in smaller warehouses.

Fund: An independent fiscal and accounting entity with a self-balancing set of accounts recording cash and/or other resources together with all related liabilities, obligations, reserves, and equities that are segregated for the purpose of carrying on specific activities or attaining certain objectives in accordance with specific regulations, restrictions, or limitations.

Fund Accounting: A sum of money and other assets that constitute a separate accounting entity, created and maintained for a particular purpose and having transactions subject to legal or administrative limitations. Its double-entry accounts are self-balancing, and from there a balance sheet and operating statement may be prepared.

Furniture Move: Reconfiguration of existing furniture and/or furniture moved or purchased. Requires minimal telecommunication reconfiguration.

Gardener: (1) A position that provides expertise in the maintenance of landscape operations and often functions in a lead or supervisory role over other groundspersons or groundsworkers. Generally, this position requires a moderate to considerable education in horticulture with a specified level of experience and/or certification. (2) A generic term for one who performs landscape maintenance tasks, such as mowing, trimming, or fertilizing.

General and Specific Terms and Conditions: A blanket term in contract language to refer to all of the general boilerplate terms and conditions incorporated by reference to a contract as well as the specific terms and conditions relating to the specific project. Specific terms and conditions can include site access restrictions and security requirements.

Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP): In the United States, rules, procedures, and conventions used to help govern an organizations accounting operations and the preparation of financial statements.

Gin Pole: A tall section of a tree to be removed that has one or more strong open crotches. It should be as close to the center of the tree as possible to aid in roping down sections of the tree. With large sections, a bull-rope is used with a snatch block. A dependable gin pole may be impossible to find in a dead or dying tree. Hydraulic crane units are now used in much the same way and are much safer for dealing with dead, dying, or storm-damaged trees.

Gross Floor Area: The floor area within the inside perimeter of the exterior walls of the building under consideration, exclusive of vent shafts and courts, without deduction for corridors, stairways, closets, the thickness of interior walls, columns or other features.

Gross Measured Area: The fully enclosed floor areas of a building, measured to the dominant portion of the finished surface of exterior enclosing walls, including basements and penthouses.

Gross Square feet (gsf): The floor areas on all levels of a building that are totally enclosed within the building, representing the cumulative total of an organizations building(s) inclusive of all floors to the outside faces of exterior walls. This measurement indicates total constructed space and is useful for building efficiency and construction cost comparisons. Found by measuring exterior building gross area to the outside face of exterior walls, disregarding canopies, cornices, pilasters, balconies, and buttresses that extend beyond the wall face and courtyards that are enclosed by walls but have no roof. The building exterior gross area of basement space includes the area measured to the outside face of basement or foundation walls, as well as exterior bridges and tunnels that are totally enclosed and constructed areas connecting two or more buildings.

Heading Back: Cutting back limbs to a stub, bud, or lateral branch that is not large enough to assume the terminal role. Sometimes referred to as topping.

Hydro Power System: Station where flowing water is converted into electric energy.

Impact Resistant: A first generation restraint that requires the trailer ICC bar (bumper) to impact the restraint to activate it. This older style requires a significant amount of maintenance or can cause damage to ICC bars if it gets locked up.

Initial Study: Pursuant to CEQA, analysis of a projects potential environmental effects to determine whether an EIR is required.

Inspiration: To enliven the thoughts, emotions, hopes, and actions of others so that they become motivated and enthusiastic to accomplish the goals set by the leader.

Installation: An operational unit comprised of one or more constructed assets and the associated land.

Integrated Work Management System (IWMS): See computer-aided facility management (CAFM) system.

Intermodal: Involving two or more different modes of transportation in conveying goods. Used to denote movements of cargo containers interchangeably between transport modes, i.e. motor, rail, water, and air carriers, and where the equipment is compatible within the multiple systems. A system of transport whereby two or more modes of transport are used to transport the same loading unit or truck in an integrated manner, without loading or unloading, in a transport chain. A system whereby standard-sized cargo containers can be moved seamlessly between different 'modes' of transport, typically on specially adapted ships known as containerships, barges, trucks and trains.

Intermodalism: The concept of transportation as a door-to-door service rather than port-to-port. Thus efficiency is enhanced by having a single carrier coordinating the movement and documentation among different modes of transportation.

Inventories of Maintenance Department Chemicals: To determine if certain EPCRA Tier 2 reporting requirements must be met, a full inventory of all chemicals within the maintenance department must be conducted. This includes all daily use chemicals, spray cans, salt and sand, oil, gasoline, diesel, heating fuel, boiler chemicals, and other incidental chemicals. Anything over 10,000 lbs., and some high hazard chemicals at lower levels, must be reported to local authorities.

Inventories of Oil-Containing Devices: To determine if an SPCC plan is needed on a campus, it is important to conduct an inventory of all oil-containing tanks, containers, and equipment that exceed 55 gallons in quantity. An aggregate quantity of 1,320 gallons above ground on any contiguous portion of

the campus, which has potential access to navigable waterways through storm drains, the sanitary sewer, or surface water ways requires the development of an SPCC plan. In conducting your inventory, include all Aboveground Storage Tanks (ASTs), Underground Storage Tanks (USTs), Drums (55 gallons and larger), Transformers (55 gallons and larger), Hydraulic Elevators (55 gallons and larger), generators, and drums/dumpsters of kitchen grease.

Inventory of Air Emissions Devices: In order to determine whether a campus may be required to obtain an Operating Permit, calculations are needed to determine the actual and potential air contaminant emissions from the combustion units on campus. Combustion units include, but are not limited to: annealing furnaces, boilers, central heating plants, crematoriums, emergency generators, hot air heaters, hot water heaters, incinerators, kilns, foundries, experimental gasoline and diesel engines, paint spray booths, waste oil burners, and emergency power generators, whether they are in service or not and regardless of size.

Investments: Securities and real estate held to produce income in the form of interest, dividends, rentals, or lease payments.

Invitation to Tender (ITT): A special procedure for generating competing offers from different bidders looking to obtain an award of business activity in works, supply or service contracts.

Invitiation to Bid: A letter inviting a potential bidder to prepare a bid on a project.

Irrigation: The artificial application of water to the land or soil to assist in the maintenance of landscapes, growing of crops, and to supplement water needs during periods of inadequate rainfall.

Jamb: The sides of a door frame.

Job Enlargement: A job-design approach that includes the horizontal loading of additional tasks, meaning that added tasks are similar in responsibility and effort.

Job Enrichment: A job-design approach that includes a vertical loading of higher-order motivating factors into a job including responsibility, freedom, growth opportunities, recognition, and achievement.

Job Order Costing: A traditional cost measurement system in which direct labor, direct material and overhead costs associated with a job are grouped.

Job Simplification: A scientific job-design approach that emphasizes highly specified and directed work and is appropriate for routine tasks and workers with relatively low skills or confidence.

Journal: A daily, chronological record of business transactions.

Journal Entry: An entry to the journal, recording a financial transaction (as a debit and then as a credit) by date. Journal entries are eventually posted to a ledger.

