Test Bank For The Real World An Introduction to Sociology Ninth Edition Kerry Ferris Jill Stein

Chapter 1 Sociology and the Real World MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. How do sociologists observe society? a. by studying the various parts of a society and the ways they interact and influence one another b. by studying society as if it were a concrete object, in the same way a geologist studies rocks c. by comparing the past and present, with a focus on the past d. by studying the relationship between individuals and society, specializing in internal states of mind ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: 1.1 What Is Sociology?

2. Sociology can be defined as the systematic and scientific study of human society and social behavior from ________ to ________. a. large-scale institutions; individual interactions b. practical knowledge; scientific knowledge c. individual interactions; small groups d. economics; political science ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 1.1 What Is Sociology?

3. What is a key difference between anthropology and sociology? a. Anthropology is concerned with on-the-ground interaction among people, whereas sociology is only about hard numbers and data. b. Anthropology is focused on historical societies, whereas sociology is focused on present-day societies. c. Anthropology largely concentrates on traditional, small, or indigenous cultures, whereas sociology is interested in societies at all levels of development. d. Anthropology is prescriptive, whereas sociology is descriptive.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 1.1 What Is Sociology? | InQuizitive

4. What makes sociology exceptional among the social sciences? a. Society is always changing. b. Sociologists are trained to be everyday actors. c. There is no disagreement among sociologists about how to define the discipline. d. Sociology encompasses a huge intellectual territory, making it more comprehensive.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 1.1 What Is Sociology?

5. There is a close relationship between sociology and the other social sciences. Why does sociology still exist as a separate discipline given how much overlap there is between these fields? a. All the other social sciences are more specialized, but sociology is a field that considers a huge intellectual territory. b. Sociology does not use historical context, which other social sciences do. c. Sociology departments are an academic tradition and would be difficult to disband. d. Political science and economics are more politically conservative, and sociology provides a liberal counterbalance.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 1.1 What Is Sociology?

6. What practice did Bernard McGrane suggest that individuals adopt to better understand the world around them? a. beginner’s mind b. expert’s mind c. the sociological perspective d. reciped, or practical, knowledge ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 1.2 How to Think Like a Sociologist | InQuizitive

7. A researcher spends years conducting fieldwork with an indigenous tribe in Papua New Guinea and has a difficult time reacclimating to Western society when he returns to it. He uses the experience of returning home to view his own society from an outsider’s perspective and learn something new about it.

Which sociological concept best exemplifies the experience of this researcher? a. expert’s mind b. beginner’s mind c. culture shock d. microsociology ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 1.2 How to Think Like a Sociologist | InQuizitive

8. Regardless of their various approaches to social phenomena, what are all sociologists aiming to accomplish with their work? a. illuminating the connection between the individual and society b. explaining why poverty and inequality still exist c. comparing the present with the past d. understanding how our society is different from other societies ANS: A DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: 1.2 How to Think Like a Sociologist

9. C. Wright Mills was critical of social science and worked to connect the academic side of sociology to more tangible social debates of the time. Mills was convinced that sociology had something to offer everyone, not just academics. For these reasons, which term best describes C. Wright Mills? a. microsociologist b. macrosociologist c. conflict theorist d. public intellectual ANS: D DIF: Difficult MSC: Remembering

REF: 1.2 How to Think Like a Sociologist | InQuizitive

10. According to C. Wright Mills, what is one quality of mind that all great sociologists possess? a. open-mindedness b. sociological imagination c. praxis d. attention to detail ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 1.2 How to Think Like a Sociologist

11. What is the sociological imagination? a. a characteristic of society that ensures people remain ignorant of the connections between their lives and social change b. a particular way of understanding the criminal mind, such as that of a serial killer c. the ability to understand the interplay between the self and larger social forces d. the sociological approach that assumes individual decisions and interactions are independent of larger social institutions ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 1.2 How to Think Like a Sociologist

12. Why did C. Wright Mills think that it is important for everyone, even people who will never take a sociology class, to develop a sociological imagination? a. It will help create more jobs for sociologists. b. Many people are unaware of the connections between their own lives and the larger course of history. c. The sociological perspective is innately understood by nearly everyone, but we rarely acknowledge it. d. It will encourage growth in the field of microsociology.

ANS: B MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Moderate

REF: 1.2 How to Think Like a Sociologist

13. Why is it beneficial for sociologists to experience culture shock? a. It makes us unable to function even in simple, everyday ways. b. It requires us to travel, which helps us grow as human beings. c. It shows us that people in foreign cultures have a way of life that seems strange to us. d. It makes us realize we lack an understanding of our surroundings so we can perceive what is right in front of us.

ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 1.2 How to Think Like a Sociologist

14. Who must the social analyst take the perspective of in order to verify that which the everyday actor might just accept or assume to be true? a. social worker b. native c. stranger d. insider ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 1.2 How to Think Like a Sociologist

15. What is a weakness of the sociological approach? a. It accepts many things as true that cannot be verified or confirmed. b. It attempts to grasp things that everyday actors understand implicitly. c. It is a practical approach rather than a scientific approach. d. It requires one to travel in order to experience culture shock.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 1.2 How to Think Like a Sociologist

16. What is one of the weaknesses of being an everyday actor when it comes to understanding everyday life? a. being forced to see everything from the perspective of a stranger b. struggling to grasp even simple, common occurrences

c. only seeing things from a historical perspective d. making assumptions and failing to investigate or verify those assumptions ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 1.2 How to Think Like a Sociologist

17. Many everyday cultural practices such as greeting a friend, giving someone flowers, or using a thumbs-up seem like natural ways of acting. Why does having an awareness of how these practices vary across cultures demonstrate a healthy sociological imagination? a. It reminds us that everyday interactions are connected to larger societies and norms. b. It helps us economically when we do business in different countries. c. It lets us understand how immigrants perceive America when they move here. d. It shows us that cultures are not as different as we sometimes think they are.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 1.2 How to Think Like a Sociologist

18. How do sociologists study the way in which people, as part of groups, organize their lives and social interactions to produce a real and meaningful world? a. They are interested in all aspects of human psychology. b. People organize their lives in patterned ways. c. Sociology understands the importance of human psychology. d. We often assign characteristics to an entire group based on experience with a single group member.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult MSC: Remembering

REF: 1.2 How to Think Like a Sociologist

19. A reality television show called Wife Swap exchanged the mothers from two very different families and filmed the result as the participants were exposed to radically different ways of life. Although the television network was simply trying to be entertaining, the show also demonstrates the sociological principle of a. the sociological imagination. b. globalization. c. quantitative methods. d. culture shock.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 1.2 How to Think Like a Sociologist

20. You have just begun studying unemployment rates in a city with fifty million people, of which fifteen million are unemployed. If you are using your sociological imagination, what is your first consideration? a. the economic and political structures of the society b. the work ethic of the average citizen c. the intelligence level of the workers who have lost their jobs d. how much the people who are unemployed want to work ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 1.2 How to Think Like a Sociologist

21. The divorce rate has steadily increased over time, and now more than a quarter of all marriages end within the first four years. What sort of factors would C. Wright Mills suggest investigating to explain this increase? a. religious b. personal

c. structural d. psychological ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 1.2 How to Think Like a Sociologist

22. You are looking over the courses that are offered at your school, and you see a class called “The Sociology of Media and Popular Culture.” You don’t think you need this course because you listen to lots of music, watch a wide variety of television shows, and often go to the movies. What would a sociologist tell you? a. You are a specialist in mass media. b. You should try to watch media from other cultures to really understand popular culture. c. You should take classes in film studies instead. d. You only have “reciped,” or practical, knowledge.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 1.2 How to Think Like a Sociologist

23. Is the microsociological or macrosociological perspective more useful in analyzing social phenomena? a. The macrosociological perspective is more useful because it explains how large-scale social institutions influence individuals. b. The microsociological perspective is more useful because it explains how individuals shape and create large-scale social institutions. c. Both are useful, and any study that uses only one or the other will be unable to explain anything useful about society. d. Both are useful in different ways because they each provide different types of information about the same object of study.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: 1.3 Levels of Analysis: Micro- and Macrosociology

MSC: Applying

24. Microsociology is an approach that a. examines interactions between individuals and how those interactions reflect larger societal patterns. b. examines institutional interactions that occur over time. c. quantifies data about social structures so they can be analyzed statistically. d. focuses exclusively on gender and power as they manifest themselves socially.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 1.3 Levels of Analysis: Micro- and Macrosociology

MSC: Understanding

25. Researcher Pam Fishman studied the conversations of heterosexual couples to determine how power is created and maintained through everyday, face-to-face interactions. How would you describe her approach? a. macrosociological b. historical c. microsociological d. comparative ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 1.3 Levels of Analysis: Micro- and Macrosociology

MSC: Understanding

26. Macrosociology is an approach that a. relates to the way large social institutions are created through individual interactions. b. examines large-scale social structures to see how they affect individual lives.

c. focuses on creating a beginner’s mind, in contrast to microsociology, which uses an expert’s mind. d. focuses on creating scientific knowledge of the world rather than practical knowledge, in contrast to microsociology, which focuses on creating practical knowledge.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 1.3 Levels of Analysis: Micro- and Macrosociology

MSC: Understanding

27. Researcher Christine Williams looked at patterns of occupational sex segregation by examining the ways large-scale social structures create the constraints within which individuals live their lives. Her work would be characterized as what kind of sociology? a. microsociology b. symbolic interactionist c. Chicago School d. macrosociology ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: 1.3 Levels of Analysis: Micro- and Macrosociology

MSC: Understanding

28. Macrosociology and microsociology approach the study of society from different perspectives. How does the discipline of sociology deal with these two very different approaches? a. Most sociologists are macrosociologists; microsociologists are only a small minority. b. These two perspectives are on a continuum, and sociologists can adopt the perspective most useful for a particular problem. c. Although the field is fairly evenly split between these two perspectives, almost every sociologist feels strongly that their perspective is the correct one. d. Microsociology used to dominate the field, but more recently macrosociology has become the dominant perspective.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: 1.3 Levels of Analysis: Micro- and Macrosociology

MSC: Understanding

29. Metaphorically, what part of sociology is most like a zoom lens on a camera? a. qualitative research b. microsociology c. quantitative research d. macrosociology ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 1.3 Levels of Analysis: Micro- and Macrosociology

MSC: Applying

30. Many Marxist sociologists assume that large-scale economic structures are the most important factors in shaping people’s lives. This assumption is an example of a. microsociology. b. macrosociology. c. rationalization. d. symbolic interactionism.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: 1.3 Levels of Analysis: Micro- and Macrosociology

MSC: Understanding

31. What could you determine about Pam Fishman if you didn’t know anything about her except that she studied conversation patterns? a. She is a conflict theorist. b. She is a macrosociologist.

c. She is a structural functionalist. d. She is a microsociologist.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 1.3 Levels of Analysis: Micro- and Macrosociology

MSC: Applying

32. The theory of positivism contrasted earlier religious traditions that attempted to determine the ultimate cause or source of reality. Why did Auguste Comte develop it? a. to explain how class conflict led to social change b. to argue that symbolic interactions between individuals were the basis for social life c. to justify a particular kind of social system based on hierarchy and privilege d. to identify laws, such as those in mathematics and physics, that describe the behavior of a particular reality ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 1.4 Sociology’s Family Tree

33. A paradigm is a. an abstract proposition that explains the social world and makes predictions about the future. b. a set of assumptions, theories, and perspectives that makes up a way of understanding social reality. c. the theory that sense perceptions are the only valid source of knowledge. d. the application of the theory of evolution and the notion of “survival of the fittest” to the study of society.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 1.4 Sociology’s Family Tree

34. What historical events convinced Auguste Comte that society needed to be guided by thinkers who understood social laws? a. the American Civil War and the battle over slavery b. globalization and the rise of international trade and commerce c. the French Revolution and the instability that followed it d. the age of exploration and the expansion of European powers into Africa ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 1.4 Sociology’s Family Tree

35. What ideas did Harriet Martineau support that were radical for her time? a. the liberation of French colonies in Africa b. international communism and socialism c. labor unions and the abolition of slavery d. the French Revolution and the abolition of the monarchy ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 1.4 Sociology’s Family Tree

36. What was probably Harriet Martineau’s MOST important contribution to the development of sociology as a discipline? a. her theory of alienation b. her translation of the work of Auguste Comte into English c. her work on an early theory of symbolic interactionism d. her struggle for women’s rights ANS: B

DIF: Easy

REF: 1.4 Sociology’s Family Tree

MSC: Remembering 37. The phrase “the survival of the fittest” is credited to whom? a. Charles Darwin b. Karl Marx c. Émile Durkheim d. Herbert Spencer ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 1.4 Sociology’s Family Tree

38. Which social theorist sought to bring the scientific method to the discipline of sociology? a. Harriet Martineau b. Émile Durkheim c. Auguste Comte d. Karl Marx ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 1.4 Sociology’s Family Tree | InQuizitive

39. Why might Karl Marx and Émile Durkheim be placed far apart on sociology’s family tree? a. Marx’s work is no longer considered very important. b. Durkheim was more of a psychologist than a sociologist. c. The theoretical approaches they founded are very different. d. Durkheim was French, whereas Marx was German.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 1.5 Macrosociological Theory

40. ________ is the economic system that emerged during the Industrial Revolution. a. Communism b. Humanitarianism c. Globalization d. Capitalism ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 1.5 Macrosociological Theory

41. According to Émile Durkheim, what was the basis for the bonds created through mechanical solidarity in traditional societies? a. interdependence and a division of labor b. shared traditions and similar experiences c. a strong ruler who exercised absolute control over the population d. anomie ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 1.5 Macrosociological Theory

42. On any given day, you probably depend on many strangers to provide electricity, water, natural gas, weather forecasts, and other services. According to Émile Durkheim, this interdependence gives rise to a. mechanical solidarity. b. class consciousness. c. organic solidarity. d. pragmatism.

ANS: C

DIF: Moderate

REF: 1.5 Macrosociological Theory

MSC: Applying 43. Émile Durkheim’s study on suicide found that not only did suicide rates increase when the economy slumped; they also increased when the economy boomed. Which of Durkheim’s concepts explains why both positive and negative economic conditions could increase suicide rates? a. alienation b. anomie c. mechanical solidarity d. organic solidarity ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: 1.5 Macrosociological Theory

44. According to Émile Durkheim, what is the basis for the bonds created through organic solidarity in industrialized societies? a. religion and tradition b. shared experiences and similar beliefs c. globalization, mass communications, and technology d. difference, interdependence, and individual rights ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 1.5 Macrosociological Theory

45. Durkheim theorized that the rapidly changing conditions of modern life lead to anomie. What is anomie? a. normlessness or a loss of connections to the social world b. anger and disillusionment with progress c. the transfer of destructive urges to socially useful activities d. a kind of social solidarity based on interdependence ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 1.5 Macrosociological Theory

46. Why did Durkheim, in The Elementary Forms of Religious Life, argue that religion was a powerful source of social solidarity? a. Religion established authorities who had control over entire societies. b. Different religions were constantly appearing and disappearing. c. There were many arguments about which religion represented the truth. d. Religion reinforced collective bonds and cultivated shared moral values.

ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 1.5 Macrosociological Theory

47. According to the theoretical position developed by Karl Marx, what is the catalyst for social change? a. conflict between social groups b. exploration beyond the boundaries of a given society c. development of technology d. shared moral values ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 1.5 Macrosociological Theory

48. What was the most important factor in social life according to Karl Marx? a. race or ethnicity b. religious beliefs c. relationship to the means of production

d. level of education ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 1.5 Macrosociological Theory

49. According to Marx, the primary tool for the oppression of the lower social classes in modern society is a. increasing power of the police state. b. religious authorities. c. aristocracy. d. industrial capitalism.

ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 1.5 Macrosociological Theory

50. What term did Karl Marx use to describe the fact that most of the population accepts inequality even when it does not benefit them personally? a. class consciousness b. existentialism c. ethnomethodology d. false consciousness ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 1.5 Macrosociological Theory

51. The ________ of white supremacy in the United States was a system of beliefs and attitudes that maintained the status quo of slavery and segregation. a. praxis b. antithesis c. false consciousness d. ideology ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 1.5 Macrosociological Theory

52. What was Marx criticizing when he said that religion is “the opiate of the masses”? a. the way religion defines what is sacred and what is profane b. the way religion increases anomie among the working class c. the use of religion by the ruling class to oppress the working class d. the way individuals use religion to support their actions ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 1.5 Macrosociological Theory

53. After studying the indigenous peoples of Australia, ________ concluded that any form of religion is united in its definition of what is considered to be ________ and ________. a. Talcott Parsons; manifest functions; latent functions b. Émile Durkheim; sacred; profane c. Karl Max; manifest functions; latent functions d. Robert Merton; sacred; profane ANS: B DIF: Difficult MSC: Remembering

REF: 1.5 Macrosociological Theory

54. According to Karl Marx, a belief in heaven as a reward for earthly suffering serves the interests of the ruling class by a. keeping the lower classes from demanding better treatment in this life.

b. distracting the lower classes with fantastic spectacles. c. using the church as a means to extract economic resources from the poor. d. keeping working class individuals busy with religious activities and no time to organize.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 1.5 Macrosociological Theory

55. Karl Marx believed the lower classes, in order to end their oppression, needed to develop a. a critical theory of gender. b. a stronger sense of verstehen. c. class consciousness. d. false consciousness.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 1.5 Macrosociological Theory

56. According to Karl Marx, class consciousness is developed a. by a Eurocentric party leading a violent revolution. b. through a religious awakening. c. by achieving perfect industrial production so that most workers are unemployed. d. by the lower classes recognizing how society works and challenging those in power.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 1.5 Macrosociological Theory

57. Karl Marx thought intellectuals should engage in praxis, which meant that they should a. constantly practice and develop the craft of social analysis. b. not just theorize about the world but change it. c. evaluate ideas based on their usefulness in everyday life. d. analyze and give meaning to every action.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 1.5 Macrosociological Theory

58. In 2007, the richest 1% of the American population owned 35% of the country’s wealth, and the bottom 80% of the population owned 14%. Karl Marx would call this a. alienation. b. bourgeoisie. c. social inequality. d. organic solidarity.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 1.5 Macrosociological Theory

59. If someone makes money exclusively by selling their own labor, then they must be a member of what social group? a. bureaucrats b. proletariat c. bourgeoisie d. capitalists ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 1.5 Macrosociological Theory

60. The Egg McMuffin is a vastly more efficient version of eggs Benedict. Egg McMuffins are cheaper, ready almost instantly at drive-through windows, and can be eaten with one hand while driving.

However, they do not improve on the taste of or experience eating eggs Benedict. Max Weber might have described the Egg McMuffin as the ________ of breakfast. a. iron cage b. alienation c. praxis d. rationalization ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: 1.5 Macrosociological Theory

61. Max Weber believed that society became increasingly rationalized as the Industrial Revolution progressed. How did he define rationalization? a. an increasing number of rules that limit personal freedom b. an increasing emphasis on verstehen, or the attempt to understand others’ experiences c. the application of psychology to the economy to understand how to increase productivity d. the application of economic logic to all aspects of social life ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 1.5 Macrosociological Theory

62. Max Weber believed that modern industrialized societies were characterized by which of the following institutions? a. churches b. central governments c. bureaucracies d. prisons ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 1.5 Macrosociological Theory

63. What did Max Weber mean when he said that modern people are trapped in an “iron cage”? a. Most aspects of life are increasingly controlled by rigid rules and rationalization. b. More and more people live under totalitarian dictators and therefore lose their basic rights and freedoms. c. Increasingly, modern society has more laws and it uses them to put more people in prison. d. The conditions of modern life create a psychic prison that leaves most people discontent with civilization.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 1.5 Macrosociological Theory

64. Max Weber helped lay the groundwork for sociologists who would develop symbolic interactionism as a theory because he believed that a social scientist should approach the study of human action a. through a theoretical lens that emphasizes disenchantment and bureaucracy. b. from a value-free point of view. c. with verstehen (understanding), which emphasizes empathy with individuals’ experiences. d. through psychoanalysis and the work of Sigmund Freud.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 1.5 Macrosociological Theory

65. What school of social theory believes that society is a stable system of structures that contribute to the equilibrium of the whole?

a. b. c. d.

symbolic interactionism dramaturgy structural functionalism conflict theory

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 1.5 Macrosociological Theory

66. Critical race theory is associated with which of the major theoretical perspectives or schools of thought in sociology? a. structural functionalism b. conflict theory c. functional theory d. symbolic interactionism ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 1.5 Macrosociological Theory

67. Structural functionalist theory is concerned with the ways in which structures contribute to the stability of society. What is a structure? a. a social institution that is stable over time and helps meet the needs of society b. any aspect of society that generates conflict or change c. a class hierarchy d. an informal agreement between people over a wide geographical area ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 1.5 Macrosociological Theory

68. According to Robert Merton, manifest functions a. usually have something to do with social conflict and change. b. are intended and obvious. c. are designed to alleviate inequality. d. are designed to critique the social system that produced them.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 1.5 Macrosociological Theory

69. Which of the following is a latent function of the U.S. educational system? a. teaching reading and writing b. keeping children out of trouble while parents are at work c. preparing a modern workforce to use technology d. teaching new immigrants about American values and history ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 1.5 Macrosociological Theory

70. The most significant criticism of structural functionalism is that it a. tends to argue that intellectuals should act on what they believe. b. overemphasizes the importance of the economy. c. fails to provide a universal social theory. d. tends to argue that any social feature that exists must serve a function.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 1.5 Macrosociological Theory

71. Which of the following theories views society as a whole unit made up of interrelated parts that work together? a. structural functionalism b. conflict theory c. symbolic interactionism d. postmodernism ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 1.5 Macrosociological Theory

72. In his Theses on Feuerbach, Karl Marx argued that “the philosophers have only interpreted the world; the point is to change it.” What Marxist principle is defined by this quote? a. verstehen b. rationalization c. praxis d. conflict ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 1.5 Macrosociological Theory

73. What do feminist theory and conflict theory have in common? a. They both see the economy as central to the functioning of society. b. They both seek to not only understand inequality but also to remedy it. c. They both see gender as the most important aspect of social identity. d. They both developed at about the same time.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 1.5 Macrosociological Theory

74. Why is the term “queer” used to describe queer theory? a. It emphasizes that some people are born with a fixed orientation and cannot change it. b. It emphasizes the importance of difference and rejects a single gay or lesbian identity. c. It is an easily definable category. d. It has a long history of use within the gay and lesbian community.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: 1.5 Macrosociological Theory

75. The application of economic logic to all human activity is known as a. Weberian theory. b. critical theory. c. class consciousness. d. social Darwinism.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 1.5 Macrosociological Theory

76. How was Harriet Martineau similar to W.E.B. DuBois? a. Both made careers of studying race and racism. b. Both were from the American South. c. Both saw symbolic interactionism as the most promising aspect of social theory. d. Both were intrigued by America’s democratic promise, but disappointed in its hypocritical injustices.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 1.6 Microsociological Theory

77. Jane Addams was an early advocate of applied sociology. This means that she did not just do research but that she also a. reported illegal activities to the proper authorities. b. examined the historical origins of the phenomena she researched. c. addressed social problems through activity in the communities she researched. d. compared the communities she studied to communities from other cultures.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 1.6 Microsociological Theory

78. What is the term used to describe sociological research that is intended to solve social problems, such as the research done by Jane Addams? a. practical sociology b. postmodern sociology c. moral sociology d. applied sociology ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 1.6 Microsociological Theory

79. Although she made contributions to sociology, Jane Addams is perhaps best remembered for her embrace of praxis, which means that she a. was a pragmatist. b. acted on her intellectual convictions in practical ways. c. applied dialectics to her understanding of history. d. embraced conflict theory.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 1.6 Microsociological Theory

80. Which of the following theories focuses on how our behaviors are dependent on the ways we interpret, make sense of, and define ourselves, others, and social situations? a. conflict theory b. symbolic interactionism c. pragmatism d. structural functionalism ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 1.6 Microsociological Theory

81. Which social theory focuses on micro-level interactions? a. symbolic interactionism b. structural functionalism c. conflict theory d. pragmatism ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 1.6 Microsociological Theory

82. What is the relationship between the self and society according to symbolic interactionism? a. The development of a sense of self is guided by society. b. The self is shaped by society, but society is also shaped by the self. c. Both the self and society are created by the course of history. d. Both the self and society are shaped by larger external forces.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 1.6 Microsociological Theory

83. Symbolic interactionism was established by a. the Chicago School of sociology. b. French positivists. c. structural functionalists. d. queer theorists.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 1.6 Microsociological Theory

84. Symbolic interactionism argues that people act toward things on the basis of their meaning. According to this perspective, how does meaning arise? a. Meaning is inherent in objects and actions. b. Meaning is learned through the study of philosophy and history. c. Meaning is negotiated through interaction with others. d. Meaning is learned through the study of science and nature.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: 1.6 Microsociological Theory

85. A dishonest judge must pretend to be an honest judge, but even an honest judge must play the role of “honest judge” for an audience in order to interact and work with others effectively. This performance is an example of what theoretical perspective? a. structural functionalism b. dramaturgy c. ethnomethodology d. conflict theory ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: 1.6 Microsociological Theory

86. What is a sociologist’s theoretical perspective if they argue that we have seen the “dissolution of master narratives or metanarratives”? a. feminist theory b. conflict theory c. structural functionalism d. postmodernism ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 1.7 New Theoretical Approaches

87. Sarah believes the ability of science and technology to create progress will solve problems and improve everyone’s life. Sarah would best be described as a a. Marxist. b. positivist. c. modernist. d. postmodernist.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 1.7 New Theoretical Approaches

88. Postmodernists are interested in ________, or taking apart and examining stories and theories. a. dramaturgy

b. praxis c. antitheses d. deconstruction ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 1.7 New Theoretical Approaches

89. Identify what is not an example of postmodernism in popular culture. a. The Grey Album by DJ Danger Mouse, which uses tracks from the Beatles’ The White Album and Jay-Z’s The Black Album b. hip-hop c. copies of famous landmarks, such as the Eiffel Tower in Las Vegas d. Liberty University, the college associated with fundamentalist Christianity ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: 1.7 New Theoretical Approaches | InQuizitive

90. A postmodernist writes an essay arguing that the “factual” history of a Native American tribe in a textbook is no more accurate than a collection of short oral stories about the tribe. The postmodernist is engaging in what type of critical analysis? a. deconstruction b. reconstruction c. symbolic interactionism d. factual interactionism ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 1.7 New Theoretical Approaches | InQuizitive

TRUE/FALSE 1. C. Wright Mills described a process by which biography (individual lives) and history (larger social forces) are related. He argued that this process works in two ways: individual lives influence society, while society also influences individuals.

ANS: T DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 1.2 How to Think Like a Sociologist

2. A sociologist’s responsibility is to question everything the everyday person would take for granted.

ANS: T DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 1.2 How to Think Like a Sociologist

3. The sociological imagination conceived by C. Wright Mills incorporates the ideas of biography and autobiography.

ANS: F DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 1.2 How to Think Like a Sociologist

4. There is only one correct theoretical explanation for any particular social phenomenon.

ANS: F DIF: Moderate REF: 1.3 Levels of Analysis: Micro- and Macrosociology

MSC: Remembering

5. The writings of Émile Durkheim, Karl Marx, and Max Weber were deeply influenced by their life experiences.

ANS: T DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 1.5 Macrosociological Theory

6. Symbolic interactionism analyzes social phenomena at the macro level, while structural functionalism and conflict theory analyses are at the micro level.

ANS: F DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 1.5 Macrosociological Theory

SHORT ANSWER 1. How does taking the sociological perspective enable sociologists to understand human life in society?

ANS: Taking the sociological perspective enables sociologists to view the world through a beginner’s mind.

They are able to learn about the familiar world in new ways by eliminating their personal experiences, opinions, and biases.

DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 How to Think Like a Sociologist MSC: Remembering 2. What are we failing to see, according to C. Wright Mills, when we think of our personal problems as character flaws?

ANS: Mills argued that we need to view our personal problems through the larger perspective of how they are related to the social structure in which we live and the historical context of our society.

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: 1.2 How to Think Like a Sociologist

3. Which level of analysis and theoretical perspective would be best for a sociologist interested in studying your sociology class?

ANS: Microsociology would be most appropriate to study a class, as it typically focuses on relatively small, face-to-face interactions. Symbolic interactionism would be the best choice regarding a sociological perspective, given that it is the only one of the three that is associated with the micro level.

DIF: Moderate REF: 1.3 Levels of Analysis: Micro- and Macrosociology MSC: Remembering 4. Émile Durkheim’s pioneering study Suicide used statistical data to look for correlations between demographic variables and suicide. In what ways is his work compatible with Auguste Comte’s ideas about how society should be studied?

ANS: Durkheim used Comte’s theory of positivism in the manner Comte intended when he conducted his famous suicide study in 1897. Positivism was a concrete form of social research that suggested social life could be studied in a manner comparable to the hard sciences.

DIF: Moderate

REF: 1.4 Sociology’s Family Tree

MSC: Applying

5. In what ways does queer theory suggest that no category of sexual identity is fundamentally deviant or normal?

ANS: According to queer theory, sexuality is a social construct. Therefore, it is fluid and is viewed differently according to the social structure of the time period. Conventional dichotomies of gay and straight are limited in defining human sexual preferences and sexual involvement because these views are constantly changing.

DIF: Easy

REF: 1.5 Macrosociological Theory

MSC: Remembering

6. According to conflict theory, how do most major social institutions remain integrated into the economy and therefore reinforce the class structure?

ANS: Conflict theorists believe that the capitalist system of for-profit businesses causes mass poverty and class division. Karl Marx argued that capitalism, which emerged during the Industrial Revolution, enabled the owners of the means of production (the bourgeoisie) to exploit the masses of workers (the proletariat), creating an inherently unequal system of social class. Additionally, false consciousness can lead oppressed people to accept inequality and not challenge their position in the class structure.

DIF: Moderate

REF: 1.5 Macrosociological Theory

MSC: Applying

7. Why do structural functionalists argue that dysfunction tends to create social change?

ANS: When one structure of society encounters a disruption, there is a ripple effect across all social structures.

This leads to the need for social change so that social systems may restore balance. For example, if a country goes to war, there will be a deficit in the economy. As a result, money available for education decreases as tax dollars are given to the military; soldiers die, resulting in single-parent, single-income households; and people begin to struggle with their religious beliefs, reducing involvement in the volunteer structure of communities. The system will fight for equilibrium and will eventually function, albeit in a different manner than it did before the war.

DIF: Moderate

REF: 1.5 Macrosociological Theory

MSC: Applying

8. Describe the three main theoretical perspectives of macrosociology, and name at least one theorist for each perspective.

ANS: Conflict theory, which emphasizes social inequality as the basic characteristic of society, developed out of the work of Karl Marx. Structural functionalism looks at society as a unified whole that needs separate structures to function. Robert Merton, a well-known sociologist who developed strain theory, would be considered a structural functionalist. Weberian theory, which derives its name from Max Weber, studied the process of rationalization and bureaucracies.

DIF: Easy

REF: 1.5 Macrosociological Theory

MSC: Remembering

9. According to Erving Goffman’s theory of dramaturgy, why might you dress differently for a date than you would for a sociology class?

ANS: Goffman believed that the self is created through our interactions with other people and that how we present ourselves changes depending on the social context. You can wear casual attire without paying heed to your hair and/or makeup because a sociology class is an informal social setting. On the other hand, your clothing and grooming choices for a date would be significantly different. In this case, you would want to a make a good impression, so you would present yourself in a way that emphasizes your positive personal qualities.

DIF: Easy

REF: 1.6 Microsociological Theory

MSC: Applying

10. How is hip-hop music an example of a postmodern art form?

ANS: Hip-hop uses several genres of music, such as reggae and rock, and it overlays beats and words to create new sounds from old, established musical forms.

DIF: Easy

REF: 1.7 New Theoretical Approaches

MSC: Applying

11. What are the advantages of midrange theory?

ANS: Midrange theory merges micro and macro levels of analysis. This approach to theorizing makes sociological research more feasible because it does not simply rely on the polarities of small- and large-scale analyses.

DIF: Easy

REF: 1.7 New Theoretical Approaches

MSC: Remembering

ESSAY 1. The sociological perspective, as a way of thinking about the world, includes the concepts of sociological imagination from C. Wright Mills, beginner’s mind from Bernard McGrane, and culture shock from anthropology. Define each concept in your own words and then explain what all three of these concepts have in common.

ANS: The sociological imagination is about looking for connections between the personal and the social. The beginner’s mind is a technique for ignoring old knowledge in order to find new ways of seeing the world.

Culture shock is a way of seeing things as if we had never seen them before. All three concepts advocate ways of thinking that help us clear away preconceptions that may be blocking us from seeing and understanding things that are directly in front of us. They all help us achieve a sociological perspective.

DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 How to Think Like a Sociologist MSC: Understanding 2. Consider the contrast between practical knowledge and scientific knowledge. Describe an activity or social phenomenon of which you have practical knowledge, and then list the steps you might take to develop scientific knowledge of it. Describe how your knowledge might change as you develop this scientific approach to the subject and demonstrate that you understand the difference between the two types of knowledge.

ANS:

Any answer should demonstrate knowledge of some everyday activity the student can use in a functional way but about which they do not have completely coherent, excruciatingly clear, consistent, or complete knowledge. Examples of ways to develop scientific knowledge could include schools, bookstores, libraries, or some other source of learning.

DIF: Moderate REF: 1.2 How to Think Like a Sociologist MSC: Remembering 3. Sociologists often have to decide if they are going to adopt a microsociological or macrosociological approach for any given project. Explain how these perspectives differ, paying special attention to the different assumptions about how society works that are contained within each perspective. In other words, what do they seek to reveal considering the starting point of each perspective?

ANS: Microsociology focuses on the interactions between individuals, whereas macrosociology examines large-scale social structures. Microsociologists tend to think that individual-level interactions create the larger patterns, processes, and institutions of society. Macrosociologists tend to assume that large social structures create the context and conditions within which individuals act.

DIF: Easy REF: 1.3 Levels of Analysis: Micro- and Macrosociology MSC: Understanding 4. Identify and describe the most essential elements of the theories of the classical sociological thinkers—Marx, Durkheim, and Weber. How do their visions of modernity differ?

ANS: Marx’s conflict theory centers on alienation (the sense of dissatisfaction workers feel when they are producing goods that are controlled by someone else). Durkheim’s theory of structural functionalism focuses on anomie (the loss of norms and purpose that results from weaker social ties and an increased pace of change). Weberian theory emphasizes that modern industrialized society controls our lives through rigid rules and rationalization, trapping us in a so-called iron cage of bureaucracy.

DIF: Difficult

REF: 1.4 Sociology’s Family Tree

MSC: Analyzing

5. Compare and contrast conflict theory with structural functionalism. Pay special attention to the way each theoretical perspective treats the origin of social change.

ANS: Structural functionalism begins with the study of structures identified as social institutions. Any answer should emphasize that society is a stable, ordered system of interrelated parts or structures and that each structure has a function that contributes to the continued stability or equilibrium of the whole.

Conflict theory treats social conflict as the basis of society and suggests that disagreements over values and beliefs actually reflect struggles over resources and power. Conflict theory emphasizes a materialist view of society based on the economy, a critical stance toward the status quo, and a dynamic model of historical change. Conflict theorists see social change as the inevitable consequence of the struggle over resources.

DIF: Easy

REF: 1.5 Macrosociological Theory

MSC: Analyzing

6. Classical sociological theory arose in the nineteenth century in the aftermath of the American and French revolutions and during the Industrial Revolution. Summarize how the theories of Karl Marx, Émile Durkheim, and Max Weber all reflect a concern for the consequences of modern life.

ANS: The textbook describes several concepts from each theorist that relate directly to the problems of modern life. Marx focused on the alienation and social inequality created by the rise of urban capitalism and on how false consciousness and ideology contributed to the oppression of the working classes. Weber was concerned about how the shift to a modern industrialized society resulted in disenchantment with the world as well as the “iron cage” of bureaucratic rules. Durkheim theorized that anomie, or normlessness resulting from social disconnection, was a consequence of the transition from mechanical solidarity to organic solidarity.

DIF: Moderate

REF: 1.5 Macrosociological Theory

MSC: Analyzing

7. Structural functionalism attempts to explain the social world by examining social structures, which perform functions that contribute to the stability of society as a whole. What are some of the types of functions that social structures can perform?

ANS: The textbook examines two ways of categorizing functions. First, Talcott Parsons proposed that social structures can fulfill such functions as helping us adapt to our environment and providing us with opportunities to realize goals. They also contribute to the equilibrium of society by increasing social cohesion and maintaining cultural patterns. Second, Robert Merton theorized that functions performed by social structures can be either manifest (intended) or latent (unintended).

DIF: Easy

REF: 1.5 Macrosociological Theory

MSC: Remembering

8. According to Karl Marx, what is the relationship between the economy and other parts of society, including intellectual, religious, and political life?

ANS: Marx argued that because the ruling class controls the economy, it controls the rest of society as well.

Therefore, he argued that the dominant ideology justifies and benefits those who own the means of production, religion is used by the ruling class to create false consciousness and perpetuate oppression of the working class, and the prevailing ideas are the ideas of the ruling class. Answers might also explain the distinction between false consciousness (a denial of the truth about the real circumstances in which one lives) and class consciousness, which is an understanding of the economic exploitation inherent in capitalism.

DIF: Easy

REF: 1.5 Macrosociological Theory

MSC: Analyzing

9. If you were feeling very generous to shoe manufacturers, you might argue that the manifest function of the production of newer and more expensive athletic shoes is to increase athletic performance. For a moment, let’s not be generous. Explain another manifest function of the appearance of new athletic shoes and at least two latent functions.

ANS: A manifest function is the obvious, intended function of a social structure, whereas a latent function is the less obvious and sometimes unintentional function. In this case, the obvious manifest function would be to increase revenue for makers of athletic apparel. The latent functions might include increased jealousy and competition among teenagers, violence and muggings in order to obtain shoes, teenage boys showing increased fashion consciousness, and the creation of a subculture that bonds over its interest in shoes.

DIF: Difficult

REF: 1.5 Macrosociological Theory

MSC: Applying

10. Symbolic interactionism is a micro-level approach to sociology. It considers face-to-face interactions as the building blocks of larger social institutions. Describe how individuals interacting with each other can produce larger social institutions. Pick an example and describe how specific social acts can, when repeated by many people, create large-scale social structures.

ANS: The textbook uses the example of the meaning of a tree to demonstrate the relationship between “meaning” and “interaction.” The key point is that society and the self are twinborn—social structures that only exist because they are created through individual action.

DIF: Moderate

REF: 1.6 Microsociological Theory

MSC: Analyzing

11. According to symbolic interactionism, describe how meaningful reality is created.

ANS: The textbook uses the example of how a tree can mean different things to different people in different social situations. We act toward things on the basis of their meaning, which is not inherent in the things themselves but is negotiated through interaction and can change or be modified over time. This demonstrates that meaningful reality is created through interaction.

DIF: Easy

REF: 1.6 Microsociological Theory

MSC: Applying

12. Describe the sociological theories that developed from symbolic interactionism. What do they have in common, and how do they contribute to the perspective?

ANS: There are three offshoots of symbolic interactionism described in the textbook: Erving Goffman’s theory of dramaturgy, Harold Garfinkel’s theory of ethnomethodology, and the theory of conversation analysis.

Each theory emphasizes “social acts rather than social facts,” demonstrating that larger social institutions are constantly made and remade through individual actions and interactions. They expand on the original ideas of symbolic interactionists by reinforcing specific aspects of culture as meaningful and important in the formation of society.

DIF: Moderate

REF: 1.6 Microsociological Theory

MSC: Remembering

13. Describe the main features of postmodern social theory and explain both positive and negative reactions to postmodernism.

ANS: In postmodern theory, social reality is diverse, pluralistic, and constantly in flux. In postmodernism, there are no absolutes—no claims to truth, reason, right, order, or stability. Everything is therefore relative—fragmented, temporary, situational, provisional, and contingent. Postmodernists believe that certainty is illusory, and they prefer to explore the possibilities created by fluidity, complexity, multidimensionality, and even nonsense. They propose that there is no constant or universal human truth from which we can know or interpret the meaning of existence.

For proponents, postmodernism can be celebrated as a liberating influence that can rescue us from the stifling effects of rationality, essentialism, and tradition. For opponents, it can be condemned as a detrimental influence that can imprison us in a world of relativity, nihilism, and chaos.

DIF: Easy

REF: 1.7 New Theoretical Approaches

MSC: Understanding

Chapter 2 Studying Social Life: Sociology Research Methods MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. In using the scientific method for sociological research, what step should be taken after formulating a general research question? a. review the literature relevant to the topic b. clearly define the variables c. look for correlations between at least two phenomena d. form a hypothesis ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 2.1 An Overview of Research Methods

2. Survey research tends to produce quantitative data. One key advantage of this kind of data is that it a. is easy to transmit to the public. b. includes observations and informal interviews. c. allows the researcher to review the literature. d. provides easy access to the norms, values, and meanings held by members of a group.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 2.1 An Overview of Research Methods

3. A sociologist thinks he has discovered a very interesting and unique finding. His data show a correlation between children’s shoe sizes and their reading test scores. He thinks that children with bigger feet must be smarter. What is the most logical explanation based on this information? a. The correlation between shoe size and reading test score is incorrect. b. The relationship between shoe size and reading test score is causal. c. The relationship between shoe size and reading test score is spurious. d. The bias of the researcher is influencing the correlation.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 2.1 An Overview of Research Methods | InQuizitive

MSC: Applying

4. A famous social scientist tells you that the most important task in her research was entering the social world of the people she was studying. What can you say about this researcher? a. She worries about ethical issues in her research. b. She is a qualitative researcher. c. She cannot use interviews as a methodology. d. She exclusively uses quantitative methods.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: 2.1 An Overview of Research Methods

5. You want to conduct some sociological research on whether people on social networking sites are less likely to meet in person as a result of their online community participation. What is the next step in the scientific method? a. conduct a literature review b. form a hypothesis c. choose a research design or method d. collect data ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 2.1 An Overview of Research Methods

6. Kemi is conducting a sociological research study on differences in interactions between similar and dissimilar co-workers. After reviewing the literature, she developed a hypothesis and operationalized the variables she will study. What is the next step Kemi should take in the scientific method? a. identify a problem or ask a question b. analyze data c. choose a research design or method d. collect data ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 2.1 An Overview of Research Methods

7. Jared is conducting a sociological research study on the underground music scene. He has just finished collecting data for the study. What is the next step Jared should take in the scientific method? a. share findings b. analyze data c. provide operational definitions for variables d. choose a research design or method ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 2.1 An Overview of Research Methods

8. The scientific method involves a. the use of statistics to analyze numerical data. b. the appearance of causation. c. the procedure for acquiring and collecting scientific data. d. research that translates the social world into numbers.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 2.1 An Overview of Research Methods

9. If conducting research, what steps must you take to follow the scientific method? Identify them in the correct order in which you should do them. a. form a hypothesis, define variables, choose research method, collect data b. form a hypothesis, choose research design, define variables, analyze data c. define variables, form a hypothesis, choose research design, review the literature d. analyze data, form a hypothesis, choose research design, define variables ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 2.1 An Overview of Research Methods

10. You are doing a research project on the effects of contemporary media. What are your variables if your hypothesis is “watching violence on television causes an increase in violent behavior”? a. violence on television and violent behavior b. watching television and violence on television c. watching nonviolent television d. causes of violent behavior ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 2.1 An Overview of Research Methods

11. You are conducting research on violence in the media. In what part of the research process are you engaged in if you are trying to decide whether “violence” includes words as well as actions? a. choosing a topic b. analyzing the data

c. defining the variables d. reviewing the literature ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 2.1 An Overview of Research Methods

12. A graduate student is almost done with his dissertation when he is informed that twenty years ago someone did a similar project and already demonstrated what he had hoped to be the first to discover.

What basic step of the scientific method should have saved him from this problem? a. developing an operational definition b. selecting a research method c. analyzing data d. reviewing the literature ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 2.1 An Overview of Research Methods

13. In the 1980s, many politicians argued that listening to heavy metal music led teenagers to die by suicide.

This is a(n) ________, although you might find this belief silly. a. variable b. paradigm shift c. hypothesis d. operational definition ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 2.1 An Overview of Research Methods

14. A social research methods class wants to study smoking. First, the professor asks how many people in the class are smokers. Two people indicate that they are. She then asks how many people have smoked a cigarette in the past week and ten people indicate that they have. The class decides, for the purposes of the survey, that a smoker will be defined as anyone who has smoked a cigarette in the past week and currently owns a pack of cigarettes. This is a(n) a. operational definition. b. hypothesis. c. spurious correlation. d. ethical challenge.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: 2.1 An Overview of Research Methods

15. A sociologist wants to study popular attitudes and perceptions about astrology among college students in California. She believes that people who have astrological signs associated with fire will have a greater knowledge of astrology, because fire signs tend to have more interesting and attractive symbolism. What are the variables in this study? a. astrological signs and knowledge of astrology b. college students and symbolism c. popular attitudes and perceptions d. California and college students ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: 2.1 An Overview of Research Methods

16. In recent years, sociologists who study deviance have learned that they can measure the quantities of narcotics consumed by a community by testing its sewage before treatment. What part of the research process would the sociologists be carrying out when they visit the sewage treatment plant to test its sewage? a. analyzing data b. forming a hypothesis c. collecting data d. developing an operational definition ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 2.1 An Overview of Research Methods

17. A study found a strong correlation between parental bonding and adolescent drug use. Children with stronger bonds to their parents were far less likely to try drugs or alcohol. After examining their data more closely, the researchers discovered that parental bonding was really a predictor for teen religiosity.

Consequently, high levels of religiosity, rather than parental bonding, actually prevent drug use. This means that religiosity was a(n) a. spurious variable. b. issue of reflexivity. c. paradigm shift. d. intervening variable.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 2.1 An Overview of Research Methods

18. If changing one variable seems to lead to a change in another variable, this shows ________ but does not necessarily prove ________. a. a paradigm shift; causation b. correlation; causation c. causation; correlation d. applied research; a paradigm shift ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 2.1 An Overview of Research Methods

19. Which of these uses an inductive method that involves collecting data and then generating a theory by looking for relationships among categories? a. grounded theory b. chaos theory c. conflict theory d. scientific theory ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 2.2 Ethnography/Participant Observation

20. ________ research would involve observing a group in order to determine its norms, values, rules, and meanings. a. Comparative historical b. Quantitative c. Qualitative d. Applied ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 2.2 Ethnography/Participant Observation

21. Ethnography’s main goal is a. to develop quantitative data sets that allow researchers to discover correlations. b. to conduct interviews with people who have very different ways of life. c. to understand the meanings people attach to their activities. d. to develop ethics and standards for sociological research.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 2.2 Ethnography/Participant Observation

22. ________ is the research method that might involve shifting between participating in a social situation and being an observer. a. Interviews b. Surveys c. Comparative-historical research d. Ethnography ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 2.2 Ethnography/Participant Observation

23. Ethnographers are overt about their roles if a. they maintain narrow and limited definitions of appropriate research methodologies. b. they spend a great deal of time reflecting on their roles in the research process. c. they observe and record data without letting anyone know they are doing research. d. they openly admit that they are doing sociological research.

ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 2.2 Ethnography/Participant Observation

24. Research that focuses on one’s own thoughts, feelings, and experiences is known as a. life history. b. autoethnography. c. internal investigation. d. content analysis.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 2.2 Ethnography/Participant Observation

25. Alex is assigned a research project in which she is to attend a celebratory family meal and analyze her experiences as she participates in the meal. She is asked to make a detailed account of the meal that includes her thoughts and feelings about the event. What type of research is Frances assigned? a. comparative-historical b. survey c. autoethnography d. experiment ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 2.2 Ethnography/Participant Observation

26. Why must ethnographers using participant observation always be aware of reflexivity? a. Participants may not consider their own motivations and act out of reflex. b. Ethnographers’ conclusions may not be applicable to any larger group. c. The presence of ethnographers may alter the behavior of the people they are observing. d. Ethnographers intervene in the lives of the people they are studying.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 2.2 Ethnography/Participant Observation

27. Which of the following is an advantage of using ethnography to study social life? a. Ethnography is a quick and easy form of social science research. b. Ethnography requires the researcher to spend little time gaining familiarity with research participants. c. Ethnography allows the researcher to gather abundant data on a small population. d. Ethnography requires no training since it is something we all do as human beings.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 2.2 Ethnography/Participant Observation

28. Which of the following is a disadvantage of using ethnography as a method of social research? a. Participants are self-selected. b. Participants are not completely honest when asked to describe their attitudes and behaviors. c. It is difficult for another researcher to repeat or replicate any particular ethnography. d. Ethnographies tend to have ethical problems that are of central concern to most sociologists.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 2.2 Ethnography/Participant Observation

29. If a sample of sociological research is representative, then a. the researcher has avoided any overt bias. b. the research has been conducted systematically, using the scientific method. c. a smaller group of people studied can tell us something about a larger group. d. the researcher has avoided using any double-barreled questions.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 2.2 Ethnography/Participant Observation

30. Which of the following research techniques focuses on gaining an insider’s perspective of the everyday lives of participants under investigation, which often dispels stereotypes about the group being investigated? a. participant observation b. surveys c. analysis of existing data d. experiments ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 2.2 Ethnography/Participant Observation

31. The sociologist Mitch Duneier wrote his ethnography Sidewalk about street vendors in New York City’s Greenwich Village. While writing the book, Duneier was particularly concerned that the people he was studying would alter their behavior when he was present, especially since his background was different from their own. This caused him to think critically about his activities and role as a researcher. What do sociologists call this? a. response rate b. reflexivity c. validity d. thick description ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 2.2 Ethnography/Participant Observation

32. In their ethnography Promises I Can Keep: Why Poor Women Put Motherhood before Marriage, Kathryn Edin and Maria Kefalas studied the realities of single motherhood for poor, urban women. They immersed themselves in the community before beginning their research. Edin moved her family to the city, and both ethnographers volunteered in community programs. Immersing themselves in the community is an example of a. gaining access. b. field notes. c. thick description. d. sampling.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 2.2 Ethnography/Participant Observation

33. In her ethnography Wheeling & Dealing, Patricia Adler investigates the social and professional worlds of mid-level cocaine and marijuana smugglers. Her research started unexpectedly when she discovered that her next-door neighbor and friend was a drug smuggler. This was a huge advantage for her because it meant that she already had ________ with one of her informants. a. informed consent b. rapport c. sampling d. causation ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 2.2 Ethnography/Participant Observation

34. Julie Bettie’s ethnography Women without Class: Girls, Race, and Identity examined the role of race and class in the lives of girls in California’s Central Valley. She did most of her work at a high school, hanging out with students and writing down her observations. What do ethnographers call her written observations? a. interviews b. representativeness c. nonverbal communication d. field notes ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 2.2 Ethnography/Participant Observation

35. In his research, ethnographer Richard Mitchell kept his identity a secret while studying militant survivalist groups. Sometimes, he even presented himself as a believer in the survivalists’ paranoid, racist ideologies in order to establish a. reflexivity. b. thick description. c. rapport. d. replicability.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 2.2 Ethnography/Participant Observation

36. Why can sociologists who conduct interviews only gather data from a limited number of people? a. It is impossible to find enough people through a random sample. b. Researchers are only allowed to talk to people who are eighteen and older. c. It is extremely difficult to guarantee confidentiality to individuals in large groups. d. Interviews are very time-consuming.

ANS: D

DIF: Moderate

REF: 2.3 Interviews

MSC: Understanding 37. A researcher must identify a target population before engaging in sampling. What is the target population? a. the group of people whose behavior they wish to change b. the group of people from whom they will gather data c. the group of people least often studied in the past d. the larger group of people about whom they wish to generalize ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 2.3 Interviews

38. If a researcher has obtained informed consent from all of their participants, it means that a. the participants have all agreed to participate in the study for monetary compensation. b. the participants understand the nature of the research and are participating freely. c. the confidentiality of all participants has been guaranteed. d. the participants have conducted a literature review.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 2.3 Interviews

39. Carla is worried about the representativeness of her study. She is conducting interviews, but each one seems to last at least five hours. What strategy might she use to increase her sample size given that she only has one month to collect her data? a. end interviews at two hours whether or not all questions have been answered b. conduct a focus group c. ask only open-ended questions d. request that respondents write out answers during interviews instead of answering verbally ANS: B MSC: Evaluating

DIF: Moderate

REF: 2.3 Interviews

40. What is a closed-ended question? a. one that allows for a wide variety of responses b. one that encourages respondents to answer creatively c. one that limits the possible responses d. one that can only be answered orally ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 2.3 Interviews

41. Researchers should avoid using double-barreled questions when designing a survey. What are double-barreled questions? a. questions that ask about multiple issues b. questions that use emotional language that may bias the respondent c. questions that are vague or ambiguous d. questions that have a hidden agenda ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 2.3 Interviews

42. What kind of question usually produces a wide variety of responses by allowing respondents to answer in whatever way seems appropriate to them? a. closed-ended b. open-ended

c. double-barreled d. leading ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 2.3 Interviews

43. A professor has been commissioned by a college to do research on its new academic system. The college has moved from a semester system to block scheduling. One of the questions asked is, “How have teachers and students responded to the new intensive block scheduling system?” This is an example of a. a leading question. b. a double-barreled question. c. a closed-ended question. d. reflexivity.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 2.3 Interviews

44. What does it mean when an interviewer asks a respondent for their life history? a. a chronological account of the respondent’s life b. biographical information on the respondent’s maternal side c. detailed accounts of the respondent’s early childhood memories d. a genealogical map of the respondent’s family ancestry ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 2.3 Interviews

45. Researchers usually transcribe responses after they conduct a series of interviews. The transcription process is fairly time-consuming, but it is valuable, in part, because it allows researchers to a. look for patterns in their data. b. check for bias in how they asked questions. c. think up new questions they did not ask. d. determine the average age of their interviewees.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 2.3 Interviews

46. What is an advantage of using interviews as a research method? a. They allow the researcher to maintain strict control of the data-collection process. b. They reveal attitudes and beliefs inaccessible by any other means. c. They can affirm preconceptions and stereotypes. d. They allow researchers to analyze data statistically and draw correlations.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 2.3 Interviews

47. In her research for The Second Shift, Arlie Hochschild interviewed married couples to find out how they dealt with changing family roles as more women entered the workforce. What advantages came from her decision to use interviews as a research method? a. It allowed her to include a large group of people in the study. b. It ensured that the respondents were always honest and forthcoming about their family lives and marital roles. c. It allowed her to gather direct quotations and construct an intimate portrait of married couples. d. It created both a control group and an experimental group and allowed Hochschild to compare them.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 2.3 Interviews

48. Researchers are often worried that interviewees have not been completely honest or forthcoming, especially when asked about sensitive subjects. How did Arlie Hochschild attempt to deal with this problem? a. She asked each question in a different way to try to trap respondents in contradictions. b. She interviewed spouses separately to see if their stories matched. c. She observed some respondents as they went about their daily routines to see if their actions matched their answers. d. She confronted respondents when they gave answers that seemed suspicious.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 2.3 Interviews

49. Why do social scientists who use interviews rarely speak with large numbers of people for a project? a. It is hard to find people willing to be interviewed. b. There are usually very few people interesting enough to be interviewed. c. Face-to-face interviewing is a very time-consuming process. d. The data is so rich that few interviews are typically needed.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 2.3 Interviews

50. Arlie Hochschild was concerned that her sample of interviewees was too small to guarantee representativeness. How did Hochschild attempt to overcome this problem? a. by deciding that she did not need to generalize to any larger population b. by asking only open-ended questions c. by doing follow-up interviews with each interviewee d. by comparing information about her interviewees with a national survey ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 2.3 Interviews

51. A research team is curious about the relationship between exercise habits and academic performance among American college students. The researchers randomly select seventeen colleges by pulling names out of a hat. They travel to campuses and stand in prominent public places asking for volunteers until they have ten people from each campus willing to be interviewed. What is the researchers’ target population? a. students at the seventeen colleges they visited b. the 170 students who were interviewed c. young people d. American college students ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 2.3 Interviews

52. How do interviews give “voice” to people who may never have been heard before and offer privileged access to authentic experience, private worlds, and true selves? a. Interviews may contribute to unfair stereotypes. b. Interviews are quick, economical, and can provide a vast amount of data. c. Interviews allow respondents to speak in their own words, which can reveal their thoughts, feelings, and beliefs. d. Respondents are not always forthcoming or truthful, are sometimes difficult to talk to, and may try too hard to be helpful.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 2.3 Interviews

53. Every four years, when it is time to elect a new president, we pay much attention to surveys, which we usually call “polls.” Political pollsters typically ask approximately one thousand people, of the 300 million people in the United States, who they plan to vote for. They use that information to predict how the election will turn out. Who is the sample for a presidential poll? a. every person who is planning on voting b. every American c. people who have strong political opinions d. the 1,000 people asked whom they will vote for ANS: D

DIF: Moderate

REF: 2.4 Surveys

MSC: Applying

54. Imagine that you are trying to rewrite a survey. You find a multiple-choice question that asks, “What is your favorite recreational activity?” and gives three response options: watching television, shopping, or sports. You add a fourth response option, “other,” and invite respondents to write an activity of their choice. What kind of question have you just created? a. open-ended b. quantitative c. reductionist d. closed-ended ANS: A

DIF: Easy

REF: 2.4 Surveys

MSC: Applying

55. Survey researchers often use Likert scales to construct the possible answers when they write closed-ended questions. How do Likert scales allow respondents to answer? a. They allow respondents to answer along a continuum from “strongly agree” to “strongly disagree.” b. They allow respondents to answer with their own opinions. c. They allow respondents to give simple answers such as true/false or yes/no. d. They encourage respondents to include detailed responses.

ANS: A

DIF: Easy

REF: 2.4 Surveys

MSC: Remembering

56. It is always important to ask clear and unambiguous questions regardless of the method you use. Why is it especially important to avoid confusion when conducting surveys? a. Survey research methods commonly use statistics. b. Survey researchers are usually not present to clarify any misunderstandings. c. Survey researchers talk to many people. d. Survey researchers tend to look at large-scale social patterns.

ANS: B

DIF: Moderate

REF: 2.4 Surveys

MSC: Remembering

57. Researchers must avoid negative questions when writing a survey. What are negative questions? a. questions that ask about two different topics b. questions that let the respondent know how the researcher hopes they will answer c. questions that belittle or insult a group or individual d. questions that ask respondents what they do not think rather than what they do think ANS: D

DIF: Easy

REF: 2.4 Surveys

MSC: Remembering

58. Why would mentioning a sensitive issue, such as divorce or infidelity, in a survey question influence how respondents answer later questions? a. Questions about sensitive issues are double-barreled.

b. The respondents may think about the sensitive issue when answering later questions. c. Sensitive questions make the questionnaire confusing and difficult to fill out. d. Sensitive questions spoil the representativeness of the researcher’s sample.

ANS: B

DIF: Easy

REF: 2.4 Surveys

MSC: Remembering

59. A pilot study is a. a smaller study used to investigate the feasibility of a larger one. b. a study designed to improve the target population of a larger study. c. a study that concerns itself with media use and popular culture. d. a study that definitively answers a question that has confused sociologists.

ANS: A

DIF: Easy

REF: 2.4 Surveys

MSC: Remembering

60. Respondents are often more comfortable addressing sensitive subjects on surveys than in other research contexts because a. they know that many other people will answer the same questions. b. they know that their answers will only be analyzed statistically. c. they can answer in private and are usually assured anonymity. d. surveys guarantee that their answers will be confidential, while other methods do not.

ANS: C

DIF: Easy

REF: 2.4 Surveys

MSC: Remembering

61. A sociologist uses a survey to study the attitudes of adults in the United States concerning premarital sex among teenagers. In this study, the target population consists of all ________, and the group that is asked the survey questions is called the ________. a. teenagers in the United States; reference group b. teenagers in the United States who have engaged in premarital sex; experimental group c. adults in the United States; sample d. adults in the United States who have teenage children; units of analysis ANS: C

DIF: Moderate

REF: 2.4 Surveys

MSC: Applying

62. Why might surveys, rather than a more direct form of communication like interviews, be more appropriate when asking high school students about sensitive subjects like drug use or sexual health? a. Surveys allow respondents to speak in their own words and can reveal respondents’ thoughts, feelings, and beliefs. b. Surveys allow researchers to ask much more complex questions than they could with any other methodology. c. Surveys allow students to answer the questions in private and ensure the confidentiality of their responses. d. Surveys are more expensive and allow for larger staffs and budgets.

ANS: C

DIF: Moderate

REF: 2.4 Surveys

MSC: Applying

63. What is a simple random sample? a. a sample with only one variable b. a sample that takes into account other demographic variables c. a sample that weights one variable more than another d. a sample that provides the same chance of being included to every member of the population ANS: D

DIF: Easy

REF: 2.4 Surveys

64. What must there be for a survey to be considered valid? a. a large target population b. a large number of existing sources

MSC: Remembering

c. a large pilot study d. a high response rate ANS: D

DIF: Moderate

REF: 2.4 Surveys

MSC: Remembering

65. ________ is/are the consistency of a measurement tool or the degree to which the same questions will produce similar answers. a. Reliability b. Grounded theory c. Unobtrusive measures d. Value-free sociology ANS: A

DIF: Moderate

REF: 2.4 Surveys

MSC: Remembering

66. What research method is an individual using if they look through a community’s trash and litter? a. experiment b. content analysis c. comparative historical research d. unobtrusive measures ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 2.5 Existing Sources

67. Which of the following is a disadvantage of using existing sources of data for research? a. Researchers often seek answers to questions the data does not directly address. b. Researchers have to spend a great deal of time and money to get the data. c. Researchers do not have access to existing sources. d. Existing sources are irrelevant to the contemporary world because they are from a different time and place.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 2.5 Existing Sources

68. What are researchers doing when they use a social networking site like Facebook to obtain data? a. being ethically questionable b. doing qualitative research c. using interview data d. using existing sources ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 2.5 Existing Sources

69. Why are social networking sites like Facebook and Twitter so exciting to sociologists who study social networks? a. For the first time, social networking sites offer sociologists a data set rich enough to test ideas that have previously only been theorized. b. For the first time, sociologists do not have to spend the time and money to go talk to people and can do all their work from a computer. c. For the first time, sociologists can find out what young people’s social networks look like. d. For the first time, sociologists can track the spread of urban legends.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult MSC: Remembering

REF: 2.5 Existing Sources

70. The analysis of documents such as medical records, photographs, diaries, letters, newspapers, and song lyrics uses which of the following types of data?

a. b. c. d.

ethnographic field notes interview transcripts existing sources experimental data

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 2.5 Existing Sources

71. The primary goal of comparative and historical research methods is to a. enhance the validity of experiments. b. understand relationships between parts of society in various regions and time periods. c. uncover issues that have been neglected by mainstream social research. d. select participants who are very similar so that the independent variable can be isolated.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 2.5 Existing Sources

72. The Yale sociologist Kai Erikson wrote a book called Wayward Puritans, in which he drew on court records from colonial Massachusetts. He learned that the rate of out-of-wedlock births was much higher than it is now and that the amount of alcohol consumed per capita was higher as well. What research methodology was Erikson using? a. ethnography b. comparative-historical research c. interviews d. surveys ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 2.5 Existing Sources

73. What research method is a sociologist using if they watch a lot of television and count the number of times women play roles with lower status than those played by men? a. experimental research b. content analysis c. ethnography d. interview ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 2.5 Existing Sources

74. You are tasked with conducting a research project that investigates the relationship between smoking and gender in blockbuster films. What methodology would you use to conduct your research? a. quantitative research b. content analysis c. comparative or historical research d. interviews ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: 2.5 Existing Sources

75. A sociologist wants to examine how black men have been portrayed in television shows in the past year.

Which type of study is most appropriate to examine this research topic and compare the portrayal of black men across different television shows? a. comparative historical b. focus group c. experiment

d. content analysis ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: 2.5 Existing Sources | InQuizitive

76. A sociologist wants to study how educational credential requirements for employment have changed in the last fifty years in the United States, Sweden, and Germany by using newspaper classified ads. What research concept best describes this study? a. comparative historical research b. action research c. pilot study d. life history ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 2.5 Existing Sources | InQuizitive

77. Peter Stearns (2004) consulted various existing sources for his book Anxious Parents: A History of Modern Childrearing in America. What did he find? a. Being held responsible for their children’s protection from endless sources of harm, many parents experienced a sense of empowerment that increased steadily over the course of the twentieth century. b. While children were once viewed as self-sufficient mini-adults, beginning in the late 1800s children were seen as particularly vulnerable. c. Stearn’s work may have predicted the advent of today’s “deadbeat dads,” fathers who are not involved in their children’s lives. d. Meanings of childhood have remained relatively stable over time.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 2.5 Existing Sources | InQuizitive

78. The research method MOST closely related to the scientific method is a. ethnography. b. survey research. c. experimental research. d. interviews.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 2.6 Experimental Methods

79. When conducting experiments, how is the experimental group different from the control group? a. The experimental group includes people who are very different from those in the control group. b. The experimental group is administered the dependent variable, while the control group is not. c. The experimental group is administered the independent variable, while the control group is not. d. The control group is administered the independent variable, while the experimental group is not.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 2.6 Experimental Methods

80. A sociologist performs an experiment designed to investigate the effect of marriage counseling on divorce. They divide research participants into two similar groups of troubled couples, provides only one group with counseling, and observes whether or not, over time, the two groups eventually divorce at different rates. What is the independent variable in this experiment? a. divorce b. troubled couples c. the overall divorce rate d. marriage counseling ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 2.6 Experimental Methods

81. What does it mean for a sociologist to control for a variable? a. Research participants are divided into two groups. b. Change over time is measured by a dependent variable. c. One group is allowed to understand the nature of the experiment, while the other group is kept in the dark. d. All factors except the independent variable are taken into account.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 2.6 Experimental Methods

82. What is an advantage of replicability in experiments? a. Experiments can be performed again and again over time in order to measure change. b. Experiments allow research participants to speak in their own voices. c. Experiments are extremely cheap. d. Each experiment is unique and illustrates something new.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 2.6 Experimental Methods

83. What is the primary reason to include a control group in an experiment? a. The control group provides feedback about the experimental group. b. The control group is ready to take the experimental treatment in case the experimental group does not work out. c. The control group allows you to make comparisons to the experimental group. d. The control group maintains control over distributing the treatment to the experimental group.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 2.6 Experimental Methods | InQuizitive

84. A sociologist wants to study racial discrimination in hiring, and decides to either distribute a survey asking employers about their hiring methods, or conduct an experiment that involves sending fake resumes to employers to see who gets an interview. Which method would best examine racial discrimination in hiring and why? a. The experimental method because survey methods are generally unreliable. b. The experimental method because the researcher can isolate the effect of race by creating otherwise identical resumes. c. The survey method because employers will detect the experiment and invalidate the results. d. The survey method because experiments outside of a laboratory must deal with the unpredictable intrusions of the real world.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 2.6 Experimental Methods | InQuizitive

85. Many kitchen tools today are made with easy-to-grip silicone handles, which are a vast improvement over old wire tools that were often painful to use. Although the advantages of silicone over wire might seem obvious, kitchenware makers were unaware of the problems with wire tools until they hired ethnographers. Ethnographers visited people at home, observed how they worked in the kitchen, and were able to determine what sorts of things could be sold to them. This ethnography is an example of a. a nonacademic use of research methods. b. reflexivity. c. a way to ensure validity and reliability. d. reactivity.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 2.8 Issues in Sociological Research

86. If a researcher allows their own values and opinions to affect their analysis, they are guilty of a. theoretical incoherence. b. bias. c. sampling bias. d. failing to obtain informed consent.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 2.8 Issues in Sociological Research

87. An ideal whereby researchers identify facts without allowing their own personal beliefs or biases to interfere is known as a. applied research. b. value-free sociology. c. objectivity. d. quantitative research.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 2.8 Issues in Sociological Research

88. Reactivity is a. the way the experimental group reacts to the independent variable. b. when researchers react to data by overreporting the results. c. the tendency of research participants to change their behavior in response to being studied. d. the goal of applied research, which is to create a reaction.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 2.8 Issues in Sociological Research

89. Elton Mayo conducted his now-classic experiment on worker productivity. Mayo found that he could increase productivity by changing variables in a work environment, but that changing variables back also increased productivity. What did he conclude was the true cause of the increase in productivity? a. a decrease in sick days b. his own bias c. the effect of being studied d. increased lighting and longer breaks ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 2.8 Issues in Sociological Research

90. A researcher studying sororities pretends to be a college student and attempts to join a sorority. The researcher is operating with a high level of

a. b. c. d.

reactivity. bias. deception. objectivity.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 2.8 Issues in Sociological Research

91. Why is action research controversial among more traditional social scientists despite the methodological approach gaining popularity among students? a. It strictly adheres to ideal-type models. b. It is aligned with values and challenges objectivity. c. Research goals come before practical goals. d. IRB approval is not required.

ANS: B MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Moderate

REF: 2.8 Issues in Sociological Research

92. Laud Humphreys wrote his dissertation on anonymous homosexual encounters in the men’s rooms of public parks. To gather data, he acted as a lookout for his participants, but he also secretly noted license-plate numbers as the men left so he could get their names and addresses. He picked about fifty of the men the next year and, claiming to be performing a health survey, interviewed them in their homes.

His descriptions of the interviews made it possible for many of the men (and their families) to recognize themselves when the dissertation was published. Why do many sociologists consider this research method to be unethical? a. It used terminology that was confusing to the interview participants. b. It put Humphreys at risk for arrest or retaliation. c. It harmed the reputation of the city where Humphrey’s participants lived. d. It failed to protect the biographical anonymity of Humphrey’s participants.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: 2.8 Issues in Sociological Research

93. What can an institutional review board do if it has reservations about the safety or ethics of a research project? a. It may appoint new researchers to complete the project. b. It may stop the project from going forward, at least until changes have been made. c. It may issue recommendations for future research. d. It may provide assistance to any research participants whose rights have been violated.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 2.8 Issues in Sociological Research

94. A team of sociologists is commissioned to study the effects of lighting levels and amount of time for breaks on workers’ productivity in an office setting. Before the study begins, office workers are told why the researchers are there. When the team analyzes their data, they find that no matter what they do, productivity levels go up while they are physically present. When the team is not physically present, productivity levels return to normal. What is the likely explanation for these findings? a. the Hawthorne effect b. a lack of confidentiality c. excessive objectivity d. a lack of a control group ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 2.8 Issues in Sociological Research | InQuizitive

95. Which scholar’s research sparked debate about both ethical and legal violations? a. James Coleman b. Edgar Schein c. Alice Goffman d. Elton Mayo ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 2.8 Issues in Sociological Research | InQuizitive

TRUE/FALSE 1. Sociologists try to follow the steps of the scientific method or approach to gather new empirical data that can change and deepen our understanding of human social life.

ANS: T DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 2.1 An Overview of Research Methods

2. You will still have to sacrifice some types of information in order to acquire others even if you pick your research method carefully.

ANS: T DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 2.1 An Overview of Research Methods

3. Operationalizing, or providing operational definitions for variables, is associated with the same step that involves forming a hypothesis.

ANS: F DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 2.1 An Overview of Research Methods

4. Ethnography and participant observation are often used interchangeably.

ANS: T DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 2.2 Ethnography/Participant Observation

5. Sociologists always try to incorporate some leading questions and double-barreled questions in order to vary the types of questions they ask in interviews.

ANS: F DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 2.3 Interviews

6. No harm can come to participants as a result of completing a questionnaire.

ANS: F DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 2.8 Issues in Sociological Research

7. Some “facts” that sociologists once believed to be unambiguously true are now treated as opinions, biases, or speculation.

ANS: T DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering SHORT ANSWER

REF: 2.8 Issues in Sociological Research

1. How does quantitative research differ from qualitative research?

ANS: Quantitative research works with numerical data using statistical analysis, and qualitative research works with non-numerical data to describe cases of study in detail.

DIF: Easy REF: 2.1 An Overview of Research Methods MSC: Remembering 2. Explain how a change in one variable might not be caused by a change in another variable even if the variables are correlated.

ANS: Answers will vary, but should include the following: a spurious correlation results when there is an appearance of causation produced by an intervening variable, which is a third variable that explains the relationship between two other variables. This is evidenced by the relationship between ice cream sales and violent crime. As one increases, so does the other. However, the increase in both ice cream sales and violent crime is caused by a third variable—the weather.

DIF: Moderate REF: 2.1 An Overview of Research Methods MSC: Understanding 3. What does philosopher Thomas Kuhn argue about the truth?

ANS: The truth is relative and dependent upon the paradigm with which one sees the world. Data can generate paradigm shifts, which force new ways of looking at the world.

DIF: Easy REF: 2.1 An Overview of Research Methods MSC: Understanding 4. In what way does a focus group differ from one-on-one interviews?

ANS: In a focus group, a number of participants (five to ten) will be interviewed at the same time, which allows for group members to interact with one another. One-on-one interactions will not have opportunities for any interaction among group members.

DIF: Easy

REF: 2.3 Interviews

MSC: Remembering

5. What are the advantages and disadvantages of asking open-ended and closed-ended questions?

ANS: Open-ended questions allow for a wide variety of responses, whereas closed-ended questions limit possible responses. Open-ended questions provide qualitative data for an in-depth look into society, but they are time-consuming to answer and analyze. Closed-ended questions provide quantitative data that may be analyzed quickly using statistical analysis, but they lack the qualitative understanding found in open-ended questions.

DIF: Difficult

REF: 2.3 Interviews

MSC: Analyzing

6. Why is it important that researchers have a representative sample when conducting survey research?

ANS: A representative sample allows for information garnered by surveys to be utilized to make accurate inferences about the target population.

DIF: Easy

REF: 2.4 Surveys

MSC: Understanding

7. How might researchers generate a representative sample from a target population?

ANS: Answers may vary, but should include the following: representative samples can be generated through probability sampling, in which the sample reflects the characteristics of the target population. This may be achieved through a simple random sample, in which everyone in a target population has an equal chance of being randomly selected, or through more advanced sampling techniques of manipulating or weighting sample population responses.

DIF: Moderate

REF: 2.4 Surveys

MSC: Understanding

8. What difficulties does experimental research present for researchers?

ANS: Experiments are only applicable in certain types of research, such as those that can be constructed and measured in a controlled setting. Experiments do not work when it comes to explaining complex processes and interactions. In addition, researchers cannot always eliminate factors that will have an unforeseen effect on social outcomes.

DIF: Moderate

REF: 2.6 Experimental Methods

MSC: Understanding

9. What role does the population studied perform in action research?

ANS: Participants are active, collaborative, and equal participants; researchers are doing research with the people rather than on them.

DIF: Moderate REF: 2.8 Issues in Sociological Research MSC: Understanding 10. Explain the importance of confidentiality in social research.

ANS: Answers may vary, but should include the following: breaching confidentiality can cause harm to research participants. For example, due to a breach of confidentiality, Muncie, Indiana, was perceived as an example of shallowness and triviality. Carolyn Ellis destroyed her relationships with participants in her research who were emotionally hurt by their misrepresented portrayals.

DIF: Moderate REF: 2.8 Issues in Sociological Research MSC: Understanding 11. What recommendations are set out in the American Sociological Association’s Code of Ethics?

ANS: The ASA’s Code of Ethics is a set of guidelines for researchers on how to avoid bias, adhere to professional standards, and protect respondents from harm.

DIF: Easy

REF: 2.8 Issues in Sociological Research

MSC: Remembering ESSAY 1. Why should sociologists generally follow the steps of the scientific method or approach?

ANS: Answers to this question should address how the scientific method or approach has been accepted as a standard procedure for acquiring empirical and measurable knowledge. It gives an important structure to the research process, without which data might be thought less rigorous or compelling. Using the scientific method helps researchers avoid common mistakes such as neglecting to conduct a literature review, which might make a study pointless. Following the steps of the scientific method or approach helps researchers contribute to and build the field. For example, when their research findings are disseminated, this informs participants, other professionals, and interested parties, thus creating a research community. Finally, following Kuhn’s line of thinking, we are constantly gathering data to understand what is true. However, truth is relative and depends on the paradigm, or worldview, we are using. Using the scientific method generates data that can help us see the world in different ways and can contribute to paradigm shifts and new ways of understanding what is true.

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: 2.1 An Overview of Research Methods

2. The scientific method provides a general plan for conducting research in a systematic way. Describe the series of steps in the scientific method.

ANS: In the first step, the researcher identifies a problem or asks a question. Next, the researcher conducts a literature review. The third step in the scientific method is forming a hypothesis, in which the variables are clearly defined (or operationalized). Fourth, the researcher chooses a research method or design to conduct the study. Fifth, data are collected, and sixth, the data are analyzed and evaluated. Finally, the researcher disseminates the findings.

DIF: Moderate REF: 2.1 An Overview of Research Methods MSC: Remembering 3. In everyday life, it is assumed that science provides access to objective truths that will never change.

However, the philosopher Thomas Kuhn argues that truth is relative and dependent upon the paradigm through which one sees the world. Explain what a paradigm is and how the scientific method can lead to paradigm shifts.

ANS: Answers should begin by describing Kuhn’s work, especially the idea that paradigms are broad theoretical models about how things work. A paradigm shift is a major break from the assumptions made by the previous model, which occurs when new information forces a new way of looking at the world as in the shift from an Earth-centered solar system to a heliocentric solar system. In addition, it is through the use of the scientific method that new data are generated; the scientific method demands that assumptions be tested with empirical data.

DIF: Difficult MSC: Applying

REF: 2.1 An Overview of Research Methods

4. Each method of social research comes with its own advantages and disadvantages. This means that there is not necessarily a “right” answer to the question of which method should be used for a project. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using ethnographic research.

ANS: Ethnographic research allows researchers to tell detailed stories that contribute to understanding social life, study previously overlooked groups, challenge taken-for-granted assumptions, and develop innovative methodologies. However, ethnographic research is hard to replicate, not always representative, and easily affected by bias. Reflexivity must be taken into account when doing ethnographic research. This type of research is also time-consuming and involves many hours of fieldwork.

DIF: Moderate MSC: Evaluating

REF: 2.2 Ethnography/Participant Observation

5. The anthropologist Clifford Geertz coined the term “thick description” to describe well-written field notes. What does he mean by this term?

ANS: Thick description should provide both a straightforward portrait of the activities and events in a given setting and resources from which the ethnographer can identify group members’ meanings in that setting. Making field notes “thick” requires more than mere photographic details; it also requires sensitivity to context and to interactional details such as facial expressions and tone of voice, which enrich what might otherwise be just a list of happenings. Thick description means all the possible meanings of a phenomenon within a cultural setting.

DIF: Difficult REF: 2.2 Ethnography/Participant Observation MSC: Understanding 6. Both interviews and surveys require a researcher to write clear, unambiguous questions in order to generate good data. What are the pitfalls and benefits of crafting specific types of questions?

ANS: Answers should mention leading, double-barreled, and negative questions. The text also mentions overly complex questions, ambiguous questions, and those that spark an emotional reaction on the part of the respondent. A discussion of open-ended versus closed-ended questions should include information about closed-ended questions being easier to code, but not allowing respondents to fully answer in their own words. Open-ended questions allow respondents to fully answer questions with their own ideas, but are much more time-consuming for researchers to code.

DIF: Difficult

REF: 2.3 Interviews

MSC: Applying

7. It has been assumed by many sociologists as far back as Auguste Comte, the theorist who coined the term “sociology,” that objectivity is important in studying society. Describe the assumptions surrounding the role objectivity plays in sociology.

ANS: Any answer should first point out that many “facts” from the past are now seen as distortions based on racism, sexism, class privilege, and even religiosity. Second, social researchers are human and therefore understand the world through their own subjective natures. Third, some postmodern theorists have suggested that there is no such thing as objective reality.

DIF: Difficult REF: 2.8 Issues in Sociological Research MSC: Understanding

8. Given what you learned in Chapter 2, why would an interviewer’s appearance, including clothing and hairstyle, make a difference in determining what they learn?

ANS: Any good answer will mention reflexivity, which is the idea that a researcher’s presence affects how people respond around him or her. Though the presence of anyone might change certain things about a setting, most of the important effects of reflexivity are based on the particular identity and activities of a particular researcher. The way the researcher chooses to present themselves to their research participants will affect their responses.

DIF: Difficult MSC: Applying

REF: 2.8 Issues in Sociological Research

9. In physics, the Heisenberg uncertainty principle states that to measure something is also to change it.

Sociologists have observed a similar phenomenon—reactivity. Describe the classic example of reactivity, which was observed and explained by Elton Mayo at the Western Electric Hawthorne Plant between 1927 and 1932.

ANS: Mayo sought to examine the effect of varying work conditions on motivation and productivity in the factory. He changed various conditions such as lighting levels, rest breaks, and even rates of pay, and found that each change resulted in a rise in productivity. However, returning to the original conditions also resulted in a rise in productivity. Mayo concluded that the variables he had manipulated were not the only or dominant causes of productivity. Rather, it was the effect of being studied, or what is now referred to as the Hawthorne effect, that caused the increases. It was attention that had caused the improvement. The presence of researchers always affects those whom they study.

DIF: Moderate REF: 2.8 Issues in Sociological Research MSC: Understanding 10. In recent years, ethnography has expanded beyond academic and scientific disciplines and is now often used for commercial purposes. Explain how ethnographic methods can help advertisers.

ANS: Advertisers are interested in the complex relationships between people and products; ethnographic methods help them uncover the interpretive strategies and meaning systems used by consumers. For example, Nissan used ethnographic methods to discover how American consumers defined “luxury.”

“Cool hunters” have also used ethnographic methods to search for new and hip trends in popular culture by talking to trendsetters.

DIF: Difficult MSC: Applying

REF: 2.8 Issues in Sociological Research

11. Every discipline that does research on humans needs a code of ethics in order to protect its research participants. The risks associated with sociological research may seem subtler than the harm that medical research could cause people if not carried out ethically. Describe the risks of sociological research.

ANS: This answer should mention breaches of confidentiality and issues of betrayal based on the way participants are portrayed as well as risks of physical and legal harm to researchers.

DIF: Difficult

REF: 2.8 Issues in Sociological Research

MSC: Understanding 12. A professor receives a grant to study local employment conditions and files the required paperwork with their university’s Institutional Review Board (IRB). Several graduate students who were not around when the project started are later hired to take over the day-to-day management of the project. The IRB promptly cuts off the project’s funding. Explain what an IRB does and why it might revoke funding for a research project.

ANS: The IRB is a group of scholars who review the research proposals of their colleagues at a college or university. It is the responsibility of the IRB to protect research participants from any kind of harm. A change in researcher is not problematic in and of itself. However, the IRB could be concerned that it might signal a larger shift in the nature of the project, possibly from a research procedure that had been approved as safe and ethical to one that had not been reviewed.

DIF: Difficult MSC: Applying

REF: 2.8 Issues in Sociological Research

Chapter 3 Culture MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The definition of “culture” a. involves reactions to the ways in which people follow or disobey norms in society. b. is limited to rules or guidelines about what kind of behavior is acceptable and appropriate within a particular situation. c. is the principle of evaluating another group or individual as abnormal or inferior. d. is the entire way of life of a group of people, and it acts as a lens through which we view the world.

ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 3.1 What Is Culture?

2. What is the difference in how sociologists and anthropologists study culture? a. Sociologists usually study a society to which they belong. b. Anthropologists often study societies inside the United States. c. Sociologists never “other” the group they are studying. d. Anthropologists only study societies from the past.

ANS: A MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Moderate

REF: 3.1 What Is Culture?

3. Although many people believe that expectations for personal space are inborn, members of many cultures are accustomed to noticeably less personal space than those of others. This helps demonstrate that people’s expectations for personal space are a. the direct result of hormonal differences in the limbic system. b. usually negotiable and not all that difficult to change. c. a part of our culture and, as such, are learned rather than inborn. d. something that is inborn and more of an instinct than something learned.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 3.1 What Is Culture?

4. What is it called when an individual uses their group’s way of doing things as the standard for judging others? a. ethnocentrism b. culture shock c. cultural relativism d. self-centeredness ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 3.1 What Is Culture?

5. Ethnocentric people tend to view other cultures as abnormal because a. they have values and beliefs that are universally recognized. b. they use their own culture as a standard of judgment. c. they are practicing cultural relativism. d. they are part of a counterculture.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 3.1 What Is Culture?

6. The famous anthropologist Margaret Mead said that the United States of America is the best place to raise a female child. Her assertion is an example of a. preferring high culture to popular culture. b. ethnocentrism. c. cultural relativism. d. participating in culture wars.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 3.1 What Is Culture?

7. What is it called when someone has the ability to understand another culture in terms of that culture’s own norms and values without reference to any other culture’s standards? a. ethnocentrism b. cultural relativism c. cultural lag d. culture shock ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 3.1 What Is Culture?

8. How is culture transmitted and internalized? a. We are born with these values and beliefs. b. We learn values and beliefs slowly and incrementally. c. It is human nature to accept one’s own culture as superior. d. Values and beliefs are only taught in school.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 3.1 What Is Culture?

9. Why is the article “Body Ritual among the Nacirema” useful to sociologists? a. It presents a striking example of an exotic culture. b. It challenges people’s inability to observe their own cultures. c. It demonstrates proper fieldwork techniques for studying a different culture. d. It demonstrates how different other cultures are from American culture.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 3.1 What Is Culture?

10. The controversy surrounding North Carolina’s 2016 HB2 law is an example of which of the following concepts? a. cultural diffusion b. cultural leveling c. cultural imperialism d. culture wars ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 3.1 What Is Culture? | InQuizitive

11. An example of something that would be part of the material culture of an individual or society would be a. weapons of war. b. democracy as a political system. c. belief in a supreme being. d. preference to have health rather than wealth.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 3.2 Components of Culture

12. Examples of ________ are designer labels on purses and logos on shirts. a. values b. material culture c. counterculture d. cultural essentials ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 3.2 Components of Culture

13. Curators at museums have recently experienced problems with the preservation of plastic objects, almost all of which disintegrate over time. The Smithsonian collection contains the first-ever plastic toothbrush, which soon will be nothing more than a pile of plastic particles. This problem is leading many historians to worry that we will lose the history of our a. symbolic culture. b. signs and gestures. c. linguistic relativity. d. material culture.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 3.2 Components of Culture

14. ________ is an example of something that would be part of an individual’s or society’s symbolic culture. a. Navajo jewelry b. Imported French wine c. A Rembrandt painting d. Belonging to a political party ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 3.2 Components of Culture

15. One of the functions of symbolic culture is that a. it provides a history of physical objects. b. it enables people to communicate. c. it facilitates the distribution of Western products. d. it aids the proliferation of Western media.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 3.2 Components of Culture

16. ________ is the sociological term for signs people make with their bodies. a. Language b. Gestures c. Sanctions d. Values ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 3.2 Components of Culture

17. The widespread use of plastic in American culture is no accident; plastic offers consumers convenience and disposability. A researcher documenting plastic objects commonly found in American households is researching a. folkways. b. the development of the self.

c. material culture. d. the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 3.2 Components of Culture

18. Jill is visiting her boyfriend’s family in China. She points at him with her index finger during a conversation, which his family doesn’t seem to like. Her boyfriend later explains that she should point with an open hand instead of using a finger. Why is this instruction needed? a. The meaning of gestures is not universal. b. Jill was attempting to be rude to his family. c. Sanctions exist in China, but not in the United States where Jill is from. d. The action of pointing does not have symbolic meaning.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 3.2 Components of Culture

19. What does the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis propose? a. All humans share the same sense of social perception, although we have different labels for things. b. Nonverbal communication is as powerful as language in social interaction. c. Language can structure our perception of reality. d. We relate to each other on a symbolic rather than a literal level.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 3.2 Components of Culture

20. Who studied the Hopi of the southwestern United States and concluded that language not only allows us to express our thoughts, but also shapes the way we think? a. Horace Miner b. Eric Schlosser c. Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf d. Bob Luitweiler and William Gibson ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 3.2 Components of Culture

21. In the movie Mean Girls, students identify each other using categories like “jocks,” “cheerleaders,” “skaters,” and “nerds.” These classifications of different groups represent what aspect of culture? a. cultural relativism b. subculture c. the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis d. cultural imperialism ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 3.2 Components of Culture

22. The slogan “what happens in Vegas, stays in Vegas” is an example of a. a moral escape. b. a moral holiday. c. mores. d. a sanction.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 3.2 Components of Culture

23. A married man in the United States with several mistresses is violating a ________, but he is violating a ________ if he is married to more than one woman at the same time. a. set of mores; law b. law; taboo c. norm; folkway d. folkway; more ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 3.2 Components of Culture

24. ________ is taboo in American society. a. Divorce b. Bankruptcy c. Drinking blood d. Drunkenness ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 3.2 Components of Culture

25. ________ are informal rules and guidelines for behavior that are considered acceptable within a group. a. Folkways b. Mores c. Taboos d. Laws ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 3.2 Components of Culture

26. Norms are enforced in everyday settings by a. multiculturalism. b. sanctions. c. signs. d. culture wars.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 3.2 Components of Culture

27. Unlike folkways, mores are closely related to a. the core values of a group. b. formal but not informal norms. c. the dominant culture of a group. d. culture wars between groups.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 3.2 Components of Culture

28. Coca-Cola was first marketed in the 1860s as a patient medicine, which was designed to offer the energy boost of cocaine without the vices of alcohol. The new beverage was invigorating and popular. Today, however, cocaine is not just banned, but widely demonized. This is an example of a. mainstream culture once approving of behaviors that are now considered deviant. b. the tendency of the United States to become more regulatory. c. the emergence of a counterculture. d. conflict between the economically powerful and the rest of society.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 3.2 Components of Culture

29. Informal norms are different from formal norms, in that a. informal norms are always followed. b. informal norms are legislated by the government. c. informal norms involve dress and etiquette. d. informal norms are implied and unwritten.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 3.2 Components of Culture

30. Which of the following sequences lists norms in the correct order, from the most strictly enforced to the least? a. mores, taboos, folkways b. folkways, taboos, mores c. taboos, mores, folkways d. folkways, mores, taboos ANS: C DIF: Difficult MSC: Remembering

REF: 3.2 Components of Culture

31. A ________ is a kind of norm so deeply ingrained in that the very thought of violating it evokes feelings of disgust or horror. a. federal law b. taboo c. folkway d. more ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 3.2 Components of Culture

32. In 2005, the Northwestern University women’s lacrosse team won an NCAA championship and was invited to the White House to receive congratulations from the president. Controversy erupted after the team’s visit when the official photograph revealed that several team members were wearing flip-flops.

Despite the outcry, the athletes took the criticism in stride by talking about it on The Today Show and auctioning the offending footwear for charity. What kind of norm did the athletes break by wearing flip-flops to the White House, given the reaction and the team’s response? a. a folkway b. a more c. a taboo d. a negative sanction ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 3.2 Components of Culture

33. At the beginning of the twenty-first century, some people placed signs with crudely painted skeletons holding cell phones near roadways, usually facing freeway ramps. These signs indicated disapproval of using cell phones while driving, which is a practice some states have now made illegal. As a result of this social movement, a. almost no one violates the norm of not talking on a cell phone while driving. b. talking on a cell phone while driving is taboo. c. there are no formal sanctions that can be used to enforce the norm of not talking on a cell phone while driving. d. an informal norm has become a law.

