TIMELINE 01
02
03
04
05
THE STREET IN THE AIR
THE SINKING OF THE SOCIAL CHEAPER, FASTER, LIGHTER THE ELEGANCE OF THE CONDENSER AND TALLER DISSIDENT
THE PROJECT AS SCRIPT
CONVENTO DEI FILIPPINI Francesco Borromini 1637-1667
FRANCISCO TERRACE Frank Lloyd Wright 1895
PHALANSTÈRE Charles Fourier 1829
VERTICAL CITY Ludwig Hilberseimer 1927-1935 MAISONS JAOUL Le Corbusier 1937. 1954-1956
A&P Smithson
JUSTUS VAN EFFEN COMPLEX Michiel Brinkman 1919-1922
Le Corbusier
NARKOMFIN DOM-KOMMUNA Moisei Ginzburg, Ignaty Milinis 1928-1930-1932
Le Corbusier
CITÉ DE LA MUETTE Beaudouin, Lods, Mopin, Bodiansky 1931-1934
UNITÉ D’HABITATION Le Corbusier 1934. 1946-1952 PARK HILL Lynn, Smith, Womersley 1959-1961
ROBIN HOOD GARDENS Alison and Peter Smithson 1966-1972
BORSALINO HOUSING Ignazio Gardella 1948-1952
R. Venturi P. Eisenman R. Banham
CORSO ITALIA COMPLEX Luigi Moretti 1949-1956
UNITÉ D’HABITATION Le Corbusier 1934. 1946-1952
GOLDEN LANE (competition) Alison and Peter Smithson 1952
PAMPUS J. H. van den Broek y J. B. Bakema 1965
E. N. Rogers R. Banham
BARCELONETA HOUSING Coderch, Valls 1952-1954
LA GRAND’MARE Lods, Depondt, Beauclair 1968-1970
VANNA VENTURI HOUSE Robert Venturi 1959-1964 STONE HOUSE Herzog & de Meuron 1982-1988
PARALLAX AS GENERATOR Steven Holl 1988
IROKO HOUSING Haworth Tompkins 2002
8 HOUSE BIG 2010
ZAC SEGUIN HOUSING Diener & Diener 2010
EX-JUNGHANS HOUSING Cino Zucchi 1997-2002 OOSTCAMPUS Carlos Arroyo 2012
06
07
08
09
10
AN EXQUISITE GHETTO
CRISTAL LIQUIDE
SLOW CITY
BUILDING MOODS
MY TERRACE, IN FRONT OF MY HOUSE, OVER YOURS
KATSURA PALACE Prince Toshihito 1620-1663
ADELPHI Robert Adams and brothers 1768-1772
IVIRON MONASTERY Ioannis, Efthymios 980-983
BANDIAGARA Dogon village 1770 CASA DEL SOLE Innocenzo Sabbatini 1926-1929
MAIDAN OF ISFAHAN 1598-1629
ALBANY COVERED WALK Unknown author 1803
PLAN OBÚS Le Corbusier 1933
HANNA RESIDENCE Frank Lloyd Wright 1934-1936
SVAPPAVAARA Ralph Erskine 1961-1963
CHEMICAL ARCHITECTURE William Katavolos 1961
PALAIS ROYAL Jacques Lemercier et al. 1633 LE HAVRE REDEVELOPMENT Auguste Perret 1945-1964
MURANO RESIDENCE Togo Murano 1940-1980
ORPHANAGE Aldo van Eyck 1958-1960
LE VAUDREUIL NEW TOWN Atelier de Montrouge 1967-1968 Unbuilt project
R. Banham FACULTY OF MEDICINE Lucien Kroll 1969-1974
R. Koolhaas BARBICAN Chamberlin, Powell, Bon, Arup 1955-1983
RÉSIDENCE DU POINT DU JOUR Fernand Pouillon 1957-1963
R. Koolhaas
INCLIPAN Claude Parent 1974
HILLSIDE TERRACE Fumihiko Maki 1967-1998 C. Jencks R. Banham
BYKER REGENERATION Ralph Erskine 1969-1982 GALLARATESE BLOCK D Aldo Rossi, (Carlo Aymonino) 1967-1974
CODAN SHINONOME Riken Yamamoto, Kengo Kuma, Toyo Ito, et al. 2003
I. Scalbert
JEANNE HACHETTE COMPLEX Jean Renaudie 1970-1975
MORIYAMA HOUSE Ryue Nishizawa 2005
EDEN BIO Edouard François 2008
VM HOUSING PLOT=BIG+JDS 2002-2004
01 THE STREET IN THE AIR
JUSTUS VAN EFFEN COMPLEX Michiel Brinkman Spangen (Rotterdam,The Netherlands) 1919-1922 51°54’57.15”N / 4°25’51.40”E
The project put forward by Michiel Brinkman for Spangen came up against two models: the traditional badly lit badly ventilated dwelling with alcove rooms, common up to that point among the working class, and the new trend towards the garden city with row houses. Brinkman arrived at a symbiosis between the terraced housing typology and the closed block with interior communal courtyard typology, between the individual and the collective. Aiming for this new concept to take on the appropriate scale, he made the two blocks into one and pierced