Journal Voucher: A voucher for recording certain transactions or information in place of or supplementary to the journals or registers. The journal voucher usually contains an entry or entries, explanations, references to documentary evidence supporting the entry or entries, and the signature or initials of one or more properly authorized individuals.

Just-in-time (JIT): A philosophy that uses continual improvement to reduce manufacturing waste, minimize inventory, and get to zero defects.

Key Plan: Small-scale floor plans incorporated into a corner of construction drawings to give a geographic orientation of the location of the construction project.

Kilowatts per Hour (kWh): The kilowatt-hour (symbolized kWh) is a unit of energy equivalent to one kilowatt (1 kW) of power expended for one hour (1 h) of time. The kilowatt-hour is not a standard unit in any formal system, but it is commonly used in electrical applications.

Knowledgeable Person: Defined by OSHA as 1) one knowledgeable in the equipment involved, along with the associated hazards of the topic and who has undergone formal training as well; 2) an employee who is undergoing on-the-job training and who, in the course of such training has demonstrated an ability to perform duties safely at his or her level of training, and who is under the direct supervision of a qualified person, is considered to be a qualified person for the performance of those duties.

Labor and Material Payment Bond: A bond of the contractor in which a surety guarantees to the owner that the contractor will pay for labor and materials used in the performance of the contract. The claimants under the bond are defined as those who have direct contracts with the contractor or any subcontractor.

Labor Needs Analysis (LNA): Determining appropriate staffing levels for the desired level of service.

Lamp: Also known as light bulb. A glass envelope with gas, coating or filament that glows when electricity is applied.

Land: A fixed asset account that reflects the value of land owned by an organization. If land is purchased, this account shows the purchase price and costs such as legal fees and excavation costs incurred to ready the land for its intended use. If the land is acquired by gift, the account reflects the proposed value at the time of acquisition.

Land Use Code (Planning Code): That portion of a municipal ordinance that regulates the development and use of land within the jurisdiction.

Landscape: The surroundings of a site, which may or may not include hardscape (walks and plazas) and softscape (lawns and plantings).

Landscape Architect: A licensed design professional that deals primarily, but not exclusively, with site work, such as plant selection, irrigation systems, site furniture, etc.

Larvicide: A pesticide that is used to kill insect larvae.

Leaching: (1) The washing out of soluble nutrients from the soil. Occurs naturally in areas of high rainfall. May require replacement of nutritive elements (especially nitrogen) and correction of acidity, which comes from the leaching out of alkaline salts. Leaching is sometimes done intentionally to rid soil of a detrimental salt or overdose of inorganic nitrogen. (2) The subsurface disposal of septic tank effluent into the ground (i.e., leach field disposal).

Lead Based Paint (LBP): Lead is a highly toxic metal that was used for many years in products found in and around our homes. Lead may cause a range of health effects, from behavioral problems and learning disabilities, to seizures and death. Children 6 years old and under are most at risk, because their bodies are growing quickly.

Lead Time: The delay between when materials or services are requested and when they are available at the right time and place. Lead time includes time for tender/bid processes, selection, contractor execution or production, and transportation.

Leadership: Guiding and directing others actions and decisions through ones position power and personal influence.

Lean: A philosophy of minimizing time, assets, and human resources involved in production through simplification to keep only value added activities, training multiskilled employees, and automation.

Lease: A contract between the owner of real property (lessor) and another party (lessee) for the possession and use of the property for a specified term in return for rent or other valuable consideration.

Leasehold: The right to the use of real estate by virtue of lease, usually for a specific term of years, for which a consideration is paid.

Ledger: Accounting book of final entry, recording journal transactions under separate accounts. Sub-ledgers provide more detailed information about individual accounts.

LEED: The acronym for Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, a green building certification system developed by the U.S. Green Building Council, providing third-party verification that a building or community was designed and built using strategies aimed at improving performance in energy savings, water efficiency, CO2 emissions reduction, improved indoor environmental quality, and stewardship of resources and sensitivity to their impacts.

Letter of Intent: A letter signifying an intention to enter a formal agreement, usually setting forth the general terms of such agreement.

Levee: Earthen structures designed to retain water within a floodway and protect adjacent areas.

Liabilities: Debts a business incurs that are expected to result in future negative cash flows to the firm. For example, salaries and tax liabilities. Can also include an assessment of net risk items (e.g., bad debts).

Liability: An obligation that one is bound in law or justice to perform; the condition of being actually or potentially subject to an obligation. Debt or other legal obligations arising out of past transactions that must be liquidated, renewed, or refunded at some future date.

Liability Insurance: Insurance that protects the insured against lawsuits brought in response to supposed acts of negligence that result in injury or loss of property to the public.

License: The degree of real property interest the signer has in the property. A lease provides a higher level of legal interest in the property than a license.

Licensing: (1) permission to execute a project as granted by local authorities; (2) the act of granting a license that is mandatory for practicing a profession or service in a specific region.

Lien: An enforceable right against specific property to secure payment of an obligation.

Life Cycle Cost Analysis: The calculation of expected future operating, maintenance, and replacement costs of designs and features to assist owners in developing a realistic design and budget estimate.

Life Income Agreement: An agreement by which a donor makes assets available to an institution under the condition that the institution will, for the donor's lifetime, pay the donor the income earned by the assets.

Life Income Funds: Funds acquired by an institution subject to life income agreements.

Life Safety Systems: Government regulations and building code requirements for building relative to seismic, fire, and accessibility standards.

Light Pollution: Excess sky light created by human activities that interferes with astronomical observations and affects the environment.

Light-emitting Diode (LED): An electronic device that emits light when an electrical current is passed through it. LEDs are energy efficient and have a long lifespan (often more than 100,000 hours). The energy efficient nature of LEDs allows them to produce brighter light than other types of bulbs while using significantly less energy to produce the same amount of light. An LED fixture can produce the same amount of light as a comparable HID for roughly 10% of the electrical consumption/usage.

Lighting System: The system used to provide illumination of the work areas within and around radio equipment enclosure, subsystem or antenna support structure.

Limit of Retention/Retainage: The longest time period in which money can be held back for paying a contractor for rendered services to ensure all sub-contractors have been paid.

Limited Common Area: Fully enclosed space that services more than one floor (and not accommodating occupant's personnel, furniture or equipment) at less than the entire building.

Linear Measurement: A measure of length, such as feet or miles.

Lion-Tailing: The removal of all the inner lateral branches and foliage from a limb. This process hollows out the interior foliage, which may lead to a weakened branch.

Liquid Assets: Cash or assets that can be immediately converted to cash (or easily convertible into cash).

Liquid Injection: Fertilizer introduction into the soil by means of a probe.

None: A sum specified in a contract whereby damages in the event of breach are predetermined. In construction contracts, liquidated damages usually are specified as a fixed sum per day for failure to complete the work within a specified time. If set at a level consistent with a reasonable forecast of actual harm to the owner, liquidated damage clauses will be upheld and will preclude use of standards

for computation of damages that would otherwise be imposed by law. If the amount prescribed for liquidated damages is unreasonably high, the provision will be denominated an illegal penalty by the courts and held invalid; in such cases, damages will be determined pursuant to otherwise applicable rules of law.

