Influence of Architecture in Film Making

Influence of Architecture in Film Making

INFLUENCE OF ARCHITECTURE IN FILM MAKING A Report for Architectural Focus Study-Research Skills

by

ANUSREE ANILKUMAR PANICKER

submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of

Bachelor of Architecture

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

VELLORE - 632014 June, 2021

Influence of Architecture in Film Making

ABSTRACT

While watching a scene from a movie, the characters portrayed by the actors are of course important, but what else gives depth and a better sense of understanding to the movie? The space around the character and the movement of the character within the space. The elements of that particular space add to the aesthetics of the movie and kick it up a notch as well. From windows and stairs to optimal usage of voids and solids, materials, etc., they all have symbolic importance in films. They are placed after careful consideration and for specific intentions. Rather than using words, architecture in films help describe, perceive and comprehend it better. Through the architecture of the film, we can speculate emotions, status, hierarchy, lifestyles, situations, etc. For instance, the status difference between the two families was depicted through their living spaces, in the film Parasite. This correlation between film and architecture makes it more apprehensible. The purpose of this paper is to show how these architectural principles and elements have changed the way films and movies are perceived nowadays. Has film evolved to consider minute details or has it always been there? How does it affect the plot of the film? The author aims to analyse the films of the past and the present to track the evolution and exhibit how it is expressed in this day and age.

Keywords: Film; Architecture; Influence; Elements; Principles; Symbolise

3

Influence of Architecture in Film Making

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my gratitude to my guides Dr. Sharmila Jagadisan and Prof.

Shreya Mukherjee without whom this would not have been possible. I would also like to thank my friends and other faculty guides for their valuable guidance throughout this study.

ANUSREE ANILKUMAR PANICKER

4

Influence of Architecture in Film Making

TABLE OF CONTENTS CERTIFICATE

2

ABSTRACT

3

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

4

TABLE OF CONTENTS

5

LIST OF FIGURES

6

LIST OF TABLES

7

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Architecture And Film 1.2 Objectives 1.3 Methodology And Sources 1.4 Scope And Limitations 1.5 Expected Outcome

PAGE

9 10 10 10 11

2.Architecture And Film 2.1 The Intersection 2.2 Architectural Metaphors 2.3 The Chosen Films

12 13 13

3. Literature Study 3.1 Understanding The Elements And Principles 3.2.1 Element - Stairs

15 15 5

Influence of Architecture in Film Making

3.2.2 Element - Windows 3.2.3 Element - Columns 3.3 Principles

17 18 18

4. ANALYSIS 4.1 Analysis - Parasite 4.2 Analysis - The Grand Budapest Hotel 4.3 Comparative Analysis

22 26 29

5. Conclusion References

31 32

6

Influence of Architecture in Film Making

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13 Figure 14 Figure 15 Figure 17 Figure 18 Figure 19 Figure 20 Figure 21 Figure 22 Figure 23

Parasite Poster The Grand Budapest Hotel Poster Stairs — Movement Across Planes Stairs As Pedestal Chichén Itzá Windows — Privacy Windows —Scaling Element Principles Parasite Scene 1 Parasite Scene 2 Parasite Scene 3 Parasite Scene 4 Parasite Scene 5 Parasite Scene 6 Parasite Scene 7 The Grand Budapest Hotel Scene 1 The Grand Budapest Hotel Scene 2 The Grand Budapest Hotel Scene 3 The Grand Budapest Hotel Scene 4 The Grand Budapest Hotel Scene 5 The Grand Budapest Hotel Scene 6 The Grand Budapest Hotel Scene 7

14 14 16 17 17 17 17 21 22 22 23 23 24 24 25 26 26 27 27 27 28 28

7

Influence of Architecture in Film Making

LIST OF FIGURES Table 1 Table 2 Table 3

Methodology Chart Comparative Analysis 1 Comparative Analysis 2

10 29 29

8

Influence of Architecture in Film Making

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION 1.1 Architecture and Film “Architecture exists, like cinema, in the dimension time and movement. One conceives and reads. Building in terms of sequences. To erect a building is to predict and see effects of contrast was linkage through which one passes…”