ANS: D

DIF: Easy

REF: 3.2 Components of Culture

MSC: Applying 34. Many people in the United States express disgust at the idea of people snacking on grasshoppers and crickets despite the fact that people do so in places such as Thailand. This suggests that, in the United States, eating insects is a a. folkway. b. crime. c. taboo. d. sanction.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 3.2 Components of Culture

35. Monetary fines, harsh words, and shaking one’s fist are examples of a. negative sanctions. b. positive feedback. c. cultural universals. d. situational norms.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 3.2 Components of Culture

36. It’s all too common to see someone driving a car on a busy freeway while cursing and gesturing at another motorist whose poor driving has upset them. Cursing and gesturing are an individual’s attempt at a. negative sanctions. b. positive sanctions. c. multiculturalism. d. taboos.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 3.2 Components of Culture

37. A man is listening to loud music and singing along in public. The people around him glare and frown at him in hopes that he will stop. The man ignores them, which indicates that he a. doesn’t know that some activities are taboo. b. must be part of the dominant culture. c. is engaged in a culture war. d. doesn’t seem to care about negative sanctions.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 3.2 Components of Culture

38. Which of the following is an example of the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis? a. An indigenous people’s word for coffee is “cacha.” b. A non-English speaking group learns English as a second language at a very high rate due to the worldwide popularity of English. c. An indigenous people have no equivalent words for planet, Earth, or world. They do not view a macro picture of multiple planets. d. A non-English speaking group adopts particular English words, such as coffee and Earth, into their own language.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 3.2 Components of Culture | InQuizitive

39. The slogan “What happens in Vegas, stays in Vegas” is an example of what cultural concept?

a. b. c. d.

taboo moral holiday mores folkway

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 3.2 Components of Culture | InQuizitive

40. Identify the means of enforcing norms that include positive and negative versions. a. taboos b. mores c. sanctions d. folkways ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 3.2 Components of Culture | InQuizitive

41. Which of the following is a characteristic of otaku culture? a. Otaku culture is an example of the East influencing the West. b. Otaku culture is limited to Asian countries. c. Otaku culture is limited to a very specific subset of people. d. Otaku culture has been around for a long time in secret.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 3.2 Components of Culture | InQuizitive

42. Which term describes a policy of honoring diverse racial, ethnic, national, and linguistic backgrounds? a. cultural imperialism b. high culture c. multiculturalism d. cultural relativism ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 3.3 Variations in Culture

43. Many American colleges and universities require students to take classes on non-Western cultures. Why do these requirements exist? a. to demonstrate the value of multiculturalism and to reduce ethnocentrism b. to prepare students who will eventually work in other countries c. to offer international exchange students studying in America classes they will like d. to offer students fascinated by exotic cultures classes they will like ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 3.3 Variations in Culture

44. The values, norms, and practices of the most powerful group within a society are called a. cultural leveling. b. symbolic culture. c. dominant culture. d. minority culture.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 3.3 Variations in Culture

45. ________ occurs when the dominant culture succeeds in imposing its values and ideas on all of society. a. Hegemony

b. Cultural diffusion c. Cultural relativism d. Cultural leveling ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 3.3 Variations in Culture

46. When the dominant culture persuades the rest of society that its ideas are the only or best ideas without the use of force, it has achieved a. hegemony. b. high culture. c. a culture war. d. a counterculture.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 3.3 Variations in Culture

47. A cultural group that exists harmoniously within a larger, dominant culture is called a a. counterculture. b. cultural spin-off. c. subdominant culture. d. subculture.

ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 3.3 Variations in Culture

48. Which of the following is a subculture? a. terrorists b. bodybuilders c. hacktivists d. street gangs ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 3.3 Variations in Culture

49. Which of the following terms is used to describe a group with values and norms that oppose the dominant culture? a. subculture b. mainstream culture c. symbolic culture d. counterculture ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 3.3 Variations in Culture

50. Which of the following groups is MOST likely to be classified as a counterculture? a. a militia group living in Montana b. New York City taxi drivers c. students who belong to a Middle Eastern Studies Club d. members of the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 3.3 Variations in Culture

51. Countercultural groups such as the hippies of the 1960s a. actually had a lifestyle that was similar to that of the mainstream culture.

b. were considered members of the popular culture. c. rejected the norms of the dominant culture. d. are now seen as members of a subculture.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 3.3 Variations in Culture

52. How is a counterculture different from a subculture? a. Members of a counterculture drop out of society, whereas members of a subculture actively protest and fight to change society. b. Both are distinct from mainstream culture, but only members of a subculture actively oppose important aspects of mainstream culture. c. Both are distinct from mainstream culture, but a counterculture actively opposes important aspects of the mainstream. d. Subcultures are not culturally distinct from the mainstream; they just occupy a particular geographic area.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: 3.3 Variations in Culture

53. Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) was an activist organization in the 1960s that protested the Vietnam War, racial injustice, and economic exploitation. The organization largely favored direct action and protest, most of which opposed traditional organizing and politics. What could you say that members of SDS were part of based on this information? a. a counterculture b. a subculture c. ideal culture d. a movement for cultural diffusion ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 3.3 Variations in Culture

54. Which of the following is an example of a culture war? a. one Democrat and two Republicans serving together as county commissioners b. anti-abortion advocates demonstrating in front of a family planning clinic c. Christians celebrating Easter, Jews celebrating Passover, and Muslims celebrating Ramadan d. the existence of both a football team and a debate team in many high schools ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 3.3 Variations in Culture

55. Clashes over values in the United States, especially as represented by liberals and conservatives in the mass media, have been termed a. value contradictions. b. norm violations. c. culture wars. d. partisan politics.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 3.3 Variations in Culture

56. Conflicts within mainstream society about which values and norms should be upheld are called a. culture wars. b. symbolic culture. c. counterculture.

d. hegemony.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 3.3 Variations in Culture

57. President Obama signed the Affordable Care Act (ACA) into law in 2010. Fox News and CNN presented vastly different viewpoints of the ACA, appealing to either conservative or liberal viewers, respectively. The media’s handling of this law is an example of a. mores. b. ideal culture. c. counterculture. d. culture wars.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 3.3 Variations in Culture

58. Oftentimes, a larger number of people claim that they voted in their recent local elections than the number that actually did vote. This is perhaps because more people believed that they should have voted.

This belief is an example of a. ideal culture. b. folkways. c. popular culture. d. cultural diffusion.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 3.3 Variations in Culture

59. What do sociologists call the norms and values that people actually follow as opposed to the norms and values that people believe should be followed? a. ideal culture b. subculture c. symbolic culture d. real culture ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 3.3 Variations in Culture

60. Sociologists refer to the norms and values that people aspire to as ________ culture. a. ideal b. dominant c. real d. symbolic ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 3.3 Variations in Culture

61. An employee who has a special relationship with his boss is promoted instead of a more deserving co-worker. This is an example of the a. way culture wars begin. b. role of subculture in determining status and rank. c. ideal way to conduct business. d. distinction between ideal culture and real culture.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 3.3 Variations in Culture

62. The Japanese observed soldiers playing baseball during the American occupation of Japan after World War II and later adopted it as one of their pastimes. This is an example of a. material culture. b. cultural diffusion. c. counterculture. d. culture war.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 3.3 Variations in Culture

63. Which of the following provides an arena for playing out culture wars? a. schools b. media c. workplace d. family ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 3.3 Variations in Culture | InQuizitive

64. Most large retailers such as Target, H&M, and Old Navy carry similar clothing styles, and thus there is not extreme variation in what most Americans wear. Which sociological concept best explains this phenomenon? a. multiculturalism b. ideal culture c. hegemony d. real culture ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: 3.3 Variations in Culture | InQuizitive

65. We occasionally see stories in the media about a high-profile individual, such as a religious or political leader who gets caught doing something the society views as wrong despite the individual often being seen as a moral leader. These are examples of a disconnect between which two cultural concepts? a. dominant culture and subculture b. ideal and real culture c. multiculturalism and hegemony d. values and norms ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 3.3 Variations in Culture | InQuizitive

66. The controversy surrounding Colin Kaepernick’s choice to kneel during the National Anthem in protest of racial oppression and inequality is an example of which of the following concepts? a. cultural diffusion b. cultural leveling c. cultural imperialism d. culture wars ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 3.3 Variations in Culture | InQuizitive

67. The increased use of Facebook, Twitter, and other social media by terrorist organizations in other countries to recruit new members is an example of cultural diffusion for which reason? a. Twitter and Facebook were originally products of the Western world that have been adopted by people in other countries.

b. Terrorist organizations are having a more difficult time spreading their message. c. White nationalist groups are most adept at using these technologies. d. Since the movements are online, they are easy to trace and stop.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: 3.3 Variations in Culture | InQuizitive

68. There are many sushi restaurants in the United States and many McDonald’s-style fast-food restaurants in Japan. These are examples of a. the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis. b. cultural diffusion. c. counterculture. d. a culture war.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 3.4 Cultural Change

69. A space shuttle, graffiti, a new coding language, and a new instrument are all examples of a. sanctions. b. technology. c. counterculture. d. cultural imperialism.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 3.4 Cultural Change

70. When Patti Sue took a world tour, she had lunch at McDonald’s in Tokyo, ate dinner at the Hard Rock Cafe in Hong Kong, purchased clothes at Macy’s in London, and was entertained at a Disney show in Paris. This homogenization of cultures around the world is called a. multiculturalism. b. cultural leveling. c. social control. d. folkways.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 3.4 Cultural Change

71. When cultures that were once distinct become increasingly similar, they are experiencing the phenomenon of a. cultural imperialism. b. social control. c. cultural diffusion. d. cultural leveling.

ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 3.4 Cultural Change

72. The French social theorist Jean-François Lyotard described contemporary culture in this way: “One listens to reggae, watches a Western, eats McDonald’s food for lunch and local cuisine for dinner, wears Paris perfume in Tokyo and ‘retro’ clothes in Hong Kong.” He was writing about postmodernism, but what concept can help explain this mixture of activities? a. values b. hegemony c. counterculture d. cultural diffusion

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: 3.4 Cultural Change

73. It is now possible to travel all over the world, especially if you visit major metropolitan areas, without ever having to eat anything but McDonald’s food. This is an example of a. dominant culture. b. cultural diffusion. c. cultural leveling. d. counterculture.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 3.4 Cultural Change

74. Western companies are powerful enough to impose their products on markets worldwide because of their economic strength. This phenomenon is known as a. material culture. b. cultural relativism. c. cultural diffusion. d. cultural imperialism.

ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 3.4 Cultural Change

75. In the article “Jihad vs. McWorld,” Benjamin R. Barber points out that “in November of 1991 Switzerland’s once insular culture boasted best-seller lists featuring Terminator 2 as the #1 movie, Scarlett as the #1 book, and Prince’s Diamonds and Pearls as the #1 album.” Many people worry that the prominence of American culture goes beyond the media and represents the wholesale imposition of American values on other cultures, which is a process called a. culture war. b. ideal culture. c. cultural imperialism. d. counterculture.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: 3.4 Cultural Change

76. One aspect of a society’s material culture that is the catalyst for cultural change is referred to as a. technology. b. cultural diffusion. c. cultural leveling. d. cultural imperialism.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 3.4 Cultural Change

77. Yoko believes that religion is the basis for moral ethics and that promoting religion in society promotes social order. What perspective best describes Yoko’s views? a. structural functionalism b. conflict theory c. symbolic interactionism d. promote a fashion brand ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 3.5 American Culture in Perspective

78. Obinze thinks that religion is used by powerful people and institutions to control the public. What perspective best describes Obinze’s views? a. structural functionalism b. conflict theory c. symbolic interactionism d. radicalization ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 3.5 American Culture in Perspective

79. Himani thinks that religion consists of meaningful displays of values and norms that are created, maintained, and changed through social interaction. What perspective best describes Himani’s views? a. structural functionalism b. conflict theory c. symbolic interactionism d. radicalization ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 3.5 American Culture in Perspective

TRUE/FALSE 1. Sociologists claim that culture is the lens through which we perceive and evaluate what is going on in the world around us.

ANS: T DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 3.1 What Is Culture?

2. Sociologists often engage in the process of “othering” the people they study even when they study their own cultures.

ANS: T DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 3.1 What Is Culture?

3. Ethnocentrism has no positive consequences, while cultural relativism has no negative consequences.

ANS: F MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: 3.1 What Is Culture?

4. Norms develop out of a culture’s value system.

ANS: T DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 3.2 Components of Culture

5. Only an authoritative body or formal institution can impose negative sanctions.

ANS: F DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 3.2 Components of Culture

6. Signs are symbols that stand for or convey an idea.

ANS: T DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 3.2 Components of Culture

7. Nonmaterial culture and symbolic culture mean the same thing.

ANS: T DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 3.2 Components of Culture

SHORT ANSWER 1. Describe cultural relativism.

ANS: Cultural relativism is a way of understanding other cultures on their own terms rather than from the perspective of one’s own culture. Unlike ethnocentrism, cultural relativism enables us to see other cultures more clearly without making value judgments.

DIF: Easy

REF: 3.1 What Is Culture?

MSC: Remembering

2. What is an example of ethnocentrism?

ANS: If we travel to another country, we may find that people eat a certain type of food that we consider abnormal for consumption. For example, if you travel to Scotland and are asked to try haggis, you will likely feel repulsed because you have been culturally conditioned to respond in this manner to foods that we consider odd in the United States. In Scottish culture, however, haggis is a perfectly acceptable thing to eat—in fact, it is a cultural tradition. This is an example of ethnocentrism because you would be judging another culture based on the standards of what is considered “normal” in your own culture.

DIF: Moderate

REF: 3.1 What Is Culture?

MSC: Applying

3. How is culture shock useful in helping sociologists see that even what is most familiar to us can be bizarre?

ANS: We are dependent on culture for survival, and practicing our own culture becomes “second nature.”

Culture shock can help us look at our own culture in new ways rather than taking it for granted.

DIF: Moderate

REF: 3.1 What Is Culture?

MSC: Remembering

4. What is culture?

ANS: Culture is the entire way of life of a group of people.

DIF: Easy

REF: 3.1 What Is Culture?

MSC: Remembering

5. List at least four examples of symbolic culture.

ANS: Examples could include gestures, language, signs, values, norms, sanctions, folkways, laws, taboos, or mores.

DIF: Easy

REF: 3.2 Components of Culture

MSC: Remembering

6. Give an example of a gesture within your culture that may not have the same meaning or translate at all into another culture.

ANS: The textbook uses the example of the “thumbs up” sign as a gesture, which expresses praise or approval in the United States, but may be considered obscene in South America or Asia. Similarly, the “A-OK” sign communicates praise in the United States, but is not acceptable in parts of Italy. The “middle finger” is considered obscene in the United States, but means nothing to people living in Brazil.

DIF: Moderate

REF: 3.2 Components of Culture

MSC: Applying

7. Describe the difference between positive sanctions and negative sanctions.

ANS: Positive sanctions reward people for conforming to cultural norms. Examples of positive sanctions include smiles, praise, and awards. Negative sanctions punish people for violating norms. Examples of negative sanctions include frowns, disapproval, and incarceration.

DIF: Easy

REF: 3.2 Components of Culture

MSC: Remembering

8. Describe an example of how mainstream values can change or fall out of favor.

ANS: A group’s mainstream values are based on public consensus about what is good or bad. For example, smoking cigarettes was not universally looked down upon in the 1980s; people could even smoke in restaurants and public places. Today, there is a strong aversion to participating in this type of unhealthy behavior because of the change in social understanding of the health risks as well as the higher insurance premiums for smokers.

DIF: Difficult

REF: 3.2 Components of Culture

MSC: Applying

9. The term “culture wars” refers to the extreme clashes in values that occur when there are conflicting viewpoints about efforts to change core values in society. Give an example of how social commentators in the media can facilitate a culture war.

ANS: The textbook uses the example of how social commentators have debated issues such as the appropriateness of Colin Kaepernick’s kneeling during the National Anthem. Many commentators felt that he had been disrespectful and unpatriotic, which was especially concerning given Kaepernick was a role model to impressionable children. Others argued that Kaepernick was bringing attention to and protesting racial oppression and inequality.

DIF: Moderate

REF: 3.3 Variations in Culture

MSC: Remembering

10. As a result of Western cultural imperialism, American media companies broadcast shows in other countries that may clash with the traditional cultural values of those countries. What are some examples of American cultural values exported through the media that people in non-Western parts of the world might find distasteful?

ANS: Examples could include materialism, democracy, capitalism, Christianity, individualism, and sexual freedom.

DIF: Easy

REF: 3.5 American Culture in Perspective

MSC: Remembering ESSAY 1. Both sociologists and anthropologists study culture. Explain how sociology differs from anthropology and why cultural relativism is important for sociologists.

ANS: Answers should start by emphasizing that anthropologists tend to study cultures that are different from their own, whereas sociologists tend to study their own cultures. However, answers should also mention that sociologists might engage in the process of “othering” groups within their own societies by studying unusual or deviant aspects of the culture. To avoid this, and the ethnocentrism that is inherent in it, sociologists need to practice cultural relativism by studying both the strange and the familiar without making value judgments.

DIF: Easy

REF: 3.1 What Is Culture?

MSC: Analyzing

2. What is ethnocentrism and how does it make it more difficult to understand other cultures? What kind of perspective should we adopt instead?

ANS: Ethnocentrism causes us to judge other groups and individuals by using our own culture as a yardstick for normality, thus making any other culture “abnormal.” This attitude also makes it more difficult for us to see the strangeness in our own culture. “Body Ritual among the Nacirema” may be mentioned to make this point. We should adopt the attitude of cultural relativism instead of ethnocentrism because relativism forces us to judge each culture on its own terms, and it opens up a wider variety of views.

DIF: Easy

REF: 3.1 What Is Culture?

MSC: Understanding

3. How has ethnocentrism affected your lived experiences? What do you think a more culturally relativist approach to your lived experiences would look like?

ANS: Answers should demonstrate the value judgment of “abnormal” or “better than,” which is part of ethnocentrism, and state the fact that a culturally relativist approach would remove that value judgment from the example.

DIF: Difficult

REF: 3.1 What Is Culture?

MSC: Understanding

4. Culture is a broad concept that sociologists typically divide into concepts associated with material culture and symbolic culture. List and describe the major components of symbolic culture.

ANS: The elements of symbolic culture fall into two groups, each consisting of three parts. The first group includes signs, gestures, and language. Signs are symbols that are designed to meaningfully represent an idea and to convey information. Gestures refer to body language and nonverbal communication. Good answers will emphasize that gestures are culturally specific. Language is probably the most significant component of culture because it is the basis of all symbolic culture. It is what allows us to communicate and to pass culture from one generation to the next. The best answers might mention the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis, which argues that language does not just reflect culture but actively structures thought and perception.

The second group of elements includes values, norms, and sanctions. Values are a set of shared beliefs about what is good and bad, norms are the rules and guidelines for carrying out those beliefs, and sanctions are the means of enforcing norms. Norms may be formal, like laws, or informal, like folkways and mores. Sanctions may be positive or negative.

DIF: Easy

REF: 3.2 Components of Culture

MSC: Remembering | Applying

5. Language is the most important element of symbolic culture, but its role in social life is still hotly debated among sociologists. Describe the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis and its position about the role of language in creating social life.

ANS: The Sapir–Whorf hypothesis, or the principle of linguistic relativity, reverses the standard assumption about the relationship between language and perception. Instead of sensory perception suggesting the need for words to describe it, the hypothesis suggests that our language helps structure our perception and, therefore, controls what our senses notice. For example, a native Colombian perceives a lemon as both a lemon and a lime. People in the United States see a distinct difference between a lemon and a lime.

DIF: Easy

REF: 3.2 Components of Culture

MSC: Remembering

6. Values and norms are symbolic culture in action. Describe the difference between values and norms.

Additionally, describe the three different types of norms.

ANS: Values are a cultural group’s shared beliefs about what is worthwhile and desirable, good or bad, beautiful or ugly. Norms are the rules and guidelines about acceptable behavior that develop out of those values. Norms can be formal or informal. Formal norms, such as laws, are always codified in some way, shape, or form. Informal norms are ordinary, everyday conventions and are usually unspoken. Informal norms range from folkways, the least strictly enforced, to mores, which are more strictly enforced because they relate to the core values of the group. The most extreme form of mores are taboos, which are so deeply ingrained that most people don’t even like to think about violating them.

DIF: Easy

REF: 3.2 Components of Culture

MSC: Analyzing

7. Explain the difference between subcultures and countercultures. Provide an example of each.

ANS: Both subcultures and countercultures can be seen as distinct from the mainstream or dominant culture.

However, while a subculture has its own values, norms, and practices, these do not contradict or stand in direct opposition to the beliefs of the mainstream culture. A counterculture, on the other hand, has beliefs, values, and practices that are incompatible with or in direct opposition to the mainstream culture.

Some countercultures attempt to bring about social change; others simply try to live outside of mainstream society. For example, people who engage in activities like LARPing (live action role playing) would be considered members of a subculture, whereas people who have joined hate groups, such as the Ku Klux Klan, would be considered members of a counterculture.

DIF: Moderate

REF: 3.3 Variations in Culture

MSC: Analyzing

8. How are ideal culture and real culture different? Provide an example of a situation in which ideal culture and real culture contradict one another.

ANS:

The difference between ideal culture and real culture is the distinction between the norms and values that members of a cultural group espouse and the patterns of behavior that exist in everyday life. In other words, the difference is between how people think they should behave and how they do behave. Any example should describe a situation in which some important value that is nearly universally held is contradicted by people’s actual behavior.

DIF: Moderate

REF: 3.3 Variations in Culture

MSC: Analyzing

9. Define “hegemony” and provide an example of it in contemporary culture. Explain, in detail, what makes your example hegemonic.

ANS: Hegemony is defined as the cultural aspects of social control whereby all members of a society accept the ideas and values of the dominant social group. Many examples can show how a particular value, idea, or way of doing things has been disseminated from the dominant social group and accepted at all levels of society.

DIF: Difficult

REF: 3.3 Variations in Culture

MSC: Applying

10. Cultures around the world are changing at an increasingly rapid pace. How does a cultural group change through contact with other cultures?

ANS: There are three principal concepts associated with cultural change resulting from contact between societies. Cultural diffusion occurs when one culture begins to adopt the tools, beliefs, and/or practices of another culture to which it has been exposed. Cultural leveling happens when formerly distinct cultures become increasingly similar. Cultural imperialism refers to the imposition of the cultural beliefs and practices of a more economically powerful group onto a less powerful group. Within these types of cultural change, it is more likely that the flow of practices and ideas goes from the more dominant group to the less dominant group.

DIF: Easy

REF: 3.4 Cultural Change

MSC: Understanding

Chapter 4 Socialization, Interaction, and the Self MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. What does the nature vs. nurture debate help us understand? a. the contradictions between primary and secondary group socialization b. the complex interaction between hereditary traits and social learning c. why biology has nothing to do with human potential d. how biology determines physical characteristics, whereas social learning alone determines a person’s personality and habits ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 4.1 What Is Human Nature?

2. The indie rock band the Halo Benders once sang the following: Part environment And part heredity What we’re born with And what’s been fed to me What issue is being referenced in this song? a. the nature vs. nurture debate b. impression management c. dramaturgy d. role conflict ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 4.1 What Is Human Nature?

3. Children raised with minimal or no human interaction are referred to as a. feral children. b. institutionalized children. c. cognitively disadvantaged children. d. environmentally challenged children.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 4.2 The Process of Socialization

4. What do the several cases of children who grew up in extreme social isolation, such as the case of Genie in 1970, suggest? a. Most of our mental capacities, and perhaps even the ability to think, are learned through social interaction. b. Human intelligence is almost entirely determined by heredity. c. The effects of isolation at an early age are easily reversible if caught in time. d. The effects of extreme isolation in children are irreversible if the situation isn’t corrected by the time the child is five years old.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 4.2 The Process of Socialization

5. Socialization is the a. lifelong process by which people learn the norms, values, and beliefs of their culture. b. fact that human nature is essentially self-centered and must be unlearned. c. interaction among the cultures of different societies.

d. process by which individuals come to know one another.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 4.2 The Process of Socialization

6. A goal of socialization is a. to ensure that society self-evaluates. b. to teach norms, values, and beliefs. c. to teach people how to avoid incarceration. d. to teach the skills necessary to satisfy our love of technology.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 4.2 The Process of Socialization

7. Individuals who are NOT socialized a. are likely to produce their own words and create a unique language. b. are unable to fully develop without contact with others. c. have a much harder time with reading and math. d. are more likely to divorce.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 4.2 The Process of Socialization

8. Which of the following is accurate about the process of socialization? a. It eventually stops, generally around adulthood. b. Society shapes the individual, and the individual shapes society. c. It stays consistent over time. d. It stays consistent in most social settings.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 4.2 The Process of Socialization

9. Parents often buy their children gender-specific toys. Boys are given action figures that encourage active and aggressive play, while girls are given dolls and toy ovens that reinforce traditional gender roles. This is part of what process? a. personality b. socialization c. social isolation d. status conflict ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 4.2 The Process of Socialization

10. Victor of Aveyron was a feral child who wandered out of the woods in 1800 when he was approximately twelve years old. After being reintroduced to human society, Victor was incapable of talking and never fully adjusted to life with other humans. This case shows the importance of a. impression management. b. positive sanctions. c. the superego. d. socialization.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 4.2 The Process of Socialization

11. Works of fiction such as The Jungle Book are retellings of myths about feral children. These stories highlight the sociological concept of _______, but some real-world examples of kidnapping and abuse are no myth. a. the generalized other b. social isolation c. the ego d. the id ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 4.2 The Process of Socialization | InQuizitive

12. The story of Christopher Knight is an example of which sociological concept? a. social isolation b. feral children c. looking-glass self d. dual nature of the self ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 4.2 The Process of Socialization | InQuizitive

13. Sociologists define the self as a. the part of an individual that is displayed to other members of a society. b. only the private, innermost parts of the mind that are not usually shown to others. c. the experience of an individual’s personal identity that is distinct from other people. d. the parts of the human mind that are created through interactions with others.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 4.3 Theories of the Self

14. Recent research by marine biologists suggests that bottlenose dolphins have names for themselves.

Scientists played sounds they had identified as the names of particular dolphins by putting them through a synthesizer so that they did not sound like the voices of particular dolphins. The researchers found that dolphins would respond to the names of other dolphins to which they were related or with which they were associated, but they ignored the names of strangers. This discovery suggests a much greater degree of self-awareness in aquatic mammals than was previously suspected. What does this research suggest about dolphins if it is accurate? a. Dolphins go through stages of socialization. b. Significant others are as important to dolphins as they are to us. c. In Goffman’s terminology, the ocean may be like a frontstage area. d. Dolphins have a sense of self similar to that of humans.

ANS: D MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Difficult

REF: 4.3 Theories of the Self

15. Sigmund Freud’s most significant contribution to the understanding of the self is a. his use of the terms “generalized other” and “significant other.” b. his theory of the unconscious mind. c. his theory of the looking-glass self. d. his research on feral children.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 4.3 Theories of the Self

16. According to Sigmund Freud’s theoretical perspective, the parts of the mind are a. the looking-glass self and the dual nature of the self.

b. the dual nature of the self, the significant other, and the generalized other. c. the significant other and the generalized other. d. the id, ego, and superego.

ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 4.3 Theories of the Self

17. According to Sigmund Freud, the mind’s ________ is composed of biological drives and is the source of psychic energy. a. looking-glass self b. id c. ego d. superego ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 4.3 Theories of the Self

18. What did Sigmund Freud suggest in his book The Interpretation of Dreams? a. Thoughts must originate in both the id and the superego. b. The conscious level of awareness is the tip of the iceberg, and just below the surface are the subconscious and the unconscious. c. Dreams result from inconsequential superstitions and have to be “worked through” for analysis to succeed. d. People are in control of their own dreams and can consciously choose to steer them in one direction or another.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 4.3 Theories of the Self

19. According to Sigmund Freud, the ________ is the part of the mind that is responsible for representing culture within us and serving as the moral component of our personality in the psychoanalytic theory. a. id b. ego c. superego d. unconscious ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 4.3 Theories of the Self

20. Which part of the mind of feral children would Sigmund Freud expect to be MOST fully developed? a. the psychosexual side b. the id c. the ego d. the superego ANS: B MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Moderate

REF: 4.3 Theories of the Self

21. Read the quote from Freud below, which describes a part of the mind as he theorized it.

“It is the dark, inaccessible part of our personality, what little we know of it we have learnt from our study of the dream-work and of the construction of neurotic symptoms. . . . We all approach [it] with analogies: we call it a chaos, a cauldron full of seething excitations.”

Which part of the mind was he talking about? a. the id b. the ego

c. the superego d. the conscience ANS: A MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Difficult

REF: 4.3 Theories of the Self

22. Which part of the mind would Freud have described as being like a type of conscience that punishes misbehavior with feelings of guilt? a. the id b. the ego c. the superego d. the brain ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 4.3 Theories of the Self

23. Sigmund Freud once said that the id was like a wild horse and that the ________ was like a rider astride the horse struggling to keep it under control. a. id b. ego c. superego d. libido ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: 4.3 Theories of the Self

24. ________ argued that the personality passes through four distinct psychosexual stages of development. a. Charles Cooley b. Sigmund Freud c. George Herbert Mead d. Erving Goffman ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 4.3 Theories of the Self

25. What does the concept of the looking-glass self help explain? a. why it is so difficult to see ourselves as others do b. how we develop a self-concept based on our perceptions of others’ judgments of us c. how young children come to realize that they have an identity separate from others d. why we respond to the generalized other ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 4.3 Theories of the Self

26. “Each to each a looking-glass, / Reflects the other that doth pass.” This line of poetry, associated with sociologist Charles Cooley, indicates that our sense of self originates in a. basic biological drives. b. the first stage of sexual development. c. genetics. d. interactions with other people.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 4.3 Theories of the Self

27. Some theorists have suggested that all individuals act like mirrors to each other. What do sociologists call this concept?

a. b. c. d.

status the looking-glass self the unconscious the particular other

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 4.3 Theories of the Self

28. Which of the following is a step in Charles Cooley’s model of the looking-glass self? a. We interpret others’ reactions to us. b. We imagine our lives as a movie. c. We experience ourselves in private. d. We imagine how we look in popular fashions.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 4.3 Theories of the Self

29. Julian is a child who consistently earns mediocre grades and is often picked last for team games. He likes to make silly jokes and play pranks, and he notices that people laugh when he does so. The child starts to think that others are laughing with him, not at him. Charles Cooley would say this development is part of a. the backstage. b. the preparatory stage. c. the looking-glass self. d. impression management.

ANS: C MSC: Evaluating

DIF: Difficult

REF: 4.3 Theories of the Self

30. A college student plans to go to graduate school because she thinks of herself as having excellent critical thinking skills and a brilliant mind. Where would Charles Cooley’s theory of the looking-glass self suggest that she got these ideas? a. These ideas are part of the structure of her personality with which she was born. b. These ideas come from teachers and fellow students expressing admiration. c. These ideas come from the ease with which she understands new concepts. d. These ideas come from the confidence she has gained from exceptional intellectual abilities.

ANS: B MSC: Evaluating

DIF: Moderate

REF: 4.3 Theories of the Self

31. According to the symbolic interactionist George Herbert Mead, the generalized other is a. the inability of very young children to differentiate between themselves and others. b. the guidelines and expectations that are associated with a particular role in society. c. an understanding of the rules that govern a network of different players in related roles. d. the transition toddlers make from the imitation of infancy to the play stage of childhood.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 4.3 Theories of the Self

32. According to the symbolic interactionist George Herbert Mead, playing organized games is important for an older child’s development of the self because a. game playing involves learning emotional self-control. b. game playing reinforces the primary group ties that are essential to emotional well-being. c. game playing teaches strict obedience to rules and norms. d. game playing involves learning to anticipate and coordinate with other players’ actions.

ANS: D

DIF: Difficult

REF: 4.3 Theories of the Self

MSC: Understanding 33. According to George Herbert Mead, the dual nature of the self refers to the idea that a. there is both a conscious nature and an unconscious nature of the self. b. we have both a public self and a private self. c. we experience the self as both subject and object. d. there is both a social side and an instinctual side to the self.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 4.3 Theories of the Self

34. When a child can internalize the expectations of other specific people, they have learned how to a. overcome the looking-glass self. b. take the role of the particular or significant other. c. take the role of the generalized other. d. follow the rules of games.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 4.3 Theories of the Self

35. According to George Herbert Mead, what are children learning when they begin to take the perspective of a generalized other in their games? a. the values and beliefs of their parents b. the behaviors associated with particular roles c. how to imitate behaviors and actions d. the attitudes and expectations of society as a whole ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 4.3 Theories of the Self

36. Patrick isn’t old enough to go to school yet, but he loves to play house. He has a toy stove and pretends to be a stay-at-home father. Playing house sometimes gets boring, so he goes outside, takes a garden hose, and pretends to be a firefighter. George Herbert Mead would say that Patrick is a. in the play stage. b. in the game stage. c. her own generalized other. d. aware of the roles of others.

ANS: A MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Moderate

REF: 4.3 Theories of the Self

37. In what way is a game of football like society, according to George Herbert Mead? a. Individuals have to take into account the roles and points of view of others in both football and society. b. There are winners and losers in both football and society. c. Both football and society involve a hierarchy and rules that help the elite maintain their status. d. Both football and society use hegemonic power to maintain order.

ANS: A MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Moderate

REF: 4.3 Theories of the Self

38. Which theorist argued that if people define a situation as real, it is real in its consequences? a. W. I. Thomas b. Erving Goffman

c. George Herbert Mead d. Charles Cooley ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 4.3 Theories of the Self

39. A student sitting through a boring class glances over at a friend and rolls his eyes. Erving Goffman would identify this as a. a personal front. b. impression management. c. an expression of behavior. d. part of the backstage.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 4.3 Theories of the Self

40. Expressions given off a. are usually verbal. b. are always intended by the person expressing them. c. often happen so quickly that the brain cannot process them. d. are typically nonverbal, but they are observable in various ways.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: 4.3 Theories of the Self

41. Erving Goffman theorized social life as a kind of con game in which we work to control the impressions others have of us. What did Goffman call this process? a. impression management b. definition of the situation c. cooling the mark out d. expressions of behavior ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 4.3 Theories of the Self

42. What have scholars called Erving Goffman’s ideas, given that impression management relies so much on strategies of performance? a. psychoanalysis b. the dual self c. self-centered society d. dramaturgy ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 4.3 Theories of the Self

43. Appearance, manner, style of dress, race, gender, and age are all elements of a. an individual’s personal front. b. a setting or region. c. expressions given. d. the superego.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 4.3 Theories of the Self

44. Sociologists examine financial collapses such as those of the 1930s. These often occurred because rumors of insolvency, when believed by enough depositors, resulted in real bank failures. What sociological concept describes this phenomenon? a. expressions given off b. the Thomas theorem c. dramaturgy d. the generalized other ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 4.3 Theories of the Self

45. It is counterintuitive to tell your opponents that you have a good hand when you play high-stakes poker.

However, particularly good poker players say they can read other players’ “tells.” These are subtle and unintentional facial expressions, mannerisms, and body language that reveal what players are thinking.

What would Erving Goffman call tells? a. expressions given off b. the dual nature of the self c. expressions given d. the social construction of reality ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 4.3 Theories of the Self

46. Why might expressions given off seem like more trustworthy guides than expressions given when we try to understand how other people define a situation? a. Expressions given off are easy to use in deceptive ways. b. We tend to believe that it is harder to manipulate expressions given off. c. Expressions given are almost never intentional. d. Expressions given off are almost always verbal and intentional.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 4.3 Theories of the Self

47. Many people are afraid of picking up hitchhikers. Imagine that a hitchhiker, to be offered a ride, makes a suitcase out of a gasoline can so that he looks like he’s a stranded motorist rather than a hitchhiker. A sociologist would say that the hitchhiker was working on a. expressions of behavior. b. impression management. c. expressions given off. d. expressions given.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 4.3 Theories of the Self

48. A famous monologue from Shakespeare’s As You Like It begins as follows: All the world’s a stage, And all the men and women merely players; They have their exits and their entrances, And one man in his time plays many parts.

Which theory of social life could be seen as taking its inspiration from these lines? a. agents of socialization b. dramaturgy c. the psychosexual stages of development d. the social construction of emotions

ANS: B MSC: Evaluating

DIF: Easy

REF: 4.3 Theories of the Self

49. A woman is hired at a restaurant. She is given strict instructions on her first day to always wear black pants with a white shirt, to never carry a notepad, and to always address customers as “Sir” or “Madam.”

All of these things are elements of the waitress’s a. backstage. b. looking-glass self. c. status. d. personal front.

ANS: D MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Easy

REF: 4.3 Theories of the Self

50. The University of California, Santa Barbara, is located near the Pacific Ocean, and many students live within walking distance of the beach. Most students put on a cover-up or wrap themselves in a towel to make the short walk back to their apartments, though they feel that it’s perfectly normal to wear a bathing suit while at the beach. This is because the beach, unlike the street, is a(n) ________, where wearing nothing but a bathing suit is considered normal and acceptable. a. agent of socialization b. front c. generalized other d. region ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 4.3 Theories of the Self

51. Pablo comes from a low-income family, but he worked hard in school and earned a full scholarship to Stanford University. Pablo is worried that his peers and professors will recognize his background and treat him differently, so he wears new clothes and attempts to hide his accent on the first day of classes.

When Pablo goes home for the weekend, he leaves his new clothes behind in his dorm and does not mask his accent. Which sociological concept best explains Pablo’s behavior and interactions with others? a. the looking-glass self b. impression management c. the dual nature of the self d. psychoanalysis ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 4.3 Theories of the Self | InQuizitive

52. Which of the following sources of socialization forms the foundation for all other socializing agents? a. the family b. peer groups c. school d. the mass media ANS: A MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Moderate

REF: 4.4 Agents of Socialization

53. Churches usually teach their members rules and often codify these rules into formal commandments to be followed. Given this, churches can be considered a. dramaturgists. b. part of the media. c. total institutions. d. agents of socialization.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 4.4 Agents of Socialization

54. Which of the following agents of socialization has the most enduring, lifelong impact on the individual? a. the family b. peers c. the media d. school ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 4.4 Agents of Socialization

55. Why does the family have such a powerful impact as an agent of socialization? a. Respect for parents is one of the key values of modern society. b. Family plays an important role in our everyday lives no matter what stage of life we are in. c. Family begins the socialization process before there are any other competing influences. d. Family values are strong today in the United States.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 4.4 Agents of Socialization

56. What are some examples of things students learn from a school’s hidden curriculum? a. vandalism, truancy, and other forms of deviance b. punctuality, neatness, and discipline c. math, reading, and science d. civics and the principles of American government ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 4.4 Agents of Socialization

57. A sociologist observes that kindergartners are not just being taught about arts and crafts. They are also being taught how to be students, including skills such as following rules, remaining in their seats, and other things that will be necessary for the rest of their education. What are these skills called? a. expressions of behavior b. the hidden curriculum c. theories of the self d. the ego ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 4.4 Agents of Socialization

58. As children get older, which agent of socialization tends to replace parents as their most intense and immediate influence? a. peers b. the media c. schools d. religion ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 4.4 Agents of Socialization

59. Research has been conducted regarding why teens engage in smoking and other deviant behaviors. The most important factor in statistically predicting whether or not a teen will engage in a particular deviant behavior is the presence or absence of peers who are also involved in that behavior. This is probably because the other teens are acting

a. b. c. d.

in ways that are closely connected to the family. in cooperation with schools and the media. as the most powerful, long-term force in their friends’ lives. as agents of socialization.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 4.4 Agents of Socialization

60. What did Harvard Medical School researchers conclude about the effects of the media on young people in Fiji who, until the 1990s, lacked widespread access to television? a. Television had few effects at first, but it will probably have more over time. b. Television affected young women’s body image. c. Television increased the level of teen violence. d. Television had almost no effect whatsoever.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 4.4 Agents of Socialization

61. Campbell Soup Company launched an ad campaign in 2000 that showed prepubescent boys offering soup to prepubescent girls. The girls declined because they were concerned about their calorie intake.

The boys explained that “lots of Campbell’s soups are low in calories,” which made them OK for the girls to eat. The ads were pulled after parents expressed concern. Why were parents worried? a. The calorie count was deceptive. b. Soup isn’t part of a healthy diet. c. The ads taught girls to worry about their weight. d. Even if they are low in calories, soups are packed with preservatives and sodium.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 4.4 Agents of Socialization

62. Which of the following is an example of a total institution? a. a college b. a prison c. a family d. a workplace ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 4.4 Agents of Socialization

63. What is the relationship between Sister Pauline Quinn’s program, in which prison inmates train service and therapy dogs, and sociological concepts of the self and of interaction? a. The process of training dogs helps to resocialize prisoners. b. The program demonstrates globalization, as it has branches in most prisons in the United States. c. Quinn’s program was founded on Freudian principles including the id, ego, and superego. d. Quinn’s program was based on the work of George Herbert Mead, who laid the groundwork for research on the self and interaction.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: 4.4 Agents of Socialization

64. Young army recruits arriving at boot camp are about to enter a(n) a. total institution. b. orientation course. c. open institution.

d. partial institution.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 4.4 Agents of Socialization

65. Why are adults unable to be completely socialized? a. There will always be new situations and roles to learn. b. People are spending more time in school. c. The family and schools do a poor job of socializing children. d. Adults tend to watch more television than adolescents.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 4.4 Agents of Socialization

66. Resocialization is particularly necessary when people are cut off from society and their former identities are stripped away. Which of the following is an example of a life change that would lead to this more dramatic form of resocialization? a. remarriage b. retirement c. the birth of a first child d. entry into a total institution ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 4.4 Agents of Socialization

67. Which of the following is an example of resocialization? a. a teenager being pressured by his friends to take up smoking b. fast-food ads that try to convince children to eat more cheeseburgers c. parents teaching their children how to behave around company d. a woman learning basic living skills after a car accident ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 4.4 Agents of Socialization

68. Which of the following is an example of the hidden curriculum? a. Middle and upper class parents teach their children how to successfully navigate the school system. b. Some students learn exam material from activities outside of class. c. Students are taught to dress and behave in a specific manner by teachers and other staff members. d. Parents are expected to supplement homework with other life lessons taught outside of school.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 4.4 Agents of Socialization | InQuizitive

69. The story about the young girls with eating disorders in Fiji in the late 1990s conveys the strong influence of which agent of socialization? a. the mass media b. the family c. schools d. peers ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 4.4 Agents of Socialization | InQuizitive

70. Changes in the importance of socialization’s different agents might occur over time within a society.

Identify the major agent(s) of socialization that is/are less important to adolescents now than in the late 1800s. a. the mass media b. schools c. peers d. the family ANS: D MSC: Evaluating

DIF: Moderate

REF: 4.4 Agents of Socialization | InQuizitive

71. Someone who is newly divorced after a long marriage and now wants to start dating again may find that many of the norms of dating have changed. Behaviors like splitting the check or talking about safe sex may be new for this person. This process of having to learn and adjust to the new rules of dating is an example of a. adaptation. b. copresence. c. resocialization. d. impression management.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 4.4 Agents of Socialization

72. A(n) ________ is a position in a social hierarchy that comes with a set of expectations. a. role b. stereotype c. agent of socialization d. status ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 4.5 Statuses and Roles

73. A role a. involves behaviors. b. supersedes a status. c. does not involve a status. d. is earned or imposed in some way.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 4.5 Statuses and Roles

74. The term “master status” is defined as a a. set of behaviors that are associated with a particular position. b. status that generally overrides all other statuses a person possesses. c. set of expectations that are attached to a specific role. d. perspective that allows a person to understand many other people’s points of view.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 4.5 Statuses and Roles

75. What sort of status would having a physical disability be? a. achieved b. multiplicative c. embodied d. ascribed

ANS: C DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: 4.5 Statuses and Roles

76. An achieved status a. is earned. b. is located in the physical body. c. is unalterable, so it is always present. d. is inherited from one’s parents.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 4.5 Statuses and Roles

77. Role conflict occurs when an individual has a. multiple roles that are in conflict with each other. b. a role with contradictory expectations that lead to conflict within themselves. c. a role that requires them to constantly challenge other people, resulting in a great deal of conflict. d. a role that generates a great deal of controversy and conflict within their social circle.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 4.5 Statuses and Roles

78. One morning, James must decide between being on time for work and helping his child with a homework assignment. What is James experiencing? a. role conflict b. role-taking emotions c. resocialization d. role strain ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 4.5 Statuses and Roles

79. In 1998, former NFL linebacker Chris Spielman was forced to choose between staying with his sick wife and playing professional football. What sort of sociological phenomenon was he experiencing? a. the unconscious b. role conflict c. a dual self d. role strain ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 4.5 Statuses and Roles

80. A traffic cop pulls over a speeder only to discover that the driver is a close friend. The police officer is torn because her professional obligations demand that she punish the speeder, but her personal obligations suggest that she should give a friend a break. This is an example of a. ego strain. b. an expression of behavior. c. role conflict. d. role strain.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 4.5 Statuses and Roles

81. A high school football coach is worried about how he should handle his roster. On one hand, it’s his job to try to win as many games as possible, which means playing the best players. On the other hand, his contract also requires him to try to allow every member of the team to meaningfully participate. The tension he feels is the result of a. role strain. b. feeling rules. c. role conflict. d. emotion work.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 4.5 Statuses and Roles

82. A research study examined how teachers at community colleges handled retirement. The study found that the unique culture of such institutions had a significant effect on how retirees coped with their new situation. Which of the following could be the title of a paper written about this study? a. “The Role Exit Process of Community College Faculty: A Study of Faculty Retirement” b. “Role Strain and Teacher-Student Conflict: A Study of Faculty Anger Management” c. “Role Conflict in Community College Faculty: A Study of Faculty-Administration Arbitration” d. “The Dramaturgical Structure of Community College Teaching: Life after Retirement” ANS: A MSC: Evaluating

DIF: Difficult

REF: 4.5 Statuses and Roles

83. A person who leaves their job of twenty years to retire is undergoing a. role conflict. b. role-taking emotions. c. role exit. d. role strain.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 4.5 Statuses and Roles

84. Which of the following is an example of a feeling rule? a. It is important to attend anti-war protests. b. Boys don’t cry. c. Cleanliness is next to godliness. d. It is important to fast for religious purposes.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 4.6 Emotions and Personality

85. Which of the following statements about grief is true according to the sociological explanation of emotions? a. Both the experience and expressions of grief are universal. b. Neither the experience nor the expressions of grief are universal. c. Neither the experience nor the expressions of grief have any social component. d. The experience of grief is universal, but expressions of grief vary.

ANS: D MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Moderate

REF: 4.6 Emotions and Personality

86. Some researchers have argued that in highly individualistic cultures, such as that of the United States, the emotion of shame is usually triggered by individual actions. However, in more collectivist cultures like Japan’s, shame is linked to groups. This would seem to indicate that

a. b. c. d.

the United States is far more dramaturgically inclined than other cultures.