Listed Hazardous Waste: "By definition, EPA determined that some specific wastes are hazardous. These wastes are incorporated into lists published by EPA and are organized into three categories: 1. The F-list (non-specific source wastes). This list identifies wastes from common manufacturing and industrial processes, such as solvents that have been used in cleaning or degreasing operations. Because the processes producing these wastes can occur in different sectors of industry, the F-listed wastes are known as wastes from non-specific sources. Wastes included on the F-list can be found in the regulations at 40 CFR 261.31. 2.The K-list (source-specific wastes). This list includes certain wastes from specific industries, such as petroleum refining or pesticide manufacturing. 3.The P-list and the U-list (discarded commercial chemical products). These lists include specific commercial chemical products in an unused form. Some pesticides and some pharmaceutical products become hazardous waste when discarded. Wastes included on the P- and U-lists can be found in the regulations at 40 CFR 261.33. "

Littoral Drift: The material moved, such as sand or gravel, in the littoral zone (shallow water near shore) under the influence of waves and currents.

Load Shifting: Rescheduling certain operations to lower peak demand and shift operations that are not time-sensitive to periods of the day (or week) when peak rates are lower.

Loading Capacity: A weight per square meter (square foot) measurement in buildings indicating the capacity for a building structure (usually flooring systems) to sustain weight.

Loam: The textural class name for soil that has a moderate amount of sand, silt, and clay. Loam soils contain 7 to 27 percent clay, 28 to 50 percent silt, and less than 52 percent sand.

Loan Funds: Funds to be lent to students, faculty, or staff. When both principal and interest on the loans are lendable, they are included in the loan funds group. If only the income from a fund is lendable, the principal is included in the endowment and similar funds group. The cumulative income, however, constitutes the loan fund.

Local Distribution Company (LDC): Local distribution companies, delivering various types of utilities to the campus, i.e., electricity, natural gas, etc.

Lock-Out Tag-Out: Program under the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), addresses the control and management of energized sources such as electricity, steam, hydraulics, and other sources that can cause injury.

Logistics: The detailed coordination of a complex operation involving many people, facilities, or supplies. The process of planning, implementing, and controlling the efficient, effective flow and storage of goods, services and related information from their point of origin to point of consumption for the purpose of satisfying customer requirements; The procurement, supply, maintenance, and transferring goods through manufacture, storage, and transportation to business customers and end consumers.

Long-term Debt: Debt with a maturity of more than one year after the date of issuance.

Low-cost/No-cost Initiatives: Initiatives that fit into the operational budget and normal operating work procedures, not requiring any special or additional funding.

Low-intensity Recreation: Recreation that does not require developed facilities and can be accommodated without change to the area of resource. Boating, hunting, hiking, wildlife photography, and beach or shore activities are examples of low-intensity recreation.

Lumen: The measure of the perceived power of light. The unit of luminous flux. One foot candle is one lumen per square foot. One lux is one lumen per square meter.

Lux: A metric system measurement of the amount of light on a square meter of surface exposed to one lumen.

Macadam/Tarmac/Tarmacadam: (1) A paving for roads or other surfaces, formed by grading and compacting layers of crushed stone or gravel. The top layer(s) are usually bound by asphaltic material, acting to stabilize the stone, provide a smoother surface, and seal against water penetration. (2) The crushed stone used in a macadamized surface.

Macro Programming: The process of defining user needs at a high level and developing a strategic statement of requirements that reflects general space requirements per person and business unit but omits schedules or detailed analyses of specific spaces/services.

Macro-level Space Forecasts: Organization-wide forecasts that identify major strategic changes in space needs over the planning horizon. For example whether to build or lease a larger space than necessary to meet forecasted space needs, or where and when a plant should be opened or closed.

Maintain: Support, keep, and continue in an original state or condition without decline.

Maintenance Impact Statement: An assessment process used to document impacts on an agencys maintenance operating budget and organization in terms of dollar costs of operating and maintaining a proposed facility or program. Provides a focus beyond the initial investment on the long-term financial and organizational impact of each option considered.

Maintenance Measurement: The measurement of aspects of maintenance in order to provide the feedback necessary to adjust the overall maintenance plan.

Maintenance Performance: A measure of the effectiveness of labor; calculated as a ratio of time allowed divided by time taken on a series of jobs completed during a given period. For example, if a job is determined to require 10 hours to complete, yet the workers take 20 hours, the performance is only 50 percent.

Maintenance Period: The time period in which the contractor provides routine maintenance services for a deliverable as part of the contract.

Maintenance Quality/Service Levels: The APPA levels are Showpiece Facility, Comprehensive Stewardship, Managed Care, Reactive Management, and Crisis Response.

Maintenance Requirements: Specific criteria established for guidance in carrying out maintenance tasks.

Maintenance Standards: Activities or individual work elements that support maintenance requirements.

Major Maintenance: Unplanned repairs and replacement, paid from the capital funds budget, that must be accomplished but that is not funded by normal maintenance resources received in the annual operating budget cycle.

Major Vertical Penetrations (MVPs): Major openings in a floor to accommodate vertical building elements, such as stairs, elevator shafts, utility tunnels, flues, pipe shafts, vertical ducts, and their enclosing walls.

Management: (1) the conduct of business to accomplish a goal by planning, organizing and staffing, leading, and directing and controlling an organization; (2) the judicious use and control of resources and subordinates to achieve business objectives.

Management Accounting: Relates to the provision of accounting information for an organizations internal users. It is the organizations internal accounting system, designed to support the information needs of managers. Unlike financial accounting, management accounting is not bound by any specific accounting standards. Also known as managerial accounting.

Management Unit: An area or group of areas that is managed under a single management plan.

Mandatory Transfers: Transfers arising out of binding legal agreements related to the financing of the educational plant such as amounts for debt retirement, interest, and required provisions for plant renewals and replacements that are not financed from other sources. Also, transfers arising out of grant agreements with federal government agencies, donors, and other organizations to match gifts and grants to loan funds or other funds.

Manifest: The sheet showing the inventory of the trailers contents.

Marina: Marina facilities are primarily for marine operations that may include piers, jetties, seawalls, docks, bulkheads, boat launch, harbor masters office, restrooms, picnic area, parting, etc.

MARS: Commercially available software developed by Whitestone Research. It forecasts both deferred maintenance and future requirements on the basis of asset components and their scheduled maintenance and repair.

Material Lien: A secured interest in a property to protect against defaults in payments to suppliers of materials used to improve said property.

Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS): A safety data sheet (SDS), material safety data sheet (MSDS), or product safety data sheet (PSDS) is an important component of product stewardship and occupational safety and health. and spill-handling procedures. SDS formats can vary from source to source within a country depending on national requirements.

Matrix: A rectangular array of mathematical elements that can be combined to form sums and products.

Matrix structural model: A modified functional/structural model that relies on both line and staff management to increase the integration between vertical chains of command or to enable teamwork.

Positions with both a line and staff reporting relationship have a dual reporting relationship (i.e., two bosses).