-Jean Nouvel We base art on intuitions, experiences, and notions. This is so that something is remembered and related to. What we see, what we experience, can be used as a tool of communication. Architecture and films are two mediums through which we can achieve that. Films and architecture form a link between real and imaginary in the spaces around us. What we experience within an architectural space, can be exaggerated and portrayed on the big screen in films. Through the architecture of a space, we can corroborate its culture and its story. Films use architecture to express the culture of a particular item in their movies. But, certain movies use architectural elements and principles to elevate their plot. They use them to signify certain emotions. This dissertation would help in shedding light on these elements and principles and also show some examples of how they have been used by directors. The aim would be to show how architectural principles and elements act as metaphors in films and influence and enhance the visual quality of films.

Though this paper would try to understand different architectural elements and principles through literature review and analyse them with the films. This would result in finally, developing a framework on how these elements and principles could in incorporated in films.

9

Influence of Architecture in Film Making

1.2 Objectives •

To understand the different architectural elements and principles through literature review.

•

To analyse how these elements and principles have been incorporated in filmmaking.

•

To develop a framework on how to use these elements and principles to make a successful film.

1.3 Methodology and Data Sources This paper is a qualitative analysis. The author would be taking films which have been awarded prestigious awards and done by directors who are known for their usage of architecture in their films from the past 1 decade. The elements and principles would be analysed and understood through literature studies and reviews. Then the author would be correlating them with films as a case study to support their theory. The methods of study would be through primary and secondary sources. The primary sources would be observations by the author and critical reviewing of the films through an architectural lens. The secondary sources would be the framework adopted by the literature study of two books - Form, Space, and Order by D. K. Ching and Elements of Space making by Yatin Pandya.

Table 1 Methodology Chart Source : Interpreted by Author

10

Influence of Architecture in Film Making

1.4 Scope and Limitations The scope of this paper is to document the elements and principles of architecture, what they symbolise and how they are used to symbolise in films. It is a study between film and architecture.

The limitation of this study is that it would be focusing only on certain elements and principles and would not be able to do so for all the mentioned elements and principles of design and architecture.

1.5 Expected Outcome • From this paper, we can expect to come up with details about elements and principles used in the films and their metaphors.

• We can also comprehend how, in the movies, the elements and principles have been an integral part of the plot.

• Using these references, we can help make architectural elements and principles an additional aid to the film fraternity.

11

Influence of Architecture in Film Making

CHAPTER 2

ARCHITECTURE AND FILM 2.1 The Intersection There are hardly any films that do not include images of architecture.1There are hardly any films that do not include images of architecture. Through architecture, we can transform a space, its situation, and it is characteristics. Architecture unknowingly gives the artist, here the director, a sense of character to his film. Architecture influences it in a subtle yet powerful method. The scenes activate our imagination. Recent studies show how images take place in the same zone of the brain s the visual perceptions and that the former is equally as real as the latter. Hence we may be moved or evoked by something imagined as likely as a real situation. Therefore there is a lot more to a film than its dialogues, the surroundings help in enhancing the experience and this can be achieved through architecture.

Sets are one of the intersection points between architecture and film. Sets make it possible to control many aspects of filming and bring reality closer to the imagination.

This has been done through decades of the film era. One of the earliest recognised films, Metropolis (1927), by Fritz Lang is known for its futuristic dystopian approach. These scenes are reflected through the sets, the architecture of Art Deco, which symbolises accelerated urban modernisation, heavily influenced by industrialisation. Through sets, we can portray the character and bring out the essence of a particular scene. There are elements and principles of design and architecture which help in doing so. What do these elements and principles symbolise? How are they used to symbolise? These questions would be answered through this paper.

1Pallasmaa,

J. (2007). The Architecture of image: Existential space in cinema. Helsinki: Rakennustieto.

12

Influence of Architecture in Film Making

2.2 Architectural Metaphors Metaphors are regarded as representatives or symbolics of certain things. Also defined as “imaginative rationality” for problems that require connecting reality with imagination.

In Alfred Hitchcock’s Vertigo (1958), he used the staircase to show a sense of suspense and uncertainty. The long flight of narrow, rickety stairs was to amplify the sense of vertigo and tension. The character of this film has a fear of heights and Sir Alfred has used architectural elements to symbolise the personality of the characters of his movies.