Japanese people have more trouble with emotion work than do Americans. emotions have a strong genetic component. emotions are not only personal, because the expression of emotions can also be social and cultural.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 4.6 Emotions and Personality

87. What do sociologists call it when people’s jobs require them to manage their feelings as part of their official duties? a. socialization b. feeling rules c. emotion work d. role-taking ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 4.6 Emotions and Personality

88. Before we can experience role-taking emotions, we must a. understand the role of the particular other. b. be able to see things from another person’s point of view. c. be resocialized into a new role with new norms and values. d. avoid role strain and role conflict.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 4.6 Emotions and Personality

89. If a bride is upset on her wedding day because her family members don’t seem excited enough for her, what might sociologists argue family members are violating? a. their role as socializers b. the primary task of impression management c. a feeling rule d. the social contract ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 4.6 Emotions and Personality

90. One of the most striking contrasts in restaurants is between the demeanor of cooks and that of servers.

Servers are paid to be nice, pleasant, and courteous. On the other hand, cooks are usually not required to act this way. The part of a server’s job that does not apply to a cook is called a. interactional context. b. emotion work. c. the social construction of emotions. d. being an agent of socialization.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 4.6 Emotions and Personality

91. Louwanda Evans’s book on emotional labor and flight attendants adds which dimension to Arlie Hochschild’s original conception of emotional labor? a. gender b. race c. sexuality d. age

ANS: B DIF: Difficult MSC: Remembering

REF: 4.6 Emotions and Personality | InQuizitive

92. Which of the following describes an interaction that occurs in copresence? a. talking to your friends on Facebook b. Skyping with your sister c. having coffee with your mother d. emailing your grandparents ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: 4.6 Emotions and Personality | InQuizitive

93. Social media has the potential to increase the number of perspectives we are exposed to and socialize us in ways we never conceived before. Someone who has been influenced and “pieced together” through whatever sources available is an example of which sociological concept? a. saturated self b. agency c. copresence d. embodied status ANS: A DIF: Difficult MSC: Remembering

REF: 4.6 Emotions and Personality

94. Which statement captures a major point Sherry Turkle makes about communication in her book Reclaiming Conversation? a. Online interactions allow us to contain and reduce risks. b. There are major generational divides in social media use. c. The saturated self is influenced by fewer and fewer sources in the digital age. d. Online communication reduces our ability to conduct meaningful face-to-face communication.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 4.6 Emotions and Personality | InQuizitive

95. Why is it increasingly difficult to use sociological models that assume interaction involves copresence? a. Interactions are increasingly characterized by globalism. b. The family has taken on more importance in status development. c. Copresence requires cooperation, which is increasingly rare in today’s polarized political and cultural climate. d. New technology makes it much more common to interact with someone without being physically in the same place.

ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 4.7 Interacting Online

96. Kenneth Gergen coined the term “the saturated self ” to describe the type of self that results from a. exposure to more points of view and sources of information. b. having multiple responsibilities and serious role strain. c. repeated incidents of role conflict. d. being an active agent, not just a passive receiver of influence.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 4.7 Interacting Online

97. Even very significant events in our lives increasingly take place online. It is now common to hear stories of couples breaking up through an instant message or even a text message. What is missing from these interactions compared with similar interactions in the past? a. the superego b. copresence c. emotion work d. impression management ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 4.7 Interacting Online

TRUE/FALSE 1. According to sociologists, our genetic makeup determines what kind of personality and character traits we develop in life.

ANS: F DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 4.1 What Is Human Nature?

2. Both sides are partially right in the nature vs. nurture debate.

ANS: T DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 4.1 What Is Human Nature?

3. Our sense of self is largely created through social processes.

ANS: T DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 4.3 Theories of the Self

4. Children are taking on the role of the generalized other when they pretend to be a firefighter, mother, or doctor.

ANS: F DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 4.3 Theories of the Self

5. Sigmund Freud, Charles Cooley, and George Herbert Mead all contributed to the study of the self.

ANS: T DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 4.3 Theories of the Self

6. The basic premise of Charles Cooley’s looking-glass self is that we care what others think of us and develop our sense of self as a result.

ANS: T DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 4.3 Theories of the Self

7. According to Erving Goffman, “cooling the mark out” involves resting and relaxing in our backstage between or after performances.

ANS: F DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 4.3 Theories of the Self

8. Agents of socialization are mutually exclusive and do not overlap.

ANS: F DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 4.4 Agents of Socialization

9. Formal subjects like math and reading are part of schools’ hidden curriculum.

ANS: F DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 4.4 Agents of Socialization

10. Stereotyping involves judging others based on their character and past behaviors.

ANS: F DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 4.5 Statuses and Roles

SHORT ANSWER 1. Cases in which children have been raised in social isolation demonstrate that people require socialization to fully develop into fully functioning human beings. In the case of Genie, describe how isolation affected her development.

ANS: Genie was not exposed to language, so she did not develop this essential tool for human interaction. She also lacked physical development because she was malnourished and was often tied to a piece of furniture, which severely restricted her movement. She lacked social skills and was fearful of strangers, even displaying some forms of animal-like behavior.

DIF: Moderate

REF: 4.2 The Process of Socialization

MSC: Remembering

2. Why did Charles Cooley believe that the self is created largely through social interaction?

ANS: Cooley believed that our concept of self develops through our perception of what other people think of us, which is an idea he called the looking-glass self.

DIF: Easy

REF: 4.3 Theories of the Self

MSC: Remembering

3. What is the looking-glass self?

ANS: The looking-glass self is Charles Cooley’s term for how people act as mirrors to each other and how this reflection of the way we think other people perceive us creates our concept of the self. According to Cooley, the looking-glass self develops through a three-step process: we imagine how we appear to others, we imagine how they are assessing us, and then we internalize these interpretations to experience feelings about ourselves.

DIF: Moderate

REF: 4.3 Theories of the Self

MSC: Remembering

4. Young children develop a distinct sense of self through the process of taking the role of the particular or significant other, according to the symbolic interactionist George Herbert Mead. Describe how children engage in this role-taking process.

ANS:

Young children learn the guidelines and expectations associated with a variety of roles through several stages including the preparatory stage, play stage, and game stage. In the preparatory stage, children imitate and mimic those around them. Children pretend to be “mommy,” “firefighter,” “princess,” or “doctor” in the play stage. The final stage is the game stage, in which children participate in organized games and learn how to follow rules.

DIF: Difficult

REF: 4.3 Theories of the Self

MSC: Remembering

5. According to Erving Goffman’s concept of dramaturgy, how can a particular social setting make a considerable difference in how we interact with other people?

ANS: In dramaturgy, a specific social setting or region provides a context for the types of props, mannerisms, and demeanor that are socially acceptable in that setting. For example, a female student would not come to class wearing a bikini, but she is free to wear one while swimming or at the beach. Similarly, she would probably not take a computer or textbook to the pool.

DIF: Moderate

REF: 4.3 Theories of the Self

MSC: Understanding

6. According to Charles Cooley, why can there be no sense of self without society?

ANS: In his theory of the looking-glass self, Cooley argued that we depend on socialization and interaction with others to develop a concept of who we are in our surroundings.

DIF: Easy

REF: 4.3 Theories of the Self

MSC: Remembering

7. Describe how people undergo resocialization when they move from one place, job, or life situation to another.

ANS: Adults need to learn and adjust to the new norms, values, behaviors, and expectations that come with the new environment when they move from a familiar life situation to a new, unfamiliar one. This process is called resocialization. For example, if you move from a customer service job to a marketing job, you learn to move away from assisting clients to trying to persuade clients to purchase a product.

DIF: Easy

REF: 4.4 Agents of Socialization

MSC: Remembering

8. The term “total institution” refers to institutions that strip people of their previous identities in order to resocialize them. Describe this process.

ANS: Total institutions sever people from their relations with society in order to systematically suppress their previous identities and create new, more desirable ones. For example, a prison is a total institution because it cuts inmates off from the rest of society in order to strip them of their identities as criminals and reform them into law-abiding citizens.

DIF: Easy

REF: 4.4 Agents of Socialization

MSC: Remembering

9. Describe how television can be a powerful and covert agent of socialization.

ANS:

Television can communicate covert messages that teach us norms and values; this can have a powerful influence on our behavior. The textbook gives the example of how television presents idealized images of the human body as being the norm. As a result, watching television may influence us to believe that our natural appearance is unacceptable in our society and that we must go on diets or get plastic surgery.

DIF: Easy

REF: 4.4 Agents of Socialization

MSC: Remembering

10. What is agency and how does it relate to free will?

ANS: Agency means that individuals are active participants in their own lives and behave in spontaneous, intelligent, and creative ways. Given this, they are able to make decisions and choose the course of their lives, which is essentially what free will is all about.

DIF: Easy

REF: 4.8 Closing Comments

MSC: Remembering

ESSAY 1. Many natural scientists argue that human behavioral traits can be explained through genetics. Many social scientists believe that human behavior is learned and shaped through social interaction. Which view is correct? Justify your answer.

ANS: Both views contain elements of truth. For example, the textbook cites research that suggests that the hormone testosterone can affect behavior, but also that testosterone levels rise and fall in response to social cues.

There is a complex relationship between nature and nurture. Either one alone is insufficient to explain what makes us human. Heredity determines our basic potential, but it is primarily our social environment that determines whether we will realize or fall short of our potential or develop new potential. We are subject to social influences from the moment we are born, and these influences only increase over time. This is in part because the influence of social contact happens so gradually, and to some extent unconsciously, that we don’t always notice what or how we are learning.

DIF: Moderate

REF: 4.1 What Is Human Nature?

MSC: Evaluating

2. What happens to the development of feral children who are raised without significant social contact?

What does this demonstrate about the importance of socialization?

ANS: The text cites the case of Genie, who was sequestered by her father in her family’s California home.

Genie did not learn to speak and communicated by making low croaking sounds. When the authorities finally discovered her, it was found that, in almost all ways, Genie had failed to develop as a normal child. Her behavior could only be described as primitive and bizarre, although there was never evidence that she had a physical or mental disability.

It took years for her to acquire language and learn to interact with others. This case demonstrates that without socialization, we are almost totally devoid of the qualities that are normally associated with being human.

DIF: Moderate

REF: 4.2 The Process of Socialization

MSC: Analyzing

3. Chapter 4 presents theories of the self by Sigmund Freud, Charles Cooley, and George Herbert Mead.

Describe the social component of each of these three theoretical perspectives.

ANS: In Freud’s model, the social component of the self is the superego, which is formed as a result of parental guidance, especially through rewards and punishments. Cooley’s model is much more thoroughly social than Freud’s, in that his concept of the looking-glass self emphasizes the constant role of social interaction in the formation and maintenance of a sense of self. For Mead as well, the self is created through social interaction. In particular, his ideas of the generalized other and the dual nature of the self point to the role that social interactions have in developing our senses of self.

DIF: Difficult

REF: 4.3 Theories of the Self

MSC: Evaluating

4. How does the self develop, according to George Herbert Mead? Which important developmental markers or milestones does he highlight? Provide examples.

ANS: According to Mead, the development of the self unfolds in several stages as we move through childhood.

First is the preparatory stage. Children younger than age three lack a completely developed sense of self, so they have difficulty distinguishing themselves from others. Children begin the development process by simply imitating others around them (for example, by making faces or playing patty-cake) without fully understanding the meaning of their behavior.

After age three, children enter the play stage of development, when they start to pretend to be a mother, a firefighter, a princess, or a doctor. This is referred to as taking the role of the particular or significant other. As children learn the behavior associated with being a mother or a doctor, they internalize the expectations of those particular others and begin to gain new perspectives in addition to their own.

By the early school years, children begin to take part in organized games. Each child must follow the rules of the game, which means they must simultaneously take into account the roles of all the other players. Mead calls this taking the perspective of the generalized other. Thus, children begin to understand the standards that are common to a social group—their playmates—and to see themselves from others’ viewpoints. By taking the perspective of the generalized other, children are able to see themselves as objects. They gradually learn to internalize the expectations of the generalized other for themselves and to evaluate their own behavior. This is the beginning of understanding the attitudes and expectations of society as a whole.

DIF: Moderate

REF: 4.3 Theories of the Self

MSC: Evaluating

5. What did Charles Cooley mean by the phrase “the looking-glass self ”? How does his concept apply to your status as a student?

ANS: The looking-glass self is Cooley’s belief that we all act like mirrors to each other and reflect images of ourselves back to one another. For Cooley, there could be no sense of self without society because there are no individual selves without corresponding “others” to provide us with our looking-glass self-images.

Cooley theorized that we gain our self-images in three steps: a. We imagine how we look to others, not only physically but also in how we present ourselves. The idea that we have of ourselves is particularly important in relation to significant others such as parents, bosses, professors, friends, and partners because we care about how we look to them. b. We imagine other people’s judgments of us. We try to picture others’ reactions and attempt to interpret what they must be feeling. We ask ourselves, “What is their opinion of me?” c. We experience feelings about ourselves based on our perceptions of other people’s judgments.

We respond to the judgments that we believe others make about us without really knowing for sure what they think. We’re not always right, and we may draw unrealistic conclusions. According to Cooley, it is these perceptions, not reality, that determine the feelings we ultimately have about ourselves. The social looking-glass, the way we see ourselves reflected back from others and the feelings we develop as a result of what we imagine they see in us, forms our concept of self.

In applying this concept to student life, good answers will include the students’ internalization of their performance on course assessments such as tests as well as reactions from both the instructor and other classmates to their presence inside and outside of the class environment.

DIF: Moderate

REF: 4.3 Theories of the Self

MSC: Evaluating

6. What is the Thomas theorem? Restate it in your own words and provide an example of its application.

ANS: The Thomas theorem states that “if people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences.”

In other words, the way people define a situation becomes its reality for them.

The textbook gives the following example: suppose you’re walking down the street and you witness a woman slapping a man in public. What are the possible meanings of that situation? It could be a fight or spousal abuse, or it could be a joke or a friendly greeting, depending on how hard the slap is. It could be the man has just passed out and the woman hopes to revive him. The participants could be actors shooting a scene from a film. Each of these interpretations leads to a different set of potential consequences depending on which meaning you act upon. You might intervene, call the police, laugh, ignore it, summon paramedics, or ask for an autograph. Each definition of the situation lends itself to a different approach, and the consequences are real.

DIF: Difficult

REF: 4.3 Theories of the Self

MSC: Applying

7. According to Erving Goffman, people define situations interactionally through expressions of behavior, which are the tools we use to project our definition of a situation to one another. Explain what Goffman means by expressions given and expressions given off.

ANS: What Goffman calls expressions given are typically verbal and intended; most speech falls into this category. Almost all of what we say we mean to say, at least in the moment we say it. Only in situations of extreme emotional response such as fear, pain, and ecstasy might we make an unintended utterance.

Expressions given off, like the eye roll and the nod, are typically nonverbal but observable and may be intended or unintended. Examples such as facial expressions, mannerisms, body language, and styles of dress are important indicators to others about the definition of a situation.

DIF: Difficult

REF: 4.3 Theories of the Self

MSC: Understanding

8. Describe the process of impression management as defined by Erving Goffman.

ANS: Goffman saw social life as a sort of con game in which we work at controlling the impressions others have of us. Like players on a stage, we act our parts and use all of our communicative resources, both verbal and nonverbal, to present a particular impression to others. We say and do what we think is necessary to communicate who we are and what we think, while refraining from saying and doing things that might damage the impression we want others to have of us. It is this focus on the performance strategies of impression management that has led scholars to refer to Goffman’s central idea as dramaturgy.

Good answers should discuss dramaturgy in terms of the frontstage and backstage as well as the front and region. As in the theater, we use tools to aid in impression management. The front is the setting that helps to establish the particular meaning of a situation, like a classroom for teaching or a bar for drinking. The region is the specific social setting that provides the interactional context in which our impression management performance takes place. For example, you would not want to present yourself to others in the classroom the same way you would present yourself in a bar. Our personal front, including our appearance, manner, and style of dress as well as gender, race, and age, helps establish the definition of the situation. Backstage is where we prepare for our performance, and frontstage is where we present our performance to other people.

The best answers will also incorporate content from the textbook regarding people who are disturbed by Goffman’s view of our interactions and the suggestion that people are always acting and never being honest about who they are. The text argues that everyone must present some type of self in social situations, although some people deliberately deceive others in their presentation of self.

DIF: Difficult

REF: 4.3 Theories of the Self

MSC: Applying

9. In Chapter 4, the Thomas theorem is discussed in the section associated with Erving Goffman. Why do you think this is? How does the Thomas theorem help introduce Goffman and his theory of dramaturgy?

ANS: Good answers should discuss how both the Thomas theorem and Goffman’s dramaturgy focus on how people define situations. Both theories focus on the way we must define each situation for ourselves and how these definitions affect our actions and behavior.

Thomas theorized that “if people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences.” In other words, there are many possible ways we can define the meaning, or reality, of a particular situation, and each possible definition lends itself to different actions that have very real consequences.

Goffman theorized that we define situations through our social interactions with other people.

DIF: Difficult

REF: 4.3 Theories of the Self

MSC: Analyzing

10. The satirical newspaper The Onion once ran a story with the headline “Man Reading Pynchon on Bus Takes Pains to Make Cover Visible.” The story went on to describe a bus passenger who was reading a book by the critically acclaimed, but difficult and confusing, author Thomas Pynchon. Instead of holding the book on his lap, he held it directly in front of his face so that the cover was visible to everyone and occasionally glanced around to see if anyone noticed. What would Erving Goffman say about this?

ANS: Any good answer should start by pointing out the ways in which this is an example of Goffman’s theory of impression management. Like an actor in a play, the literary bus rider is using all of his communicative resources (in this case, mostly nonverbal) to present a particular impression of himself to other people. Good answers might also mention that the bus is the man’s front (the setting that helps establish a particular meaning) and that the book is part of his region (the elements that help establish the boundaries of interactional context). He is clearly using a so-called prop to help establish a context for his performance.

DIF: Difficult

REF: 4.3 Theories of the Self

MSC: Applying

11. Describe how the four major agents of socialization have shaped your life experiences.

ANS:

All answers should include how students’ families, peers, schooling, and exposure to mass media have shaped their life experiences and how these sources of socialization overlap. For example, what students learned as children at school overlapped with what they learned at home.

DIF: Moderate

REF: 4.4 Agents of Socialization

MSC: Applying

12. What is resocialization? Give an example of a circumstance that would necessitate resocialization.

ANS: The textbook defines resocialization as the replacement of previously learned norms and values with new ones. This is a process that happens to adults as the circumstances of their lives constantly change over time. Examples could include changing jobs, getting married or divorced, becoming a parent, losing a job or retiring, facing a serious health problem, or dealing with the physical decline of our bodies when we grow old.

The most dramatic examples of resocialization are found in total institutions such as prisons, cults, mental hospitals, and, in some cases, boarding schools, nursing homes, monasteries, and the military. In total institutions, residents are severed from their previous relations with society, and their former identities are systematically stripped and reformed. There may be different ends toward which total institutions are geared, such as creating good soldiers, punishing criminals, or managing mental illness.

Regardless of the purpose of the total institution, the process of resocialization is similar in that all previous identities are suppressed and an entirely new, disciplined self is created.

DIF: Easy

REF: 4.4 Agents of Socialization

MSC: Remembering

13. How do you think new forms of technology will change the role and significance of the four major agents of socialization? Provide examples.

ANS: Any competent answer should be able to identify the family, peers, schools, and the media as the four most important agents of socialization. Students should also talk about the changes in technology that have led to new interactional contexts for socialization, especially the way in which much of our interaction no longer requires copresence.

Email, instant messaging, text messaging, and other electronic communications are becoming increasingly important at younger and younger ages. Social networking sites are also important. In light of this, these new forms of technology will increase the importance of peers and the media as agents of socialization and decrease the influence of schools and the family.

DIF: Moderate

REF: 4.7 Interacting Online

MSC: Evaluating

Chapter 5 Separate and Together: Life in Groups MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. How should all left-handed people in the United States be classified? a. as a category b. as a crowd c. as an aggregate d. as a group ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 5.1 What Is a Group?

2. Members of a/an ________ interact with one another and think of themselves as belonging together. a. aggregate b. group c. category d. queue ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 5.1 What Is a Group?

3. Sociologically, what is the difference between a group and a crowd? a. Individuals associated with a group don’t share any common attributes. b. Individuals associated with a group feel a shared identity and have ongoing social relations. c. Individuals associated with a group don’t have ongoing social relations. d. Individuals associated with a crowd remain in contact.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 5.1 What Is a Group?

4. Through a sociological lens, a ________ would be considered a group. a. collection of sightseers at a tourist attraction b. high school chess club c. gathering at a crime scene d. line at the grocery store ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 5.1 What Is a Group?

5. An example of an aggregate is a. a family with members living in different states. b. the audience at a Broadway show. c. a Little League baseball team. d. a bird-watching club.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 5.1 What Is a Group?

6. Why do sociologists not consider fans of the rock musician Bruce Springsteen to be a group? a. The fans need to have at least two things in common. b. The fans share no attributes. c. The fans are never in the same physical location. d. The fans do not interact regularly.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 5.1 What Is a Group?

7. ________ are characterized by long-term, intimate, and face-to-face relationships. a. Primary groups b. Out-groups c. Reference groups d. Secondary groups ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 5.1 What Is a Group?

8. Which of the following statements about secondary groups is true? a. They involve intimate, face-to-face interaction. b. They tend to be based on specific roles or activities. c. They are usually small and long-lasting. d. Their values become fused with members’ identities.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 5.1 What Is a Group?

9. A characteristic of primary groups is that they a. are larger and more anonymous than secondary groups. b. are often formal or impersonal. c. tend to be based on specific roles or activities. d. involve a strong sense of belonging.

ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 5.1 What Is a Group?

10. One of the baristas at José’s local coffee shop always greets him by name. She often asks how school is going and seems to care about his answer. How would we characterize José’s relationship with the barista? a. She is a “consequential stranger” who bridges the gap between primary and secondary groups. b. She fits perfectly into what would be considered a primary group. c. She fits perfectly into what would be considered a secondary group. d. She is a member of the bourgeoisie.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 5.1 What Is a Group?

11. ________ provide most of our emotional support. a. Secondary groups b. Reference groups c. Out-groups d. Primary groups ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 5.1 What Is a Group?

12. An individual belongs to a ________ if the members are mostly anonymous to one another. a. secondary group b. primary group c. crowd

d. social network ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 5.1 What Is a Group?

13. What are people a part of if they associate with each other on a regular basis because they enjoy spending time together? a. a primary group b. a secondary group c. a reference group d. a social network ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 5.1 What Is a Group?

14. Many sociologists have worried that the modern economy demands both geographic and occupational mobility, which, in turn, means that bureaucratic organizations have become the norm. What sort of groups might become weaker or strained if people have to move frequently throughout their lives for work? a. crowds b. secondary groups c. categories d. primary groups ANS: D MSC: Evaluating

DIF: Difficult

REF: 5.1 What Is a Group?

15. John gets a job with a large firm that audits small businesses. While working at the firm, he becomes friends with Dave, who invites him to attend a weekly poker game. The game soon becomes a meaningful part of John’s social life. This is an example of the a. distinction between primary groups and secondary groups. b. way secondary groups produce anonymous relationships. c. way primary groups can lead to membership in secondary groups. d. way secondary group ties can lead to membership in primary groups.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 5.1 What Is a Group?

16. Some students at a college form an intramural softball team. They play other teams from their school and from the area every Sunday in a conveniently located park. What might a sociologist consider if they wanted to determine whether the team was a primary group or a secondary group? a. the age of the players b. the interactions of team members off the field c. the shared hobbies of the players d. the innate skill of the players ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: 5.1 What Is a Group?

17. ________ are the webs of direct and indirect ties that connect individuals to others who may influence them. a. Social networks b. Reference groups c. Inner circles d. In-groups

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 5.1 What Is a Group?

18. The sociologist Duncan Watts examined the way people may change their minds about whom to vote for based on the opinions of friends and acquaintances. What concept was Watts studying? a. social networks b. bureaucracy c. charismatic authority d. rationalization ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 5.1 What Is a Group?

19. The sociologist Joseph Conti studied the World Trade Organization as a social network. According to Conti, how is power measured within this type of social network? a. The most powerful members most often win their disputes with other members. b. The most powerful members have the most connections to other members. c. The most powerful members are involved in the fewest disputes with other members. d. The most powerful members most often change the minds of other members.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: 5.1 What Is a Group?

20. The implications of Mark Granovetter’s findings in “The Strength of Weak Ties” were that a. people with high SES are likely to have direct ties to people with low SES. b. people tend to form heterogeneous social networks. c. weak ties are almost always long-lasting and durable. d. people tend to form homogeneous social networks.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 5.1 What Is a Group?

21. A key challenge for one nation’s campaign to improve public health in rural areas was to convince isolated villagers to boil their drinking water in order to kill parasites. The only families who adopted the practice were not well integrated into the village and had few connections to their neighbors. What does this example demonstrate? a. There is a need for more virtual communities around the world. b. Social ties don’t just connect us to others but also influence our behavior. c. Attempts at modernization largely fail without modern technology. d. Globalization leads to the McDonaldization of society.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: 5.1 What Is a Group?

22. Mark Granovetter has argued that the people you know best are likely to possess only information you already have. This is why he believed that, when looking for employment, it is advantageous to have a. a commitment to hard work and determination to succeed. b. casual acquaintances who are connected to different social networks. c. a prestigious education in order to gain access to lucrative occupations. d. a high degree of cultural and social capital.

ANS: B MSC: Evaluating

DIF: Difficult

REF: 5.1 What Is a Group?

23. Simon Langlois studied government employment in Quebec, Canada. He found that more than 40% of the people he surveyed found their jobs through personal contacts, even though the government had made efforts to formalize recruitment. The personal contacts were fairly casual acquaintances in the majority of cases, not close friends. What principle is demonstrated here? a. the strength of weak ties b. the power of strong triads c. the role of group cohesion d. the power of groupthink ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 5.1 What Is a Group?

24. Sociologists who study social networks and employment pay attention to the frequency with which a person has been in contact with each member of their social network to a. measure the anomie of the network. b. determine if groupthink occurred in a social network. c. see if a particular tie is strong or weak. d. see just how extensive the network is.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: 5.1 What Is a Group?

25. In terms of job leads, men’s social networks are different from those of women because a. women are more likely to hear about quality job openings if their social networks are composed of more women than men. b. women are less likely to hear about quality job openings if their social networks are composed of more women than men. c. men are less likely to hear about quality job openings if their social networks are composed of more men than women. d. women are less likely to hear about quality job openings if their social networks are composed of more men than women.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 5.1 What Is a Group?

26. Jennifer’s soccer league is quite large. It includes twelve teams, and each team has approximately fifteen members. Jennifer is very popular and has the most ties with individuals throughout the league. Which social network concept best describes Jennifer’s situation? a. centrality b. popularity c. tie strength d. contagion ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: 5.1 What Is a Group? | InQuizitive

27. Mark just bought a brand-new Subaru hybrid after driving a twenty-year-old car for a long time. He is really impressed with his new car and takes every opportunity to drive his friends around in it. Over the next year, three of his friends buy new Subarus and three others are seriously considering doing so.

Which concept best describes what is happening in Mark’s network? a. high centrality b. contagion c. tie strength d. anomie

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: 5.1 What Is a Group? | InQuizitive

28. What does it mean that social networks can influence people through contagion? a. Connections that lead to disease or infection are called contagion, according to sociologists. b. Social networks are contagious given that they tend to mimic each other over the long run. c. This borrows from a biological model in that people who are weak are likely to “catch” the influence of their social network. d. People who are connected to social networks are more likely to be affected by them.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 5.1 What Is a Group?

29. A ________ consists of group members who share information and advice, provide support to one another, and have common interests, but never meet in person. a. reference group b. social network c. secondary group d. virtual community ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 5.2 Separate from Groups: Anomie or Virtual Membership?

MSC: Understanding 30. How have social networking websites affected social groups? a. They diminish the importance of primary groups but not secondary groups. b. They expand primary groups to include many more members than before. c. They minimize the importance of secondary groups, especially those associated with shared interests. d. They help people make the most of both their primary and secondary groups.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 5.2 Separate from Groups: Anomie or Virtual Membership?

MSC: Understanding 31. Robert Putnam’s research can be exemplified by his description of a decline in bowling leagues. Which of the following might serve as evidence that Putnam’s concerns about anomie are overblown? a. the increasing number of hours people spend with electronic media b. the decline of movie theaters and the subsequent rise of services like Netflix c. the sharp spike in suicide rates in eastern Europe over the past two decades d. the growth of online support groups to help people with rare diseases share information and find emotional support ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 5.2 Separate from Groups: Anomie or Virtual Membership?

MSC: Evaluating 32. Émile Durkheim worried that individuals would feel less connected to groups in an increasingly fragmented modern world, which would lead to a. the rise of hate groups. b. a need for new types of etiquette. c. anomie or normlessness. d. unemployment.

ANS: C

DIF: Easy

REF: 5.2 Separate from Groups: Anomie or Virtual Membership?

MSC: Remembering 33. According to Robert Putnam, what does the decline in bowling leagues indicate? a. an increase in anomie and decline in collective bonds b. a shift from secondary groups to primary groups c. the increasing irrelevance of reference groups d. a decline in physical exercise and increase in inactive lifestyles due to electronic media ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 5.2 Separate from Groups: Anomie or Virtual Membership?

MSC: Remembering 34. Members of a table tennis club in upstate New York seem to have come together as much for connections with others as for the love of the game. This club can be viewed as a counterpoint to the message of Robert Putnam’s Bowling Alone because it is an example of a. the way we continue to be socialized by the media in adulthood. b. a type of civic engagement that brings people together. c. the strength of weak ties. d. the importance of primary groups in our social lives.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 5.2 Separate from Groups: Anomie or Virtual Membership?

MSC: Applying 35. Lana was always spoiled during her youth. As an only child, she was lavished with praise and gifts from her parents. Unfortunately, they died when Lana was in college, and since then, Lana has remained single and has made no close friends. Her contact with other family members is limited. By virtue of her limited group membership, which of these concepts is Lana more likely to experience? a. groupthink b. weak ties c. anomie d. social loafing ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 5.2 Separate from Groups: Anomie or Virtual Membership? | InQuizitive MSC: Understanding 36. ________ are evidence that the definition of what constitutes a group is being transformed as a result of new technology and the Digital Age. a. Websites b. Reddit subgroups c. Self-help groups d. Civic groups ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: 5.2 Separate from Groups: Anomie or Virtual Membership?

MSC: Applying 37. What do sociologists call patterns of interaction between groups and individuals? a. rationalization b. group dynamics c. in-group solidarity d. anomie

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 5.3 Group Dynamics

38. Individuals always feel loyalty toward their in-group, but under what circumstances would this loyalty be particularly strong? a. when the in-group is particularly large b. when the individual has belonged to the in-group for a short time c. when the out-group is from a different city than the in-group d. when the differences between the in-group and the out-group are sharply defined ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 5.3 Group Dynamics

39. In Los Angeles, you may see cars sporting a bumper sticker that reads, “My favorite teams are UCLA and whoever’s playing USC.” What is this an example of ? a. group dynamics b. hostility toward an out-group c. bureaucratic rationalization d. the use of a reference group ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 5.3 Group Dynamics

40. Robert Merton suggested that some white Americans who praise Abraham Lincoln for being frugal and thrifty might describe an Asian American with the same qualities as being stingy and penny-pinching.

What explains this double standard? a. Standards of behavior considered appropriate in Lincoln’s time are now looked down upon because of historical change. b. Lincoln was greedy, but he is remembered differently because American textbooks are not permitted to say negative things about presidents. c. Lincoln was a truly remarkable individual who acted in these ways for selfless reasons; something everyday people can’t hope to do. d. For these white Americans, Lincoln was a member of their racial in-group, whereas an Asian American would be a member of an out-group.

ANS: D MSC: Evaluating

DIF: Difficult

REF: 5.3 Group Dynamics

41. People attend high school class reunions and often compare their own personal and professional successes and failures with those of their former classmates. This means that classmates are a(n) ________ group. a. reference b. secondary c. professional d. identity ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 5.3 Group Dynamics

42. What do we call groups that are used as standards to evaluate ourselves positively, in terms of the qualities we aspire to achieve, or negatively, in terms of the qualities we wish to avoid? a. reference groups b. out-groups c. in-groups d. networks

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 5.3 Group Dynamics

43. What do sociologists call a group that provides standards by which an individual can judge their own accomplishments? a. a secondary group b. a social network c. a reference group d. a primary group ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 5.3 Group Dynamics

44. A twenty-eight-year-old woman is on the verge of a big promotion at work. She didn’t finish college until she was twenty-five, and the entry-level job she currently has is unimpressive. She decides to attend her ten-year high school reunion only if she is promoted. What do sociologists say her high school classmates represent if they can have this much influence on her decision to attend the reunion? a. an out-group b. a reference group c. a primary group d. a virtual community ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 5.3 Group Dynamics

45. The Twenty Statements Test asks respondents to make twenty true statements about themselves that begin with the phrase “I am.” Why is this test discussed in a chapter about social groups? a. It was developed to measure the extent to which individuals follow the norms of their primary groups. b. It helps sociologists understand the extent to which group norms constrain individuals. c. It helps to map social networks by establishing what social ties exist between people. d. It was developed to measure the extent to which we base our identity on membership in groups.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 5.3 Group Dynamics

46. Sociologists are interested in how social groups have changed over time. Of particular note is the degree to which individuals base their identities on group membership. How has this changed in recent American history? a. Americans today are more likely to base their self-concepts on group membership. b. The degree to which Americans base their identities on group membership has changed very little in the past few decades. c. Americans today are more likely to base their identities on secondary groups. d. Americans are less likely to identify themselves as group members today than in the past.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 5.3 Group Dynamics

47. People today are more likely to identify themselves through personal characteristics than through group membership or affiliation. Why is this cause for concern to some sociologists? a. People who identify themselves through personal characteristics are less likely to try to achieve their goals and advance themselves. b. People who identify themselves through personal characteristics are more likely to blindly

follow orders and bow to peer pressure. c. People who identify themselves through personal characteristics are more likely to have large social networks and maintain connections to their communities. d. People who identify themselves through personal characteristics might care less about the common good.

ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 5.3 Group Dynamics

48. Which of the following statements would be most convincing to a sociologist if you were trying to explain the shift from A-mode and B-mode responses to C-mode responses on the Twenty Statements Test? a. Americans have become more and more generous over the years, and their answers reflect a desire to give something back. b. People care less about what researchers think about them, so they are more likely to answer honestly and admit that they’ve always been selfish. c. The accelerated pace of social change makes it increasingly difficult to think about the self in terms of group membership. d. There has been a fundamental shift in individual values and psychology that has led to a long-term change in American social structure.

ANS: C MSC: Evaluating

DIF: Difficult

REF: 5.3 Group Dynamics

49. The sense of solidarity or team spirit that an individual feels toward their group is called a. expressive leadership. b. group cohesion. c. anomie. d. instrumental leadership.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 5.3 Group Dynamics

50. Which of the following is a factor that can lead to increased group cohesion? a. shared values b. unique traits c. apathy toward the group d. differing goals ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 5.3 Group Dynamics

51. Which response would you LEAST expect to find on the survey if a sociologist measured group cohesion within a neighborhood and found a high level of group cohesion? a. “Overall, I find this neighborhood very attractive.” b. “If my neighbors were planning something, I would think of it as something ‘we’ were doing rather than something ‘they’ were doing.” c. “I feel a sense of loyalty to my neighbors.” d. “I feel comfortable in all sorts of neighborhoods.”

ANS: D MSC: Evaluating

DIF: Difficult

REF: 5.3 Group Dynamics

52. What are group members engaging in when they withhold their reservations and criticisms for the sake of consensus?

a. b. c. d.

group solidarity laissez-faire decision making groupthink expressive leadership

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 5.3 Group Dynamics

53. What sort of group dynamic may have led officials at NASA to ignore warnings and launch the space shuttle Challenger, which exploded shortly after takeoff ? a. groupthink b. peer pressure c. social influence d. group cohesion ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 5.3 Group Dynamics

54. What is the danger of too much group cohesion? a. It leads to endless discussion that tends to preclude any real action. b. It makes group members more susceptible to anomie or normlessness. c. It reduces the degree to which members are attracted to the group. d. It can lead to groupthink, in which dissenting opinions are strongly discouraged.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 5.3 Group Dynamics

55. University leaders ignore rumors and complaints about the football coach sexually abusing students in order to uphold the reputation of the university’s award-winning football program. This action to preserve public image over protecting the safety of students is a result of a. a primary group. b. anomie or normlessness. c. groupthink. d. a reference group.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 5.3 Group Dynamics

56. Which of the following is best suited to preventing groupthink? a. a leader who encourages and rewards the presentation of alternative opinions b. a strict meritocracy in which only the best and brightest are hired c. strict control over the flow of information into and out of an organization d. a strong leader who controls every aspect of the decision-making process ANS: A MSC: Evaluating

DIF: Moderate

REF: 5.3 Group Dynamics

57. The phrase “keeping up with the Joneses” is an example of what group concept? a. triad b. in-group c. out-group d. reference group ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 5.3 Group Dynamics | InQuizitive

58. Group cohesion is likely to be highest among which group? a. a secret society at an Ivy League university b. all Hispanic students in a single high school c. students in a sociology 101 course d. a high school graduating class ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 5.3 Group Dynamics | InQuizitive

59. The Solomon Asch experiment, in which groups of participants were asked to compare the lengths of lines, demonstrated that a. an authoritarian leader can strongly influence group members. b. groups have great power to induce conformity. c. the larger the group is, the less each member has a sense of individual responsibility. d. peer pressure emerges when a group’s task is relatively difficult or demanding.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 5.4 Social Influence (Peer Pressure)

60. What do sociologists call it when members of groups are influenced by other members? a. internalization b. commodification c. social influence d. rationalization ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 5.4 Social Influence (Peer Pressure)

61. What is the strongest type of conformity that can occur as a result of social influence or peer pressure? a. social loafing b. identification c. internalization d. compliance ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 5.4 Social Influence (Peer Pressure)

62. A man arrested for driving under the influence must attend Alcoholics Anonymous meetings in accordance with a court order. He attends the meetings so as to avoid a jail sentence and a hefty fine, but not because he wants to. What do sociologists call this kind of conformity? a. identification b. internalization c. proscription d. compliance ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 5.4 Social Influence (Peer Pressure)

63. Only 25 percent of subjects in the Asch experiment were “independents” who refused to a. give the wrong answer. b. inhabit the role of “guard.” c. obey authorities asking them to shock participants. d. inhabit the role of “prisoner.”

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 5.4 Social Influence (Peer Pressure)

64. What was the Asch experiment measuring? a. the power of peer pressure b. the extent of social networks c. the value of teamwork compared with individual effort d. the type of organization that can best achieve social goals ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 5.4 Social Influence (Peer Pressure)

65. The Asch experiment yielded different results when other researchers tried to replicate it decades later, but a recent replication of Milgram’s experiment had virtually the same results. What important implications does Milgram’s research have for contemporary society? a. It demonstrates that the power of conformity can still lead to real-life instances of obedience. b. It demonstrates how people can avoid social influence that would lead to criminal actions. c. It challenges the notion that authoritative figures have any real power over personal decisions. d. It demonstrates that people who cave to social pressure have major character flaws, which helps employers avoid poor employees.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 5.4 Social Influence (Peer Pressure)

66. In 1978, cult leader Jim Jones forced more than 900 of his followers to drink poisoned Flavor Aid, which led to their deaths. In the run-up to this event, Jones had strictly enforced discipline, mocked and ridiculed anyone who expressed doubts, and even had doubters sedated. This extreme effort to enforce conformity is an example of a. the expressive self. b. bureaucracy. c. social influence. d. an out-group.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 5.4 Social Influence (Peer Pressure)

67. A college professor has a large collection of controversial counterculture T-shirts, but makes sure to never wear these shirts to class. What is this kind of conformity called? a. identification b. compliance c. internalization d. groupthink ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 5.4 Social Influence (Peer Pressure)

68. The new graduate students in a university program often gather after class for beer and pizza. What is it an example of if one new graduate student doesn’t like beer or pizza but accompanies the group anyway because he wants to make friends? a. internalization b. compliance c. shared values d. identification ANS: D

DIF: Moderate

REF: 5.4 Social Influence (Peer Pressure)

MSC: Applying 69. Which type of conformity has occurred when someone joins an animal rights group and then adopts a vegan diet? a. social networks b. internalization c. compliance d. social atomism ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 5.4 Social Influence (Peer Pressure)

70. Honor killings are primarily seen in Middle Eastern and __________ cultures. a. Western European b. Eastern European c. South Asian d. African ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 5.4 Social Influence (Peer Pressure) | InQuizitive

71. Individual members of a large group often neglect their responsibilities when a task needs to be completed because it is impossible for any one person to receive credit or blame. This phenomenon is called a. regression toward the mean. b. groupthink. c. group polarization. d. social loafing.

ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 5.5 Working Together: Teams and Leadership

72. Actual group productivity never equals potential productivity. This is because a. the tasks that groups usually work on are not very interesting, which decreases motivation. b. time is lost to coordinating and organizing group members. c. group members never identify with the group thoroughly enough to give it their full attention. d. there is no way to recognize group members for their efforts.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 5.5 Working Together: Teams and Leadership

73. Which of the following phenomena is a reason that group efficiency declines as groups increase in size? a. social loafing b. rationalization c. socialization d. identification ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 5.5 Working Together: Teams and Leadership

74. Which of the following strategies could be used as a way to minimize social loafing? a. ensuring that no one in the group has a particularly interesting or rewarding job b. ensuring that all group members are well educated and have the proper training c. finding ways to recognize individual effort

d. adding more members to the group ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 5.5 Working Together: Teams and Leadership

75. Members of a fraternity believe that they help create social cohesion by bringing together students with shared values. What perspective best describes their views? a. symbolic interactionism b. coercive power c. structural functionalism d. conflict theory ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 5.5 Working Together: Teams and Leadership

76. A student at a university explains that he doesn’t want to join a fraternity because he believes they create negative in-group and out-group dynamics. What perspective best describes his views? a. symbolic interactionism b. coercive power c. structural functionalism d. conflict theory ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 5.5 Working Together: Teams and Leadership

77. The mother of a university student is worried about her son joining a fraternity. She worries that peer pressure and groupthink may lead her son to do things he wouldn’t normally do, such as binge drinking.

What perspective best describes her views? a. symbolic interactionism b. coercive power c. structural functionalism d. conflict theory ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 5.5 Working Together: Teams and Leadership

78. The mother of a university student encourages her son to join a fraternity. She hopes that peer pressure and groupthink may lead her son to do things he hasn’t tried before, such as volunteering and attending formal events. What perspective best describes her views? a. symbolic interactionism b. coercive power c. structural functionalism d. conflict theory ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 5.5 Working Together: Teams and Leadership

79. What does social identity theory suggest about teamwork? a. Teamwork and efficiency are at their best when tasks are repetitive and boring. b. Teamwork is most efficient when there is little or no recognition of individual effort. c. The most efficient teams are made up of members with a strong shared social identity. d. The most efficient teams are made up of primary group members.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 5.5 Working Together: Teams and Leadership

80. Students often complain when they hear their instructor assign group work. One of the biggest problems associated with group assignments is that one person often ends up doing most of the work while others take it easy. This is called a. anomie. b. social identity. c. social loafing. d. compliance.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 5.5 Working Together: Teams and Leadership

81. One strategy that might help solve or at least alleviate the problem of social loafing is a. assigning more group members to a project. b. giving names to teams and T-shirts to their members. c. randomly assigning members to teams. d. making sure dissent is never welcome or tolerated.

ANS: B MSC: Evaluating

DIF: Difficult

REF: 5.5 Working Together: Teams and Leadership

82. What kind of power is exhibited by a police officer who pulls over a suspect after a high-speed pursuit? a. coercive b. influential c. traditional d. charismatic ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 5.5 Working Together: Teams and Leadership

83. Which of the following is a quality of charismatic leaders? a. They inherit their positions of power. b. Their personal qualities don’t really matter. c. They can’t be replaced by legal proceedings. d. They possess extraordinary personal qualities.

ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 5.5 Working Together: Teams and Leadership

84. Leaders whose personal styles make them more task-oriented or goal-oriented and less concerned with people’s feelings are called ________ leaders. a. expressive b. charismatic c. traditional d. instrumental ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 5.5 Working Together: Teams and Leadership

85. What kind of leadership style is typically expected of women in contemporary society? a. expressive b. rational c. family d. proscriptive ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 5.5 Working Together: Teams and Leadership

86. Which of the following authority figures still derives legitimacy from traditional sources? a. a landlord b. a parent c. a mayor d. a police officer ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 5.5 Working Together: Teams and Leadership

87. A football coach threatens to kick a player off the team unless the player works harder. What kind of power is the football coach wielding? a. influential power b. coercive power c. bureaucratic power d. charismatic authority ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 5.5 Working Together: Teams and Leadership

88. What type of authority does a king wield, according to Max Weber’s typology of power? a. legal-rational authority b. influential power c. traditional authority d. charismatic authority ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 5.5 Working Together: Teams and Leadership

89. Charismatic authority is unlike either traditional authority or legal-rational authority in that it is rooted in a. the efficiency and rationality of a particular way of doing things. b. an economic system that focuses on rules and regulations. c. the personal qualities of a leader. d. birthright.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 5.5 Working Together: Teams and Leadership

90. A producer for a cable news show is feeling insecure. She complains to her boss that she isn’t very smart and that she only does well because she’s scared of being yelled at. Her boss tells her to stop whining and not worry about it. He says, “I’m a results guy. I don’t care why it works as long as it works!” What leadership style do you think her boss has? a. charismatic b. expressive c. instrumental d. legal-rational ANS: C MSC: Evaluating

DIF: Moderate

REF: 5.5 Working Together: Teams and Leadership

91. Jeff Bezos, founder of Amazon, has a rule that if a team cannot be fed by two pizzas, the team is too large. The “two pizza” rule tries to counteract a. coercive power. b. social loafing. c. influential power.

d. groupthink.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 5.5 Working Together: Teams and Leadership | InQuizitive MSC: Applying 92. A nightclub has several types of employees and each has a specialized task. Bartenders make drinks, bouncers check identification, bussers clear away used glasses, and so on. Bouncers can get their friends in for free, unlike the other employees. The club is a bureaucracy in many ways, but there is at least one significant element of bureaucratic organization missing. What is it? a. specialization b. hierarchy c. formal written communication d. impersonality ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: 5.6 Bureaucracy

93. Which of the following is an example of bureaucratic organization at colleges and universities? a. deans teaching sociology courses b. professors choosing which text to use in class c. students being issued ID numbers d. soccer coaches being hired because of interest rather than skill ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 5.6 Bureaucracy

94. Which of the following statements about bureaucracies is true? a. They are organized in a way that breaks down hierarchies of management so that all members feel a sense of equality with one another. b. Their rules are written carefully so as to never impede the purpose of the organization. c. People who work in bureaucracies may feel alienation as a result of being treated in terms of roles, rules, and functions rather than as individuals. d. Unlike Weber’s prediction, few organizations today are structured as bureaucracies.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 5.6 Bureaucracy

95. In all probability, the sociology professor who is giving this test would be totally unable to grade a test given in the chemistry department. What aspect of bureaucracy does this illustrate? a. impersonality b. specialization c. rules and regulations d. hierarchy ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 5.6 Bureaucracy

96. How do fast-food restaurants rationalize the process of providing food to customers, according to Robin Leidner in Fast Food, Fast Talk? a. They ask employees to always use customers’ first names. b. They tailor each workstation to an employee’s unique personal qualities. c. They focus on giving each customer a unique eating experience. d. They developed standardized scripts for employees to use when dealing with customers.