Measuring Space: Agreed upon methods for measuring the space of a building such as when determining the total square meters (feet) to be charged as part of a lease.

Mechanic: A position that provides expertise in the maintenance of a variety of pieces of equipment generally related to landscape maintenance operations. This position usually requires a moderate to extensive education and experience in the maintenance and repair of equipment.

Mechanical Engineer: An engineer that designs the heating, cooling, and ventilation systems for a building.

Mechanical, Electrical, Plumbing (MEP): Refers to mechanical, electrical and plumbing. Internationally, MEP may be referred to as civil drawings.

Mechanic's Lien: A claim that attaches to improvements on real property and to the land itself for the purpose of securing priority of payment for the value of work, labor, or services performed or materials furnished in making improvements to the property.

Media: Each of the regulatory acts enacted under the EPA: CAA, CWA, CERCLA, EPCRA, FIFRA, RCRA, TSCA, among others. EPA inspectors typically audit by media and in small teams at institutions.

Mediation: The act of a third person who attempts to persuade two or more parties to a dispute to adjust or settle their problem.

Medical Waste: Also known as clinical waste, normally refers to waste products that cannot be considered general waste, produced from healthcare premises, such as hospitals, clinics, doctors offices, veterinary hospitals and labs.

Medium-cost Initiatives: Initiatives that require money and effort outside of the normal budget or significant work hours of the FM team.

Metric System: The international System of Units (SI) used for measurement by the entire world with the significant exception being the US.

Mezzanine: A floor structure within the exterior walls of a building and between two floors, capable of supporting personnel, equipment, storage or manufacturing.

Millwork: Construction for custom-made facility furniture including cabinetry, special wood trim, or shelves.

Mission Statement: The benefit the organization provides to customers and other stakeholders.

Mitigate: Adopt or apply preventive measures to reduce probability and/or severity of identified risks.

Municipal Waste (MW): Waste consisting of everyday items that are discarded by the public. Also known as trash.

Node: An enlarged region of the stem that is generally solid, where leaves are attached and buds may be located. Stems have nodes, but roots do not.

Overhead: Elements of cost needed to produce an article or to perform a service that cannot be easily or accurately charged to the product or service. Overhead items usually relate to those objects of expenditure that do not become an integral part of the finished product or service. Examples are rent, heat, light office supplies, and insurance.

Period: Time interval covered by a financial statement; usually one year for external statements but often less (month or quarter) for internal statements.

Phase Environmental: Report stating any environmental issues onsite, typically prior to construction.

Planned or Programmed Maintenance: Maintenance tasks whose cycle exceeds one year, such as painting, flood coating of roofs, overlays and seal coating of roads and parking lots, and digging of constricted utility lines.

Plans: The anticipated use of resources, timelines, and the sequence of tasks necessary to accomplish the goals of a project.

Presentism: The measure of lost productivity due to employees at work not being fully engaged because of personal health, family or life issues.

Principled Negotiation: An interest-based bargaining style based on several premises: Separate the people from the problem; focus on interests, not positions, invent options for mutual gain, and insist on use of objective criteria.

Purple Pipe: Used for irrigation using non potable, partially treated water.

Push Button Lever: A leveler that is not activated by a mechanical spring but uses electricity to activate a hydraulic pump, air cylinder or an air bag to raise the leveler into place. Typically costs 30% more to install but has significantly lower ongoing maintenance costs.

Radio Infrastructure Cabinet: An outdoor freestanding metal enclosure in various sizes, weatherproof and non-weatherproof, which houses the radio electronics equipment. Does not have space to permit human occupancy and equipment is services through access doors. Normally bolted to a concrete pad. Antenna, grounding and power distribution system are fed into the enclosure at a designed entry point.

Radio Infrastructure Concrete Pad: A form pour of reinforced concrete used to support a radio structure.

Rate: The amount of active ingredient material applied to a unit area (such as 1 acre or 1,000 square feet), regardless of the percentage of the chemical in the carrier.

Replacement Cost: The cost, as of a certain date, of a structure that can render similar service: but need not be of the same structural form: as the structure to be replaced.

Replacement Cycle: A regular cycle or schedule on which maintenance occurs for example, repainting every seven years.

Replacement of Obsolete Items: Work undertaken to bring a component or system into compliance with new codes or safety regulations or to replace an item that is unacceptable, inefficient, or for which spare parts can no longer be obtained.

Request for Information (RFI): Request clarification of construction documents after the award of contract.

Request for Proposals (RFP): An alternative or variation of competitive bidding, where interested contractors, designers, or vendors are asked to submit project work plans, and where cost is frequently not a primary consideration.

Request for Qualifications (RFQ): A process used by institutions wanting to identify potential consultants to provide assistance in completing specific tasks. Frequently used to narrow the potential field of architects and engineers to a short list of qualified respondents.

Requisition: A written demand or request, usually from one department to the purchasing officer or from one department to another department for a specified article or services.

Reserve (Financial): An account that records a portion of the fund balance that is allocated or set aside for some future use and is thus not otherwise available.

Residential Waste (RW): Includes such items as used oil, asbestos, construction debris, lead-based paint contaminated debris, or other items that do not fall under hazardous or universal waste. Also known as special waste.

Residual: A product that is capable of having a continued effect over a period of time, such as a pesticide.

Residual Pesticide: A pesticide that can destroy pests or prevent them from causing disease, damage, or destruction for a specified duration past the time of application.

Resource Conservation and Recovery Action (RCRA): Regulations dealing with solid waste, hazardous waste, universal waste, and underground storage tanks.

Resources: The actual assets of an entity, such as cash, land, and buildings plus contingent assets such as estimated revenue applying to current fiscal year not accrued or collected.

Restoration: Revitalizing, returning, or replacing original attributes and amenities, such as natural biological productivity or aesthetic and cultural resources, that have been diminished or lost by past alterations, activities, or catastrophic events. Specific remedial actions might include removing fills, installing water treatment facilities, rebuilding deteriorated urban waterfront areas, rehabilitating strip-mined areas, reestablishing prairies, and so on.

Restricted Funds: Funds limited to a specific use by outside agencies or persons. These are to be distinguished from funds over which the institution has complete control or freedom of use.

Resurfacing: A supplemental surface or replacement placed on an existing surface to improve its surface conformation or increase its strength.

Retainage: A portion of contractors earned funds withheld from each progress payment until the project is complete. 5 to 10% is a common amount withheld, and is used as leverage to insure that the work is indeed completed under contract.

Retained Earnings: The accumulated earnings of an enterprise that have been retained in the fund and that are not reserved for any specific purpose.

Retaining Wall: A wall, either freestanding or laterally braced, that bears against an earth or other fill surface and resists lateral and other forces from the material in contact with the side of the wall.

Retrocommissioning: Applying the building commissioning process to an existing building, or subsystem of the building, that has not previously been commissioned. Retrocommissioning will often require capital improvements. Retrocommissioning can also be applied to an existing building or subsystem that has previously been commissioned if the construction project entails extensive and substantive alterations or wholesale replacement of previously commissioned items.