Another example would be the movie Blade Runner (1982), director Ridley Scott shows architectural space which mimics the occupants in the film. The scenes of streets with people overcrowding in noodle bars are strikingly contradictory to the corporate spaces of the elite which are monumental and opulent.

2.3 The Chosen Films For this paper, the author has chosen two films which have been awarded prestigious awards and done by directors who are known for their usage of architecture inter films.

These films were made within the past 1 decade.

The first one is Parasite (2019) directed by Bong Joon Ho. The synopsis is as follows This film is about the struggling Kim family seeing an opportunity when their son starts working for the wealthy Park family. Soon, all of them find a way to work within the same household and start living a parasitic life. The plot sheds light on the social hierarchy in the system.2 The second movie is The Grand Budapest Hotel (2014) directed by Wes Anderson. The synopsis is as follows - This film is about the Grand Budapest Hotel, which is a popular European ski resort, presided over by concierge Gustave H. Gustave prides himself on providing first-class service to the hotel's guests. When one of Gustave's lovers dies

2

Parasite. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6751668/plotsummary 13

Influence of Architecture in Film Making

mysteriously, Gustave finds himself the recipient of a priceless painting and the chief suspect in her murder.3

Figure 1 Parasite Poster Source : Google

Figure 2 The Grand Budapest Hotel Poster Source : Google

The Grand Budapest Hotel. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2278388/ plotsummary 3

14

Influence of Architecture in Film Making

CHAPTER 3

LITERATURE STUDY 3.1 Understanding the Elements and Principles For the study, the author has adopted a framework from Yatin Pandya’s Elements of Space making and D. K. Ching’s Form, Space, and Order. Through this framework, the author would be using the interpretations of the elements and principles and understanding them through sketches as well. The elements discussed in Elements of Space making are floor, column, wall, door, window, stairs and roof. I would be discussing columns, stairs and windows. And the principles discussed in Form, Space, and Order are axis, symmetry, hierarchy, rhythm, datum, and repetition.

3.2.1 Element - Staircase Stairs act as a transit between two spaces. They connect two different planes. They cut through multiple levels of volume and become a link volumetrically connecting spaces.4 Stairs have symbolic meanings — ascent, descent, a climb which can be connected to terms such as growth and journey. Primitive man built houses upon higher branches of trees for protection from wild animals. To ascend and descend the branches, vines were used. Over time it evolved from vines to ropes to wooden ladders and present-day stairs.

With urbanisation, having buildings with more than one storey was common and the integration of stairs in buildings became necessary. In the renaissance period, stairs were glorified. Similar to our spine being the main organ, staircases became the main organ of the house. It is responsible for the vertical circulation of the house. Stairs are also used as a space for seating for individuals or groups. Staircases also act as a link between two planes.

With evolution, different materials were used for its construction and different techniques. With time, efficiency and comfort resulted in the development of staircases.

4

Pandya, Y. (2019). Elements of spacemaking. Ahmedabad: Mapin Publishing Pvt. 15

Influence of Architecture in Film Making

Figure 3 Stairs — Movement Across Planes Source : Interpreted by Author

One of the spatial roles of staircases was as a pedestal. Since ancient civilisation, humans have been using stairs to refer to grandeur. To worship or to symbolise the affluent or the prosperous, they were built at a higher level. To reach them was the purpose of staircases.

“Staircase to Heaven” as heaven is thought to be existing up in the sky, we associate similar things to be at a higher place, such as — power and money. Examples for these instances would be the Maya pyramid in Chichén Itzá in Mexico which testifies to powerful symbolism. Walking up the stairs was regarded as an ascent. By the 17th and 18th centuries, staircases were used to symbolise social rank. The more pompous and opulent the staircase, the higher the social rank of its owner.5 One example would be that of the Augustusburg castle in Brühl. It is one of the most expensive and remarkable German Rococo staircases.

The beginning or the bottom of the stairs symbolise the lows of life. It could be associated with hell as well. The weaker beings are presumably at the bottom because they lack certain ideas and criteria, hence the hierarchy. This can also be associated with the human social standards, with the rich always treated differently or being “above” the poor, or the less privileged.

SisterMAG. (2019, November 17). Stairway to Heaven – A cultural history of the staircase.