the perimeter creating access points for pedestrians and vehicles, this way transforming the interior into a semi-public space. He equipped the block with private and collective gardens, as well as a common service building which he located at the centre. Lastly, he incorporated different access solutions which changed according to the location of the dwelling, taking into consideration the Dutch tradition for direct entrance. The ground floor and first floor dwellings can be accessed from the large open space in the block while second floor dwellings look onto a deck which runs the length of the whole complex and functions as an elevated street. With this solution Brinkman was to reaffirm the street as an element which linked not only the elements built into the section but also the collective living units and the residents of the housing complex. He valued the sense of community yet was unwilling to discard individualist features. He incorporated subtle degrees of graduation between the public and the private. He protected the privacy which had been relinquished in the alcove-houses yet at the same time encouraged communal living. Brinkman’s utopian vision relied on the singular political aims of the socialist councillors Hendrik Spiekman and A.W. Heijkoop and the Rotterdam Housing Department Director, August Plate, who defended this solution, against conservative criticism, as a true invention of the social-democratic era. 12 / 10STORIES OF COLLECTIVE HOUSING
01
“You know the milkman, you are outside your house in your street.” ALISON AND PETER SMITHSON, 1953.1
1. Alison and Peter Smithson. Team 10 Primer. MIT Press, 1974. P. 78.
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03 CHEAPER, FASTER, LIGHTER AND TALLER
CITÉ DE LA MUETTE Beaudouin, Lods, Mopin, Bodiansky Drancy (Paris. France) 1931-1934 48°55’13.10”N / 2°27’19.74”E
Systematized housing is an objective which has emerged parallel to collective housing. Ever since the Industrial Revolution boosted city growth and demonstrated the need to provide shelter for the working masses, building as fast and as cheaply as possible has become a constant objective. The two great methods which systematized housing process development is based on are: the closed system method (three-dimensional models, formwork-tunnel or large panels) and the component method also known as open building industrialization (sub-structural components). Despite the heyday of systematization being in the years following the Second World War, the Cité de Muette is the first case of the use of industrialization in high-rise collective housing. It was implemented using a mixed steel framework system reinforced with pre-fabricated lightweight concrete panels, installed horizontally and vertically. Its relevance lies in the architects’ ambition to improve house-building by incorporating the advantages of new materials: the lightness of steel, and by assembling with industrial components. However, fire regulations curtailed the development of this mixed system which seemed to be the most suitable system for systematizing dry construction.
116 / 10STORIES OF COLLECTIVE HOUSING
03
Interior panels of the facade
Exterior lattice concrete panels of the balcony
Lower level panels, plinth elements “Techniques are the very basis of the poetry.” LE CORBUSIER, 1930.1
1. Le Corbusier. Précisions sur un état présent de l’architecture et de l’urbanisme. G. Crès,1930. P. 67.
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