Return on assets (ROA): A financial ratio that indicates how profitable an organization is relative to its total assets. It is calculated by taking net income divided by total assets, displayed as a percentage.

Return on equity (ROE): A financial ratio that reveals how much profit an organization has earned in comparison to the total amount of shareholder equity found on the balance sheet. It is calculated by taking net profit divided by equity, displayed as a percentage.

Return on investment (ROI): A performance measure used to evaluate the efficiency of an investment or to compare the efficiency of a number of different investments. The benefit (annual savings) of an investment divided by the cost of the investment.

Revenues: Cash or properties received in exchange for goods or services.

Rhizome: A prostrate, more or less elongated stem growing partly or completely beneath the surface of the ground and usually rooting at the nodes and becoming upcurved at the apex.

Right of Way: The areas existing or acquired by permanent easement for highway, utility, or other purposes; also, the areas acquired by temporary easement during the time the easement is in effect.

Rip Rap: (1) Irregularly broken and random-sized large pieces of quarry rock; individual stones ranging from very large (2 to 3 cubic yards, approximately 1.5 to 2.3 cubic meters) to very small (1/2 cubic foot, approximately 0.014 cubic meters); used for foundations and revetments. (2) A foundation or parapet of stones thrown together without any attempt at regular structural arrangement.

Riser: (1) The vertical face of a step or stepped ramp. (2) In irrigation, a short piece of pipe used to connect the irrigation head with the water supply line.

Road Bridge: A structure including supports erected over a depression or ab obstruction, such as water, highway, or railway, and having a track or passageway for carrying traffic or other moving loads, and having an opening measured along the center of the roadway of more than 20 feet between under croppings of abutments or spring lines of arches, or extreme ends of openings for multiple boxes. May

also include multiple pipes, where the clear distance between openings is less than half of the smaller contiguous opening (AASHTO).

Roadbed: The graded portion of a highway within top and side slopes prepared as a foundation for the pavement structure and shoulder.

Rodenticide: A substance or mixture of substances intended to prevent, destroy, repel, or mitigate rodents.

Rolling: Compacting turf or soils, usually by mechanical means; leveling uneven turf or soil surfaces.

Root Cause Analysis: The descending axis of the plant, without nodes and internodes, that absorbs nutrients and moisture from the ground and may store food.

Rounding: To change the value of recorded digits to some other value considered more desirable for the purpose at hand by dropping or changing certain digits.

Routine Repairs: Actions taken to restore a system or piece of equipment to its original capacity, efficiency, or capability. Routine repairs are not intended to increase significantly the capacity of the item involved. For example, replacing a failed boiler with a new unit of similar capacity would be a routine repair project. However, if the capacity of the new unit were double the capacity of the original unit, the cost of the extra capacity would have to be capitalized and would not be considered routine repair work.

RS Means: A for-profit company in the business of providing critical cost information to the construction industry, as well as annual O&M; costs to many types of organizations and institutions.

Run-to-Failure: A maintenance strategy in which no routine maintenance tasks are performed on the equipment. The only maintenance performed on the equipment is corrective maintenance, and then only after the equipment has suffered a failure.

Saddle: Safety equipment that is worn around the waist with loops for the legs of the climber. Originally made of rope with padding around the back and under the legs. Now made in various styles of canvas, nylon, and leather, equipped with D-rings or other means for attaching the climbing rope and/or buckstrap. Other rings or snap fasteners are used to attach a handsaw in scabbard, a paint can, and sometimes chisels and other tools for surgery and repair. Should be inspected daily for signs of damage or wear.

Scope Creep: An extension of the objective(s) of the project by external influences, resulting in undesirable and unplanned changes to a projects time, cost, and/or quality.

Securities: Bonds, notes, mortgages, or other forms of negotiable or nonnegotiable instruments.

Service Quotient: A measurement of how satisfied occupants are with their service at a given point in time.

Setback: Minimum distance that zoning ordinance requires must be maintained between a structure and property lines or between two structures.

Sharps: Contaminated object that can penetrate the skin including, but not limited to, needles, scalpels, broken glass, broken capillary tubes, and exposed ends of dental wires.

Shell Plan: Scale drawings of a buildings exterior walls and windows, permanent partitions, columns, and service functions. Also known as conceptual design plans.

Shinny: Method of climbing used when a tree has no limbs to climb on. Unlike climbing with spurs, in this method, the body is kept close to the trunk. First, the climber reaches high and grasps trunk or limb with both arms; then, pulling up with his or her arms, the climber arches the back and grasps the trunk with the legs. One leg goes around the opposite side of the trunk and the calf of the leg is pressed against the trunk. The other leg is placed with the knee and thigh against the trunk. The shinbone (hence, shinny) and ankle are placed against the near side of the trunk with the foot extending around opposite the knee. The climber grips the trunk with the legs to take the weight off the arms, which are extended as the body straightens and a fresh grip is taken. The climber repeats the process until he or she reaches a limb from which to work.

Shipping & Receiving: The two main operational departments located in the ware house. Receiving covers goods being shipped to the warehouse. Shipping covers goods being shipped from the warehouse.

Shoreline: The boundary line between a body of water and the land, measured on tidal waters as the mean highest high water mark and on nontidal waterways as the ordinary high water mark.

Short-term Debt: Debt that matures one year or less after the date of issuance.

Shot Pouch: A lead-filled throw weight used for placing a throw line into a tree. This device often replaces the older monkeyfist.

Sinking Fund: Cash or other assets, and the interest or other income earned from it, that are set apart for the retirement of a debt or for the protection of an investment in depreciable property.

Site Drainage: Removing water from a site by surface or subsurface drainage.

Slats: The horizontal formed steel components that comprise a rolling steel door curtain.

Slip Sheets: Thin pallet-sized sheets made of plastic, heavy laminated kraft paperboard, or corrugated fiberboard used in commercial shipping. Often, these replace the use of traditional wooden pallets. The unit load is usually stretch wrapped or shrink wrapped for stability. A sheet material placed between two components of a roof assembly to ensure that no adhesion occurs between them, and/or to prevent possible damage from chemical incompatibility, wearing or abrasion of the membrane.

Sludge: The solid part of sewage water treatment. Can be used as a soil amendment because of organic content and fertility.

SMART: An acronym that indicates the necessary elements for goal setting. SMART goals are specific, measurable, achievable, realistic, and timely.

Snatch Block: A special block constructed so that the casing can be opened on one side to receive a loop of rope around the pulley. This configuration eliminates the need to thread the rope through the block. These blocks are used with a bull rope to pull up large sections of a tree during removal

operations. The block is chained to the trunk. The rope is tied onto the limb, run through the crotch of the gin pole and down through the snatch block, and fastened to the grounds maintenance vehicle used to pull up the limb after it has been cut part way off. Once the limb is pulled up, it is completely cut off. Often a butt rope is used to help guide the limb as the vehicle slowly moves forward to let it down.