ANS: D

DIF: Moderate

REF: 5.6 Bureaucracy

MSC: Remembering 97. What term did sociologist George Ritzer use to describe the spread of rationalization and bureaucratic ways of operating into everyday life? a. the spirit of capitalism b. legal-rational authority c. bureaucratic creep d. McDonaldization ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 5.6 Bureaucracy

98. A high school decides that its band should wear uniforms. The school only buys uniforms in three sizes to be more efficient and forces each student to pick the size that comes closest to fitting. What does this exemplify? a. rationalization b. virtual communities c. group dynamics d. network theory ANS: A MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Moderate

REF: 5.6 Bureaucracy

99. Which of the following is an example of McDonaldization, as George Ritzer used the term? a. A worker says, “Sometimes I felt just like a robot. I push a button and I go this way. It was like I was a mechanical nut.” b. A small farmer who raises organic free-range chickens says, “Sometimes it’s really hard waking up before dawn and working to keep your flocks healthy, but in the end it’s very rewarding, both emotionally and financially.” c. An apprentice who makes guitars in a workshop says, “You would never believe the hard work and discipline that go into making a guitar, which is often custom made for a specific client. It takes hundreds of hours of hard, careful labor with every step deliberated.” d. A guest at a bed and breakfast said, “It was marvelous; the innkeepers treated us like family.

It was so comfortable and friendly as well as charming and romantic.”

ANS: A MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Moderate

REF: 5.6 Bureaucracy

100. Google has implemented employment policies like increasing the use of female interviewers for female job applicants and expanding maternity leave from three months to five in order to hire and retain more female employees. Which characteristic of bureaucracy is Google attempting to address with these changes? a. technical competence b. impersonality c. hierarchy d. specialization ANS: B MSC: Evaluating

DIF: Moderate

REF: 5.6 Bureaucracy

101. Which international business chain is referenced by George Ritzer’s theory of spreading bureaucratic rationalization and increased efficiency? a. Starbucks b. Burger King c. Walmart

d. McDonald’s ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 5.6 Bureaucracy | InQuizitive

102. Which theoretical perspective would suggest that group memberships are used to separate and differentially treat individuals on the basis of their categorization? a. structural functionalism b. conflict theory c. symbolic interactionism d. feminist theory ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 5.6 Bureaucracy | InQuizitive

103. An employee at the local Department of Motor Vehicles puts in an eight-hour shift and then goes to a local bar and grill to celebrate a co-worker’s birthday. What aspect of bureaucracy does this situation highlight? a. Interpersonal interactions help humanize bureaucracies. b. Bureaucracies do not exist outside of work hours. c. The individuals who make up a bureaucracy can turn off work as soon as their shift ends. d. Even people in the bureaucracy have to deal with other bureaucracies.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 5.6 Bureaucracy | InQuizitive

TRUE/FALSE 1. Secondary groups cannot be geographically dispersed.

ANS: F DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 5.1 What Is a Group?

2. Our social networks consist of just our closest friends and family.

ANS: F DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 5.1 What Is a Group?

3. There is a social tie between my best friend’s uncle and me even though I’ve never met him.

ANS: T MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 5.1 What Is a Group?

4. A crowd, aggregate, and category are all different ways of referring to a group, according to sociologists.

ANS: F DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 5.1 What Is a Group?

5. We feel loyalty toward members of in-groups and hostility toward out-group members.

ANS: T DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 5.3 Group Dynamics

6. There are many members of social groups who are not influenced by peer pressure.

ANS: F DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 5.4 Social Influence (Peer Pressure)

SHORT ANSWER 1. Explain how primary groups and secondary groups are not always distinct and unique from one another.

ANS: Answers should include an explanation of how personal relationships that are found within primary groups can be a direct outgrowth of secondary groups, such as making friends with co-workers. An explanation of “consequential strangers” who may become a familiar and essential part of our everyday lives would also be acceptable.

DIF: Moderate

REF: 5.1 What Is a Group?

MSC: Evaluating

2. What important role did Émile Durkheim suggest social groups perform for individuals?

ANS: Durkheim believed that social groups provide norms that guide our everyday lives, keep us connected, and place necessary limits on our individual actions. Without these norms, we would experience a state of anomie or normlessness. Ultimately, he argued that groups serve as an anchor to the social world and help keep us alive.

DIF: Moderate REF: 5.2 Separate from Groups: Anomie or Virtual Membership?

MSC: Understanding 3. Explain the criticism of Robert Putnam’s concern about the decline of participation in bowling leagues and what that means for U.S. society using the example of virtual communities.

ANS: Putnam’s concerns hinge on Americans’ decreased participation in the type of civic engagement that serves to connect community members and keep anomie at bay. However, his critics argue that our social connections haven’t necessarily disintegrated; rather, the resources that we use to form them have changed. For example, new technological developments enable individuals to form collective bonds through virtual communities. In other words, Putnam’s critics would argue that even though the way we achieve social bonds has changed, the bonds are not going away.

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: 5.2 Separate from Groups: Anomie or Virtual Membership?

4. How does the size of a group affect how it operates and the sorts of relationships that are possible within it?

ANS: The smaller the group is, the more likely it is to be based on intimate, personal ties. The larger the group is, the more impersonal it becomes and the more likely it is to be based on rules and regulations.

DIF: Easy

REF: 5.3 Group Dynamics

5. Which type of group, dyad or triad, is more stable? Explain.

ANS:

MSC: Remembering

A triad is more stable than a dyad. The group no longer exists if one person decides to leave a dyad. In a triad, a third member can mediate conflict between two people.

DIF: Easy

REF: 5.3 Group Dynamics

MSC: Remembering

6. How might strong identification with and loyalty to an in-group result in discrimination against members of an out-group?

ANS: Social cohesion and loyalty can intensify when differences between groups are strongly defined between the “us” of the in-group and the “them” of the out-group. Such definitions may give in-group members a feeling of superiority that can result in discrimination, such as the denial of opportunities and privileges to members of the out-group.

DIF: Moderate

REF: 5.3 Group Dynamics

MSC: Understanding

7. Why do people follow prescriptions and proscriptions?

ANS: We follow prescriptions, doing the things we’re supposed to do, to gain acceptance and approval (positive sanctions). We follow proscriptions, avoiding the things we’re not supposed to do, to avoid rejection and disapproval (negative sanctions).

DIF: Moderate REF: 5.4 Social Influence (Peer Pressure) MSC: Remembering 8. What does the fact that recent replications of Solomon Asch’s experiment yielded different results than the original research say about the role of social pressure in American culture?

ANS: Patterns of behavior can change over time. As a result, different generations may respond differently to social pressures. At the time of the original Asch experiment in the 1950s, American culture placed greater value on conformity. Today, our culture places greater emphasis on the value of individualism.

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: 5.4 Social Influence (Peer Pressure)

9. How does the immense value that some cultures place on “the group” contribute to honor killings?

ANS: Society provides cultural norms that guide the behaviors of individual members. In some cultures, norms that place strong emphasis on family values and see the group as more important than the individual can contribute to honor killings. These cultures have norms that dictate that a family member who is believed to have dishonored the group must suffer severe punishment, even death.

DIF: Difficult REF: 5.4 Social Influence (Peer Pressure) MSC: Understanding 10. Would the test you are now taking have been produced twice as fast if two people worked together to create it rather than if one person wrote it? Explain.

ANS:

Not necessarily. According to social psychologist Ivan Steiner, actual group productivity can never reach potential group productivity because there will be losses in the team process. The time and energy that are needed to organize and coordinate efforts between two people would decrease efficiency.

DIF: Difficult MSC: Applying

REF: 5.5 Working Together: Teams and Leadership

11. Why is sociologist George Ritzer critical of what he calls the McDonaldization of society?

ANS: Ritzer is concerned that the hyperrationalized features of bureaucracies are spilling into other areas of everyday life. He is also critical of the dehumanizing features of McDonaldization, and he fears that it is leading to what Max Weber called the “iron cage” of bureaucracy.

DIF: Easy

REF: 5.6 Bureaucracy

MSC: Understanding

ESSAY 1. Explain how reference groups influence individual behavior. Give an example of a reference group in your own life.

ANS: A reference group provides standards by which an individual evaluates their own personal attributes. A reference group can set or enforce norms for a person and it can also provide a standard of comparison against which they evaluates themselves. A common reference group is the family. We often try to “live up to” the standards of our parents, siblings, and extended family members. We may adopt a negative self-image if we do not see ourselves as having the qualities of a “true” family member.

DIF: Moderate

REF: 5.3 Group Dynamics

MSC: Applying

2. What is the Twenty Statements Test? Why was it developed? What does it analyze?

ANS: The Twenty Statements Test (TST) was developed by the social psychologist Manfred Kuhn in the 1950s as a way of determining the degree to which we base our self-concepts on our membership in different groups. In the 1950s and ’60s, people who took the test were more likely to give B-mode responses. This means they were more likely to identify themselves as having important group or institutional roles and affiliations.

In the 1970s and ’80s, researchers used the TST to study the changing self-images of Americans.

The studies found that people who took the test were more likely to give C-mode responses. This means they were more likely to identify themselves as individual actors rather than as members of social institutions and structures.

DIF: Difficult

REF: 5.3 Group Dynamics

MSC: Understanding

3. What is groupthink and how does it work? Provide an example from the textbook.

ANS:

Groupthink is a group dynamic that affects decision making. It is most likely to occur when highly cohesive groups demand absolute conformity and punish members who violate group norms or threaten to undermine consensus. Although groupthink helps maintain group solidarity, it can also short-circuit the decision-making process and let a desire for unanimity prevail over critical reasoning. Under the influence of groupthink, a group may begin to feel invulnerable and morally superior. Members who would otherwise wish to dissent may instead censor themselves and cave in to peer pressure. The textbook cites the Challenger disaster, the U.S. invasion of Iraq, and the Penn State child sexual abuse scandal as examples of groupthink.

DIF: Easy

REF: 5.3 Group Dynamics

MSC: Understanding

4. Describe the three types of conformity that can result from peer pressure.

ANS: Social psychologists argue that social influence (peer pressure) results in three kinds of conformity: compliance, identification, and internalization.

Compliance, the mildest kind of conformity, occurs when you go along with something in a particular instance because you expect to gain rewards or avoid punishments. For example, you attend Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) meetings not because you want to become a member of AA but to avoid a jail sentence for drunk driving. When you comply, however, you don’t actually change your own ideas or beliefs.

Identification, a somewhat stronger kind of conformity, results from a desire to establish or maintain a relationship with a person or a group. For example, you attend AA meetings not just because you are required to attend but also because you identify with the group members. When identification occurs, you want to be like others in the group. Therefore, you conform to the group’s wishes or demands and follow its behavior.

Internalization, the strongest kind of conformity, occurs when you adopt the beliefs or actions of a leader or a group and make them you own. For example, you practice the principles of the AA twelve-step program because you believe it is morally right. When internalization occurs, you believe in what you are doing and your actions are consistent with your beliefs.

DIF: Easy REF: 5.4 Social Influence (Peer Pressure) MSC: Understanding 5. What was the Asch experiment? What conclusions did Asch draw from it? What have researchers in recent decades found when trying to replicate Asch’s results?

ANS: In the 1950s, Solomon Asch gathered groups of seven or eight college students to participate in what he called an experiment on visual acuity under varying conditions. In fact, only one of the students in each group was a real research subject. The others knew ahead of time how they were supposed to act. During the experiment, the participants in the group were asked to look at sets of three straight lines and to match the length of a fourth line to one of the other three. In each case, the real research subject was the last to give an answer. At first, all the participants gave the same correct answers each time the task was repeated. After a few rounds, however, the confederates began to give the same consistently wrong answers. They were completely unanimous in perceiving the line lengths incorrectly. Despite the fact that the answers were obviously wrong, most of the subjects felt considerable peer pressure to comply with the rest of the group.

The best answers to this question will approximate some of the statistics given in the textbook.

One-third (33%) of the subjects went along with the group response at least half the time; in all, 73% of the subjects complied at least once and only 25% of the subjects never yielded to the majority opinion.

In a debriefing after the experiment, some of the subjects reported that they assumed that the rest of the participants were right and they were wrong. Other subjects knew they were right but did not want to appear different from the rest of the group. Almost all of the subjects were greatly distressed by the discrepancy between their perceptions and those of the other participants.

From this experiment, Asch and other sociologists have concluded that peer pressure is extremely powerful. Clearly, it can be difficult to resist peer pressure and to maintain independence in a group situation.

Today, Asch’s experiment is seen as reflecting the cultural values of the 1950s. Researchers in recent decades who attempted to replicate Asch’s results found much lower rates of compliance. This suggests that there has been a shift in the cultural and historical context of how we think about the value of conformity.

DIF: Moderate MSC: Evaluating

REF: 5.4 Social Influence (Peer Pressure)

6. Actual group productivity can never equal potential productivity, according to social psychologist Ivan Steiner. Why can groups never achieve their full productivity potential?

ANS: The textbook identifies two major sources of inefficiency that come with the group process, and both get worse as the group’s size increases. The need to organize team members, such as coordinating activities and delegating responsibilities, is one potential source of inefficiency. This is because organization takes time and energy that could have been applied to accomplishing the task at hand.

Another source of inefficiency is the phenomenon known as social loafing, which means that each person does less work as more individuals are added to a task. Furthermore, it becomes harder to discern individual effort as more people become involved in a project. Motivation usually suffers if it is impossible for any one person to receive either credit or blame.

DIF: Easy REF: 5.5 Working Together: Teams and Leadership MSC: Understanding 7. What is social loafing? How could it affect a group of college students working on a group presentation?

What would be some possible solutions for preventing this problem?

ANS: Social loafing means that as more people are added to a project, the perception of individual effort and contribution lessens. This discourages people from contributing at the same rate they would if they were working on the project alone. In college projects that involve group effort, some students will do less of the work and rely on their peers to complete what is necessary for the project. As a result, the students who are doing most of the work may feel resentful about the lack of contributions from their classmates.

Solutions to the problem of social loafing include recognizing individual effort, finding ways to make a group task more interesting or personally rewarding, and developing a group identity. It is not always possible to make a task more meaningful, but social identity theory suggests that creating a sense of shared group identity can almost always enhance group performance. Having a social identity, as opposed to a personal identity, involves thinking and feeling like a representative of a group or team and wanting to belong to the group, rather than simply keep company with it. According to this model, the most efficient teams, or those that have the best teamwork, are characterized by the greatest social identity among their members, because this identity increases motivation and places the needs of the group above purely personal concerns.

DIF: Moderate MSC: Evaluating

REF: 5.5 Working Together: Teams and Leadership

8. Imagine that you are in charge of a football team. Several of the players including the quarterback and the running back get most of the glory when the team succeeds. However, other players, such as the linebackers, have to do a lot of hard and highly skilled work in order for the team to win. Use the insights you have gained from Chapter 5 to describe what steps you would take to motivate the linebackers to work hard.

ANS: Any good answer should draw on the “Teamwork” section of Chapter 5, which discusses the problem of social loafing. There are three basic solutions to this problem: recognizing individual effort, finding ways to make a task more interesting or personally rewarding, and trying to increase group identity among team members. The best answers should find ways to apply all three of these approaches, but any good answer should mention practical applications for giving the linebackers more recognition for their work and making them feel more like an important part of the team.

DIF: Difficult MSC: Applying

REF: 5.5 Working Together: Teams and Leadership

9. What are the three different types of authority identified by Max Weber? Explain each.

ANS: Max Weber argued that authority can be traditional, legal-rational, or charismatic.

Traditional authority is based on custom, birthright, or divine right and is usually associated with monarchies. Kings and queens have power because they have inherited the throne both through lineage and by divine appointment. Monarchs’ personal qualities don’t matter and they cannot be removed or replaced by legal proceedings.

Legal-rational authority is based on laws, rules, and procedures, not on a leader’s heredity rights.

Modern presidencies and parliaments are based on legal-rational authority.

Charismatic authority is based on a leader’s remarkable personal qualities. Rules and traditions are unnecessary for the establishment of a charismatic leader. Indeed, this kind of leader can be a revolutionary, breaking rules and defying traditions.

DIF: Moderate REF: 5.5 Working Together: Teams and Leadership MSC: Understanding 10. Identify and describe the specific organizational characteristics that Max Weber associated with bureaucracies.

ANS: 1. Specialization: all members of a bureaucracy have extremely specialized roles and tasks.

2. Technical competence: all members of a bureaucracy are specially trained for their specific roles.

3. Hierarchy: bureaucracies always feature high-ranking managers who supervise lower-ranking subordinates.

4. Rules and regulations: all bureaucracies have a system of rules and regulations that are designed to make all operations as predictable as possible.

5. Impersonality: in a bureaucracy, rules come before people; no individual receives special or personalized treatment.

6. Formal written communication: in bureaucracies, documents such as memos (or email messages) are the heart of the organization and the most effective way to communicate.

DIF: Moderate

REF: 5.6 Bureaucracy

MSC: Remembering

11. What does George Ritzer mean by “the McDonaldization of society”?

ANS: Ritzer coined this phrase to describe how the rationalized features of bureaucracies are trickling down into our everyday lives. He argues that the impersonal, rule-based organizational principles that are particular to bureaucracies have permeated more of our social world. People participate in hyper-efficient, predictable, calculated, and automated interactions all day long. Ritzer is critical of the dehumanizing aspects of McDonaldization, and he hopes that increased awareness of this process will help us avoid becoming trapped in what Max Weber called the “iron cage” of bureaucracy.

DIF: Easy

REF: 5.6 Bureaucracy

MSC: Understanding

12. In 2007, the rock band Nine Inch Nails announced that it had severed all ties with the record industry.

The front man, Trent Reznor, announced that “Nine Inch Nails is now totally a free agent” and that it was a “great pleasure to be able to finally have a direct relationship with the audience as I see fit.” The band went on to release a free album on the Internet and encouraged web surfers to “remix it, share it with your friends, post it on your blog, play it on your podcast, give it to strangers, etc.” In what ways can the band’s actions be understood as a reaction to the negative aspects of bureaucracy?

ANS: There are several ways this question might be answered. First, the textbook uses the Burning Man festival as an example of a response to bureaucratic constraint. A creative answer might compare Nine Inch Nails to the Burning Man festival. The textbook argues that: [Burning Man] is a freewheeling experiment in temporary community, where there are no rules except to protect the well-being of participants (“burners”) and where everyone gathers together to celebrate various forms of self-expression and self-reliance not normally encountered in everyday life. . . .

Much of what is appealing about Burning Man is that it challenges many of the norms and values of mainstream society, especially those associated with conformity, bureaucracy, and capitalism.

An answer in this vein might argue that Nine Inch Nails is likewise trying to build a community where there are fewer rules for creating and distributing music. This community consists of both artists and listeners who can freely express themselves and challenge the norms and values of mainstream society.

In this case, they are challenging capitalism and the bureaucracy of the record industry.

Another less creative but equally correct response might simply take the six elements of a bureaucracy that Max Weber identified and discuss how Nine Inch Nails is reacting against them. This answer would almost certainly concentrate on how the band seems to be trying to get away from hierarchy, rules and regulations, and impersonality.

DIF: Difficult

REF: 5.6 Bureaucracy

MSC: Evaluating

Chapter 6 Deviance MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which of the following would sociologists consider the best definition of deviance? a. actions that are harmful to society b. violations of social norms c. criminal activities d. immoral or unethical behaviors ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 6.1 Defining Deviance

2. A behavior, trait, or belief is considered deviant if it a. inspires feelings of revulsion or disgust. b. departs from a norm and results in a negative reaction. c. causes harm or injury to someone. d. violates a law.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 6.1 Defining Deviance

3. Why would using the wrong fork to eat a salad at a dinner party NOT usually qualify as deviance? a. American society no longer has rules and etiquette governing which utensil to use for salads. b. Most dinners are eaten with friends who do not apply sanctions for deviant behavior. c. There are not norms governing food and eating. d. It is not a serious enough norm violation to provoke sanctions.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 6.1 Defining Deviance

4. What has most of the sociological literature on deviance traditionally focused on? a. crime b. mental illness c. the extremely wealthy d. the emotional appeal of deviant acts ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 6.1 Defining Deviance

5. Imprisonment was a rare type of punishment before the nineteenth century because earlier societies a. did not have sufficient resources to operate prisons. b. believed physical punishments such as branding would better deter future crimes. c. were crueler and therefore more accepting of harsh physical punishment. d. believed punishments like shunning and banishment were more humane.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 6.2 Deviance across Cultures

6. Corporal punishments like branding or amputation, commonly used in colonial America, were designed to a. encourage deviance but not crime. b. mark the offender.

c. make the offender impossible to marry. d. promote differential association theory.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 6.2 Deviance across Cultures

7. Which of the following is true regarding prison as a mechanism for punishing crime? a. Throughout history, most societies have used prison to punish the most serious crimes. b. Historically, only humane and ethical societies have used prison as a form of punishment. c. Prison was rarely used before the nineteenth century. d. Prison is commonly used as a punishment because it is extremely cost-effective.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 6.2 Deviance across Cultures

8. The Amish have neither the resources nor the desire to use prison as a sanction against members of their community who violate the rules. What sanction do they use instead? a. Offenders are flogged or put in stocks to be publicly humiliated for a short period of time. b. Monetary fines are used for most norm violations. c. They use meidung, or shunning, which is a process whereby community members will not associate with a rule breaker for a set period of time. d. The offender is mandated to provide physical labor for the community.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 6.2 Deviance across Cultures

9. Why was having a hand cut off a typical punishment for a pickpocket in colonial America? a. The hand is a part of the body that can usually be safely amputated without risk of infection. b. It was easy and convenient. c. It was considered symbolically appropriate to punish the part of the body most directly connected with the crime. d. It was considered the most painful punishment that could be administered.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 6.2 Deviance across Cultures

10. Some subcultures have adopted branding as a form of body art, though it is no longer used as a form of punishment in the United States. This demonstrates that a. what is considered deviant changes over time. b. many people find punishment desirable. c. some acts are simply inherently deviant. d. deviant acts of the past eventually become mainstream acts of the future.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 6.2 Deviance across Cultures

11. Imagine that a powerful and influential person living in San Francisco decides to tattoo most of her face with symbols. Would she be seen as deviant? a. No, powerful people are often allowed to do things that others find strange. b. Yes, face tattooing is always a deviant act. c. No, there are several cultures in which face tattoos are common. d. Yes, but only because she lives in the United States where face tattoos are not the norm.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 6.2 Deviance across Cultures

12. Some people worry about maintaining a tan. If they do not have the time to tan naturally, they sometimes go to a tanning salon or use chemicals to simulate a tan. This might seem bizarre in some cultures, which can help us realize that a. the line between beauty and deviance is fluid and changes across time and place. b. there are some types of body modification that are never tolerated anywhere. c. the rest of the world keeps backward practices and superstitions. d. people who get fake tans are deviant.

ANS: A MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Easy

REF: 6.2 Deviance across Cultures

13. In the United States, imprisonment as a method of punishment was rare until the ________ century. a. seventeenth b. eighteenth c. nineteenth d. twentieth ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 6.2 Deviance across Cultures | InQuizitive

14. Which of the following describes how deviance can be explained from the functionalist perspective? a. Deviance breaks down social cohesion and leads to revolution. b. Deviance makes it easier for the upper class to control the poor. c. Deviance helps the upper class maintain its power and influence in society. d. Deviance clarifies moral boundaries and affirms norms.

ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 6.3 Theories of Deviance

15. There are usually serious consequences when a politician is caught cheating on his spouse. In some cases, the politician is forced to resign from office when his constituents express their unhappiness with such behavior. According to Émile Durkheim, what function does this reaction serve? a. It helps to deter politicians from cheating in the future. b. It helps to clarify moral boundaries and reinforce the idea that marital infidelity is wrong. c. The public outcry helps rehabilitate the offender so he won’t cheat in the future. d. It helps protect the family members of the politician from scrutiny and media coverage.

ANS: B MSC: Evaluating

DIF: Moderate

REF: 6.3 Theories of Deviance

16. Some Americans are angry about how many immigrants enter the country every year. A supporter of structural functionalism would argue that this anger a. hurts the economy by preventing immigration. b. is unequally distributed, since it is mainly aimed at poor and working-class immigrants. c. is a form of cyberbullying, since the anger is generally expressed online. d. promotes social cohesion among nonimmigrants as they come together and label immigrants as outsiders.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: 6.3 Theories of Deviance

17. Robert Merton’s typology of deviance outlines the strain that people experience as they attempt to access cultural goals through legitimate, institutionalized means. In which of the following categories would gangsters and con artists be found? a. conformity

b. innovation c. ritualism d. retreatism ANS: B MSC: Evaluating

DIF: Moderate

REF: 6.3 Theories of Deviance

18. ________ proposed social control theory, which suggests that individuals with stronger bonds are LESS likely to commit crime. a. Robert Merton b. Travis Hirschi c. Richard Quinney d. Edwin Sutherland ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 6.3 Theories of Deviance

19. Which theory suggests that crimes committed by the upper classes are typically treated more leniently than crimes committed by the lower classes because laws represent the interests of those in power? a. differential association theory b. conflict theory c. principled deviance d. functionalist theory ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 6.3 Theories of Deviance

20. John is the CEO of a large bank who is charged with fraud. John pays $13 billion to settle the case, and he does not go to jail. Andy is arrested for stealing money out of a parked car. Andy spends a month in jail while waiting for his trial since he is unable to pay his bail or bond. John and Andy exemplify the perspective of a. functionalists like Émile Durkheim. b. symbolic interactionists like Edwin Sutherland. c. label theorists like Howard Becker. d. conflict theorists like Richard Quinney.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 6.3 Theories of Deviance

21. Samantha believes that corporations are not punished enough for polluting the planet, manufacturing unsafe products, and manipulating prices while, at the same time, homeless people are punished too much for crimes such as stealing food. She believes we should all have access to basic needs like food regardless of wealth. Samantha has taken a ________ perspective to explain the way deviance is viewed in society. a. structural functionalist b. symbolic interactionist c. conflict theory d. retreatist ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 6.3 Theories of Deviance

22. ________ argues that punishments for rule violators are unequally distributed, with those near the top of society subject to more lenient rules and sanctions than those at the bottom. a. Labeling theory

b. Conflict theory c. Functionalist theory d. Symbolic interactionism ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 6.3 Theories of Deviance

23. Stealing avocados or almost any other agricultural product is a felony in California if the product is worth more than $100. A ________ would say that such laws target homeless people who have little power in society and are simply trying to eat. a. conflict theorist b. functionalist c. symbolic interactionist d. follower of Robert Merton ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 6.3 Theories of Deviance

24. What might a conflict theorist conclude about deviance if an upper-middle-class white college student is sentenced to rehab for the same drug crime that a lower-class black man is sentenced to jail for committing? a. Different levels of punishment are functional, as they keep the most productive members of society out of jail. b. Criminals from the lower class should be more harshly punished, as they are more likely to re-offend. c. The two criminals probably had very different motives for committing their crimes, and this explains the difference in punishment. d. The rules are applied unequally, and those with power or influence are punished much less harshly than others.

ANS: D MSC: Evaluating

DIF: Easy

REF: 6.3 Theories of Deviance

25. What is one of the principal reasons people turn to deviant behavior in the United States, according to the structural strain theory of deviance as articulated by Robert Merton? a. There are a lot of people with inborn antisocial tendencies. b. American society is very lax in enforcing laws. c. The media sensationalizes deviant behavior, which is why it becomes increasingly attractive to young people. d. The goal of success is shared by a majority of people, but not everyone has equal means for achieving that goal.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 6.3 Theories of Deviance

26. A man tries to find unconventional and even illegal ways of making money. Into what category does this fit, according to Robert Merton’s typology? a. ritualism b. rebellion c. innovation d. retreatism ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 6.3 Theories of Deviance

27. Robert Merton developed structural strain theory to explain why deviance occurs. What is the cause of the strain suggested by the name of the theory? a. strain between deviant and nondeviant citizens b. strain between social norms that are codified in laws and those that are not c. strain between different value systems within a society d. strain between socially approved goals and the means of achieving them ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 6.3 Theories of Deviance

28. Robert Merton’s structural strain theory sees deviance as the result of a person’s position in a social structure. What do you think Jack Katz, author of Seductions of Crime, would say about structural strain theory? a. Merton’s analysis fails because it does not understand that some people will reject both mainstream cultural goals and the institutionalized means to achieve them. b. Merton’s analysis was correct in that background factors are almost always the most effective way to predict who will commit deviant acts. c. A focus on social position fails to consider the emotional appeal that a deviant act has for an individual. d. Merton needs to look at a broader range of background factors, including age and sexuality.

ANS: C MSC: Evaluating

DIF: Difficult

REF: 6.3 Theories of Deviance

29. A woman attributes her teenage son’s deviant behavior to him “falling in with a bad crowd.” Which symbolic interactionist theory of deviance does this explanation MOST closely resemble? a. differential association b. labeling theory c. self-fulfilling prophecy d. structural strain theory ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 6.3 Theories of Deviance

30. Nowhere to Grow by Les Whitbeck and Dan Hoyt explored the lives of homeless and runaway teens in the Midwest. The authors found that “associating with deviant peers” had a dramatic effect on a wide range of deviant behaviors including increasing “the likelihood of serious substance abuse almost 32 times.” What theory of deviance considers the way in which such interpersonal relationships help to predict deviant behavior? a. self-fulfilling prophecy b. retreatism c. differential association d. labeling theory ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 6.3 Theories of Deviance

31. ________ suggests that individuals learn to be deviant by interacting with others who are already deviant. a. Conflict theory b. Self-fulfilling prophecy c. Differential association theory d. Labeling theory ANS: C

DIF: Easy

REF: 6.3 Theories of Deviance

MSC: Remembering 32. What did David Rosenhan describe in “On Being Sane in Insane Places”? a. Although it may be difficult for the rest of us, psychiatrists can easily differentiate between those who are mentally ill and those who are not. b. Researchers posing as “pseudo-patients” in a mental hospital but otherwise acting normally were treated as mentally ill by the hospital staff. c. Patients were unable to determine who among them were really researchers posing as “pseudo-patients.” d. Researchers working in mental hospitals started to develop higher rates of mental illness.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 6.3 Theories of Deviance

33. According to labeling theory, none of the pseudo-patients in David Rosenhan’s “On Being Sane in Insane Places” were discovered because a. they all were mentally ill, at least to some extent. b. they were too “clean-cut” to be considered mentally ill. c. they were well-coached in the symptoms real patients would experience. d. it is difficult for anyone to see past the label once a person has been labeled “mentally ill.”

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 6.3 Theories of Deviance

34. What happened to the pseudo-patients in David Rosenhan’s “On Being Sane in Insane Places”? a. Several of them finally broke out. b. One of them turned out to be genuinely mentally ill and was never released. c. They were all released once doctors realized that they were not actually mentally ill. d. They were all finally released, but their “illnesses” were considered “in remission.”

ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 6.3 Theories of Deviance

35. A deviant label transitions from primary to secondary deviance when the deviant label is a. applied by a large number of people. b. applied by someone very powerful. c. internalized. d. applied later in life.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 6.3 Theories of Deviance

36. Why does Elijah Anderson, in his book Streetwise, argue that young African American men are more likely to be arrested? a. They commit more flagrant crimes. b. They are more likely to engage in deviant behavior. c. They are more likely to be poor. d. They are perceived as more criminal than others.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 6.3 Theories of Deviance

37. How do self-fulfilling prophecies work? a. We respond not only to the objective features of a situation but also to its meaning. Once meaning has been assigned to our behavior, the consequences of that behavior are

determined by the meaning. b. We learn to be deviant through our interactions with others who break the rules. c. We tend to respond to the physical and social marks that discredit our identities and leave us vulnerable to negative social judgments. d. Our social locations are a crucial factor in determining how others see us; therefore, social status is the most important determinant of deviance.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: 6.3 Theories of Deviance

38. A person arrived at a company party dressed in a bunny costume only to discover that the party was not a costume party and he had been tricked by a co-worker. Everyone from then on saw him as crazy and eccentric and eventually he came to think of himself in this way too. The initial mistake at the party is an example of a. a stigma. b. primary deviance. c. a self-fulfilling prophecy. d. tertiary deviation.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 6.3 Theories of Deviance

39. W. I. Thomas famously argued that “if men define situations as real, a. others will label them as deviant.” b. it will lead to tertiary deviance.” c. they will be forced to provide evidence.” d. they are real in their consequences.”

ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 6.3 Theories of Deviance

40. For Robert Merton, a prediction that came true only because the prediction was made is a a. defining prophecy. b. Thomas prediction. c. self-fulfilling prophecy. d. labeling prophecy.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 6.3 Theories of Deviance

41. An example of ________ is Asian American students being more likely to be placed in Advanced Placement classes, earn higher grades, and be treated well by teachers. a. a stereotype promise b. a self-fulfilling prophecy c. tertiary deviance d. a stereotype threat ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 6.3 Theories of Deviance

42. Brooke is a PhD candidate in the field of nanophysics. She is aware that only 4 percent of physics professionals are women. Brooke has heard peers and even instructors say that this is because women struggle to comprehend complex mathematics. What may Brooke be experiencing when she scores below her male counterparts on an exam? a. stereotype promise

b. self-fulfilling prophecy c. tertiary deviance d. stereotype threat ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 6.3 Theories of Deviance

43. David Rosenhan argues that misdiagnosis is particularly a problem for psychologists, as a diagnosis of a mental illness is as influential on the patient as it is on their relatives and friends. It should not surprise anyone that the diagnosis acts as a(n) a. act of tertiary deviance. b. sign of structural strain. c. gesture of passing. d. self-fulfilling prophecy.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 6.3 Theories of Deviance

44. An educator is disgusted with teaching methods that lead students to simply gain a credential rather than actually learn about the world. She decides to start a charter school that employs innovative teaching methods, doesn’t give students grades, and encourages creative thinking over rote learning. How would Robert Merton’s strain theory of deviance classify this educator? a. as an innovator b. as a ritualist c. as a rebel d. as a retreatist ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: 6.3 Theories of Deviance | InQuizitive

45. Maria is the school chess champion and is invited to compete at a regional tournament. An opponent tells Maria that men are naturally better at chess than women. Upon hearing this, Maria becomes upset and worried about her performance and subsequently loses her first match. What has Maria just experienced? a. stereotype promise b. stereotype threat c. tertiary deviance d. differential association ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 6.3 Theories of Deviance | InQuizitive

46. A researcher examines the effects of learning communities on a college campus. In these communities, students live in a small dorm hall together, have one faculty advisor, attend a first-year seminar together, and participate in social activities together. After completing her study, the researcher finds that compared to students living in regular dorms or off-campus, students in these communities are less likely to engage in either academic cheating or underage drinking and have fewer disciplinary actions on their records. Which sociological perspective best explains this finding? a. conflict theory b. social control theory c. structural strain theory d. structural functionalism ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: 6.3 Theories of Deviance | InQuizitive

47. American criminologist Richard Quinney theorized that capitalism—and the exploitation and oppression of the working class—make deviant and even criminal behavior nearly inescapable for workers. The ruling class can make laws that target the poor. When the poor act out against repression, they become targets for law enforcement, while the rich and powerful remain free to do what they like.

Quinney’s theory falls under which sociological perspective? a. conflict theory b. social control theory c. structural strain theory d. structural functionalism ANS: A DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: 6.3 Theories of Deviance | InQuizitive

48. Almost any ________ can have a stigmatizing effect, including a physical disability, an addiction, or a mental illness. a. departure from the norm b. social control c. secondary deviance d. conformity ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 6.4 The Stigma of Deviance

49. Regarding stigma, symbolic interactionists are interested in a. how people manage their stigmatized identities on an everyday basis. b. which stigmas are fair and which are unjustly applied. c. how stigma always leads to positive life outcomes. d. how stigma leads to increased self-esteem.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 6.4 The Stigma of Deviance

50. Hate crimes targeting Arab Americans and those mistakenly identified as Arab increased after Arab identity became stigmatized. What sort of stigma was this? a. moral b. symbolic c. religious d. tribal ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: 6.4 The Stigma of Deviance

51. Jewish Americans, African Americans, and Hispanic Americans were not permitted to purchase houses in the suburb of Lakewood, California when it was first built in 1950. However, the developers reversed this policy within a few years and started selling homes to families regardless of religious faith or ethnicity. What does this tell us about stigma? a. Stigma leaves permanent marks on those it affects. b. Stigma is only a problem in areas where money is involved. c. Stigmatized identities can be overcome through passing. d. Stigmatized identities change over time.

ANS: D MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Moderate

REF: 6.4 The Stigma of Deviance

52. A gay man who joins a dating website tells his friends that he is frustrated when other men on the website describe themselves as “straight-acting, straight-appearing.” He believes that these men are treating gay identity as a stigmatized identity by a. passing. b. in-group orientation. c. deviance avowal. d. symbolic interactionism.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 6.4 The Stigma of Deviance

53. There are several ways in which gays and lesbians in the United States have chosen to manage their stigma. What strategy are gay rights activists using when they chant the slogan “We’re here, we’re queer, get used to it”? a. passing b. assimilation c. bureaucratic mediation d. in-group orientation ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 6.4 The Stigma of Deviance

54. An example of in-group orientation is when a a. light-skinned African American woman claims to be white in order to avoid discrimination and violence. b. man renounces society and moves to a cabin in the woods. c. man wears a T-shirt identifying him as a member of a popular fraternity. d. woman writes on her social media, “I am black, trans, and proud!”

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 6.4 The Stigma of Deviance

55. According to Erving Goffman, stigmatized individuals who do not believe they should have to change or conceal their identities to make “normal” people more comfortable have a. secondary deviance. b. in-group orientation. c. self-esteem. d. deviance avowal.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 6.4 The Stigma of Deviance

56. According to Erving Goffman, when one is labeled a deviant and experiences stigma, what does that individual acquire? a. outsider status b. deviance avowal c. differential association d. spoiled identity ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 6.4 The Stigma of Deviance | InQuizitive

57. Although the term often references race, which of the following is also an example of “passing”? a. A Jewish man attends church with his Christian wife. b. An overweight person embraces his body type.

c. A man with wrist scars from an attempted suicide covers them by wearing long sleeves, even in the summer. d. A man who doesn’t drink goes to a bar for a social event.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 6.4 The Stigma of Deviance | InQuizitive

58. Which of the following situations is an example of deviance avowal? a. A man decides to quit smoking but asks his friends and family to identify him as a smoker, not an ex-smoker, because he believes the addiction is lifelong. b. A person whose drinking is getting in the way of their daily activities insists they are not an alcoholic. c. A young drug addict successfully hides her habit at work, and all her colleagues believe she is drug free. d. A person owns a large collection of Harley Davidson motorcycles but doesn’t allow their family and friends to refer to them as a “biker.”

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: 6.4 The Stigma of Deviance | InQuizitive

59. Sociologists studying deviance often focus on the most obvious and extreme forms of deviant behavior.

What are the consequences of this approach? a. Only those deviant individuals who embrace their deviant labels will be studied. b. Only the deviant behaviors of the rich and powerful will be studied. c. The values and norms of the powerful are left unexamined, while the deviance of the poor is scrutinized. d. Few, if any, of the most serious problems in a given society can be identified.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 6.5 Studying Deviance

60. In Mama Lola: A Vodou Priestess in Brooklyn, Karen McCarthy Brown studied practitioners of the Vodou religion living in the United States. However, she went far beyond the usual role of scientific observer and became a member of the religious group she was studying. She also gave her key informant veto power over certain elements of her work. Why would this be helpful? a. It helped her learn all the secrets that practitioners of Vodou would not tell outsiders. b. It gave her better insight into how to convert practitioners away from Vodou. c. It helped her set aside preconceived notions about Vodou to understand it on its own terms. d. It would not be helpful; without doubt, it crippled her ability to make objective judgments.

ANS: C MSC: Evaluating

DIF: Difficult

REF: 6.5 Studying Deviance

61. Most sociological studies of deviance focus on elements of an individual’s background that would make them more likely to act in deviant ways. What is the key problem with such an approach? a. It cannot explain why some people with very similar backgrounds act differently. b. It requires a great deal of statistical analysis. c. It focuses too much on the emotional appeal of certain types of crime. d. It requires psychiatric evaluations.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 6.5 Studying Deviance

62. What does the sociologist Jack Katz think sociologists should study when trying to understand deviance instead of solely examining background factors?

a. b. c. d.

the deviant’s own experience of committing a deviant act the correlation between deviance and poverty the way deviance tends to be handed down through generations the role poverty plays in encouraging deviance

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 6.5 Studying Deviance

63. According to Jack Katz, what do muggers gain from their crimes, aside from material objects? a. He argues that they are often trying to return to prison, where they feel more secure. b. He argues that they seek power and control over their victims. c. He argues that they mug for a sense of satisfaction and excitement. d. He argues that they mug for a steady living that allows them to move up in social status.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 6.5 Studying Deviance

64. Why might teenagers shoplift, according to Jack Katz’s Seductions of Crime? a. They feel strain between their means and the goals society tells them are desirable. b. They want the thrill of getting away with breaking the rules. c. They come from a low socioeconomic class. d. Young people are inherently predisposed to crime.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 6.5 Studying Deviance

65. Given Jack Katz’s theory of crime, what do you think would be the best subtitle for his book The Seductions of Crime? a. The World of the New Urban Poor b. Social Structure and Anomie c. Attractions of “Doing” Deviance d. The Careers of Persistent Thieves ANS: C MSC: Evaluating

DIF: Difficult

REF: 6.5 Studying Deviance

66. Construction crews are constantly annoyed at the way people, mostly teenage boys, steal the orange cones and flashing pylons that mark construction zones. Why does this sort of deviance happen, according to Jack Katz? a. The thieves find these items aesthetically appealing, but they do not know where to buy them. b. The thieves are afflicted with a psychological disorder like kleptomania, which compels them to steal. c. The thieves are usually planning on reselling the materials on the black market. d. This sort of deviance produces a thrill and excitement.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 6.5 Studying Deviance

67. Which of the following statements helps describe how Jack Katz’s book Seductions of Crime explained deviance in a new way? a. Conflict theorists have frequently argued that differences in economic resources give elites the ability to control the coercive apparatus of the state. Pronounced economic differences also provide elites with a need to maintain order. b. Three decades ago, criminologists widely decried the failure of rehabilitative efforts to

reduce recidivism. This “nothing works” attitude permeated the field of criminal justice, and a period of punitive justice was ushered in. c. The social science literature contains only scattered evidence of what it means, feels, sounds, tastes, or looks like to commit a particular crime. d. Society should be considered as a cross between the cultural “goals” for which it believes its members should strive and the “means” that are believed, legally or morally, to be legitimate ways in which individuals should attain these goals.

ANS: C MSC: Evaluating

DIF: Difficult

REF: 6.5 Studying Deviance

68. According to Jack Katz, there are several reasons why adolescents might shoplift. One reason is the material appeal of the objects that are taken, but, more importantly, they a. can gain entrance to gangs if they are successful. b. often have a vendetta against a particular store or small business owner. c. regard “getting away with it” as a demonstration of personal competence. d. usually need to make money by selling the objects they steal.

ANS: C MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Easy

REF: 6.5 Studying Deviance

69. Some people utilize social media as an enhanced form of condescending attacks known as a. deviance. b. criminology. c. white collar crime. d. cyberbullying.

ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 6.5 Studying Deviance

70. What do we call norm violations that are codified into law? a. crimes b. taboos c. violent crimes d. mores ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 6.6 The Study of Crime

71. An individual who works at a bookstore routinely takes home ballpoint pens and Post-it notes, uses the copy machine to make personal copies, and makes long-distance phone calls on the store’s line.

However, he would never consider stealing money from the cash register even if he knew he could get away with it. What is this behavior called? a. stigmatizing b. pilfering c. self-fulfilling property d. criminology ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 6.6 The Study of Crime

72. The vast majority of crimes come to the attention of the police in response to citizen complaints. Citizens do not usually bother to inform the authorities if they do not think a crime is serious enough or feel that nothing can be done. This means that there might be serious bias in the a. symbolic interactionist theory of deviance.

b. way conflict theorists understand deviance. c. value of punishment for deterrence. d. Uniform Crime Report.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 6.6 The Study of Crime

73. A man’s computer is hacked and the individual responsible steals his identity, which makes it possible for the hacker to steal money from the man’s bank account. The man is a victim of a. property crime. b. violent crime. c. cyberbullying. d. cybercrime.

ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 6.6 The Study of Crime

74. Which factor makes sociologists question the relationship between youth and crime? a. Official crime statistics show that middle-aged people commit a large percentage of crimes. b. Young people may commit crimes that are more visible and, therefore, are arrested more often. c. Young people commit more property crimes, but older people commit more violent crimes. d. Young people are stronger and more fit, so they can find jobs instead of resorting to criminal activity for income.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 6.6 The Study of Crime

75. What evidence shows that the number of women who commit crimes is related to social structure? a. Female arrest rates have remained remarkably steady over the course of American history. b. Male and female arrest rates tend to change at about the same rate. c. There are approximately as many women in prison as men. d. Female arrest rates have increased as women have gained more presence in the labor market.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 6.6 The Study of Crime

76. Martha Stewart was convicted of obstruction of justice after lying to the FBI during an investigation of her sale of a stock that dramatically fell in value immediately after she sold it. Her conviction was unusual, as this sort of white collar crime is much more likely to be dealt with in civil, rather than criminal, court. How does the tendency to deal with white collar criminals in civil court bias our understanding of the demographics of crime? a. It causes us to underestimate the number of property crimes committed each year. b. It encourages us to equate cash register honesty with real honesty. c. It leads us to overestimate the relationship between poverty and crime. d. It creates a false relationship between gender and crime.