Retrieved from 5

16

Influence of Architecture in Film Making

Figure 4 Stairs as Pedestal Source : Interpreted by Author

Figure 5 Chichén Itzá Source : Interpreted by Author

3.2.2 Element - Window Windows according to Yatin Pandya, are defined as an opening in the wall made to facilitate ventilation, light, and view.6 Windows to building dare as eyes to the face.

Windows have been used since early civilisation as a mode to allow air and light to enter space. “The history of architecture is also the history of windows,” said Le Corbusier.

Throughout eras, the window has changed with time and technology, from being a means of defence to a form of aesthetics and glory. Windows are like the visual link between the inside and the outside. Due to their transparency, they form a visual interface with the outside. Windows help dwellers to observe their surroundings by staying within their

Figure 6 Windows —Privacy Source : Elements of Space Making

Figure 7 Windows — Scaling Element Source : Elements of Space Making

private zones. They provide the dwellers with their privilege through visuals.

Windows are also a scaling element, they break the continuity and give a sense of variety to the mass. They help modulate the face of the building. How they affect the texture of a surface depends on the visual weight, spacing, and direction. The windows influence the space inside due to the circumstances outside. It is a transitional zone between inside and 6

Pandya, Y. (2019). Elements of spacemaking. Ahmedabad: Mapin Publishing Pvt. 17

Influence of Architecture in Film Making

outside. It is a medium through which humans can analyse different spaces visually. They act as framing devices. Windows act as a “veil” and protect from the outside forces. We are guarded against it physically but not mentally. When staring out of a window, we associate it with sympathy and a sense of longing. Windows are often spaces through which light shines. They are a metaphorical way of showing warmth and growth.

3.2.3 Element - Column Columns are defined as a slender, vertical supporting element, loaded from the top and transferring the load axially to the base. During the primitive ages of man, the mountains were thought to be supports for the sky to the earth, which was considered flat. Soon over time, the support was given valuable significance and added functionality. Columns derived aesthetics from nature. With technological advancements, they were allowed to advance in proportions and skeletal expressions.

A column, due to negligible girth as compared to its height marks a locus, a position in space.7 This makes it a notional center with space commanding around it. Columns also help with directionality. They emphasise the direction perpendicular to the line joining the columns. Linear repetition also highlights the rhythm, a sense of continuity.

3.3 Principles Proportion refers to the proper or harmonious relation of one part to another or the whole.

It can be the building materials, building design, or elements. These proportions affect the size of openings. They can visually integrate the elements of similar proportions and create a sense of order, harmony and balance. Structural elements such as beams and columns modulate the spaces and give them scale and hierarchical structure. Proportions 7

Pandya, Y. (2019). Elements of spacemaking. Ahmedabad: Mapin Publishing Pvt. 18

Influence of Architecture in Film Making

intend to create order and harmony, visually. The ratio of comparing two similar objects is the underlying character of proportions and establishes a visual relationship between the objects. There are different theories of proportions — the golden section, classical orders, renaissance theories, modular, ken, anthropometry, and scale.

The golden section or the golden ratio is one of the main theories of proportions. It is believed that certain mathematical relations give a harmonic or aesthetic balance to the universe. The Greeks believed that the human proportions and proportions of shrines must go higher-order and importance, hence utilising the same proportions for temples.

The Great Pyramid of Giza is one of the earliest examples of the use of the golden ratio.

Another example would be the Parthenon. Its exterior facade fits into the golden rectangle.

Anthropometry is another measurement of the proportions of the human body. The human dimensions affect the way we are in space and its dimensions. Another perception of scale is visual scale. It is not the actual dimensions but how it appears “smaller” or “larger” in comparison to another thing or object. For example, the windows of a building facade are visually related to each other. If they are of different sizes it would give a sense of distinct scale and alter our perception. Most of the building elements are familiar to us. Altering the scale of these elements can change our perception of the space or form.

In any building or space , the purpose of the space, meaning, scope and other variables must be hierarchically recognised. Ordering principles are visual aids that help a building to exist conceptually and perceptually as a whole. In a composition, there can be more than one dominant element. Secondary points of emphasis create visual accents. These elements can create visual interests, rhythm, and tension in a composition. They have been explained below • Axis - Axis is a linear condition and induces movement and promotes view along its path. The terminating elements act as a visual thrust for — establishing vertical, linear elements, building facades, well-defined spaces, gateways to a view or vista, etc.