Snubbing: Technique used to control a work rope. The running end of the rope is given one or two turns around a limb or the trunk of the tree. The friction of the rope absorbs the pull of the limb being lowered to the ground so that the climber or ground worker can control a weight that could not be held with the arms alone. Care must be used so that the friction does not burn the rope. Snubbing is also used in pulling up limbs. In this case, the bull rope is pulled up a few inches at a time and the snubber takes up the slack and holds it while the workers who are pulling get a fresh grip or rest.

Soffit: Upper wall area where lighting for front entry may be located.

Soft Benefits: Intangible outcomes from a policy or program. They are harder to quantify but can be expressed in terms of monetary values.

Soft Costs: Internal costs, such as salary/time of employees involved in managing the move; downtime and loss of productivity of employees being moved.

Soil Compaction: The process of increasing soil density primarily as a result of excessive wear. In compacted soils, particles are pressed or packed together with few large air pores or interstices.

Soils Engineer: An engineer that is licensed to analyze soil conditions and produce design criteria used by the structural engineer to design the structural systems for a building.

Source Reduction (or Waste Prevention): Designing products to reduce the amount of waste that will later need to be thrown away and also to make the resulting waste less toxic.

Space Programming: To determine user needs for amount and configuration/features of physical space based on user role or business unit/department needs.

Spatial Differentiation: The distance between sites and the total number of sites in an organization.

Spatial Program Validation: Evaluation of proposed building designs for conformance and programmed space requirements.

Special Provisions: Specific directions, provisions, requirements, and revisions of the specifications peculiar to the work under consideration that are not satisfactorily provided for in the specifications. Special provisions set forth the final contractual intent as to the matter involved. The special provisions included in the contract shall not operate to annul those portions of the specifications with which they are not in conflict.

Spending Policy: In investing for total return, the portion of earnings allocated for current operating purposes. It is expressed as a percentage of market value and is sometimes called the "payout rate." The term "earnings" includes the sum of net realized and unrealized appreciation or shrinkage in portfolio value plus dividend and interest income. A prudent spending policy would protect the endowment from loss of purchasing power before appropriating gains.

Sprinkler or Irrigation Specialist: A position that provides expertise in the installation and maintenance of irrigation systems. This position generally requires considerable education in hydraulics and a specified level of experience and/or certification.

Spurs: Tools used for climbing. Developed and used by line workers for climbing utility poles, these climbing irons are often worn by climbers for removing trees or in the event of emergency. Because the gaffs leave a wound in the tree at every step, they should not be used for trimming or repair work. Spurs are fastened to the inside of the leg below the knee with the straps at knee and ankle. The gaff is in position on the inside of the instep. The climbing technique with spurs is almost the opposite of that used by a climber who is shinnying up a tree. When climbing with spurs, the knee is inclined away from the trunk or limb to prevent the gaff from cutting out.

Square Footage: Square footage is the building floor area, and it can be calculated as either gross or net square footage. No uniform standard for computing building area for all types of buildings yet exists, and architects, builders and realtors each measure square footage differently.

Stack Plan: A vertical section drawn through a building showing which organizational groups occupy which floors.

Staff Management: A horizontal chain of command reporting relationship designed to cut across multiple vertical chains of command. Staff management functions could include project management, human resources, and quality.

Standard Costs: A predetermined cost of performing an operation efficiently under reasonable and normal conditions. Normal conditions exist when there is an absence of extraordinary factors affecting the quality or quantity of the work performed, or the time or method of performing it.

Standing Operating Order (SOO): A work order (WO) for a predictable, routine services that can be planned in advance and occur on a regular basis. These may include inspections and established preventive maintenance. Some facility managers include non-core services such as custodial, waste collection, food services, and grounds maintenance as standing operating orders that are automatically included as work reception inputs.

Standing Work Order: A work order (WO) that is left open either indefinitely or for a pre-determined period of time for the purpose of collecting labor hours and/or supplies/materials costs for which it has been decided that individual work orders should not be raised. Examples would include standing work orders raised to collect time spent at safety meetings, or in general housekeeping activities.

Statement of Cash Flows: A financial statement used to show cash levels across the operating period, so as to ensure that predicted liabilities due to be paid at any given time do not exceed the ability to pay.

Statement of Shareholders Equity: A financial statement that starts with the balances from the end of the prior period and shows changes due to net income (loss) and dividends for the period or any new issuances or repurchases of stock.

Statue of Limitations: Statute declaring that no suit shall be maintained on a cause of action unless brought within a specified period of time after the right to bring suit accrues.

Sterilant: A pesticide that kills all forms of a particular organism in a certain area.

Stewardship: The duties and responsibilities required to properly manage a property with regard to the environment and the rights of others. The role of guardian of the campuss physical facilities assets and built environment.

Stilling Basin: An energy or velocity dissipater of water that uses a stilling pool for primary dissipation.

Stomata: Small openings, bordered by guard cells, in the epidermis of leaves and stems.

Stormwater Management: The management of storm water runoff, often using water retention facilities, to provide a controlled release into receiving streams. Storm-water runoff occurs when precipitation from rain or snowmelt ?ows over the ground.

Strategic Objective: A measurable goal that you commit to achieve by a specific date. "To be a showcase facility" might be part of a facility purpose statement; "To have at least 98% planned rather than corrective maintenance by the end of the year" might be an FM strategic objective.

Strategic Plan: An outline of the direction of an organization; it outlines broad, long-term, significant plans and the methods and actions by which the organization will operate.

Strategic Planning: A method by which organizations are able to facilitate improvement to enhance productivity, communication, morale or motivation, team spirit, sense of purpose, and confidence. The plan relies on clear objectives with a common understanding by all the participants.

Strategy: The science of planning that involves developing a scheme (a program of action to attain a goal), using artful means, or creating an advantageous position to best accomplish important goals.

Stretch Goals: Goals that are deliberately set to be more challenging than SMART goals and usually require opportunities or risks to be realized favorably and/or a significant improvement in processes or results as measured by improvements in quality, quantity, time, or cost.

Strict Liability: Liability without negligence.

Structural Engineer: An engineer that is licensed to design the structural systems for a building.

Stub: Short piece of limb left when a limb or twig is removed by a pruner or a saw when using the three-cut method. Also used to describe the standing trunk after the foliage and limbwood have been topped out.

None: Items that the contractor must submit to the architect for review and approval including such items as, shop drawings, product data, samples, mock-ups, test results, warranties, maintenance manuals, etc.

Substantial Completion: A clearly defined checkpoint in the time of construction where the building or renovated space is ready for occupancy with only minor punch list items to be completed. Also known as practical completion.

Success Criteria: The combination of conditions that must be met or satisfied for a project, plan, or task to be considered a success. Success criteria are specific, measurable, and agreed upon by stakeholders.

Succession Planning: The process of identifying critical or key positions in the organization and developing a plan to provide coverage for those positions in the event the present employee is unable to work for an extended period or leaves the organization altogether.

Supplier Relationship Management: The development of enhanced relationships with key FM suppliers, vendors, and professional service providers to fulfill mutual goals, ensure mutual profitability, meet facility requirements, and build trust.