ANS: C MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Easy

REF: 6.6 The Study of Crime

77. How does the FBI’s Uniform Crime Report measure crime? a. A random sample of citizens is asked what crimes they have been the victims of in the past twelve months. b. A random sample of police officers is asked what crime levels they have observed.

c. Every crime reported by over 18,000 law enforcement agencies in the United States is tabulated. d. The convictions of every district attorney in the United States are tabulated.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 6.6 The Study of Crime

78. What is the Uniform Crime Report (UCR)? a. a report that assigns funding to different areas of federal law enforcement b. an official measure of all the norm violations that occur c. sentencing guidelines as they relate to race and class d. an official measure of crime in the United States ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 6.6 The Study of Crime

79. Who is MOST likely to commit murder according to the Uniform Crime Report? a. dating partner b. friend or relative c. stranger d. gang member ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 6.6 The Study of Crime

80. What is the justification for harsh sentencing guidelines like California’s controversial “three strikes” law? a. deterrence of future crimes b. rehabilitation of criminals c. retribution for crimes d. reform of individual criminals ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 6.6 The Study of Crime

81. In the United States, the ________ is made up of legislatures, the police, courts, and prisons. a. full state system b. uniform crime report (UCR) c. positive deviance d. criminal justice system ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 6.6 The Study of Crime

82. Many people today argue that convicted sex offenders should be chemically castrated or held in protective custody beyond their original sentences. What is the logic of these punishments? a. incapacitation b. deterrence c. retribution d. rehabilitation ANS: A MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Difficult

REF: 6.6 The Study of Crime

83. Which of the following statements about crime and gender have been supported by data from the last decade?

a. Crime differentials between men and women can be attributed mostly to emotional and psychological differences. b. Women are equally likely as men to commit property crimes. c. As women gain power in the labor market through education and income, crime rates among women rise to match those among men more closely. d. Women are equally likely as men to commit violent crimes.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: 6.6 The Study of Crime | InQuizitive

84. A citizen group sends letters to the governor of a southern state and asks her to reconsider stopping the execution of a man on death row convicted of murdering a police officer. The governor declines, stating that the purpose of the criminal justice system is to remove this convicted murderer from society so that everyone else can be protected. What type of justification for punishment is used by the governor? a. retribution b. rehabilitation c. deterrence d. incapacitation ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 6.6 The Study of Crime | InQuizitive

85. How do sociologists define positive deviance? a. deviance that relates to a criminal record b. deviance that actively harms someone physically c. actions initially considered deviant, but later deemed appropriate d. the acts that come with secondary deviance ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 6.7 Reconsidering Deviance?

86. Martin Luther King Jr. went to jail many times for acts of civil disobedience such as ignoring court orders prohibiting marches and boycotts. Some people, even those who agreed with him, criticized him for disobeying the law. However, most people today view these actions as a form of a. positive deviance. b. deterrence. c. deviance avowal. d. in-group orientation.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 6.7 Reconsidering Deviance?

87. What term describes “actions considered deviant within a given context but are later reinterpreted as appropriate or even heroic”? a. positive deviance b. heroic deviance c. anti-deviance d. appropriate deviance ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering TRUE/FALSE

REF: 6.7 Reconsidering Deviance? | InQuizitive

1. Deviance can be considered relative because whether or not a behavior is considered deviant depends upon the historical, cultural, and situational context in which it occurs.

ANS: T DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 6.1 Defining Deviance

2. Sociologists argue that no behavior, not even one designed to kill a great number of people, is inherently deviant.

ANS: T DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 6.1 Defining Deviance

3. Sociologists are making both a social and a moral judgment when they use the term “deviant.”

ANS: F DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 6.1 Defining Deviance

4. Prison has been the most common means of punishment for criminals and deviants throughout history.

ANS: F DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 6.1 Defining Deviance

5. A behavior, trait, or belief can be considered deviant if it violates a social norm and causes a negative reaction.

ANS: T DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 6.1 Defining Deviance

6. Differential association theory is associated with structural functionalism.

ANS: F DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 6.3 Theories of Deviance

7. Secondary deviance occurs when an individual acquires a deviant identity.

ANS: T DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 6.3 Theories of Deviance

8. Stereotype threat leads to positive performance outcomes, while stereotype promise is a result of the fear of performing poorly.

ANS: F DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 6.3 Theories of Deviance

9. Erving Goffman’s concept of passing should only be applied to race.

ANS: F DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 6.4 The Stigma of Deviance

10. Criminology consists of the study of crime, criminals, and criminal justice.

ANS: T DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 6.6 The Study of Crime

SHORT ANSWER 1. According to sociologists, why is deviance related to the societal response to a behavior rather than to the behavior itself ?

ANS: Answers may vary. Norms change over time, and society may react negatively to behaviors that were once accepted. For example, marijuana was legal in the United States when the Declaration of Independence was written on hemp. A decade ago, marijuana was viewed as a harsh drug. Today, those ideas are evolving as we consider marijuana use for medical and even recreational purposes. Marijuana never changed, but the social response to people using it has shifted over time.

DIF: Moderate

REF: 6.1 Defining Deviance

MSC: Understanding

2. In what ways is deviance a social judgment rather than a moral judgment?

ANS: Norms are relative to particular cultures. What is deviant in our culture may be completely accepted, even expected, in other cultures. No behavior is seen as inherently wrong, as groups vary in values and norms as well as the manner in which they employ social control.

DIF: Easy

REF: 6.1 Defining Deviance

MSC: Understanding

3. Provide an example that illustrates a behavior that would have been considered deviant for women 200 years ago but is part of normal culture today.

ANS: Answers will vary. One possible answer is that women who did not marry at an early age were seen as spinsters. People were frequently uncomfortable around these women, as they did not have a social understanding of how one was to engage with single, older women. Today, many women wait until their 30s, 40s, and even 50s for their first marriage; this is acceptable due to the changes in our labor force over the past 200 years.

DIF: Moderate

REF: 6.1 Defining Deviance

MSC: Analyzing

4. What do changing societies and different groups gaining access to power do to our perception of deviance?

ANS: Answers may vary. One possible answer is that branding was once used to mark slaves and criminals.

Society began to view these practices as morally corrupt as a result of minority groups gaining more access to human rights. Branding has been adopted by fraternities that now use this once-oppressive symbol as a badge of honor and voluntary act of pride.

DIF: Moderate

REF: 6.1 Defining Deviance

MSC: Understanding

5. The United States has more inmates than any other country in the world today, even though prisons were not introduced as a method of punishment until the nineteenth century. Who is benefiting financially from the incarceration of so many inmates?

ANS:

Prisons are expensive to run because they serve as a way for guards, nurses, wardens, administrative assistants, educators, and so on to receive an income. Police officers are paid to apprehend criminals, lawyers are paid to represent criminals, and judges are paid to sentence criminals.

DIF: Moderate

REF: 6.1 Defining Deviance

MSC: Applying

6. Why do functional theorists suggest that deviance helps to clarify moral boundaries and affirm social norms?

ANS: Deviance reminds us of what we consider so-called correct behavior, especially when we are confronted with so-called incorrect behavior. This is also important given that different people have different perspectives on what is and is not deviant.

DIF: Moderate

REF: 6.3 Theories of Deviance

MSC: Understanding

7. According to Howard Becker, there are no inherently deviant acts, only societal reactions to acts that make them deviant. Describe an instance in which one person could be seen as a hero and another person could be labeled a criminal even though they are engaging in the same behavior.

ANS: Answers may vary. One possible answer is a soldier who comes back from war. They are labeled a hero, not a murderer. We are aware that killing is part of a soldier’s job, but we do not label it in a similar manner to murder in our communities. A person is labeled a murderer and viewed as violent and untrustworthy when they kill their spouse.

DIF: Moderate

REF: 6.3 Theories of Deviance

MSC: Applying

8. How do peer groups serve as so-called bad influences during the process of social learning? Which theory of deviance attempts to explain this phenomenon?

ANS: Differential association theory describes how simple peer pressure can lead to deviant behavior. If a teenager is exposed to petty theft, they may shoplift with their friends.

DIF: Easy

REF: 6.3 Theories of Deviance

MSC: Remembering

9. According to labeling theory, the labels people are given affect their own and others’ perceptions of them. How does this process lead to more deviant behaviors? Provide an example to explain your answer.

ANS: Answers may vary, but should include an explanation of primary and secondary deviance. One possible answer starts with primary deviance, which is the behavior that gets someone labeled in our society. You may have a person, under twenty-one, who receives a deviant label from one social event in which they become intoxicated. The person acquires a deviant identity, also known as secondary deviance, if they continue drinking in excess before the legal drinking age.

DIF: Moderate

REF: 6.3 Theories of Deviance

MSC: Applying

10. In what ways might a man experience stereotype promise in the nursing field?

ANS:

Answers may vary, but could include that men are expected to perform certain nursing duties more easily than women. For example, there is an assumption that men can lift more weight than women. Due to this assumption, doctors will focus on enriching a male nurse’s skills as opposed to those of a female nurse. This eventually leads to most male nurses performing better in the field due to the extra attention and skill development.

DIF: Moderate

REF: 6.3 Theories of Deviance

MSC: Applying

11. Some light-skinned African Americans have attempted to pass as white due to stigmatization. Describe the process of passing. What was the historical motivation for African Americans to pass as white?

ANS: African Americans were often stigmatized for their ascribed racial status. People who could pass socially as white might choose to do so in order to be afforded the privileges that white people enjoyed or to avoid discrimination and violence.

DIF: Moderate

REF: 6.4 The Stigma of Deviance

MSC: Understanding

12. What is cyberbullying, and how is it different from traditional bullying?

ANS: Cyberbullying is the use of electronic and social media to tease, threaten, or humiliate someone. It is sometimes considered more dangerous than traditional bullying. This is predominantly because it occurs more quickly and is more far-reaching than traditional bullying.

DIF: Easy

REF: 6.4 The Stigma of Deviance

MSC: Understanding

13. How did David Matza’s approach of studying the powerless and impoverished differ from the “nuts and sluts” approach?

ANS: Matza developed a style of research called naturalism. Matza considered the diversity and complexity that often makes social research difficult to study; his research offers a more honest look at how groups like outlaw bikers and strippers are more than simply powerless, impoverished populations.

DIF: Easy

REF: 6.5 Studying Deviance

MSC: Understanding

14. Why are young people more likely to get arrested?

ANS: Younger people, specifically those in their late teens, are seen as more suspicious by both law enforcement and the community. They tend to engage in crimes that are more visible, such as vandalism and theft. Statistics seem to confirm that they are more likely than members of other age groups to commit crimes. Sociologists are aware that older individuals also deviate, but they use methods that are more elusive, such as fraud and embezzlement.

DIF: Moderate

REF: 6.6 The Study of Crime

MSC: Understanding

15. What makes a crime a hate crime? Why are hate crime statistics so unreliable?

ANS:

Hate crimes involve offenses that perpetrators carry out against a victim because of a specific characteristic of the victim. The characteristic could be based on race, national origin, religion, gender, sexual orientation, or disability. The FBI collects national hate crime statistics, but not all local jurisdictions participate in the data collection. Consequently, hate crimes are likely underreported.

DIF: Moderate

REF: 6.6 The Study of Crime

MSC: Understanding

ESSAY 1. Robert Merton advanced the idea that labeling can bring about self-fulfilling prophecies or inaccurate beliefs that, if repeated loudly and frequently enough, can become true. Compare the ideas of Merton and those of sociologist Elijah Anderson, who believed that a self-fulfilling prophecy has contributed to racial conflict in the United States.

ANS: Deviant labels are powerful and can override other aspects of individual identity. Labels can affect how we see ourselves, how others see us, and even how social and institutional policies are formed. A good answer should mention Anderson’s Streetwise, which demonstrated how the belief that young black men from the inner city commit more crimes made itself true. This self-fulfilling prophecy worked, according to Anderson, because it cast a cloud of suspicion over young, black city dwellers so that police became more likely to arrest them and citizens became more likely to report them for committing crimes.

DIF: Moderate

REF: 6.3 Theories of Deviance

MSC: Evaluating

2. Howard Becker’s labeling theory argues that no act is deviant until a society labels it as deviant. Explain why Becker and other sociologists, like David Rosenhan, author of “On Being Sane in Insane Places,” believe that labeling can have long-lasting effects on the individual who is labeled a deviant.

ANS: A deviant label can have long-lasting effects on how society sees an individual and how that individual sees himself. Good answers should mention David Rosenhan’s “On Being Sane in Insane Places,” in which a group of healthy individuals entered psychiatric facilities on the false pretense of hearing voices.

These individuals were kept in treatment programs long after they stopped faking symptoms and were even labeled schizophrenics in remission upon their release. Answers might also mention the concepts of secondary deviation, the idea that being labeled a deviant can cause an individual to repeat deviant behavior, and tertiary deviation, the manner in which some individuals are able to reject or transform the stigma attached to a deviant label.

DIF: Easy

REF: 6.3 Theories of Deviance

MSC: Understanding

3. In his structural strain theory, Robert Merton argues that people who do not have the financial or cultural means to achieve the goals that society sets out for them, such as financial success, are more likely to engage in deviant behavior. Explain the different ways in which these people deal with their limited resources and express their deviant behavior, according to Merton.

ANS:

Merton’s structural strain theory argues that the rewards of conformity, such as professional and financial success, are only available to people who pursue approved goals through approved means.

Those who cannot or do not follow the approved path are considered deviant and are placed into four groups. Innovators pursue an approved goal, like financial success, through deviant means such as dealing drugs. Ritualists use an approved means, but do so without hope of achieving any real success, such as showing up at a respectable but dead-end job every day. Retreatists, like hermits and dropouts, reject approved goals and means and live outside of conventional society. Rebels also reject society’s goals and means but advocate their own radical alternatives, creating their own altogether different means and goals.

DIF: Moderate

REF: 6.3 Theories of Deviance

MSC: Analyzing

4. Conflict theorists believe that society’s definition of deviance is designed in such a way that people with the most power will be seen as most “normal” and even idealized by the rest of society. Those with the least power will more often be considered deviant and subject to the negative sanctions that come with a deviant identity. Give two examples of how laws can target people with less power and label their behaviors or lifestyles as deviant.

ANS: Conflict theorists argue that rules are unequally applied and that punishments for those who violate the rules are unequally distributed. They argue that crimes of the poor and powerless are given more attention and are more severely punished.

DIF: Moderate

REF: 6.3 Theories of Deviance

MSC: Applying

5. Structural functionalists like Émile Durkheim believe that every aspect of a social structure does something to help maintain the stability of society. According to Durkheim, what are some of the so-called functions of deviance within a society?

ANS: Durkheim argues that deviance helps societies clarify their moral boundaries, which suggests that without so-called wrong behavior, we would not know the difference between right and wrong. Any answer should mention this idea, as well as Durkheim’s notion that deviance can help promote societal cohesion, which is the idea that a community unites in the face of crime.

DIF: Easy

REF: 6.3 Theories of Deviance

MSC: Understanding

6. Individuals or groups labeled as deviant are often stigmatized. They acquire what Erving Goffman called a “spoiled identity,” which devalues them and often excludes them from normal social interaction.

Illustrate the different ways that stigmatized individuals and groups cope with their stigmatization.

ANS: Symbolic interactionists break down coping strategies of stigmatized individuals and groups into four categories: passing, in-group orientation, outsiders, and deviance avowal. A good answer should mention all four. Passing means attempting to conceal a stigmatized deviation. Believers in in-group orientation reject the standards that mark them as deviant and propose new standards. Outsiders do not try to conceal their stigma or change standards. Instead, they choose to be called deviant, as is the case for many subcultures that live outside of mainstream society. Those who practice deviance avowal identify themselves as deviant and create their own labels.

DIF: Easy

REF: 6.4 The Stigma of Deviance

MSC: Analyzing

7. Explain the concept of cash register honesty. Provide two examples to support your answer.

ANS: People who practice cash register honesty would probably never steal money or valuable goods from their employers even when presented with the perfect opportunity. However, they would not hesitate to steal less valuable items like pens or Post-it notes from the office, to waste time on the clock surfing the Internet, to take long breaks, or to sneak out of work a little early. A good answer will also mention that a majority of people practice cash register honesty and that most of them would be shocked at the idea that these little indiscretions make them less than honest.

DIF: Easy

REF: 6.6 The Study of Crime

MSC: Applying

8. There are many competing and often incompatible ideas about how to best deal with criminal behavior.

Deterrence, retribution, incapacitation, and rehabilitation are all believed by some to have merit. Discuss the ways in which these different methods for dealing with deviance reflect the different ways society views criminals.

ANS: Those who believe in deterrence think of criminals as calculating people who think ahead and analyze the cost of their crimes against the benefits. Those who support retribution think criminals deserve to be punished quid pro quo. Those who advocate for incapacitation believe criminals are dangerous and should be permanently removed from society. Those who argue for rehabilitation believe criminals are people who can work toward their own personal transformations.

DIF: Moderate

REF: 6.6 The Study of Crime

MSC: Understanding

9. Crime statistics can sometimes be misleading. Explain some potential problems with crime statistics that draw conclusions about the criminal behavior of certain class, age, or ethnic groups.

ANS: Statistics tell us that crime rates are consistently higher in poor, urban areas, but many sociologists argue that this does not necessarily mean there is more crime in these areas. On the contrary, the police assume there is more crime and concentrate their efforts there, which results in higher arrest rates. Statistically, young people are much more likely to commit crime. Sociologists argue that the stereotypical image of a criminal is often of a young person, which makes the police more likely to target that group. Also, the elderly may be committing crimes that are more difficult to detect, like embezzlement or fraud.

DIF: Easy

REF: 6.6 The Study of Crime

MSC: Evaluating

10. Chapter 6 describes several ways in which the Uniform Crime Report may present an inaccurate picture of the demographics of crime. Describe the sources of bias that lead to these inaccuracies. Are these biases better explained by conflict theory or functionalism? Justify your answer.

ANS: Class, race, and age bias the Uniform Crime Report, because if law enforcement officials and citizens expect certain types of people to be criminals, they will more likely be investigated, accused, and treated as such. Additionally, these expectations help to determine where law enforcement concentrates its efforts; the more police look for crime, the more they will find. This is an insight that is much more compatible with conflict theory, which argues that rules are applied unequally in our society.

DIF: Difficult

REF: 6.6 The Study of Crime

MSC: Evaluating

11. A series of thefts is occurring in a suburban neighborhood. It is determined that a group of teenage boys from the community has been stealing items from unlocked cars, and the perpetrators are caught within a few short weeks. Which factors likely made them initial suspects, according to the information in Chapter 6? What factors made it more likely that they would behave in this way?

ANS: Answers may vary. Chapter 6 indicates that age and gender are demographic factors that influence people’s perceptions about who is or is not a criminal. Being male and being young are both factors that increase those perceptions. Teenagers are disproportionately represented among people arrested for crimes in the United States. Although the text indicates that men are more likely to commit crimes and to be arrested, it is important to note that female arrest rates are on the rise.

The chapter also mentions Merton’s concept of the self-fulfilling prophecy, potentially influencing young people to act in ways they believe they are perceived. If young men are expected to be the ones that engage in these types of acts, it will influence the likelihood of them doing so.

DIF: Moderate

REF: 6.6 The Study of Crime

MSC: Evaluating

12. What is positive deviance? How does its existence support the functionalist perspective?

ANS: Positive deviance is a principled act that is considered deviant in the context in which it is committed but is later reinterpreted as appropriate or even heroic. A good answer might use the example of Rosa Parks refusing to give up her seat to a white man to illustrate how a deviant act can ultimately help redefine social justice within a society. In the case of Rosa Parks, her act of civil disobedience played a key role in starting the civil rights movement in the United States and putting an end to institutionalized segregation. A good answer might also mention the example of Hugh Thompson, Lawrence Colburn, and Glenn Andreota. These three American soldiers brandished their weapons against fellow American troops in order to save the lives of innocent civilians during the Vietnam War. In both examples, deviant behavior was later widely recognized as heroic and, especially in the case of Rosa Parks, served the function of helping to redefine a flawed value system in the United States.

DIF: Moderate

REF: 6.7 Reconsidering Deviance?

MSC: Understanding

Chapter 7 Social Class: The Structure of Inequality MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. What is one of the basic principles of social stratification? a. Low-level groups often have basic access to the rewards and privileges of higher-level groups. b. Families’ social positions start anew with each new generation. c. All societies stratify according to wealth accumulation. d. It is maintained through beliefs that are widely shared in a society.

ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 7.1 Social Stratification and Social Inequality

2. Sociologists often point out that systems of stratification in the United States systematically favor white men. People sometimes contest this by referencing wealthy and powerful black women like Oprah Winfrey or Toni Morrison. A valid counterpoint to this argument is that a. black women are often the exception to this tendency. b. Winfrey and Morrison have higher social statuses because of other markers of class that they inherited, such as regional accents. c. stratification is a characteristic of a society rather than a reflection of individual differences. d. Winfrey and Morrison must have inherited a high social status from their parents.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: 7.1 Social Stratification and Social Inequality

3. What term describes the division of society into groups arranged in a social hierarchy? a. social inequality b. apartheid c. social stratification d. social divisions ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 7.1 Social Stratification and Social Inequality

4. What term describes the unequal distribution of wealth, power, or prestige among members of a society? a. social stratification b. social inequality c. apartheid d. social divisions ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 7.1 Social Stratification and Social Inequality

5. Which is true of social mobility in a caste system? a. Social mobility is common with hard work. b. A great deal of social mobility occurs. c. A small part of each generation will experience upward social mobility. d. There is virtually no chance of social mobility.

ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 7.2 Systems of Stratification

6. Apartheid is a specific example of what system of social stratification?

a. b. c. d.

caste class slavery oligarchy

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 7.2 Systems of Stratification

7. A young girl from a poor family is sent to live with wealthy distant relatives. Her relatives expect her to take care of the household, cooking and cleaning instead of going to school. They do not pay her and threaten her when she attempts to return home. Her situation is an example of a. the new caste system. b. modern apartheid. c. modern slavery. d. the new Jim Crow.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 7.2 Systems of Stratification

8. ________ is a system of stratification commonly used in modern capitalist societies. a. Gender b. Social class c. Social caste d. Slavery ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 7.2 Systems of Stratification

9. The criteria used by a social class system to stratify its members include a. power, heredity, and employment status. b. wealth, occupational attainment, and gender. c. property, power, and prestige. d. gender, race, and ethnicity.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 7.2 Systems of Stratification

10. How does social class relate to race, ethnicity, gender, and age in the United States today? a. Race and ethnicity are more important than any other factor in determining social class. b. These multiple dimensions of status and inequality intersect to shape who we are and how we live. c. These other variables matter for members of the upper class but not for members of the middle or lower classes. d. These variables matter for members of the lower class but not for members of the upper or middle class.

ANS: B MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Moderate

REF: 7.2 Systems of Stratification

11. A black man in the United States was convicted of a felony when he was 17. He is now 58 and has not committed any crimes since his release. However, he is still not permitted to vote. Michelle Alexander would describe this as an example of a. everyday class consciousness. b. status inconsistency. c. the underclass.

d. the new Jim Crow.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 7.2 Systems of Stratification

12. What is the estimated number of people trapped in modern-day slavery? a. 15,000,000 b. 25,000,000 c. 30,000,000 d. 40,000,000 ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 7.2 Systems of Stratification | InQuizitive

13. Most Americans claim they a. are upper class. b. are lower class. c. are middle class. d. do not feel they have a class status or they are unaware of it.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 7.3 Social Classes in the United States

14. The upper class makes up just 1 percent of the total U.S. population, but its total net worth is greater than that of ________ percent of the rest of the population. a. 10 b. 53 c. 90 d. 99 ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 7.3 Social Classes in the United States

15. Which of the following is accurate about the upper class in the United States today? a. It is a largely self-sustaining group and rarely adds new members. b. It is comprised mainly of skilled workers in technical fields. c. It makes up about 30 percent of the population. d. Those in the upper class usually work in executive, managerial, and professional jobs.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 7.3 Social Classes in the United States

16. “White collar” workers employed in technical and lower-management positions belong to the a. working class. b. lower class. c. middle class. d. upper-middle class.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 7.3 Social Classes in the United States

17. ________ are the types of jobs usually available to members of the lower-middle class. a. Technical or professional jobs b. Executive or managerial positions c. Blue collar or manual labor jobs d. Lower-management jobs

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 7.3 Social Classes in the United States

18. An accountant with a college degree and a license from the state accounting board works for the Department of Defense as a senior auditor. He makes about $100,000 per year and will soon retire with benefits and a pension. To what class would you expect him to belong? a. upper class b. working class c. middle class d. upper-middle class ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 7.3 Social Classes in the United States

19. What is Mother Teresa an example of, given that she was a person with tremendous power and prestige yet she was very poor? a. status inequality b. status inconsistency c. status contradiction d. status reversal ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 7.3 Social Classes in the United States

20. Which social class category is comprised of people who live in poverty conditions and typically earn $15,000 or less per year? a. underclass b. working poor c. working class d. blue collar ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 7.3 Social Classes in the United States

21. Maxine comes from a working-class background. Her father worked in construction his whole life and her mother was a stay-at-home mom who dropped out of high school but later got her GED. Maxine becomes interested in computer programming at a young age and spends many hours in the school library teaching herself. Maxine attends the state university on a scholarship. While there, she develops a valuable algorithm for identifying neurological diseases that makes her a multi-millionaire. She drops out of college to continue her work. Which term related to social class best describes this scenario? a. intersectionality b. social inequality c. status inconsistency d. social stratification ANS: C MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Moderate

REF: 7.3 Social Classes in the United States

22. ________ was the system of social stratification in the final stages of breaking down when Karl Marx developed his ideas. a. Feudalism b. Capitalism c. Slavery d. Communism

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 7.4 Theories of Social Class

23. According to Karl Marx, the social relations that matter MOST in a capitalist system are a. family and kin. b. community bonds. c. economic relations. d. nationalistic bonds.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 7.4 Theories of Social Class

24. Karl Marx spent much of his life attempting to understand and describe how capitalism works. In one particularly vivid passage, he described the turbulence he saw as inherent in capitalism: “All that is solid melts into air, all that is holy is profaned, and man is at last compelled to face with sober senses his real condition of life and his relations with his kind.” What sort of relationships did he think his readers had with other people? a. relationships of community and religion b. relationships based on social bonds and solidarity c. economic relationships d. cultural relationships ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: 7.4 Theories of Social Class

25. Which of the following demonstrates Karl Marx’s conviction that social inequality would continue to grow? a. “No one knows who will live in this cage in the future, or whether at the end of this tremendous development entirely new prophets will arise, or there will be a great rebirth of ideas and ideals, or, if neither, mechanized petrification, embellished with a sort of convulsive self-importance.” b. “The modern laborer . . . instead of rising with the process of industry, sinks deeper and deeper below the conditions of existence of his own class. He becomes a pauper, and pauperism develops more rapidly than population and wealth.” c. “A religion is a unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things, i.e., things set apart and forbidden—beliefs and practices which unite in one single moral community called a Church, all those who adhere to them.” d. “For the metropolis presents the peculiar conditions which are revealed to us as the opportunities and the stimuli for the development of both these ways of allocating roles to men.”

ANS: B MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Difficult

REF: 7.4 Theories of Social Class

26. How is Max Weber’s idea of social class different from Karl Marx’s? a. Weber did not believe owning the means of production mattered in any way. b. Weber believed class status was inherited and that it was an extension of the old feudal system. c. Weber believed wealth was the only factor that mattered, regardless of how that wealth was acquired. d. Weber believed that wealth, power, and prestige all affected a person’s social class.

ANS: D MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Moderate

REF: 7.4 Theories of Social Class

27. Priests, ministers, rabbis, imams, and clergy are often prestigious members of their communities, although they make very little money. Which social theorist first suggested that this is an important element of class status? a. Karl Marx b. Émile Durkheim c. Pierre Bourdieu d. Max Weber ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 7.4 Theories of Social Class

28. According to Pierre Bourdieu, ________ is the tendency of social class to be passed down from one generation to the next and consequently remain relatively stable over time. a. the invisibility of poverty b. slavery c. ideology d. social reproduction ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 7.4 Theories of Social Class

29. ________ is/are the tastes, habits, and expectations that children “inherit” or learn from their parents, which help them achieve material success in life. a. Cultural capital b. Ideology c. Social welfare d. Education ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 7.4 Theories of Social Class

30. An individual might be trying to gain ________ if they take adult education classes, attend lectures and concerts, or travel to Europe. a. cultural capital b. souvenirs c. intersectionality d. wealth ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 7.4 Theories of Social Class

31. In House of Yes, a play by Wendy MacLeod, the character Marty brings his fiancée Lesly to meet his family. She comes from a different social class, which leads to miscommunication and difficult interactions among Lesly, Marty, and Marty’s two siblings. According to Pierre Bourdieu, Lesly not having enough ________ could cause the strained relations. a. wealth b. cultural capital c. intersectionality d. ideology ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 7.4 Theories of Social Class

32. In the 1960s, many sociologists noticed that economic obstacles alone were insufficient in explaining disparities in the educational attainment of children from different social classes. Which concept was introduced to explain these disparities? a. the American Dream b. cultural capital c. status inconsistency d. class consciousness ANS: B MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Difficult

REF: 7.4 Theories of Social Class

33. The school of social thought that insists all social structures, including systems of stratification, are built out of everyday interactions is called a. functionalism. b. symbolic interactionism. c. Weberianism. d. conflict theory.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 7.4 Theories of Social Class

34. Observers determine someone’s socioeconomic status when meeting them for the first time by their a. speech and gestures. b. age. c. gender. d. parents’ occupations.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 7.4 Theories of Social Class

35. It is often said that you can always tell a millionaire by her shoes. She may dress like a slob in every other respect, but someone from the upper class is bound to have expensive, custom-made footwear. Whether this is true or not, it helps demonstrate the way we a. try to “better ourselves” by increasing the amount of cultural capital we possess. b. allow relative levels of prestige to determine our class status. c. make split-second judgments about who people are and what social statuses they occupy based on their appearances. d. surrender to the impersonal forces of the market.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 7.4 Theories of Social Class

36. Going away to college is often the first time young adults make friends with people of substantially different class statuses. This sometimes leads to tension when the wealthier member of a friendship is oblivious to their friend’s class status and suggests activities that are beyond the friend’s means. This tension results from a lack of a. historical materialism. b. status inconsistency. c. prestige or power. d. everyday class consciousness.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 7.4 Theories of Social Class

37. Symbolic interactionists stress the way we make “snap judgments” about other people’s class statuses.

We often pay close attention to what cues we display because we are aware that other people are judging us. Given this, why did Paul Fussell decide to measure class status with a “living room scale” rather than assessing some other part of the house? a. The living room is a part of the house the whole family uses. b. The living room is where we receive guests. c. The living room is where the most expensive furniture goes. d. The living room is where the television is usually found.

ANS: B MSC: Evaluating

DIF: Difficult

REF: 7.4 Theories of Social Class

38. Sociologists call the awareness of our own and others’ class statuses a. everyday class consciousness. b. everyday ideology. c. everyday false consciousness. d. cultural capital.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 7.4 Theories of Social Class

39. Paul Fussell’s living room scale attempts to measure a. judgment. b. the pace of interaction. c. social class. d. ideology.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 7.4 Theories of Social Class

40. French sociologist and postmodernist Pierre Bourdieu suggested that social reproduction, or the tendency of social classes remaining relatively stable as class status is passed down from one generation to the next, occurs in part through the acquisition of a. prestige. b. culture. c. everyday class consciousness. d. cultural capital.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 7.4 Theories of Social Class | InQuizitive

41. What general predictions can sociologists make about a person’s life prospects if all that is known is the person’s social class? a. the level of education they will receive b. their college major c. if they will be a “dog person” or a “cat person” d. whether they will have everyday class consciousness ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 7.5 Socioeconomic Status and Life Chances

42. What is the tendency to choose romantic partners based on similarities in background and group membership? a. homogamy b. background knowledge

c. reflexivity d. heteronormativity ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 7.5 Socioeconomic Status and Life Chances

43. What is realistic about so-called Cinderella stories like the film Pretty Woman, in which a low-status woman marries a wealthy, powerful man? a. Sex work is a common route to social advancement. b. Class boundaries are often crossed in marriage. c. Women usually marry up while men marry down when class boundaries are crossed. d. Marriage customs are usually heterogamous.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: 7.5 Socioeconomic Status and Life Chances

44. Although “like usually marries like,”________ is more common for heterosexual women, whereas ________ is more common for heterosexual men when class boundaries are crossed in marriage. a. a closed system; an open system b. hypogamy; hypergamy c. an open system; a closed system d. hypergamy; hypogamy ANS: D DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: 7.5 Socioeconomic Status and Life Chances

45. Newlyweds were asked about how they met. The newlyweds explained that they were friends as children because their families attended the same church, but they did not start dating until much later when they ended up at the same university. This couple is an example of a. heterogamy. b. homogamy. c. an open system. d. a closed system.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: 7.5 Socioeconomic Status and Life Chances

46. Greg J. Duncan and a team of researchers analyzed the effect of parental income on the academic achievement of children. What do you think Duncan found given what you have read about socioeconomic status and life chances? a. There was no correlation between class status and educational achievement. b. Class status helped to predict high school grades but had no relationship to later academic success. c. Children from working-class families had a better work ethic and, therefore, were more likely to attend and graduate from college. d. Parental income was strongly correlated with academic achievement, especially in low-income families.

ANS: D MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Moderate

REF: 7.5 Socioeconomic Status and Life Chances

47. People are more likely to marry individuals with social and cultural backgrounds similar to their own because a. parents and other family members always exert pressure to marry within the group. b. people spend a great deal of time alone and, therefore, have few opportunities for meeting

people. c. people have greater access to individuals like themselves. d. people develop irrational fears of out-group members and are scared to date them.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 7.5 Socioeconomic Status and Life Chances

48. “Homogamy” is a term sociologists use to explain the tendency to choose romantic partners based on similarities in background and group membership. Why is this common? a. We tend to have more access to people like ourselves. b. People are rebelling against the common knowledge that “opposites attract.” c. We are hardwired to actively look for partners similar to ourselves. d. It is too difficult to raise children with people who have different backgrounds from us.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 7.5 Socioeconomic Status and Life Chances

49. Members of the lower class exercise less often because a. exercise is a luxury often accessible only to those who do not have to struggle with day-to-day existence. b. the poor are lazy. c. poor people care less about their health. d. the lower classes do not have health problems that make exercise necessary.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 7.5 Socioeconomic Status and Life Chances

50. What activity is MOST likely to take the place of a yoga class for a working-class woman given what you have read about socioeconomic status and life chances? a. taking care of her children after work b. watching television c. meeting neighbors for drinks at the local bar d. taking a night class at a community college ANS: A MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Moderate

REF: 7.5 Socioeconomic Status and Life Chances

51. What sort of jobs can support a middle-class lifestyle in America today? a. jobs in manufacturing b. jobs associated with blue-collar work c. jobs associated with skilled trades like carpentry d. jobs in the service, information, and technology sectors ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 7.5 Socioeconomic Status and Life Chances

52. Being born into a lower social class means that an individual will be more likely to a. feel at risk of being harassed by law enforcement. b. complete college due to receiving need-based scholarships. c. overcome criminal charges due to the assistance of a public defender. d. be healthy due to access to Medicaid.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 7.5 Socioeconomic Status and Life Chances

53. What is a society called if social mobility is highly restricted by formal or informal rules like those of a caste system? a. capitalism b. a system of achieved status c. a closed system d. an open system ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 7.6 Social Mobility

54. What is it an example of when the children of working-class parents manage to attend college and get a job in a professional field? a. intragenerational mobility b. horizontal social mobility c. a lack of mobility d. intergenerational mobility ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 7.6 Social Mobility

55. Social mobility that occurs over the course of an individual’s lifetime is called ________ mobility. a. life-cycle b. intragenerational c. structural d. intergenerational ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 7.6 Social Mobility

56. What do sociologists call it when an individual changes their career but remains within the same social class? a. vertical social mobility b. structural mobility c. intergenerational mobility d. horizontal social mobility ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 7.6 Social Mobility

57. What sort of social mobility often results from losing a job? a. horizontal b. upward c. career d. vertical ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 7.6 Social Mobility

58. Many people became instant millionaires during the so-called dot-com boom of the late 1990s, although we usually think of social mobility as a result of individual effort. This is an example of a. structural mobility. b. wise investing. c. savvy technological genius. d. horizontal mobility.

ANS: A

DIF: Moderate

REF: 7.6 Social Mobility

MSC: Applying 59. What do sociologists call it when large numbers of people move up or down the social class ladder as a result of changes to society as a whole? a. social welfare b. structural mobility c. horizontal mobility d. intergenerational mobility ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 7.6 Social Mobility

60. The folk-pop singer Jewel is famous for having lived in her van when she first moved to San Diego and started performing in a coffee shop. Soon after Atlantic Records signed her, her advance allowed her to rent a house and buy a new car. Of what class-based phenomenon is this an example? a. socioeconomic status and life chances b. apartheid c. the culture of poverty d. social mobility ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 7.6 Social Mobility

61. A reporter who covers the police beat at a newspaper changes careers. She becomes an editor of nonfiction books and is paid the same salary as she was at the newspaper. What has she experienced? a. structural mobility b. intragenerational mobility c. horizontal social mobility d. vertical social mobility ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 7.6 Social Mobility

62. Many workers at auto plants in Michigan lost their jobs when plants closed. What has this resulted in for the vast majority of these workers? a. welfare reform b. vertical social mobility c. horizontal social mobility d. intergenerational mobility ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 7.6 Social Mobility

63. Some immigrants have a hard time assimilating to a new culture. What are the children of immigrants experiencing if they assimilate and have a higher standard of living than their parents? a. intergenerational mobility b. intragenerational mobility c. structural mobility d. immigrant mobility ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: 7.6 Social Mobility

64. People are optimistic that the jobs lost in the U.S. recession of the late 2000s will be replaced with others. However, even if the optimists are right, the shift in the economy may permanently alter the social class status of many people. This is due to the jobs lost being largely in manufacturing and new jobs being mostly in information technology. This suggests that the newly unemployed will have trouble competing for newly created jobs. If this is the case, what is it called? a. structural mobility b. intergenerational mobility c. intragenerational mobility d. absolute deprivation ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: 7.6 Social Mobility

65. If researchers find that the Great Recession of 2008 led to large numbers of middle-class people experiencing downward mobility to the lower-middle class, it would be an example of a. relative deprivation. b. a closed system. c. structural mobility. d. horizontal social mobility.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 7.6 Social Mobility | InQuizitive

66. Poverty can be defined in either relative or absolute terms. How is poverty defined according to relative deprivation? a. by comparing the standard of living among the poor to the basic necessities of life b. by comparing the poor with people with low socioeconomic status in other countries c. by determining if the poor have minimal food and shelter d. by comparing the poor with more affluent members of society ANS: D

DIF: Easy

REF: 7.7 Poverty

MSC: Understanding

67. Poverty can be defined in either relative or absolute terms. How is poverty defined according to absolute deprivation? a. by considering access to food, shelter, clothing, and medical care b. by comparing the poor with more affluent members of society c. by asking which groups within a society have power and prestige d. by comparing the poor with the poor of other historical periods ANS: A

DIF: Easy

REF: 7.7 Poverty

MSC: Understanding

68. In the United States, the federal poverty line is calculated using food costs based on the cheapest possible diet that can still provide basic nutrition. What sort of measure of poverty is this? a. a measure of poverty based on conflict theory b. a measure of absolute deprivation c. a measure of relative deprivation d. a measure of social welfare ANS: B

DIF: Moderate

REF: 7.7 Poverty

MSC: Applying

69. In 2019, the U.S. Census Bureau identified the poverty threshold for a family of four as a. $52,700. b. $42,000. c. $35,500. d. $25,570.

ANS: D

DIF: Difficult

REF: 7.7 Poverty

MSC: Remembering

70. Which of the following is a serious flaw in the way the federal government defines poverty? a. It is too complicated because it takes into account too many factors, especially the cost of housing in each major metropolitan area. b. It justifies a welfare system that supports a great number of people who simply do not want to work. c. It does not take into account regional differences in the cost of living. d. It overestimates the number of people who cannot afford basic necessities.

ANS: C

DIF: Moderate

REF: 7.7 Poverty

MSC: Understanding

71. What sort of measure of poverty are we using when we compare the salaries of the lowest-paid members of a corporation with the salary of the CEO? a. relative deprivation b. cultural poverty c. absolute deprivation d. horizontal poverty ANS: A

DIF: Moderate

REF: 7.7 Poverty

MSC: Applying

72. Several members of the Indian government have argued that poverty in India should be calculated according to how many calories per day people consume, not in relation to their incomes. What sort of measure of poverty would this be? a. vertical b. structural c. absolute d. relative ANS: C

DIF: Moderate

REF: 7.7 Poverty

MSC: Applying

73. One cost-of-living indicator shows that a salary of $40,000 in Santa Barbara, California is equivalent to $14,000 in Wichita, Kansas. This is primarily because of the cost of housing, which is much less expensive in Wichita. What does this difference say about how the federal government calculates poverty? a. It shows that poverty is connected to the local cost of living, which reflects the differences in rates of poverty in different parts of the country. b. It shows that the poverty line is more or less accurate, because it has been recalibrated to take into account housing costs. c. It points to a flaw in the way the government calculates the poverty line, as the standard is uniformly applied without regard to regional differences. d. It points to a flaw in the way the government calculates the poverty line, as it proves there are far more poor people in the Midwest.

ANS: C

DIF: Moderate

REF: 7.7 Poverty

MSC: Analyzing

74. Americans are conflicted in their opinions about people living in poverty. About half think that circumstances beyond one’s control are to blame if a person is impoverished, while about a third say a. people living in poverty do not try hard enough. b. there are no people living in poverty in the United States. c. poverty was created by social welfare programs. d. poverty can only be fixed by turning toward oligarchy.

ANS: A

DIF: Moderate

REF: 7.7 Poverty

MSC: Understanding

75. The Welfare Reform Act of 1996 ended the concept of entitlements by requiring recipients of welfare to find work within two years of receiving assistance. How has this changed the lives of the poor? a. Moving from welfare to work helped single people much more than it did families or single mothers. b. Moving from welfare to work caused many former welfare recipients to plunge into homelessness. c. Moving from welfare to work did not substantially increase income levels; it simply shifted the poor from welfare to low-paying jobs. d. Moving from welfare to work increased both the self-esteem of the poor and their incomes.

ANS: C

DIF: Moderate

REF: 7.7 Poverty

MSC: Understanding

76. Under the Welfare Reform Act of 1996, ________ years was the total amount of time in which families could receive assistance. a. five b. ten c. fifteen d. twenty ANS: A

DIF: Difficult

REF: 7.7 Poverty

MSC: Remembering

77. Which of the following is a form of stratification in which all positions are awarded on the basis of accomplishment and skill? a. democracy b. meritocracy c. oligarchy d. technocracy ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 7.8 Inequality and the Ideology of the American Dream

MSC: Remembering

78. Oscar Lewis was the first to suggest that the poor develop a way of life with fundamentally different values and goals because they are excluded from mainstream social life. Consequently, they are much less likely to join the middle class. This way of life is usually called a. the culture of poverty. b. the invisibility of poverty. c. the social contract. d. oppression norms.

ANS: A

DIF: Easy

REF: 7.7 Poverty

MSC: Remembering

79. What defines so-called official poverty in the United States based on household income? a. social stratification b. the federal poverty line c. relative deprivation d. absolute deprivation ANS: B

DIF: Moderate

REF: 7.7 Poverty

MSC: Remembering

80. Samira does not have a computer in her house, so she uses computers in the library to complete school assignments. However, she often has less time than her peers to do research and type her assignments because the computers are sometimes occupied and the library closes early. What term describes Samira’s situation? a. the digital divide b. the federal poverty line

c. the simplicity movement d. disenfranchisement ANS: A

DIF: Moderate

REF: 7.7 Poverty

MSC: Applying

81. What is the principal sociological critique of the culture of poverty? a. The poor often move into the middle class. b. The values and norms of many Americans in all class groups include attitudes of resignation and fatalism. c. It tends to blame the victims of poverty for their own misfortunes while ignoring the structural causes of inequality. d. Some people simply have a predisposition to making poor choices regarding finances.

ANS: C

DIF: Moderate

REF: 7.7 Poverty

MSC: Understanding

82. What makes the just-world hypothesis psychologically appealing to the average person? a. It is supported by a wealth of empirical data. b. Most people’s everyday experiences teach them that society tends to distribute rewards and punishments fairly. c. Most people have a strong need to believe that the world is orderly, predictable, and fair. d. Many people develop skewed perceptions based on their worst experiences with the poor, which makes it hard for them to see things objectively.

ANS: C

DIF: Moderate

REF: 7.7 Poverty

MSC: Understanding

83. According to social psychologists, what do people tend to do when they encounter a situation that seems to be unfair and they cannot or will not act to make things right? a. dedicate themselves to bringing about change b. try to find an authority figure who can take over the responsibility c. try to use other resources, especially financial, to rectify the problem d. convince themselves nothing bad has happened ANS: D

DIF: Difficult

REF: 7.7 Poverty

MSC: Understanding

84. The sociologist Susan Mayer studied poverty and welfare. She concluded that character traits in parents such as “diligence, honesty, good health, and reliability” led to increased achievement in children.

Which theory do her conclusions support? a. conflict theory b. structural functionalism c. feminist theory d. the culture of poverty ANS: D

DIF: Difficult

REF: 7.7 Poverty

MSC: Applying

85. In “The Political Brain: The Role of Emotion in Deciding the Fate of the Nation,” Drew Westen argues that advocates of health care reform turn many people against universal health care when they talk about it as a way to help the “uninsured” or “underinsured.” This is because there is an underlying assumption that poor people are getting what they deserve. What do sociologists call this assumption? a. disenfranchisement b. the just-world hypothesis c. class consciousness d. the invisibility of poverty ANS: B

DIF: Difficult

REF: 7.7 Poverty

MSC: Applying

86. A homeless shelter in Illinois held a “sleep out” to protest cutting funding for homeless shelters. The organizers of the rally suspected that most residents did not realize just how many homeless people existed in their community. This was a result of what sociologists would call a. problematic categories. b. the invisibility of poverty. c. the latent function of welfare. d. the just-world hypothesis.

ANS: B

DIF: Moderate

REF: 7.7 Poverty

MSC: Applying

87. According to the text, which of the following has the effect of making poverty socially “invisible”? a. political engagement b. the use of law enforcement to move the homeless away from visible locations c. highlighting successful attempts by the poor to organize d. cultural products such as movies that highlight the lives of the poor ANS: B

DIF: Easy

REF: 7.7 Poverty

MSC: Understanding

88. The practice of refusing mortgages for the purchase of houses in poor and minority neighborhoods is called a. disenfranchisement. b. redlining. c. residential racism. d. economic hegemony.

ANS: B

DIF: Easy

REF: 7.7 Poverty

MSC: Remembering

89. How do law enforcement policies make the poor less visible? a. increasing scrutiny of the lower class b. profiling the lower class c. moving the homeless out of high-profile locations d. attacking political protests that are organized by the poor ANS: C

DIF: Moderate

REF: 7.7 Poverty

MSC: Understanding

90. Some municipalities in the Los Angeles area have zoning rules that prohibit multifamily dwellings and require that all homes be built on lots of a certain size. What is the effect of these policies? a. residential segregation b. political disenfranchisement c. homelessness d. social mobility ANS: A

DIF: Difficult

REF: 7.7 Poverty

MSC: Applying

91. In a six-to-three vote, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld an Indiana law that required residents to present photo identification before voting. Advocates of the law believe that it will help to prevent voter fraud.