19

Influence of Architecture in Film Making

• Symmetry - Symmetry requires a balanced arrangement of form or space on opposite sides of an axis. There are two fundamental types of symmetry — bilateral and radial.8 • Hierarchy - In an architectural composition, some elements that illustrate different levels of importance in terms of function and symbolism. This depends on the needs of the users, and the designers’ opinion. For a space to be articulated as important it must be made uniquely visible, which can be emphasised with the scale, shape, and location.

The hierarchically important form or space is given meaning and significance by being an exception to the norm, an anomaly within an otherwise regular pattern.9 • Datum - A datum refers to a line or plane or volume of reference to which other elements in a composition can relate.

• Rhythm - Rhythm is the movement of patterned elements at regular or irregular intervals. It incorporates the notion of repetition in forms and spaces. There are different forms of and is one. Elements needn’t be identical but should have a common trait making them unique but also be grouped.

• Repetition - Structural patterns incorporate the repetition of vertical supports at regular intervals which define the space and emphasise its size and placement. The principle of repetition creates order among groups of elements.

8

Ching, D.K. (2014). Architecture Form, Space, and Order. John Wiley & Sons.

9

Ching, D.K. (2014). Architecture Form, Space, and Order. John Wiley & Sons.

20

Influence of Architecture in Film Making

Figure 8 Principles - Axis, Hierarchy, Transformation, Symmetry, Datum, Repetition Source : Interpreted by Author

21

Influence of Architecture in Film Making

CHAPTER 4

ANALYSIS 4.1 Analysis - Parasite Scenes from the two movies would be used to explain the usage of architectural elements and principles. The author would be explaining it through a series of images and highlighting the elements and principles on it.

All the scenes in this section are from the movie Parasite (2019) by Bong Joon Ho.

Figure 9 Parasite scene 1 Source : Google

In the above scene, the protagonist is shown climbing up the slop to enter the house. The play in levels show the social hierarchy.

Figure 10 Parasite scene 2 Source : Google

22

Influence of Architecture in Film Making

The above shot reflects the metaphorical usage of stairs as a social hierarchy. The Kims have to go down the stairs, the same path as the unclean water which drains down from the upper part of the neighbourhood.

Figure 11 Parasite scene 3 Source : Google

In this scene, the director shows the living conditions of having a house in the semibasement. The floor for others is the roof for the Kim family. The window frame is wider than the usual ratio, which gives a sense of no privacy, and a passerby can easily peep into their house.

Figure 12 Parasite scene 4 Source : Google

23

Influence of Architecture in Film Making

Here, at the residence of the Park family, the window ratio is that of a cinema screen. The view is that of a well-maintained garden, showing the wealth of the Park family. They have their privacy.

Figure 13 Parasite scene 5 Source : Google

Figure 14 Parasite scene 6 Source : Google

In figures 13 and 14, the red line represents the axis. In the above image, the refrigerator’s handle and in the image below, the glass panel edge. The axis separates the

24

Influence of Architecture in Film Making

characters on purpose to express that the characters are from different social backgrounds.

Figure 15 Parasite scene 7 Source : Google

In this scene, the director placed multiple subjects in a visual hierarchy for the viewers to have a better understanding of the scene. The different levels and planes are shown using a visual hierarchy.

25

Influence of Architecture in Film Making

4.2 Analysis - The Grand Budapest Hotel The scenes shown would be from the movie The Grand Budapest Hotel (2014) by Wes Anderson.

Figure 17 The Grand Budapest Hotel scene 1 Source : Google

Here, the protagonist is looking down from the mid-landing of the stairs. This shot is what the hotel looked like after a war had broken out, according to the storyline.

Figure 18 The Grand Budapest Hotel scene 2 Source : Google

26

Influence of Architecture in Film Making

This particular shot shows how the stairs were a trademark of this hotel. The visual scale helps us understand the grandiosity and richness of the hotel.