Support Maintenance: Discretionary work not required for the presentation or functioning of a building. May be operational (standby at a function such as graduation), minor trades work (hanging pictures), special event setups, or even minor alteration or construction. Support maintenance is often done to enhance an academic program, recruiting effort, or public relations event. It is also the service that the facilities department delivers for light customer service activities that every office-style building demands.

Support Space: Space for functions other than workstations occupied by staff.

Surplus: An amount of something left over when requirements have been met; an excess of production or supply over demand

Suspense Account: An account that carries charges or credits temporarily, pending the determination of the proper account or accounts to which they are to be posted.

Sustainability "Sweet Spot": The intersection of social, environmental and economic aspects on the Triple Bottom Line, where the pursuit of profits seamlessly blends with the pursuit of the common good.

Sustainability Audit: The method for recording important facility characteristics, including utility use and waste stream as well as other quantitative attributes. It also includes an evaluation of the policy, practices and procedures that relate and contribute to sustainable facility management.

Sustainability Policy: A working document that provides guidance and instruction on how to create and operate a socially, environmentally and economically sustainable practice within the organization.

Swing Space: Temporary space dedicated to displaced workers until permanent space is finished.

Synthetic Minor Operating Permit: Similar to a Title V permit, but with reduced reporting of air emissions, the operating permit program requires that certain sources obtain a permit that consolidates all of the applicable requirements for the facility into one document and submit those requirements to the state agency for a determination of applicability. The finding of determination is typically either a Synthetic Minor operating permit or a Title V permit.

Systems Furniture: Furniture that is modularly designed to be assembled in one or more possible configurations. Also called workstations.

T-12 Lamps: The larger size diameter of fluorescent lamps/bulbs that are not energy efficient. T-12 lamps have been regulated out of existence. T-12 lamps that are in still in place produce 70 lumens per watt.

T-5 Lamps: The smaller size of fluorescent lamps/bulbs that produce 100+ lumens per watt.

Tack Coat: Asphalt oil, usually emulsion type, applied to existing pavement during repairs or overlay paving to create a bond between the old and new asphalt.

Tactical Plan: A detailed set of steps needed to accomplish a goal in the strategic plan.

Task Lighting: More focused light intended to illuminate a small surface area.

Task Maintenance: The deployment of specifically trained crews that each perform specific groundskeeping tasks and that move from one area to another of a site, such as a park or campus, doing all work of a particular type as needed. Examples include a tree crew or an irrigation crew.

Task(s): A function to be performed that always consumes time and may consume resources. In contract proposals, a unit of work that is sufficiently well defined so that, within the context of related tasks, readiness criteria, completion criteria, cost and schedule can all be determined. Also known as activity.

Tautline Hitch: The standard climbing knot used by arborists to tie in.

Taxonomy: That branch of science dealing with description, naming, and classification of types or kinds of plants.

Team: A group of people who have a common goal and who help each other to achieve that goal.

Telecommunication System: An external system that supports building infrastructure requirements for communications. It includes but is not limited to radio, telephone, intercom, emergency equipment, security and safety systems, low or high water level alarms, etc. May include cabling, wiring, radio base stations, repeaters, antennas, satellite dishes and switching devices.

Temporary Loans: Short-term obligations representing amounts borrowed for a short period of time and usually evidenced by notes payable or warrants payable. They may be unsecured or secured by specific revenues to be collected.

Tenant Improvement (TI) Allowance: Funds set aside by a landlord in accordance with a building standard for use by a tenant to make the space suitable for occupancy. The size of the allowance can vary by the duration of the lease. Also known as tenant finish allowance.

Tenant improvement (TI) Building Standards: Standard building materials and qualities as identified by the landlord that are to be provided as part of the base rent to the tenant to improve tenant premises. Normally defined are items such as partitioning, doors, hardware, ceiling, lighting, window and floor coverings, a specified number of telephone and electrical outlets, and HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning systems).

Term Endowment: Funds that donors or other outside agencies have contributed to an institution with certain terms or conditions attached and that, only upon the occurrence of a particular event or upon passage of a stipulated date, can be expended.

Terrestrial: (1) A plant growing in the air with its basal parts in wet or dry soil. (2) A term related to land.

Tertiary Area: Space allowing flow of people through assignable spaces.

Test Fit: A scale drawing showing a proposed layout of space for business units or departments to determine if the space can adequately address space requirements.

Thatch: An intermingled layer of living and dead stems, leaves, and roots of grasses that develops between the layer of green vegetation and the soil surface.

Thermal Bowing: Phenomena typical with insulated wall panels. The effects of temperature along with the separation of the two concrete wythes results in daily movement of L/360. For a 30ft tall building this is one inch daily movement.

Thinning: The selective removal of branches in the crown by removing a branch at the point of attachment or to a large lateral. This process typically includes crown cleaning. It increases light penetration and air movement in the crown.

Third Party Logistics Provider(3PL): A third-party logistics provider (abbreviated 3PL, or sometimes TPL) is a firm that provides a one stop shop service to its customers of outsourced (or "third party") logistics services for part, or all of their supply chain management functions. Types of services would include public warehousing, contract warehousing, transportation management, distribution management, freight consolidation.

Three-cut Method: Technique for removing limbs when pruning to prevent the limb from peeling the bark down the trunk and creating a larger wound. First, the limb is undercut about a foot from the trunk. The rule of thumb is to cut until the saw pinches. The next cut is made from the top a few inches farther out. If the limb is heavier than the climber can hold, a butt rope should be tied on and snubbed to the trunk or to another crotch nearby. This cut is made until the limb breaks off, leaving a stub or plug. The final cut is made close to the trunk to promote rapid healing of the wound. Because new growth takes place parallel to the sap flow, the flush cut heals easily from the edges. Very little healing will take place when a stub is left.

Throwing Knot: A knot made in the end of a light work rope (1-1/4 to 3/8 inch in diameter) or climbing rope (1/2-inch diameter) so that it may be thrown high into the tree or from one part of the tree to another. Weight is needed to carry the rope through foliage and let it drop down through a crotch to the ground. Two types of knots are used. The first is the closed knot, such as the monkey fist, that remains tied and weights the end of the rope as it is whipped through the crotch, gradually dropping the rope within reach. The second is the open or slipper knot, in which (a) the rope is wound onto the arm a sufficient number of turns, then (b) a half-dozen wraps are taken around the loops to hold them, and finally a loop is pulled through the top of the loops. This loop becomes the throwing handle and pulls out (or is pulled out) once the rope is through the crotch. This action releases the wrapping turns, and the rope unwinds and falls to the ground (or within reach without the need of whipping a long length of rope through the crotch).

Tier 2 Reports: EPCRA Title III annual report that is submitted to state and local emergency planning commission (LEPC) agencies. Must be based on actual chemical inventories at the institution and include any chemical at the institution over 10,000 lbs. (including salt and sand) and any chemical over the Threshold Planning Quantity (TPQ) on the EPCRA List of Lists [a list of approximately 300 chemicals, of which sulfuric acid, formaldehyde, gasoline, and diesel/#2 fuel oil are the most commonly reported chemicals].

Tilth: Refers to cultivated soil that is easily crumbled and has a good organic content or to the physical condition of the soil.