Opponents believe that the law contributes to ________ by targeting the poor, who are less likely to have photo identification. a. political disenfranchisement b. status inconsistency c. the ideology of the American Dream d. meritocracy ANS: A

DIF: Difficult

REF: 7.7 Poverty

MSC: Applying

92. Who acted kindly toward John Coleman when he went undercover as a homeless person and lived on the street for ten days? a. his co-workers b. other homeless men c. a police officer d. pedestrians who gave him food ANS: B

DIF: Moderate

REF: 7.7 Poverty

MSC: Remembering

93. Which of the following set of characteristics can be categorized as the average minimum-wage worker? a. a teenager who works part-time b. nineteen years old, male, nonwhite, and working full-time c. thirty-six years old, female, white, and working full-time d. a post-retirement senior working full-time ANS: C

DIF: Moderate

REF: 7.7 Poverty

MSC: Remembering

94. Recent research by the Pew Research Center on attitudes about the government’s responsibility to help those in poverty revealed that a. Americans are largely divided on this issue, with those favoring government aid for those in poverty decreasing. b. Americans largely believe that it is the government’s responsibility to provide aid for those who are in poverty. c. the majority of Americans agree that the government should do more to help those in need. d. most Americans believe government aid does more harm than good.

ANS: A

DIF: Difficult

REF: 7.7 Poverty

MSC: Understanding

95. A social scientist argues that inner-city families cannot escape a cycle of poverty because they see the lack of opportunities around them, decide that the world of the middle class is permanently closed to them, and do not try to maintain steady employment or send their children to college. What concept does this example highlight? a. just-world hypothesis b. disenfranchisement c. closed system d. culture of poverty theory ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 7.7 Poverty | InQuizitive

96. What is the relationship between the American Dream and the social class system by which the United States is stratified? a. The American Dream promises that one day social stratification will be overcome. b. People who believe in the American Dream can usually overcome the class system. c. The American Dream is a nice idea, but everyone really knows that it is just an inconsequential daydream. d. The American Dream legitimizes inequality by reinforcing the idea that everyone has the same chance to get ahead.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: 7.8 Inequality and the Ideology of the American Dream

MSC: Understanding

97. What does Karl Marx call it when individuals fail to see the ways they are oppressed by the social system in which they live? a. false consciousness

b. ideology c. hegemony d. meritocracy ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 7.8 Inequality and the Ideology of the American Dream

MSC: Remembering

98. José has been working hard for the past ten years, but most of the wealth he has is the result of inherited properties. Erin has also been working hard for the past ten years, but has accumulated virtually no wealth because she is paid the federal minimum wage and also supports her elderly mother. José and Erin demonstrate a. the just-world hypothesis. b. the wealth gap. c. hegemony. d. meritocracy.

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 7.8 Inequality and the Ideology of the American Dream

MSC: Applying

99. Why might someone resist treating Oprah Winfrey as the ultimate symbol of the American Dream? a. She was born into a fairly wealthy family. b. She represents the exception rather than the rule. c. She has recently lost most of her resources and is not particularly well off. d. Her family might not have had much money, but it did have social connections that helped her career.

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 7.8 Inequality and the Ideology of the American Dream

MSC: Understanding

100. What is the movement called that encourages people to work less, consume less, and generally “downshift” their lifestyles? a. class consciousness b. the just-world movement c. cultural capital d. the simplicity movement ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 7.8 Inequality and the Ideology of the American Dream

MSC: Remembering

101. The idea of the American Dream is MOST closely related to which of the following? a. social conflict theory b. structural mobility c. vertical social mobility d. class consciousness ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 7.8 Inequality and the Ideology of the American Dream

MSC: Analyzing

102. Manohla Dargis called the movie The Pursuit of Happyness “the same old bootstraps story, an American Dream artfully told, skillfully sold. How you respond to this man’s moving story may depend on whether you find Mr. Smith’s and his son’s performances so overwhelmingly winning that you buy the idea that poverty is a function of bad luck and bad choices, and success the result of heroic toil and dreams.” What idea is being expressed here? a. The American Dream is an ideology. b. America is a largely class-free society.

c. Poverty is absolute, not relative. d. Most Americans will inherit their parents’ class status.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: 7.8 Inequality and the Ideology of the American Dream

MSC: Applying

103. Lilly Ledbetter, a supervisor at a Goodyear tire plant, discovered late in her career that she had been paid considerably less than any of the other people in her position. She argued that being paid less was simple discrimination since she was the only female supervisor. Assuming Ledbetter was right, it shows that her workplace was NOT a. class conscious. b. aware of the law. c. a meritocracy. d. gender biased.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 7.8 Inequality and the Ideology of the American Dream

MSC: Applying

104. A young doctor fresh out of medical school is looking for a position where he can work about twenty hours a week, even though he will make much less money than other doctors. He is likely a. lazy and selfish about helping people in need. b. part of the simplicity movement. c. experiencing structural mobility. d. not very skilled.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 7.8 Inequality and the Ideology of the American Dream

MSC: Applying

105. ________ is a form of stratification in which all positions are awarded on the basis of merit. a. Democracy b. Meritocracy c. Oligarchy d. Technocracy ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 7.8 Inequality and the Ideology of the American Dream

MSC: Remembering

TRUE/FALSE 1. There have been many societies throughout history with no social stratification.

ANS: F DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 7.2 Systems of Stratification

2. In the United States, the denial of citizenship rights such as voting to convicted felons, who are disproportionately African American, has been compared to the caste system.

ANS: T DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 7.2 Systems of Stratification

3. The caste system is the most extreme system of social stratification.

ANS: F DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 7.2 Systems of Stratification

4. Examples of caste systems can be found in both South Africa’s apartheid and in the United States as a result of Jim Crow laws.

ANS: T DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 7.2 Systems of Stratification

5. The upper class represents just 1 percent of the U.S. population, but it has more wealth than the entire bottom 90 percent.

ANS: T DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 7.3 Social Classes in the United States

6. The middle class is made up of mostly blue-collar workers.

ANS: F DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 7.3 Social Classes in the United States

7. Culture is a source of shared norms and values, but cultural capital can never generate profits like economic capital can.

ANS: F DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 7.4 Theories of Social Class

8. Some sociologists suggest that, like extreme poverty, extreme wealth should be thought of as a social problem.

ANS: T

DIF: Difficult

REF: 7.7 Poverty

MSC: Remembering

9. In the United States, hard work and dedication lift the majority of people out of poverty.

ANS: F DIF: Easy REF: 7.8 Inequality and the Ideology of the American Dream

MSC: Understanding

10. The wealth gap involves the unequal distribution of prestige or social honor that some individuals receive for being members of particular groups.

ANS: F DIF: Easy REF: 7.8 Inequality and the Ideology of the American Dream

MSC: Understanding

SHORT ANSWER 1. In Japan, men rank higher than women in the social hierarchy. However, Yoshiko Shinohara is one of Japan’s 50 richest people and has appeared on Forbes’s Asia 50 Power Businesswoman list. Explain how both of these statements are true, utilizing the principles of stratification.

ANS: Stratification is a characteristic of society rather than a reflection of individual differences. This means that in Japan as a whole, men rank higher than women, despite the fact that a particular woman may rank higher than a particular man.

DIF: Moderate REF: 7.1 Social Stratification and Social Inequality MSC: Understanding

2. Explain the system of stratification that currently exists in the United States in two to three sentences.

ANS: The system of stratification that currently exists in the United States is a social class system whereby people are ranked by their wealth, property, power, and prestige. In the U.S. class system, people are divided into upper, middle, and lower classes. People inherit the social class of their parents, but because it is an open system of stratification, they can move up or down levels in the strata during the course of their lifetimes.

DIF: Easy

REF: 7.2 Systems of Stratification

MSC: Understanding

3. In a few sentences, compare and contrast the class and caste systems of stratification.

ANS: Class and caste are both types of social stratification whereby people are placed in a social hierarchy.

Social class systems are found primarily in capitalist societies and rank people based upon wealth, property, power, and prestige. Although people inherit their parents’ social class position, social classes are less rigid and allow people to move up or down levels in the strata. In contrast, caste systems are based upon heredity and often religious, economic, political, or physical characteristics. However, there is little to no room to change one’s position in the social hierarchy despite what a person may achieve individually.

DIF: Easy

REF: 7.2 Systems of Stratification

MSC: Analyzing

4. According to Max Weber, what are the three components of class? Explain each of them in your own words.

ANS: Max Weber identified the three components of class as wealth, power, and prestige. For Weber, wealth consists of income and property, power is the ability to impose one’s will on others, and prestige is the social honor granted to people because of their membership in certain groups.

DIF: Moderate

REF: 7.4 Theories of Social Class

MSC: Understanding

5. Explain Bourdieu’s postmodern theory of social reproduction and the powerful role of cultural capital.

ANS: Social reproduction occurs when social class is passed down from one generation to the next, thus remaining relatively stable. This happens through the acquisition of cultural capital, in which children inherit the tastes, habits, and expectations of their parents that can either help or hinder them as they become adults.

DIF: Easy

REF: 7.4 Theories of Social Class

MSC: Understanding

6. What observations might people make that contribute to their everyday class consciousness?

ANS: Answers may vary, but should include that people make split-second judgments using appearance, behaviors, activities, friends, and property to assess the social class of others as well as themselves.

DIF: Moderate

REF: 7.4 Theories of Social Class

MSC: Analyzing

7. Explain two ways in which belonging to a particular social class has a profound effect on almost every aspect of a person’s life.

ANS: Answers may vary, but should include an explanation as to how social class has such profound consequences that it is possible to make general predictions about a person’s life chances concerning education, work, crime, family, and health. Answers should elaborate on at least two of these five aspects.

DIF: Moderate REF: 7.5 Socioeconomic Status and Life Chances MSC: Understanding 8. Briefly explain the concept of social mobility. What is the current trend of social mobility in the United States today?

ANS: Social mobility is the movement of individuals or groups within the hierarchal system of social classes.

Systems of stratification can either be closed, allowing for little to no social mobility, or open, allowing social mobility as a possibility. Social mobility has stalled in contemporary American society. Many Americans will exceed their parents’ income and wealth, but this will not move them into a higher social class position.

DIF: Moderate

REF: 7.6 Social Mobility

MSC: Understanding

9. In what ways does the digital divide contribute to social inequality?

ANS: Answers may vary, but should include that inequality in the access to and use of digital technology has profound consequences on education and job attainment.

DIF: Easy

REF: 7.7 Poverty

MSC: Understanding

10. Contrary to popular myth, most people living in poverty are employed. Explain how the current minimum wage contributes to someone being part of the working poor.

ANS: The annual earnings of a full-time, federal minimum-wage worker who supports at least one dependent put them below the federal poverty line. Even full-time minimum-wage earnings are not enough for many to be able to afford basic necessities.

DIF: Easy

REF: 7.7 Poverty

MSC: Understanding

ESSAY 1. A social stratification system exists in every society. Discuss the characteristics that all social stratification systems share.

ANS:

Answers should illustrate the four principles of social stratification. First, stratification is a characteristic of a society and not a reflection of individual differences among its members. An individual from a lower social class can always gain more power and prestige than an individual from a higher class, but the former is often still lower on the social ladder than the latter. Second, social stratification remains in place over generations, which means that children tend to inherit their parents’ social statuses. Third, different societies use different criteria to devise their social stratification systems. Some societies may use material wealth, while others rely more heavily on skin color or gender. Fourth, systems of social stratification continue because members of a society share a widely held belief in them.

DIF: Easy REF: 7.1 Social Stratification and Social Inequality MSC: Understanding 2. Not all systems of slavery were like the one found in the United States. In some countries, enslaved people were not kidnapped from a distant country, and owners had the same racial and ethnic backgrounds as the people they enslaved. Discuss how this type of slavery worked and how certain people were enslaved within a society.

ANS: In ancient Greece and Rome, slave owners shared a common ancestor with the people they enslaved.

Any answer should discuss debtors who could not pay being enslaved by creditors, losers of wars being enslaved by winners, and perpetrators of crimes being enslaved as punishment and as compensation for victims.

DIF: Moderate

REF: 7.2 Systems of Stratification

MSC: Remembering

3. Explain status inconsistency and give two examples of it.

ANS: Status inconsistency is the contrast between different elements of a person’s socioeconomic status. A good example of status inconsistency is when someone from a poor background earns enough wealth over their lifetime to become part of the upper class. A good answer will discuss some specific examples of status inconsistency. One such example is that of the billionaire businessman Sam Walton, who grew up on a struggling Oklahoma farm but went on to found the Walmart franchise. Another example would be Mother Teresa, who accumulated much power and prestige and was among the most admired people in the twentieth century—and even received the Nobel Peace Prize—but took vows of poverty and amassed virtually no personal wealth.

DIF: Moderate REF: 7.3 Social Classes in the United States MSC: Understanding 4. Most people describe themselves as belonging to the middle class, but in reality, only about 30% of Americans are part of the middle class. Describe the typical occupations, lifestyles, and earnings of people from each of the major social classes of the United States. What do sociologists consider to be problematic about these measures?

ANS:

Social stratification in the United States includes six main classes, including the upper class, the upper-middle class, the middle class, the working class, the working poor, and the underclass. A good answer will describe each class. The upper class makes up just 1% of the U.S. population, but enjoys more wealth than the other 99% combined. Members of the upper class make around $2 million a year and have often inherited large family fortunes, which are sometimes referred to as “old money.” They are highly educated and often attend prestigious, private schools and universities. A typical member of the upper-middle class is well educated, highly skilled, and often makes around $150,000 a year. The middle class is comprised mainly of skilled white collar workers who are employed in technical and lower-management jobs and who make around $70,000 a year. Members of the working class typically have a high school education and work in blue collar or service industry jobs earning around $40,000 a year. The working poor are made up of poorly educated, low-skill workers who make around $25,000 a year, suffer frequent unemployment and underemployment, and often need welfare to survive. The underclass is the most disadvantaged class, generally earning $15,000 or less per year, counting on charity or welfare, and often suffering bouts of homelessness. This class is most concentrated in inner cities, although numbers in the suburbs are growing.

The complexity of the variables associated with socioeconomic status makes the categories problematic. People can have very high levels of education with little to no income. In addition, status inconsistency exists, as the book indicates in the case of Mother Teresa. She lived in poverty, as avowed through her religious order, but was one of the most admired and respected people in the world during the twentieth century.

DIF: Moderate REF: 7.3 Social Classes in the United States MSC: Remembering 5. Describe and analyze Pierre Bourdieu’s theory of cultural capital in terms of microsociology and macrosociology. What elements of his theory are more like conflict theory? What elements are more like symbolic interactionism?

ANS: All answers should point out that Bourdieu’s theory bridges the gap between macro and micro theories.

Students should be aware, on some level, that class status is structural, categorical, and external, but it is also created and sustained through interactions. Structure shapes interaction and interaction generates structure. Specifically, students should be able to talk about the ways Bourdieu sees people as inheriting statuses from their parents and from preexisting categories (structures). For Bourdieu, this status is used to gain advantage in everyday, face-to-face interactions.

DIF: Difficult

REF: 7.4 Theories of Social Class

MSC: Evaluating

6. Half of all children grow up to have the same socioeconomic class as their parents. Discuss the ways in which Pierre Bourdieu’s concept of cultural capital influences this phenomenon.

ANS: Bourdieu’s concept of cultural capital explains how the tastes, habits, expectations, skills, and knowledge passed from parent to child can either help or hinder a child as they grow up and finds their place in the world. Any answer should mention the ways in which a parent’s education level can affect a child’s educational success. For example, middle- and upper-class parents who are more likely to be highly educated themselves can help their children with homework. This increases the likelihood that their offspring will also get good educations and, eventually, good jobs. A good answer should also mention how those around us perceive cultural capital. The example outlined in Chapter 7 involves a job interview in which an employer might be more likely to hire a candidate with good social skills and less likely to hire one with an accent that labels him or her as too “street” or too much of a “hick.”

DIF: Easy

REF: 7.4 Theories of Social Class

MSC: Understanding

7. According to Max Weber, the traditional source of wealth, owning the means of production, is not the only factor in determining social status. How does Weber conceptualize power and prestige? Why does he argue that power and prestige, in addition to material wealth, are important factors in determining a person’s social status?

ANS: Wealth, power, and prestige are interrelated and often come together. Any answer should mention the distinctions among the three as outlined by Weber. According to Weber, wealth is inherited or earned, power is the ability to impose one’s will on others, and prestige is a social identity bestowed by others based on a person’s membership in some well-regarded group. A good answer will also discuss the role each factor plays in determining a person’s social status. Wealth can be, but is not always, a source of prestige because, in certain circles, prestige is tied to where wealth came from and how long it has been held. Also, power can lead to both wealth and prestige. The example outlined in Chapter 7 involved the executives of big, publicly traded corporations. They do not own companies, but running them is a powerful and therefore prestigious and well-paid position.

DIF: Easy

REF: 7.4 Theories of Social Class

MSC: Understanding

8. The feudal system, which is a closed social hierarchy, was dissolving and making way for a more open system when Karl Marx wrote about inequality. Why was Marx so worried about the new capitalist system that was emerging?

ANS: According to Chapter 7, the growth of industry in large cities was breaking down the system of birthright nobility. Any answer should discuss the emerging system of social inequality that Marx identified. This system was made up of capitalist bourgeoisie, who owned the means of production, and proletariat workers, who owned their own labor. Marx was worried about this new system because he thought economic relationships were fast becoming the only social relationships that mattered. He foresaw a future in which social stratification would keep a small group of elite capitalists in power and able to exploit the working class.

DIF: Moderate

REF: 7.4 Theories of Social Class

MSC: Understanding

9. Homogamy is the practice of choosing a romantic partner based on similarities in background and group membership. Why do so many people choose life partners with racial, religious, and class backgrounds similar to their own?

ANS: Any answer should mention the idea that most people have few chances to meet others from different backgrounds because we tend to work with, live near, and socialize with people whose backgrounds are similar to our own. A good answer will also mention the role of the upper class in keeping its wealth consolidated. Wealthy parents make sure their offspring will only meet and socialize with the children of other wealthy families by sending their children to expensive prep schools and posh summer camps. A good answer might also mention some high-profile examples of marriages between members of two equally rich and powerful families like those of Julie Nixon and David Eisenhower, Kerry Kennedy and Andrew Cuomo, and Beyoncé Knowles and Jay-Z. DIF: Moderate REF: 7.5 Socioeconomic Status and Life Chances MSC: Understanding 10. Studies show that people from higher socioeconomic backgrounds tend to live longer and report feeling healthier than people from lower classes. What are some explanations for this phenomenon?

ANS:

Any answer should mention the fact that people at the bottom of the social class ladder are the least likely to get adequate nutrition, shelter, clothing, and health care, and are thus more likely to become ill.

They are also less likely to be able to afford regular doctor visits and prescription drugs. Often, they wait until a medical condition becomes chronic before getting treatment at an emergency room. A good answer should also mention the role of exercise. Wealthier people are more likely to understand the health benefits of exercise. They are also more likely to have the time and money for gym memberships compared to their more disadvantaged counterparts, who are often too preoccupied with the daily struggle of paying the bills.

DIF: Easy REF: 7.5 Socioeconomic Status and Life Chances MSC: Understanding 11. How can a person’s socioeconomic status affect their chances of succeeding financially and professionally?

ANS: Answers may vary, but should include that education plays a major role in what kind of job will be available to someone and how much money they will be able to make. Any answer should mention the idea that schools in lower-income neighborhoods often have fewer financial resources and more difficulty in attracting qualified teachers. Children’s socioeconomic statuses also affect how much school they are expected to complete, with students from higher social classes being expected to complete more school than students from lower classes. A good answer will also discuss the types of jobs most often available to people from different class backgrounds. People from the working or lower-middle class can often earn dependable wages in a variety of blue-collar jobs, but those jobs are more frequently subject to layoffs during economic downturns.

DIF: Moderate REF: 7.5 Socioeconomic Status and Life Chances MSC: Understanding 12. What do sociologists mean when they say that the homeless population of the United States is often “invisible”?

ANS: As Chapter 7 points out, public officials actively try to render the homeless invisible in certain situations by, for example, rousting them from public spaces before a major event is set to take place. Any answer should also mention that it is difficult to determine exactly how many people in the United States are homeless because the Census Bureau focuses on households when it counts the population. A good answer should also mention John Coleman’s experiment as an “undercover” homeless man in New York City. Coleman noticed that most people tried to avoid even looking at him, and people he knew from his real life did not recognize him. This demonstrated that feelings of discomfort and guilt on the part of more privileged classes also contribute to the invisibility of the homeless.

DIF: Easy

REF: 7.7 Poverty

MSC: Understanding

13. Residential segregation is the geographical isolation of the poor from the rest of a city’s population.

Explain how residential segregation is able to flourish in the United States and what characterizes a neighborhood that is segregated in this manner.

ANS:

Any answer should discuss the role of public housing projects in the promotion of residential segregation and in the characterization of segregated, low-income neighborhoods. These HUD-funded complexes provide affordable housing to the poor, but they are often densely packed apartment complexes that are typically located in economically depressed areas with high crime rates. A good answer should also mention the practice of “redlining,” whereby banks and mortgage companies discriminate against people from lower-class neighborhoods. A good answer might also mention that the phrase “the wrong side of the tracks” originated because railroad tracks often served as boundaries between black and white neighborhoods in American cities.

DIF: Moderate

REF: 7.7 Poverty

MSC: Understanding

14. Oscar Lewis’s concept of a culture of poverty suggests that a fatalistic and resigned attitude exists among the poor, which leads them to accept their social status. Discuss some of the major criticisms of this controversial point of view.

ANS: According to Chapter 7, one of the major problems sociologists have with Lewis’s idea is that it makes it easy to do nothing about poverty because it assumes that poverty is a cultural rather than a structural problem. A good answer will mention the just-world hypothesis or people’s desire to believe in a fair world. In this way, a belief in Lewis’s culture of poverty leads people to blame poverty on the poor rather than to see the poor as victims of a system that allows them few options to change their socioeconomic status. A good answer might also mention the work of Dalton Conley, who believes that the culture of poverty ignores the entrenched structural factors that not only keep the poor in poverty but also maintain the wealth of the upper class. Conley’s research suggests that in order to truly understand the causes of poverty, we might also examine extreme wealth as a social problem.

DIF: Easy

REF: 7.7 Poverty

MSC: Understanding

15. The American Dream is the pursuit of material and personal success as well as the idea that anyone can achieve such success. How does widespread belief in the American Dream and individualism actually serve to reinforce socioeconomic barriers?

ANS: An important factor in understanding the American Dream is recognizing that it is an ideology more than a reality. In other words, it is a belief system that justifies the status quo of America’s social system. Any answer should explain that belief in the American Dream reinforces social divisions by assuming that everyone has the same chance to succeed. A good answer will also mention the somewhat flawed notion inherent in the American Dream ideology that American society is a meritocracy, which makes it easier to see wealthy people as earning their status and poor people as deserving theirs. An answer might also mention how subscribers to the American Dream often consider people like Oprah Winfrey who were able to make huge vertical leaps on the socioeconomic ladder as the rule rather than as the exception.

DIF: Moderate REF: 7.8 Inequality and the Ideology of the American Dream MSC: Understanding

Chapter 8 Race and Ethnicity as Lived Experience MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The issue associated with race and ethnicity that Chris Rock’s “driving while black” selfies represent is a. situational ethnicity. b. cultural appropriation. c. racial profiling. d. symbolic ethnicity.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 8.0 Race and Ethnicity as Lived Experience

2. Pablo lives in the United States, where most people assume that he is Arab until they learn his name and hear his accent. They are surprised when Pablo tells them that he is from Spain and identifies as white, not Latino. Some people even tell Pablo that he isn’t really white. What does this suggest about race? a. The criteria used to determine a person’s race does not vary across culture or time. b. Race is socially defined, and the criteria used to determine a person’s race varies. c. Race isn’t always obvious, but Pablo could take a DNA test to determine his race. d. Race is no longer important in the United States.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 8.1 Defining Race and Ethnicity

3. The 2000 census was the first time that Americans were allowed to ________ when identifying their race. a. provide genetic proof b. indicate they had none c. select a different box than their fathers d. check more than one box ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 8.1 Defining Race and Ethnicity

4. Regarding racial categories, modern science has determined that a. there is greater diversity between racial populations than within them. b. biologically, there is no such thing as a pure race. c. some racial groups are genetically predisposed to be more intelligent than others. d. some racial groups are genetically predisposed to be more athletically inclined than others.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 8.1 Defining Race and Ethnicity

5. Race is defined by sociologists a. as a group with a shared cultural heritage. b. in the same way they define ethnicity. c. as the difference between Mongoloid, Negroid, and Caucasoid people. d. as a social category based on real or perceived biological differences.

ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 8.1 Defining Race and Ethnicity

6. Sociologists define ethnicity a. as people who share a common physical characteristic.

b. as people with the same skin color. c. as a group with a shared ancestry or shared cultural heritage. d. the same way they define race.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 8.1 Defining Race and Ethnicity

7. In the early 1900s, native-born Americans, usually Protestants, did NOT consider Irish, Italian, or Jewish immigrants to be white. What does this illustrate? a. racial passing b. an enactment of minority group c. the social construction of race d. racial pluralism ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 8.1 Defining Race and Ethnicity

8. The fact that immigrants from Eastern Europe, Asia, and Latin America tended to be shorter than native-born Americans was taken as evidence that there were inherent racial differences between these populations. However, the immigrants had children who grew up to be as tall as anyone else. Geneticists now understand that, although there can be considerable variation in height within a group due to genetics, height differences between groups are largely caused by diet. What does this demonstrate? a. Race will always be an important way to understand physical traits. b. There are essential differences between racial populations. c. Some physical features, like blood type, are correlated with race. d. Racial differences are socially constructed and not genetic.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 8.1 Defining Race and Ethnicity

9. In the 1900s, there was a strong prejudice against Irish immigrants and their descendants. What does this tell you about the history of the Irish in the United States? a. The Irish were once considered to be a separate race. b. Racial hostility is permanent. c. There were significant biological differences between Irish people and American people. d. Ireland must have changed a great deal over the course of the twentieth century.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 8.1 Defining Race and Ethnicity

10. Brazilians have many other racial categories including moreno, mulato, neguinho, and pretinho. Most of these terms do not have an equivalent in the United States. What does this tell you? a. Race is a social construct. b. Brazil places more importance on symbolic ethnicity. c. The United States is less diverse than Brazil. d. Brazil has never used science to classify its population.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 8.1 Defining Race and Ethnicity

11. What are displays of ethnic identity that only occur on special occasions? a. celebratory ethnicity b. symbolic ethnicity c. situational ethnicity d. religious identity

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 8.1 Defining Race and Ethnicity

12. How do we decide when to display situational ethnicity? a. We decide based on the holiday. b. We follow our family’s demands. c. We only consider religious holidays. d. We do a cost-benefit analysis.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 8.1 Defining Race and Ethnicity

13. In the United States, ________ would have the MOST freedom in choosing whether or not to display their race or ethnicity. a. Asian Americans b. Hispanic Americans c. African Americans d. Irish Americans ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 8.1 Defining Race and Ethnicity

14. Casimir Pulaski Day is an important holiday in Chicago, which has more Polish Americans than anywhere else in the United States. Although not well remembered in the rest of the country, Pulaski was a Polish-born hero of the American Revolution and a cavalry general. What concept helps to explain why this holiday is so much more important to people who trace their ancestry to Poland? a. racial passing b. symbolic ethnicity c. situational ethnicity d. the social construction of race ANS: B MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Difficult

REF: 8.1 Defining Race and Ethnicity

15. A young person from Southern California has four German grandparents. She lived in Los Angeles all her life before accepting a job in Milwaukee. She has never really thought about her German heritage. In Milwaukee, she discovers many other people with similar ancestries and begins using her ethnicity as a way to develop social and professional relationships. Of what is this an example? a. symbolic ethnicity b. passing c. situational ethnicity d. the disparities in racial consequences ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: 8.1 Defining Race and Ethnicity

16. Marco is a fourth-generation Mexican American. Both his grandparents and parents were born in the United States. Neither he nor his parents have learned Spanish and he does not often think of his heritage. Most of his friends do not think of him as Hispanic or Latino. However, on Cinco de Mayo, Marco likes to go out and celebrate by eating Mexican food and wearing a sombrero. Marco’s relationship with his ethnicity can be described as a. situational. b. symbolic. c. institutional. d. conscious.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 8.1 Defining Race and Ethnicity | InQuizitive

17. The current demographics of California challenge the way the term “minority” has been used in the past because a. Latinos are a numerical minority but are socially powerful. b. there are far fewer African Americans in California than in the rest of the country. c. whites are now less than half of the population of California. d. California is more tolerant of its ethnic diversity than is the rest of the country.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 8.2 The U.S. Population by Race

18. A state is called ________ when whites are less than half the population. a. pluralistic b. postmodern c. minority d. majority-minority ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 8.2 The U.S. Population by Race

19. Sociologists define a minority group as a group a. that makes up less than 50 percent of the total population. b. that makes up less than 20 percent of the total population. c. with members who are denied access to power and resources. d. that is smaller than the dominant group.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 8.2 The U.S. Population by Race

20. How can you tell that whites are still the dominant group in California despite demographic shifts? a. They discriminate against other racial and ethnic groups. b. They have more power, resources, and representation in social institutions. c. They are overrepresented in prisons. d. They are overrepresented as victims of violent crimes.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 8.2 The U.S. Population by Race

21. Texas has never had a Hispanic governor, and the percentage of Hispanic Americans in Texas state government is low. However, many Hispanic Americans live in Texas. In 2012, they made up nearly 40% of the state’s population. Would a sociologist in Texas call Hispanic Americans a minority group? a. No, because they make up so much of the state’s population. b. Yes, because a minority group refers to any group that is not the largest numerically. c. Yes, because they are denied access to power and resources. d. No, because they are the racial group with the most power and wealth.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 8.2 The U.S. Population by Race

22. ________ occur(s) when minority group members are prejudiced against themselves or their own group. a. Internalized racism b. Individual discrimination c. Microaggressions

d. Color-blind racism ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 8.3 Racism in Its Many Forms

23. ________ is a set of beliefs about the superiority of one racial or ethnic group compared to another. a. Discrimination b. Racism c. Prejudice d. Assimilation ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 8.3 Racism in Its Many Forms

24. What would a sociologist call the belief that members of one racial group are genetically predisposed to be more intelligent than members of another racial group? a. discrimination b. prejudice c. racial passing d. pluralism ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 8.3 Racism in Its Many Forms

25. How is prejudice different from discrimination? a. Prejudices can only be negative; discrimination can be either negative or positive. b. Prejudice only occurs within minority groups, but discrimination can happen anywhere. c. Prejudice requires the negatively affected group to be a minority group while discrimination does not. d. Prejudice is an attitude; discrimination is an action.

ANS: D MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Easy

REF: 8.3 Racism in Its Many Forms

26. The belief that all Irish are drunks is an example of a. discrimination. b. miscegenation. c. passing. d. prejudice.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 8.3 Racism in Its Many Forms

27. ________ is an action or behavior that results in the unequal treatment of an individual because of their membership in a racial or ethnic group. a. Prejudice b. Discrimination c. Pluralism d. Passing ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 8.3 Racism in Its Many Forms

28. Racial and ethnic minorities are often portrayed in visual representations as animalistic or subhuman, often as monkeys or chimpanzees. Why might racist imagery so often use animals? a. Representing someone as a primate is the worst possible insult for Europeans.

b. Many minority cultures have cultural associations with monkeys. c. Racists are not really very imaginative, so they simply recycle the same stereotypes. d. Animal imagery supports the assumption that differences between groups are innate or biologically based.

ANS: D MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Difficult

REF: 8.3 Racism in Its Many Forms

29. Plantation owners in early America often argued that enslaved Africans were better off because they did not have the mental capacity to run their own lives. Today, this seems both racist and idiotic. How could such racist beliefs flourish? a. People are by nature hostile and look to blame their problems on others. b. Such beliefs justify social arrangements between dominant and minority groups that benefit those who accept them. c. People knew much less about world history then, so it seemed more plausible. d. Nineteenth-century science was not well developed, so no authority figures could debunk racist beliefs.

ANS: B MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Difficult

REF: 8.3 Racism in Its Many Forms

30. The Bell Curve by Richard J. Herrnstein and Charles Murray generated an enormous amount of controversy because it suggested that racial differences in IQ scores were due to genetically driven differences in intelligence. It argued that “both genes and the environment have something to do with racial differences.” For those who disagreed, this seemed like a familiar argument because a. racism usually is reducible to a group’s cultural characteristics. b. this is the same argument that was made by the founding fathers to justify the treatment of Native Americans and Africans. c. it leaves education policy at the center of a racial controversy. d. racist beliefs are often rooted in the assumption that differences between groups are genetic.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: 8.3 Racism in Its Many Forms

31. Many immigrants to the United States have gotten in trouble for keeping livestock in urban areas, especially chickens, goats, and pigs. Their neighbors feel it is acceptable to own a 150-pound mastiff, but “unsanitary” to have a 50-pound goat that provides milk. In this case, what is driving racism? a. the need to generate finance capital b. the assumption that differences between groups are innate or biologically based c. a negative view of a group’s cultural characteristics d. the linguistic barriers that prevent communication ANS: C DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: 8.3 Racism in Its Many Forms

32. An example of prejudice is a. not hiring someone because of their ethnicity. b. giving African Americans higher mortgage interest rates. c. only searching people of certain ethnicities at the airport. d. believing that Asians are better at math.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

33. An example of discrimination is

REF: 8.3 Racism in Its Many Forms

a. b. c. d.

refusing to sell someone a house because of their race. believing that Asians are good at math. thinking that African Americans are better dancers than white people. believing that the Irish drink too much.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 8.3 Racism in Its Many Forms

34. How is institutional discrimination different from individual discrimination? a. Institutional discrimination involves attitudes or opinions. b. Institutional discrimination can be either positive or negative. c. Institutional discrimination is more systemic and widespread. d. Institutional discrimination is less harmful.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 8.3 Racism in Its Many Forms

35. Banks often offer customers with low credit scores subprime loans that have higher-than-normal interest rates. What is the bank guilty of if it gives three times as many subprime loans to black Americans than to white Americans even when they have the same credit scores? a. individual discrimination b. reverse racism c. institutional discrimination d. microaggressions ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 8.3 Racism in Its Many Forms

36. The goal of affirmative action is to a. increase diversity. b. disadvantage white students. c. achieve reverse discrimination. d. provide a justification for reverse racism.

ANS: A MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Difficult

REF: 8.3 Racism in Its Many Forms

37. An enormous controversy erupted in 1991 after five Los Angeles police officers were caught on tape beating a motorist named Rodney King. Many people see it as a blatant act of discrimination, although there continues to be much controversy regarding the event. Under what circumstances would this beating be considered institutional discrimination? a. It would be seen as institutional discrimination as long as none of the officers involved had a financial motive. b. Under no circumstances could this be institutional discrimination, as it was carried out by individuals. c. It would be considered institutional discrimination if the leadership of the Los Angeles Police Department condoned or encouraged this type of behavior on a regular basis. d. It would be considered institutional discrimination if it could be shown that at least one of the officers was truly racist.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: 8.3 Racism in Its Many Forms

38. In 1993, six African American Secret Service agents filed a complaint with the Department of Justice against Denny’s for refusal of service. They argued that the restaurant took much longer to serve them than other customers. Thousands of other African Americans came forward with similar allegations after the complaint was filed. What are these allegations evidence of? a. situational ethnicity b. assimilation c. institutional discrimination d. individual discrimination ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 8.3 Racism in Its Many Forms

39. What could be seen as evidence of individual discrimination if a landlord was found guilty of discriminatory practices for refusing to rent to Latino tenants? a. The landlord was following the instructions of the local business association. b. Other Latino tenants were able to find places to rent in the area. c. Latino tenants had a hard time finding someone who would rent to them. d. The landlord was supported by all the other big landlords in the area.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: 8.3 Racism in Its Many Forms

40. The “Jim Crow” laws, which mandated separate facilities for whites and blacks, were an example of a. population transfer. b. assimilation. c. individual discrimination. d. institutional discrimination.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 8.3 Racism in Its Many Forms

41. White privilege is the idea that one group in society enjoys certain unearned privileges and that group members are a. discriminating blatantly against minority group members. b. actively seeking to maintain such privileges. c. largely unaware of the unequal benefits they possess. d. seeking to change the racial inequalities.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 8.3 Racism in Its Many Forms

42. Barack Obama became the first black president in 2009. Some people feel that this election demonstrates that racism is a thing of the past. This way of thinking is typical of a. color-blind racism. b. institutional discrimination. c. racial passing. d. cultural appropriation.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 8.3 Racism in Its Many Forms

43. Color blindness contributes to racial inequalities because it a. leads to overt discriminatory lending in home mortgages resulting in unequal accumulation of wealth by racial minorities. b. serves to maintain high levels of acceptable discriminatory practices in the workplace.

c. encourages moderate prejudice and discrimination in the system of education. d. perpetuates racial inequalities by making subtle forms of racism difficult to recognize and therefore difficult to address.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: 8.3 Racism in Its Many Forms

44. Understanding that racism in the United States created and maintains inequality is characteristic of a. color blindness. b. race consciousness. c. white privilege. d. reverse racism.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 8.3 Racism in Its Many Forms

45. Michelle was born and raised in the United States, but her grandparents are from Korea. Her white classmate was also born and raised in the United States, but his grandparents are from Poland. He tells Michelle that she speaks English very well because he assumes, based on her race, that she is an immigrant. This is an example of a. color-blind racism. b. a microaggression. c. white privilege. d. reverse racism.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 8.3 Racism in Its Many Forms

46. Which term describes the slights, insults, and misperceptions directed at members of a minority group that play out in everyday interactions? a. microaggressions b. cultural appropriation c. antiracism d. reverse racism ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 8.3 Racism in Its Many Forms

47. Halloween costume makers and retailers make generous profits from selling costumes that allow their wearers to be Indian princesses or gypsies. What are they engaging in by profiting from the stereotypical display of marginalized groups without fully understanding and appreciating the culture? a. assimilation b. miscegenation c. race consciousness d. cultural appropriation ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 8.3 Racism in Its Many Forms

48. What is it called when members of the dominant group—whites, in the case of race—believe they are discriminated against because of their race? a. white nationalism b. color-blind racism c. microaggressions d. reverse racism

ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 8.3 Racism in Its Many Forms

49. Which of the following states passed a law banning affirmative action in higher education? a. Texas b. New York c. Alabama d. California ANS: D DIF: Difficult MSC: Remembering

REF: 8.3 Racism in Its Many Forms | InQuizitive

50. A very tanned white businessman in Texas adopts a stereotyped Hispanic persona to help him sell used cars. He creates commercials in which he speaks in an accent, wears a sombrero and a poncho, and plays “Jarabe Tapatío,” or “The Mexican Hat Dance” song in the background. What is this an example of? a. cultural appropriation b. color-blind racism c. race consciousness d. embodied identity ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 8.3 Racism in Its Many Forms | InQuizitive

51. Critical race theory explores the relationship among race and what two other concepts? a. symbolic ethnicity and situational ethnicity b. individual discrimination and institutional discrimination c. racism and power d. race and ethnicity ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 8.3 Racism in Its Many Forms

52. What racial issue does functionalism help to explain? a. the persistence of racial divisions in America today b. the assimilation of European ethnic groups into larger society c. the continued existence of a distinct Latino identity and culture in the United States d. the everyday mechanisms of racial passing ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 8.4 Theoretical Approaches to Understanding Race

53. What explanation does functionalism have for prejudice and discrimination today? a. Prejudice and discrimination are the result of a struggle for scarce resources. b. Prejudice and discrimination are perpetuated by economic but not racial factors. c. Prejudice and discrimination are established on an international level. d. Prejudice and discrimination help to increase group cohesion.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 8.4 Theoretical Approaches to Understanding Race

54. What kind of sociologist believes that racial and ethnic identities bind people together and help society run much more efficiently? a. a structural functionalist b. a conflict theorist c. a symbolic interactionist

d. a Weberian ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: 8.4 Theoretical Approaches to Understanding Race

55. What is the real source of racism according to conflict theory? a. the need for social equality for capitalism to function b. the people who attempt to live as if they were members of a different racial group c. the struggle between groups over power and control d. the desire for assimilation of minority groups into majority groups ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 8.4 Theoretical Approaches to Understanding Race

56. According to theorists like Edna Bonacich, what is the effect of a split labor market in which workers belonging to one race are paid less than those of a different race? a. The effects of racism are compounded by poverty. b. The need to assimilate and achieve greater group cohesion is strengthened. c. Racial tensions are lessened and conflict decreases. d. Increasing numbers of workers may attempt to pass as another race.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult MSC: Remembering

REF: 8.4 Theoretical Approaches to Understanding Race

57. According to William Julius Wilson, racism has created a black underclass, but this underclass is perpetuated by a. prejudice. b. individual racism. c. racial passing. d. economic factors.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult MSC: Remembering

REF: 8.4 Theoretical Approaches to Understanding Race

58. What do recent theorists like Tomás Almaguer argue that differs from the belief that racism is a product of class differences? a. Racist beliefs can become part of economic life. b. Race and class have nothing in common. c. Many minority groups benefit from government policies, and it is actually whites who are discriminated against. d. There are very few economic differences between racial groups.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult MSC: Remembering

REF: 8.4 Theoretical Approaches to Understanding Race

59. What is the relationship between race and class, according to sociologists such as Michael Omi and Howard Winant? a. Race is not a side effect of class; rather, it permeates every aspect of daily life. b. Race is a secondary phenomenon that results from the class system. c. Class is an unintended consequence of racial hierarchies. d. Both race and class are created by biological factors inherent in being human.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: 8.4 Theoretical Approaches to Understanding Race

60. Classical Marxist analysis often argued that everything is ultimately determined by the economy, even though, sometimes, it is through many complicated steps. Can economic factors explain racism? a. No, almost none of the factors associated with racism can be understood in economic terms. b. The link between race and class is very strong, and almost all sociologists accept that race is primarily a way to keep the working class divided. c. The link between race and class is useful and important, but it does not provide a satisfactory explanation for all forms of racism. d. Yes, although the economic origins of racism may be distant now, ultimately, racism began with economic factors.

ANS: C MSC: Evaluating

DIF: Difficult

REF: 8.4 Theoretical Approaches to Understanding Race

61. What is it called when individuals live as if they were members of a different racial category than the one into which they were born? a. cultural imperialism b. racial self-hatred c. racial passing d. racial stereotyping ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 8.4 Theoretical Approaches to Understanding Race

62. In the novel The Human Stain by Philip Roth, a professor at a college in the Northeast is forced into early retirement after he is accused of racism. The charge turns out to be ironic when the reader learns that the professor has a secret. The professor was born to African American parents and has been covering up his heritage and living as a white man his whole adult life. Of what is this an example? a. reverse discrimination b. hegemony c. individual discrimination d. passing ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 8.4 Theoretical Approaches to Understanding Race

63. Jeffery McCune conducted an ethnographic study of gay black men in a Chicago nightclub. He details a space in which their same-sex desires could be comfortably expressed and interactional work to present a conventionally masculine, heterosexual identity was no longer required. What sociological concept is demonstrated by the efforts to maintain a heterosexual persona? a. prejudice b. passing c. institutional racism d. cultural assimilation ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 8.4 Theoretical Approaches to Understanding Race

64. How do many people hope that the Internet will have a democratic influence on society? a. It will make the economy more efficient, thus generating more wealth for all. b. There is no way to see what other people look like in online interactions. c. It will help train poor people to use technology. d. It lets corporations gather large amounts of data about individual consumers.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 8.4 Theoretical Approaches to Understanding Race

65. What must an individual do in order to sound authentically African American when interacting with others online? a. be able to include racially relevant content and language in interactions b. listen to the right kind of music c. set their avatar or picture to look like a cartoon d. It is almost impossible, as no one trusts anything they encounter on the Internet.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 8.4 Theoretical Approaches to Understanding Race

66. The fact that so many people are asked, “What are you?” in reference to their race is evidence that a. race is not all that important. b. race must be established interactionally. c. race has a biological basis. d. it is usually easy to tell someone’s race just by looking at him or her.

ANS: B MSC: Evaluating

DIF: Difficult

REF: 8.4 Theoretical Approaches to Understanding Race

67. In what year did the Supreme Court rule that laws against interracial marriage were unconstitutional? a. 1958 b. 1967 c. 1965 d. 1971 ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 8.4 Theoretical Approaches to Understanding Race | InQuizitive MSC: Remembering 68. Which term refers to romantic, sexual, or marital relationships between people of different races? a. homogamy b. miscegenation c. endogamy d. polyandry ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 8.4 Theoretical Approaches to Understanding Race | InQuizitive MSC: Remembering 69. Dr. Washington just completed a research project in which she interviews African American men and women about their experiences with the criminal justice system with a particular focus on the use of violence and excessive force by police officers. The narratives of her respondents vary significantly by gender and social class, and Dr. Washington believes this is a very important part of her findings. Which of the following theoretical perspectives is represented by Dr. Washington’s views? a. critical race theory b. embodied identities c. symbolic interactionism d. structural functionalism ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: 8.4 Theoretical Approaches to Understanding Race | InQuizitive MSC: Analyzing

70. As a presidential candidate, Barack Obama argued that racial prejudice is one of America’s defining social problems. He was implicitly acknowledging that a. low-income women of all ethnicities see marriage as having few benefits. b. membership in socially constructed categories of race and ethnicity can affect people’s life chances. c. race is constructed almost entirely through interaction. d. racism is driven by economic factors, and any solution to racism must involve affirmative action.