Figure 19 The Grand Budapest Hotel scene 3 Source : Google

Figure 20 The Grand Budapest Hotel scene 4 Source : Google

Here, the protagonists are looking out of a small window opening, to see what’s happening downstairs. The sense of curiosity and “protection” from outside is tried to show here.

Figure 21 The Grand Budapest Hotel scene 5 Source : Google

27

Influence of Architecture in Film Making

Figure 23 The Grand Budapest Hotel scene 7 Source : Google

In these scenes, figure 21 and figure 22, the director has used the axis as a visual aid to help bring out the symmetry and spatial arrangement in the two pictures.

In the below scene, the director has used one point perspective and placed multiple subjects in visual hierarchy for the viewers to have a better understanding of the scene.

28 Figure 22 The Grand Budapest Hotel scene 6 Source : Google

Influence of Architecture in Film Making

The lobby boy is given more importance here and placed “above” in terms of the other subjects.

4.3 Comparative Analysis From these examples, the author materialised two tabulated columns giving a gist of the elements and principles used in the two films.

Parasite

The Grand Budapest Hotel

Analysis

• • • •

Stairs

Social hierarchy Class status Grandiosity Poor management

• Social privileges • Protection • Privacy

Windows

Table 1 Comparative Analysis 1 Source : Interpreted by the Author

Parasite

The Grand Budapest Hotel

Analysis

• Social hierarchy • Class status • Symmetry

Axis

• Visual aesthetics • Correlation • Importance

Hierarchy

Table 2 Comparative Analysis 2 Source : Interpreted by the Author

From the above-tabulated columns, we can notice the various interpretations of stairs, windows, axis, and hierarchy in just these two movies. From social privileges and 29

Influence of Architecture in Film Making

hierarchy, privacy and protection to symmetry and correlation, these interpretations or metaphors are derived by the way humans look at these elements. They reflect human sentiments. Due to these sentiments, we can understand these scenes much better and relate to them, almost bridging the gap between reality and imagination.

30

Influence of Architecture in Film Making

CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION This dissertation challenges the critical analysis of architectural elements and principles in terms of symbols and metaphors. This can be used as a tool for architectural understanding in the cinematic field.

From the examples taken, we can gather that the elements and principles used are the same but the intent is different. With the same element, different inferences and meanings could be brought out. We can also comprehend how in these movies, the elements and principles have been an integral part of the plot. Using these inferences, we can help make architectural elements and principles an additional aid to the film fraternity.

31

Influence of Architecture in Film Making

REFERENCES Pandya, Y. (2019). Elements of spacemaking. Ahmedabad: Mapin Publishing Pvt. Ching, D.K. (2014). Architecture Form, Space, and Order. John Wiley & Sons.

Pallasmaa, J. (2007). The Architecture of image: Existential space in cinema. Helsinki: Rakennustieto.

D. S. (n.d.). Cinema and architecture. Academia. Retrieved from https:// www.academia.edu/3258865/cinema_and_architecture?email_work_card=view-paper YIK, L. K., MISS. (2020). Architecture as a tool for storytelling in film (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). RIBA. Retrieved from https://issuu.com/lilykuik/docs/ lily_kuik_special_study_ Trivedi, D. (2016, May 03). How architecture inspires cinema – and the other way round.

Retrieved from https://scroll.in/reel/807541/how-architecture-inspires-cinema-and-theother-way-round B, P., Miss. (2016). Cinema in Architecture: A Synergism (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Anna University, SAP. Retrieved from https://issuu.com/preetikab/docs/ arch_and_cinema The Symbolism Of Windows [Web log post]. (n.d.). Retrieved from https:// www.slaphappylarry.com/the-symbolism-of-windows/ Shessian. (n.d.). The Complexity of The 'Window' in Architecture. Retrieved from https:// issuu.com/shessian/docs/161220_the_complexity_of_the_window

32

Influence of Architecture in Film Making

Baratto, R. (n.d.). How architecture speaks through cinema. Retrieved from https:// www.archdaily.com/872754/how-architecture-speaks-through-cinema Amore, M. (2012, April 10). What is the role of architecture in the world today? Retrieved from https://www.cripe.biz/what-is-the-role-of-architecture-in-the-world-today/ #:~:text=Over%20the%20past%20half%20century,situation%20rather%20than%20force% 20it

33