Tilt-Up: A term used to explain products cast on site. This construction is typically done in warmer climates and regions that have right to work agreements.

Timber-R-R: This warning cry of the woods is well known but is still functional in alerting people in the area that a tree, trunk, or large section is to be dropped. It is an important safety measure because the results of several tons of wood hitting the ground are unpredictable.

Time: The average time necessary for a qualified craftsperson or an adequately qualified individual working at a normal pace, following prescribed methods, working under capable supervision, and experiencing only normal delays to perform a defined amount of work of a specified quality.

Time of Concentration: The time required for storm runoff to flow from the most remote point.

Time Value of Money (TVM) Principle: A principle which states that a dollar in hand is worth more than a dollar to be received in the future because it can either be consumed immediately or put to work to earn a return.

Title III: A section of 1990s Americans With Disabilities Act that deals specifically with how public accommodations provide goods and services to individuals with disabilities, on an equal basis with the non-disabled public.

Title IV Permit: The operating permit program requires that major industrial sources and certain other sources obtain a permit that consolidates all of the applicable requirements for the facility into one document. The purpose of Title V permits is to reduce violations of air pollution laws and improve enforcement of those laws. This also requires monthly or quarterly reporting of air emissions and occasional upgrades to the permit itself.

Tolerance: The relative capacity of a plant or species to withstand cold, heat, wind, sunlight, and so on.

Tool Room Coordinator: A position that conducts inventory, maintenance, and distribution for a collective tool system.

Top Out: Technique involving the removal of brush and pole wood, leaving only the trunk and main scaffold of branches standing. This technique is used during storm emergencies so that once the broken tree is safe, the crew moves on to another emergency. It may also be used when the trunks are to be removed, stumps and all, by bulldozer as part of a construction process. Finally, crews may be organized for greater efficiency by using a task force of climbers with a tower truck to top out and another crew with a crane truck to fell the trunk and load the logs.

Topdressing: Spreading a thin layer of material over an existing area of turf. This layer may include inert materials, such as good quality sand or calcined clay, and mixtures of inert materials with organic materials, such as compost. Topdressing is frequently used on golf course greens and other sports fields that require a smooth surface.

Topiary: The cutting and trimming of shrubs and trees, especially evergreens, into odd or ornamental shapes, thus producing an effect entirely different from that produced by the natural growing habits of the plant. A formal pruning method.

Topographic Survey: The process of determining the configuration of a surface, including its relief and the locations of its natural and manmade features, usually recorded on a drawing showing surface variations by means of contour lines indicating height above sea level.

Topping: Cutting back limbs to a stub, bud, or lateral branch that is not large enough to assume the role as the terminal branch. Sometimes referred to as heading back, stubbing, pollarding, or hatracking.

Topsoil: (1) The surface or upper layer of soil, as distinct from the subsoil; usually contains more organic matter. (2) A broad term for imported soil for landscape purposes.

Tort Feasor: Any civil wrong, not arising out of contract, for which the law provides a remedy, such as negligence, defamation, assault and battery, and so on.

Total Cost of Ownership (TCO)/Life-cycle Cost Management: A dollar per square foot value associated with a facility. It is a calculation of all facility-specific costs (not including furnishings or nonfacility-specific equipment) divided by estimated life span of the building (30 or 50 years) and the total gross area. Facility-specific costs include all construction, preservation, maintenance, and operations costs. A strategic asset management practice considers all costs of operations and maintenance in addition to acquisition costs. TCO, therefore, includes the sum total of the present value of all direct, indirect, recurring, and nonrecurring costs incurred or estimated to be incurred in the design, development, production, operation, maintenance, and renewal of a facility, structure, or asset over its anticipated life span. (This total is inclusive of site/utilities, new construction, deferred maintenance, preventive/routine maintenance, renovation, compliance, capital renewal, and occupancy costs. Land values are specifically excluded.)

Total Quality Management (TQM): A formal quality process that includes an intense focus on the customer, involvement of all stakeholders, and quantitative methods for continual improvement.

Total Return: The sum of net realized and unrealized appreciation or shrinkage in portfolio value plus yield (dividend and interest income).

Toxic: A poisonous chemical factor that is injurious to animals or plants through contact or systemic action.

Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA): United States law, passed by the United States Congress in 1976 and administered by the United States Environmental Protection Agency, that regulates the introduction of new or already existing chemicals. When the TSCA was put into place, all existing chemicals were considered to be safe for use and subsequently grandfathered in.

Tracing: Trimming the edges of a wound with a hooked knife, sometimes a mallet and chisel as well, back to tight bark. All loose ends should be removed. This technique not only removes shelter for insects and lodging places for fungus spores but also removes the temptation for children to grasp the loose end and rip loose a greater piece. General practice indicates that tracing the wound to an oval with pointing at top and bottom makes a good-looking job. Recent studies of healing, however, indicate that rounder tracings heal faster.

Tractor: A truck that has a cab but no body; used for pulling large trailers or vans. The tractor is the driver compartment and engine of the truck. It has two or three axles. A short truck consisting of the driver's cab, designed to pull a large trailer. Truck designed primarily to pull a semitrailer by means of a fifth wheel mounted over the rear axle(s). Sometimes called a truck tractor or highway tractor to differentiate from it from a farm tractor.

Transfer(s): Responding to risk by moving the financial or resource effects of a risk to a third party (e.g., contractor or insurance).

Turnover: The movement and relocation of occupants within an organization.

Value Analysis Concept Stage: Value analysis occurs at the conceptual/schematic stage of project development and considers project scope, need, alternatives, and cost. All the various solutions or alternatives available to meet the identified needs are considered and a preferred alternative is selected. Recommendations provided by the analysis to develop the selected alternative have a high probability of being included in subsequent stage of project development. At the conclusion of the analysis, project scope is well defined and major activities required for further project development have been identified.

Value Analysis Design Stage: Value analysis at the design stage occurs when the design process is approximately 30% - 50% complete. A thorough review of existing design documents and plans identifies value in alternatives and modifications. Major asset components are identified and reviewed for performance, reliability, quality, and value. Analysis provides recommendations for modifications to design to enhance value.

Vertical Boundary: Any boundary of a unit that is not a horizontal boundary.

Viable: Fertile, in terms of a plants capacity to germinate or grow; alive. A viable seed will sprout under moist or other special conditions, according to the type of seed.

Waste: Any output from the product system which is disposed of.

Water Related: Uses that are not directly dependent on access to a water body but that provide goods or services that are directly associated with water-dependent land or waterway use. If such uses are not located adjacent to water, the result is a public loss of quality in the goods or services offered. Except as necessary for water-dependent or water-related uses or facilities, residences, parking lot spoil and sump sites, roads and highways, restaurants, businesses, factories, and trailer parks are not generally considered dependent on or related to water location needs.

Work: The construction, equipment, and services described in the construction documents to be provided by the contractor.

Work Letter: A document that includes building standards plus any additional items to be paid for by the landlord or by the tenant; the letter specifics who is responsible for each item. Also known as building standard work letter.

Work Program: A description of what work is to be done, how much is to be done, and when it is to be accomplished.