ANS: B MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Difficult

REF: 8.5 Race, Ethnicity, and Life Chances

71. Low-income women of all ethnicities may be LESS likely to marry because they a. are less likely to be in love. b. feel marriage won’t offer advantages that make marriage worth the risk. c. do not value marriage. d. are discouraged from doing so by the government’s policies toward marriage.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: 8.5 Race, Ethnicity, and Life Chances

72. What is one reason that interracial relationships are still relatively uncommon even though anti-miscegenation laws have been struck down? a. Powerful cultural stereotypes discourage them. b. Many people do not realize that such laws have been struck down. c. Members of interracial couples have a much harder time finding jobs. d. Federal laws have been struck down, but state and local laws remain.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 8.5 Race, Ethnicity, and Life Chances

73. Why are there differences in life expectancies for people of different races? a. disparities in access to health care b. genetic differences resulting in predispositions to various diseases c. biological differences given that different races have radically different hormones d. greatly increased levels of law enforcement violence directed at certain racial groups ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 8.5 Race, Ethnicity, and Life Chances

74. African American and Hispanic communities are much more likely to be located near toxic waste dumps than white communities. What does this tell you about race in America? a. Race is an interactional accomplishment. b. The employment structure of inner cities has collapsed. c. Even the structure of families is dependent on race. d. Race can have an effect on health.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 8.5 Race, Ethnicity, and Life Chances

75. Which of the following factors makes someone MOST likely to drop out of high school? a. having parents who did not attend college b. living in a rural area c. having a non-English-speaking background d. living in the Midwest

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 8.5 Race, Ethnicity, and Life Chances

76. According to a study, black defendants on trial for murder in Pennsylvania were 40% more likely to receive the death penalty than whites convicted of similar crimes. This indicates that a. blacks are given equal treatment by the U.S. justice system. b. whites are often the victims of reverse discrimination. c. the criminal justice system has a racial bias. d. African Americans commit more murders than other racial or ethnic groups.

ANS: C MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Moderate

REF: 8.5 Race, Ethnicity, and Life Chances

77. According to Twine (2011), what changes occur in the lives of white women who have families with black men? a. They elevate their social status by proving they are not racist. b. They lose some racial privilege through their relationships with their husbands. c. They are less likely to become mothers because of their fears for their children. d. They are less likely to divorce because of deeper intimacies with their husbands.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 8.5 Race, Ethnicity, and Life Chances

78. In 2015, tech giant Google announced a $150 million plan to get more women and minorities into the tech field. What program did Google likely utilize to accomplish this goal? a. sensitivity training b. cultural appropriation c. diversity training d. racial passing ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 8.5 Race, Ethnicity, and Life Chances

79. In Frank Dobbin and Alexandra Kalev’s 2016 analysis of 800 U.S. firms, which of the following approaches to diversity did they find was effective? a. voluntary diversity training programs b. hiring tests and performance ratings c. mentoring and college recruitment programs d. mandatory diversity training programs ANS: C DIF: Difficult MSC: Remembering

REF: 8.5 Race, Ethnicity, and Life Chances | InQuizitive

80. According to diversity training studies, which of the following leads to increases in managerial diversity? a. efforts to moderate managerial bias through diversity training b. efforts to attack social isolation through mentoring c. efforts to attack social isolation through networking d. efforts to establish responsibility for diversity ANS: D DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: 8.5 Race, Ethnicity, and Life Chances | InQuizitive

81. The deliberate and systematic extermination of a racial, ethnic, or national group is called a. genocide.

b. colonialism. c. internal colonialism. d. population transfer.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 8.6 Intergroup Relations: Conflict or Cooperation

82. What historical event is sometimes referred to as the “forgotten genocide”? a. the massacre of 1.5 million Armenians by the Turkish government after World War I b. the slaughter of the Tutsis in Rwanda c. the death of 6 million Jews in Europe during World War II d. attacks on ethnic minorities in the Darfur region of Sudan ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 8.6 Intergroup Relations: Conflict or Cooperation

83. In 2003, a major armed conflict began in the Darfur region of Sudan. The government carried out a deliberate and systemic extermination of Darfur’s non-Arab population, resulting in several hundred thousand causalities and refugees. What best describes the actions taken by the government of Sudan against Darfur’s non-Arab population? a. segregation b. genocide c. assimilation d. internal colonialism ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 8.6 Intergroup Relations: Conflict or Cooperation

84. One of the origins of the Syrian civil war has been determined to be a. anti-government graffiti spray-painted on a wall by a teenage boy. b. President Bashar al-Assad being charged with war crimes. c. the number of refugees fleeing Syria. d. the election of Bashar al-Assad.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 8.6 Intergroup Relations: Conflict or Cooperation

85. In the early nineteenth century, Native Americans survived clashes with the U.S. Army, but were forcibly removed to reservations. This is an example of a. genocide. b. assimilation. c. pluralism. d. population transfer.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 8.6 Intergroup Relations: Conflict or Cooperation

86. The exploitation of a minority group within the dominant group’s political borders is called a. racial assimilation. b. population transfer. c. ethnic conflict. d. internal colonialism.

ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 8.6 Intergroup Relations: Conflict or Cooperation

87. After the American Civil War, most southern states passed laws that barred blacks and whites from sharing most kinds of public facilities. This is an example of a. ethnic cleansing. b. racial assimilation. c. segregation. d. internal colonialism.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 8.6 Intergroup Relations: Conflict or Cooperation

88. What is it called when a minority group is absorbed into the dominant group? a. segregation b. population transfer c. assimilation d. internal colonialism ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 8.6 Intergroup Relations: Conflict or Cooperation

89. What is it called when members of a racial minority group intermarry and have children with members of the dominant group until the races are completely mixed? a. cultural assimilation b. racial assimilation c. racial passing d. population transfer ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 8.6 Intergroup Relations: Conflict or Cooperation

90. What is it called when members of a minority group adopt the cultural practices of the dominant group? a. internal colonialism b. racial passing c. racial assimilation d. cultural assimilation ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 8.6 Intergroup Relations: Conflict or Cooperation

91. Societies that encourage racial and ethnic diversity have embraced the value of a. pluralism. b. globalization. c. racial assimilation. d. cultural assimilation.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 8.6 Intergroup Relations: Conflict or Cooperation

92. What metaphor best describes cultures that have embraced pluralism or multiculturalism? a. a melting pot b. a salad bowl c. a reservation d. a fondue pot ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 8.6 Intergroup Relations: Conflict or Cooperation

93. According to the text, a multicultural society is one in which people are encouraged to live peacefully together in political, social, cultural, and economic unity. Which of the following countries is an example of a multicultural society? a. Denmark b. Norway c. Sweden d. Canada ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 8.6 Intergroup Relations: Conflict or Cooperation

94. Some conservative groups have organized to campaign for crackdowns on illegal immigration and limits on legal immigration because they are concerned about how the United States will be changed by nonwhite immigrants. This means that they are against a. discrimination. b. embodied identities. c. passing. d. pluralism.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 8.6 Intergroup Relations: Conflict or Cooperation

95. The 1994 treatment of the Tutsis by the Hutus in Rwanda was an example of a. population transfer. b. genocide. c. internal colonialism. d. segregation.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 8.6 Intergroup Relations: Conflict or Cooperation | InQuizitive MSC: Understanding TRUE/FALSE 1. There is greater genetic diversity within racial populations than between them.

ANS: T DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 8.1 Defining Race and Ethnicity

2. There are no positive consequences to constructing categories of race and ethnicity.

ANS: F DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 8.1 Defining Race and Ethnicity

3. Race is based on real or perceived biological differences, while ethnicity speaks to a shared ancestry or cultural heritage.

ANS: T DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 8.1 Defining Race and Ethnicity

4. A person who is not prejudiced may still participate in discrimination.

ANS: T DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 8.3 Racism in Its Many Forms

5. People in society who have the most privilege usually recognize that their advantages are unearned.

ANS: F DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 8.3 Racism in Its Many Forms

6. Prejudice is rooted in generalizations or stereotypes.

ANS: T DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 8.3 Racism in Its Many Forms

7. Cultural appropriation benefits the minority group by taking that group’s symbols and turning them into a commodity for profit.

ANS: F DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 8.3 Racism in Its Many Forms

8. Du Bois considered the question of whether one could be black and, at the same time, claim one’s rights as an American when he devised the concept of double-consciousness.

ANS: T DIF: Difficult MSC: Remembering

REF: 8.3 Racism in Its Many Forms

9. A working-class straight black man will experience discrimination the same way a wealthy gay black man will because both of them are the same race.

ANS: F MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: 8.3 Racism in Its Many Forms

10. Microaggressions consist of overt or obvious verbal, but not nonverbal, communications that are meant to denigrate or dismiss members of particular groups.

ANS: F DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 8.3 Racism in Its Many Forms

11. Advocates of social justice claim that affirmative action gives members of one group unfair preferential treatment.

ANS: F DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 8.3 Racism in Its Many Forms

12. Antiracist allies are primarily whites who work toward ending racial injustice.

ANS: T DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 8.3 Racism in Its Many Forms

13. White nationalism is the belief that a nation should be based on white identity, which would be found in religion, politics, economics, and culture.

ANS: T DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 8.3 Racism in Its Many Forms

14. According to the Data Workshop “Does TV Reflect the Realities of Race?,” minorities had over twice as many lead roles in the 2014–2015 season as they did in the 2011–2012 season.

ANS: T DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 8.5 Race, Ethnicity, and Life Chances

SHORT ANSWER 1. How do sociologists define race and ethnicity?

ANS: All answers must illustrate that the student understands that race and ethnicity are social constructs.

Race is a social category based on real or perceived biological differences between groups of people and, as such, is more meaningful on a social level than on a biological level. Societies develop beliefs about different racial groups that influence the way people see others. Ethnicity is a social category that is applied to a group with a shared ancestry or cultural heritage. Culture is the basis for ethnic identity with an ethnic group consisting of people with a common language, religion, nationality, or history.

DIF: Easy

REF: 8.1 Defining Race and Ethnicity

MSC: Remembering

2. How do symbolic ethnicity and situational ethnicity differ?

ANS: Both symbolic ethnicity and situational ethnicity are ethnic identities. However, symbolic ethnicity is displayed primarily on special occasions, while situational ethnicity is displayed only when doing so would be beneficial.

DIF: Easy

REF: 8.1 Defining Race and Ethnicity

MSC: Remembering

3. What is a minority group, according to sociologists?

ANS: Minority status is not just about numbers; it is also about social inequalities. It defines a minority group as a group of people who are recognized as belonging to a social category and who suffer from unequal treatment based upon that status.

DIF: Easy

REF: 8.2 The U.S. Population by Race

MSC: Remembering

4. What is the difference between prejudice and discrimination?

ANS: All answers should emphasize that prejudice is an attitude while discrimination is an action.

Prejudice is an inflexible attitude about a particular category of people and is rooted in generalizations or stereotypes. Prejudices are usually, but not always, negative.

Discrimination is an action or behavior, usually motivated by prejudice, which results in the unequal treatment of individuals because of their membership in a certain racial or ethnic group.

DIF: Easy

REF: 8.3 Racism in Its Many Forms

MSC: Understanding

5. What is the difference between individual discrimination and institutional discrimination?

ANS:

Individual discrimination occurs when one person treats others unfairly because of their race or ethnicity. Institutional discrimination, in contrast, is usually more systematic and widespread. It occurs when political, economic, or educational institutions have discriminatory policies, practices, or procedures that affect whole groups of individuals.

DIF: Easy

REF: 8.3 Racism in Its Many Forms

MSC: Analyzing

6. What is racial passing? Why would someone try to pass?

ANS: Racial passing is living as if one is a member of a different racial category. For many years, both during and after slavery, some light-skinned African Americans would attempt to live as whites in order to avoid the dire consequences of being black in a racist society.

Passing is almost entirely interactional. Light-skinned blacks or other ethnic minorities can “do being white” only if they perform white identity skillfully. This involves doing what is required to look white, which involves acting like a white person, speaking like a white person, and managing one’s biography to avoid revealing one’s racial and/or ethnic identity.

DIF: Moderate REF: 8.4 Theoretical Approaches to Understanding Race MSC: Understanding 7. Why are larger proportions of African American and Hispanic men in prison compared to the proportion of incarcerated white men?

ANS: Incarceration rates of African Americans and Hispanics have been impacted by laws that have created racially differentiated outcomes. An example would be the federal law that had harsher penalties for crack users, who were more likely to be black, as compared to powdered cocaine users, who were more likely to be white or Hispanic. Higher rates of unemployment and high school dropouts among African and Americans and Hispanics also contribute to higher incarceration rates.

DIF: Difficult REF: 8.5 Race, Ethnicity, and Life Chances MSC: Understanding 8. What is diversity training? What type of training proves most effective?

ANS: Diversity training, inspired by the eye color experiment of Jane Elliot, refers to the efforts by employers to increase awareness and understanding of minority experiences in the workplace by their nonminority colleagues. The intent of these programs is to decrease discrimination and increase opportunity for minority employees. However, research shows that simply educating employees is least effective at reducing bias, while appointing a person or persons to be responsible for increasing diversity has the greatest impact.

DIF: Difficult REF: 8.6 Intergroup Relations: Conflict or Cooperation MSC: Understanding 9. Explain the difference between racial assimilation and cultural assimilation.

ANS: Racial assimilation occurs when members of the minority group are absorbed into the majority group by intermarriage and procreation, resulting in a mixing of the races. Cultural assimilation occurs when the cultural practices of the dominant group are adopted by the minority group. Sometimes, both types of assimilation occur simultaneously.

DIF: Easy REF: 8.6 Intergroup Relations: Conflict or Cooperation MSC: Remembering 10. Why is the traditional image of the melting pot replaced with the image of the salad bowl in regard to pluralism or multiculturalism?

ANS: A melting pot insinuates that all the ingredients have mixed together, making a concoction in which the original ingredients are indistinguishable. This is truer of assimilation than of pluralism. In contrast, the image of the salad insinuates a mixing together of ingredients while at the same time allowing the ingredients to maintain their distinct qualities. Pluralism encourages both racial and ethnic variation and acceptance within a society.

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: 8.6 Intergroup Relations: Conflict or Cooperation

ESSAY 1. How do white ethnics, like Italian Americans and Irish Americans, express their ethnicity in optional ways?

ANS: Optional ethnicity can be displayed in two ways: through symbolic ethnicity and situational ethnicity.

Symbolic ethnicity consists of enactments of ethnic identity that occur only on symbolic occasions.

Examples in the text focused on celebrations of St. Patrick’s Day and ways in which ethnicity, which may not matter on a day-to-day basis, can be visible on special occasions.

Situational ethnicity is similar to symbolic ethnicity, but it involves deliberately asserting or playing up ethnicity in some situations while deliberately downplaying it in others. The decision to play up or downplay one’s ethnicity is based on a cost-benefit analysis of the situation. The example in the text focuses on Dr. Ferris’s Lebanese ancestry, which she deploys when she feels it will work to her advantage.

The best answers will also mention that not everyone has these ethnic options. Neither situational nor symbolic ethnicity is available to those who are visibly nonmainstream in a society. In the United States, this generally means that nonwhites find themselves in fewer situations where they have a choice about displaying their group membership.

DIF: Easy

REF: 8.1 Defining Race and Ethnicity

MSC: Remembering

2. How does color-blind racism perpetuate inequality? What role can race consciousness play in addressing this problem?

ANS: Color-blind racism is an ideology that removes race as an explanation for any form of unequal treatment.

Although it sounds good, it is problematic because it implies that race should be both invisible and inconsequential. However, racism continues to exist, albeit in more subtle ways than in the past.

Color-blind racism overlooks the ways that racism is instituted into societal structures and allows white privilege to continue at the expense of minorities. Color blindness makes more subtle forms of racism hard to acknowledge and therefore hard to address.

Race consciousness acknowledges race as a powerful social construct that impacts individuals’ social experiences. Race consciousness encourages people to acknowledge the ways that institutionalized racism, both past and present, has created social conditions that perpetuate inequality.

DIF: Moderate

REF: 8.3 Racism in Its Many Forms

MSC: Understanding

3. Fashion designer Marjan Peroski received much scrutiny at his first runway show in the United States after he appropriated Native American culture into his designs. Peroski works for London-based fashion line KTZ and even featured pieces closely mimicking those of Bethany Yellowtail, who is a Northern Cheyenne/Crow fashion designer. Peroski claimed that he was paying tribute to the indigenous people, but critics argue that the label has a history of taking inspiration from indigenous cultures and using it for the label’s financial interests (selling sweatshirts for $500). Explain the problems of cultural appropriation as evidenced in Peroski’s runway show.

ANS: Cultural appropriation occurs when cultural elements of an oppressed group are adopted by members of the dominant group, often without permission and for the dominant group’s gain. In this case, elements of Native American culture were adopted, exploited even, by a nonnative designer for his financial gain.

Some have likened cultural appropriation to postmodern cultural imperialism. In addition to being culturally insensitive, cultural appropriation can have broader effects like serving to perpetuate stereotypes, exacerbating interracial relationships, and further entrenching social inequalities.

DIF: Difficult

REF: 8.3 Racism in Its Many Forms

MSC: Applying

4. Compare and contrast the approaches to race taken by functionalists and conflict theorists.

ANS: Functionalist theory has provided a useful lens for analyzing the experiences of certain ethnic groups, mainly European immigrants arriving in America in the early twentieth century. Functionalists looked at the process through which these early “nonwhites,” such as the Irish and Italians, eventually became assimilated into the larger society. Functionalism, however, has proven less successful in explaining the persistence of racial divisions and why other races and ethnicities, such as African Americans and Hispanics, have continued to maintain their distinct identities alongside the white majority culture.

Functionalism can best offer an explanation of how prejudice and discrimination develop by focusing on social solidarity and group cohesion as central aspects of society.

Conflict theory focuses on the struggle for power and control and the competition, domination, and exploitation that result from it. Classical Marxist analyses of race, developed by sociologists in the 1960s, sought to identify the relationships between race and class and looked for the source of racism in capitalist hierarchies. As examples of conflict theory, the textbook cites Edna Bonacich’s analysis of split labor markets and William Julius Wilson’s argument that although a black underclass was created by racism, it is perpetuated by economic, not racial, factors.

The best answers will recall that new approaches to race (Tomás Almaguer, Patricia Hill Collins, and Gloria Anzaldúa) argue that race is more than just a secondary effect of the economy.

DIF: Moderate MSC: Evaluating

REF: 8.4 Theoretical Approaches to Understanding Race

5. Explain Michael Omi and Howard Winant’s concept of racial formation by using the example of white ethnics.

ANS: Race is a social construction as evidenced through the example of white ethnics. Omi and Winant point out that the social construction of race happens through social interaction and that racial distinctions are made through a social and historical process. By examining the case of white ethnics, it demonstrates the social and historical process that changed the racial identity of Italian, Irish, and Jewish immigrants from “nonwhite” to “white” within a generation.

Throughout history, definitions regarding the makeup of racial categories have changed. In the early 1900s Italian, Irish, and Jewish immigrants were not considered to be a part of the “white” race and were thus restricted in terms of housing and employment. But after World War II, the ethnic identity of a person was no longer important and skin color became the main way to distinguish individuals according to race. Today, individuals of Italian, Irish, and Jewish descent are often regarded as white.

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: 8.4 Theoretical Approaches to Understanding Race

6. Rosa Parks is remembered for her activism during the Montgomery bus boycott, but other activists and victims of Jim Crow laws have been forgotten. For instance, Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat in the same year that Claudette Colvin was arrested for the same crime, found guilty, and placed on probation. However, Claudette became pregnant by an older man shortly after her arrest. Mary Louise Smith was also arrested for the same crime, in the same year, but she was a teenager and her father was an impoverished alcoholic. Neither of these women received the help that Rosa Parks did.

What theoretical approach to race presented in Chapter 8 does the best job of explaining the lives of these three African American women? Justify your answer.

ANS: Answers should recall the work of theorists like Patricia Hill Collins, bell hooks, and Gloria Anzaldúa, who have sought to understand the meaning of race from the individual’s point of view and have begun to analyze the ways in which race, class, and gender inequalities intersect. Students might point out that race alone clearly is not enough to explain the differences between these women’s lives, as they were all of the same race and gender, so things like class should be considered. More generally, answers might stress that race must be explained in the terms in which it is experienced, not with overarching general theories. Almost any reasonable answer would reject a functionalist approach here, as it cannot explain interaction within the group. A reasonable answer would also be skeptical of any strict conflict theory approach that tried to use the economy as an explanation, but could be more receptive to a symbolic interactionist approach that focused on face-to-face interactions.

DIF: Difficult MSC: Evaluating

REF: 8.4 Theoretical Approaches to Understanding Race

7. How does a person’s race affect their life chances?

ANS: Membership in socially constructed categories of race and ethnicity can often carry a high price, especially, as the text details, in the areas of health, education, work, family, and criminal justice.

Disparities in health care may lead to disparities in life expectancy, disparities in education may lead to differences in work and income, and increased levels of poverty may affect family life and make people more likely to encounter the criminal justice system. The best answers will give examples of each.

DIF: Moderate REF: 8.5 Race, Ethnicity, and Life Chances MSC: Understanding 8. Today, society is more accepting of interracial marriage than it was in the past, but interracial marriage still does not happen nearly as often as it would if love was really never based, at least in part, on racial identification. What were the obstacles to interracial marriage in the past? What are they today?

ANS: In the past, interracial relationships were against the law. The best answers will reference the Loving v.

Virginia decision in 1967, and the very best answers might mention that Alabama did not overturn its anti-miscegenation law until 2000.

Today, there are no laws against interracial relationships, but, when considering the social obstacles to interracial relationships, it is important to take into account the cues that cultural stereotypes and media images provide. Interracial relationships may be viewed as rebellious rather than loving and thus may be devalued or not taken seriously. Stigma, prejudice, and restrictive racial stereotypes, along with negative beliefs about interracial relationship held by some people, serve to inhibit some from entering into interracial relationships. These stereotypes, though not borne out in reality, still have the power to influence attitudes and behavior. People who date interracially must deal with in-group pressure to date, and especially marry, those of their own race.

DIF: Easy MSC: Analyzing

REF: 8.5 Race, Ethnicity, and Life Chances

9. What is assimilation? How has it worked in the United States?

ANS: Assimilation occurs when a minority group is blended or absorbed into the mainstream or dominant group. In the United States, this process is central to America’s melting pot of many different racial and ethnic groups.

All answers should distinguish between racial assimilation and cultural assimilation. Racial assimilation occurs when minorities have children with members of the dominant racial group until different races are completely mixed. Cultural assimilation occurs when a minority group learns the customs, rituals, and practices (in other words, the culture) of the dominant group.

Answers may discuss how assimilation has happened for European immigrants but not for nonwhite racial and ethnic groups. During much of the twentieth century, many immigrants to the United States wanted to assimilate. They were eager to adopt an American way of life, to become citizens, to learn English, and to lose any trace of their “foreignness.” The Irish, Italians, and eastern Europeans were all once considered “ethnics,” but eventually they were assimilated into the larger category of white Americans. Today, they are practically unrecognizable as distinct ethnic groups unless they choose to exhibit characteristics that would distinguish them. For Hispanics, Asian Americans, and African Americans, the process has been very different. To the extent that there has been assimilation, it has been both less voluntary and less desirable.

There is something to be gained by the process of assimilation, such as membership in and likeness to the dominant population, but there is also something to be sacrificed. The process of assimilation is not always entered into voluntarily. Sometimes, members of a minority group may be forced to acquire new behaviors associated with the dominant group and forbidden to practice their own religion or speak their own language so that their cultures are all but forgotten. For many people, assimilation results in the tragic loss of a distinctive racial or ethnic identity. This is true for many Native Americans, for instance, who, in just a few generations, have lost the ability to speak their tribal languages and have forgotten many of the cultural practices of their not-so-distant ancestors.

DIF: Moderate REF: 8.6 Intergroup Relations: Conflict or Cooperation MSC: Understanding

Chapter 9 Constructing Gender and Sexuality MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. An example of a primary sex characteristic is a. reproductive organs. b. facial hair. c. body hair. d. bone structure.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 9.1 Sex and Gender

2. An example of a secondary sex characteristic is a. chromosomes. b. hormones. c. body hair. d. reproductive organs.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 9.1 Sex and Gender

3. In April 2015, Olympic gold medalist and former “World’s Greatest Athlete” Caitlyn Jenner announced that “for all intents and purposes, I am a woman.” Jenner discussed transitioning with Diane Sawyer in a special two-hour edition of the ABC News show 20/20. In the interview, Jenner stated, “As of now, I have all the male parts, but I still identify as female.” What does this tell you about gender identity? a. For many people, primary sex characteristics do not define gender. b. The transgender community has accepted the principle of human sexual dimorphism. c. Gender identity is often not fully formed until adulthood. d. Public displays of gender are more important than private displays.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: 9.1 Sex and Gender

4. A person’s self-conception of being male or female based on their association with masculine or feminine gender roles can be defined as a. sexual orientation. b. gender identity. c. transgender. d. sexual attitude.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 9.1 Sex and Gender

5. For most sociologists, what is the difference between sex and gender? a. Sex is biological; gender is social. b. Both relate to genetics, but hormones have a greater influence on gender. c. Sex is genetic; gender is about primary and secondary sex characteristics. d. Gender is biological; sex is social.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 9.1 Sex and Gender

6. A transgender woman, a person who does not identify as male or female, and a person who usually identifies man who sometimes identifies as a woman are all a. cisgender. b. gender nonconforming. c. transgender. d. homosexual.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 9.1 Sex and Gender

7. Every presidential candidate nominated by a major political party in the United States has been, at least publicly, a. cisgender. b. homosexual. c. a feminist. d. male.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 9.1 Sex and Gender

8. Doctors and parents are quick to seek a surgical “fix” for babies who are born intersex because a. intersex babies face serious health risks later in life. b. an ambiguously sexed person seems threatening and disturbing in Western society. c. doctors and parents can always tell the sex a baby was meant to be. d. it is impossible to change a baby’s sex later in life.

ANS: B MSC: Evaluating

DIF: Moderate

REF: 9.1 Sex and Gender

9. What is the belief that the lived experiences of women and men differ as a result of biological differences? a. gender theory b. social constructionism c. transsexuality d. essentialism ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 9.1 Sex and Gender

10. The textbook’s examples of “third genders” like “two-spirit” people and hijras demonstrate that a. sex and gender in some non-Western cultures defy the binary classification of male and female. b. gender expression is more important than biological sex. c. sociologists and anthropologists are important actors in the creation of gender expression. d. gender is determined by secondary sex characteristics.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 9.1 Sex and Gender

11. Some people believe that women are better suited to be homemakers because they are naturally more caring and emotional than men. What perspective is expressed in this statement? a. an essentialist perspective b. a social constructionist perspective c. a macro perspective d. an interactionist perspective

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 9.1 Sex and Gender

12. Most sociologists argue that gender is a social construction, and they acknowledge the possibility that binary male–female categories are not the only way of classifying individuals. This perspective is called a. a constructionist perspective. b. an essentialist perspective. c. a macro perspective. d. biological determinism.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 9.1 Sex and Gender

13. Which term is used to describe a person whose chromosomes or sex characteristics are neither exclusively male nor exclusively female? a. intersex b. intrasex c. primary sex characteristics d. secondary sex characteristics ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 9.1 Sex and Gender | InQuizitive

14. What percentage of babies are born intersex? a. 0.3 percent b. 1.7 percent c. 5.4 percent d. 9.6 percent ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 9.1 Sex and Gender | InQuizitive

15. The Intersex Society of North America recommends that “surgeries done to make the genitals look ‘more normal’ should not be performed until a child is mature enough to make an informed decision for herself or himself.” Why is this advice necessary, given that doctors would usually try to involve a patient in their treatment? a. There are serious health risks associated with being born intersex that must always be addressed immediately. b. So few people are born intersex that no one knows about them. c. In our society, the prospect of an ambiguously sexed person seems so threatening that surgical procedures are performed long before a child is old enough to know what is happening. d. Intersex is based on secondary, not primary, sex characteristics and these won’t develop until later in life.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: 9.1 Sex and Gender

16. In The Mismeasure of Women, social psychologist Carol Tavris argues that there is nothing “universal and nonvarying . . . in the natures of men and women.” If you agree with her, you would have to reject the concept of a. essentialism. b. queer theory. c. symbolic interactionism. d. social construction.

ANS: A MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Difficult

REF: 9.1 Sex and Gender

17. In 2009, South African track star Caster Semenya broke the world record in the 800-meter race.

Subsequently, she was asked to prove to the world that she was a woman. The International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) subjected her to a complex series of tests that included physical and medical examinations. The controversy over Semenya’s gender raises which of the following issues? a. The IAAF is perpetuating gender inequality in sports. b. Gender does not vary across cultures. c. The IAAF’s response assumes an essentialist idea of gender. d. Medical and other physical examinations are often necessary to determine gender.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: 9.1 Sex and Gender

18. American anthropologist Margaret Mead spent much of her career documenting the ways in which other cultures had gender roles that differed, sometimes radically, from those of twentieth-century America.

Why does this matter? a. It shows that the American version of gender roles is the most advanced in the world. b. It shows that the meaning of masculinity and femininity differs in different societies. c. It shows that the physical environment determines gender. d. It shows that gender is determined at birth and does not change.

ANS: B MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Moderate

REF: 9.1 Sex and Gender

19. In the 1940s and 1950s, Alfred Kinsey surveyed Americans to find out about their sexual behavior. His findings were important because they a. challenged the view that Americans were either exclusively heterosexual or homosexual. b. concluded that most Americans were asexual. c. challenged the belief that Americans were heterosexual. d. challenged the belief that sexuality can change over the course of a person’s life.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 9.2 Sexuality and Sexual Orientation

20. A man is romantically interested in other people, though he has no sexual attraction of any kind and he has never felt an interest in or desire for sex. How would this man MOST likely identify? a. homosexual b. bisexual c. asexual d. gender nonconforming ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 9.2 Sexuality and Sexual Orientation

21. A woman is married to another woman. She is attracted to her wife, but she is also attracted to men. In the past, she has dated both women and men. How would this woman MOST likely identify? a. homosexual b. bisexual c. asexual d. gender nonconforming ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 9.2 Sexuality and Sexual Orientation

22. Sociologists have criticized scientists searching for a “gay gene” for their narrow understanding of sexual orientation. Scientists’ approach does not take into account the way biology and the social environment interact to produce sexual behaviors. Which of the following theorists makes this point? a. Simon LeVay, who believes that “there’s growing evidence to support the idea that biological and developmental factors before birth exert a strong influence on sexual orientation” b. Dean Hamer, who examined the DNA of forty gay brothers and found that thirty-three of them had a statistically significant similarity in the Xq28 region of the X chromosome c. Social historian Jeffrey Weeks, who points out that even though homosexual acts have been documented throughout history, homosexual identity as we know it today didn’t exist before the twentieth century d. UCLA scientists Laura Allen and Roger Gorski, who reported that a segment of the fibers that connect the brain’s hemispheres is up to one-third larger in homosexual men ANS: C MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Difficult

REF: 9.2 Sexuality and Sexual Orientation

23. Alfred Kinsey conducted research to determine what percentage of the population was heterosexual and what percentage was homosexual. Why would he have avoided asking the question, “Do you identify as gay or straight?” a. He tried to offset bias in his research sample by having many questions. b. He believed that people were not exclusively either gay or straight and that those two binary classifications were too limiting. c. He believed that people would lie to him and would need to be tricked into revealing that they were gay. d. He thought that there would be a large number of transgender people in his sample.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 9.2 Sexuality and Sexual Orientation

24. Sociologists who study gender in rural areas have noticed that only one person is called the “farmer,” even though everyone in a family has to work on the farm. The “farmer” is usually male and has more prestige than the other family members working on the farm. This is an example of a. the “second shift.” b. sexual orientation identity. c. patriarchy. d. feminism.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 9.3 Socialization: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality

25. A same-sex couple holding hands or kissing in public may receive disapproving looks or even abusive comments from other people. This is an example of a. misogyny. b. homophobia. c. transphobia. d. sexism.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 9.3 Socialization: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality

26. Which of the following is true regarding gendered occupations? a. “Pink collar jobs” are considered more desirable in a patriarchal society. b. Men tend to be overrepresented in jobs that involve caretaking.

c. Men outnumber women in occupations with more prestige and higher salaries. d. Women and men are similarly represented in occupations that require a college degree.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 9.3 Socialization: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality

27. A three-year-old boy scrapes his knee while playing in his backyard and immediately begins to cry. In response, his father walks over to him and says, “Don’t be a sissy; boys don’t cry.” This is an example of a. gender role socialization. b. sexism. c. transphobia. d. gender inequality.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 9.3 Socialization: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality

28. Gender role socialization begins a. at birth. b. around puberty. c. when children begin attending school. d. before birth.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 9.3 Socialization: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality

29. Babies become aware of their own gender a. at age two. b. when they begin attending school. c. at six weeks of age. d. when they start walking.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 9.3 Socialization: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality

30. The point in children’s school careers by which gender norms become firmly established is a. first grade. b. the sophomore year of high school. c. fifth grade. d. before the end of high school.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult MSC: Remembering

REF: 9.3 Socialization: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality

31. From an interactionist perspective, the MOST important way that schools socialize children into their gender identities is a. by forcing schoolchildren to wear uniforms. b. by exposing children to mass media. c. by punishing children for minor violations of gender norms on the playground. d. through interactions between teachers and students.

ANS: D MSC: Evaluating

DIF: Difficult

REF: 9.3 Socialization: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality

32. Which of the following is an example of how teachers treat boys and girls differently in a classroom setting? a. Boys are less likely than girls to be called on in class.

b. Boys are more likely than girls to be punished for misbehaving. c. Boys are given less praise than girls for the intellectual quality of their work. d. Boys are naturally better at math and science, so teachers call on them more.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 9.3 Socialization: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality

33. Why don’t girls, who tend to get better grades than boys, translate their advantage into material success after graduation? a. They tend to flaunt authority. b. They are typically credited for hard work rather than intellectual ability. c. They are poorly socialized. d. They don’t work as hard as males.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 9.3 Socialization: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality

34. Sociologist C. J. Pascoe found that boys often use homophobic slurs toward each other in an effort to define masculinity for themselves and other boys in her ethnography of high school boys titled Dude, You’re a Fag. This is an example of the a. influence that peers can have as agents of socialization. b. inability of school officials to manage the behavior of young boys. c. prestige that boys have over girls in schools. d. consequences that all-boys schools can have on male behavior.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 9.3 Socialization: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality

35. The changing representation of LGBTQ people in the media, such as their greater inclusion and more positive treatment on television shows, can lead us to conclude that a. LGBTQ people have achieved equal status with heterosexual people. b. media representation of LGBTQ people is slowly changing to reflect increasing tolerance toward them. c. heterosexual people want LGBTQ people to be equally represented in the media. d. LGBTQ people now control major media channels.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 9.3 Socialization: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality

36. Patriarchy can be defined as a society a. in which women and men share equal access to positions of prestige, power, and control over the means of production. b. in which men dominate women. c. that privileges women’s experiences over those of men. d. that seeks to equalize men’s and women’s access in the workplace.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 9.3 Socialization: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality

37. Some newspapers, magazines, and other media tend to use gender-inappropriate names or pronouns as well as other language that trans people find insensitive or offensive when describing transgender people. This is an example of a. homophobia. b. a microaggression. c. sexism.

d. patriarchy.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 9.3 Socialization: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality

38. An example of a microaggression is a. a pregnant woman who is not given paid maternity leave by her employer. b. men who whistle at and catcall a woman who is walking down the street. c. an employer who pays his female employees less than his male employees. d. a sports team that refuses to allow female athletes to play.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: 9.3 Socialization: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality

39. Alice came to the realization that she is attracted to other girls her age. Now that she's started her sophomore year in high school, she wants to ask out girls without being afraid of the consequences. She tests her friends’ acceptance of these feelings first by mentioning a hypothetical friend at another high school who just came out as a lesbian. Alice’s friends say they overwhelmingly believe that homosexuality is wrong and that anyone who is not heterosexual is a deviant. What concept do the opinions of Alice’s friends exemplify? a. gender role socialization b. instrumental role c. social learning d. heteronormativity ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 9.3 Socialization: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality | InQuizitive MSC: Applying 40. Textbooks often still contain sexist language and gender stereotypes. In the social structure of the school itself, women tend to be concentrated at the lower levels, as teachers and aides, while men tend to occupy upper-management and administrative positions. Which concept do these patterns MOST reinforce? a. gender nonconforming b. heteronormativity c. gender role socialization d. social learning ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 9.3 Socialization: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality | InQuizitive MSC: Applying 41. The names given to positions of power and authority, like “chairman” and “policeman,” often emphasize the male gender. Why does this matter? a. The names imply that one gender is more suited for a particular job than another. b. The names are confusing because more women are entering these professions. c. It doesn’t really matter what words are used to describe positions. d. The names help deter men from entering incompatible fields.

ANS: A MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Difficult

REF: 9.3 Socialization: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality

42. Aggressive men are often described as “go-getters” in the workplace, but aggressive women are often described as “bitches.” This is an example of a. gender role socialization.

b. a microaggression. c. romanticism. d. male liberationism.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 9.3 Socialization: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality

43. Many expectant parents get a sonogram to find out the sex of their babies, and they only start decorating the nursery after learning the sex. This is an example of a. gender role socialization. b. conflict theory. c. passing. d. heteronormativity.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 9.3 Socialization: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality

44. A little girl notices that, whenever both of her parents are in the car, her father is always driving. She deduces that women should be passive and men should be active. This process is called a. sexism. b. expressive work. c. social learning. d. gender inequality.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 9.3 Socialization: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality

45. On his English paper, a boy receives a B+ and the teacher’s comment, “Brilliant insight, but you’re lacking focus and have some typos.” How is this typical of the way schools treat boys? a. Boys are given more challenging assignments than girls. b. Boys are more likely to be punished for horseplay and hyperactivity than girls. c. Boys are judged mostly on the basis of their effort. d. Boys are more likely to receive praise for the intellectual quality of their work than girls.

ANS: D MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Moderate

REF: 9.3 Socialization: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality

46. A math teacher writes problems with stories that have male characters who are always given an occupation like Bob the janitor or James the lawyer, but the female characters have no occupation. This is an example of the a. way schools socialize children into gender roles. b. way men are associated with blue-collar work. c. way boys are given credit for intellectual ability, whereas girls are given credit for hard work. d. fact that more women than men are now graduating from college.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 9.3 Socialization: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality

47. A young man is told by his friends that, when at a bar, he should drink beer, but buy women shots in the hopes of getting the women drunk and increasing his chance of having sex with them. He tells his friends that they are encouraging a. transphobia. b. rape culture. c. functionalism.

d. men’s liberation.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 9.3 Socialization: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality

48. Judge Aaron Persky was asked by prosecutors to sentence a man found guilty of rape to six years in prison. Instead, Judge Persky handed down a sentence of six months in county jail. Many felt that, by handing down a light sentence for a serious crime, Aaron Persky was normalizing a. transphobia. b. intersectionality. c. the feminization of poverty. d. rape culture.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 9.3 Socialization: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality

49. You are observing children on an elementary school playground. Why might you find some girls playing sports with boys, but almost no boys playing jump rope with girls? a. Children are mocked by their peers for crossing gender lines, and boys are mocked more than girls. b. Boys develop more slowly than girls and, therefore, they tend to not be good at jumping rope when they’re in elementary school. c. Boys are more naturally suited for the physical competition of sports, whereas girls excel at the sort of cooperation that goes into activities like jumping rope. d. Parents have instructed their children to avoid any cross-gender playground activities because they fear that it will lead to their children being labeled “abnormal.”

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 9.3 Socialization: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality

50. Women are the main characters in the vast majority of commercials that advertise cleaning supplies.

This illustrates that a. men never really do any cleaning. b. women watch more television than men. c. women’s behavior is more easily altered by the media. d. the media portrays gender roles in highly stereotypical ways.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 9.3 Socialization: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality

51. “Welfare queen” is an insulting term for a woman who is accused of cheating the government by collecting welfare payments. There is no “welfare king” insult. What sociological truth is contained in the phrase “welfare queen”? a. Women are far more likely to cheat and steal than men. b. People who use welfare to its fullest extent tend to live very well as indicated by the word “queen.” c. The use of the word “queen” reminds us that women are more likely than men to live in poverty. d. The use of the word “queen” accurately describes the population that is on welfare, which includes many gay men and transgender people.

ANS: C MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Difficult

REF: 9.3 Socialization: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality

52. Authors often use words or phrases such as “mankind” to refer to large groups that include both male and female members. Sociologists and feminists argue that this is an example of the use of sexist language. What does this tell us about the relationship between language and culture? a. Language is shaped by culture, and the use of nonsexist words is a signal of social change. b. Language shapes culture, so using gender-neutral language facilitates social change. c. Language can change culture, but only in negative ways that increase sexism and discrimination. d. Culture can only be transformed through material and economic change, not through any connection to language.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: 9.3 Socialization: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality

53. Your textbook describes the Vanatinai society in New Guinea as an example of a. patriarchy. b. gender equality. c. matriarchy. d. cisgenderism.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: 9.4 Sexism in Its Many Forms | InQuizitive

54. Regarding gender, functionalists generally believe that a. some social roles are better suited to one gender than the other. b. men maintain control of the most valuable social roles. c. the current system of gender stratification is based on conflict. d. gender is constructed and maintained through everyday actions.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 9.5 Sociological Theories of Gender Inequality

55. The two complementary roles that functionalist Talcott Parsons identified within the family are a. conflicting and conciliatory. b. instrumental and expressive. c. interactionist and noninteractionist. d. biological and social.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 9.5 Sociological Theories of Gender Inequality

56. Which of the following examples could be associated with Talcott Parsons’s concept of the expressive role? a. a mother providing love, care, and affection to her husband and children b. a father providing for his family by paying the rent and household bills c. a grandmother babysitting her grandchildren while both parents work d. a daughter refusing to do homework after school ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 9.5 Sociological Theories of Gender Inequality

57. According to conflict theory, women’s contributions to family life are devalued because a. the resources provided by men are more valuable than those provided by women. b. family life remains the same when no one plays the expressive role. c. women are entering the workforce in greater numbers. d. as a social group, men benefit from maintaining their dominant status.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: 9.5 Sociological Theories of Gender Inequality

58. The sociological perspective of ________ is concerned with how gender is constructed and maintained in our everyday lives. a. essentialism b. symbolic interactionism c. conflict theory d. feminism ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 9.5 Sociological Theories of Gender Inequality

59. Agnes was raised as a boy before coming out as a transgender woman. What is one of the ways that Agnes began to “do being female” after coming out? a. She only had brief, meaningless interactions with other people. b. She showed deference to her male boss. c. She rejected the expectations of her boyfriend and his family members. d. She was open about her identify as a transwoman and did not keep it a secret.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 9.5 Sociological Theories of Gender Inequality

60. Feminist theory has contributed to our understanding of gender by supporting the claim that a. gender is no longer an influence on social life. b. gender inequality is rooted in biological differences between men and women. c. women continue to have unequal positions in society, as reflected in the ways their contributions have been written out of history books. d. only women in positions of power can achieve gender equality.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 9.5 Sociological Theories of Gender Inequality

61. A woman feels that she always needs to act cheerful and look her best when her husband gets home from work because he has a stressful job and he needs her help to unwind. We would say this woman is a. living outside the gender dichotomy. b. taking on the instrumental role. c. taking on the expressive role. d. a second-wave feminist.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 9.5 Sociological Theories of Gender Inequality

62. Homer Simpson, a character on the TV show The Simpsons, has a wife who stays home to take care of the children while he works, but he is often responsible for disciplining the children when they are particularly bad. What do you know about Homer even if this is all that you know about the show? a. Homer represents the average American man. b. Homer contributes to the feminization of poverty. c. Homer has taken the instrumental role. d. Homer is a misogynist.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 9.5 Sociological Theories of Gender Inequality

63. In her introduction to a paper about gender, the sociologist Rae Blumberg said that the central principle behind gender in our society is to “remember the golden rule: he who has the gold makes the rules.”

What kind of theorist is Blumberg? a. a theorist who focuses on language and interaction b. a conflict theorist c. a functionalist d. a symbolic interactionist ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: 9.5 Sociological Theories of Gender Inequality

64. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, replacing a housewife with paid laborers would cost at least $100,000 per year. How could this be interpreted according to conflict theory? a. The instrumental role is more valuable than the expressive role. b. Domestic work is a highly functional adaptation that produces gender equality within a family. c. Men have a great deal to lose if gender segregation disappears. d. Gender inequality is mostly produced and reproduced through interaction.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 9.5 Sociological Theories of Gender Inequality

65. For many years, Saturday Night Live ran a series of skits about a character named Pat. The premise of each skit was that no one could tell if Pat was male or female. The other characters would devise ingenious plots to determine Pat’s gender, but all attempts failed. The humor in these skits is based on the fact that a. men have historically had access to most of society’s material resources and privileges.

Consequently, they generally seek to maintain their dominant status. b. gender identity is so important to our social selves that we can barely interact with anyone without first determining that person’s gender. c. Pat was trying to avoid being classified as a woman because expressive and instrumental roles may be complementary, but the social rewards for filling them are far from equal. d. transgender and gender-nonconforming people are challenging old ideas about the relationship between sex and gender.

ANS: B MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Moderate

REF: 9.5 Sociological Theories of Gender Inequality

66. Men usually make more money than women because a. men are naturally predisposed to competition. b. men have higher levels of testosterone, which gives them an edge in the business world. c. employers understand that men are usually their families’ breadwinners. d. socially constructed categories of employment lead to larger numbers of men than women in many lucrative jobs.

ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 9.6 Gender, Sexuality, and Life Chances

67. In terms of gendered health issues and life expectancy rates, ________ is/are viewed as “the great equalizer”. a. smoking b. handguns c. college education d. heart disease

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 9.6 Gender, Sexuality, and Life Chances

68. ________ is diagnosed more often in women than in men. a. Heart disease b. Cancer c. Type 1 diabetes d. Depression ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 9.6 Gender, Sexuality, and Life Chances

69. How do the incomes of single fathers compare with those of single mothers? a. They are about the same. b. Single fathers make more money than single mothers in urban areas, but not in rural areas. c. Single mothers with only one child make more money than single fathers, but not mothers with more children. d. Single fathers make considerably more money than single mothers.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 9.6 Gender, Sexuality, and Life Chances

70. Women are more likely to be arrested than men for a. burglary. b. murder. c. prostitution. d. theft.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 9.6 Gender, Sexuality, and Life Chances

71. One reason women are more likely than men to live in poverty is the expense of child care. How do sociologists explain the relationship between poverty rates and child care costs? a. Women are more likely to be responsible for the “second shift.” b. There are more single women who have sole financial responsibility for their children than single men. c. Married couples tend to divide their expenses, and women are more likely to be responsible for child care. d. Women tend to take the expressive role.

ANS: B MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Moderate

REF: 9.6 Gender, Sexuality, and Life Chances

72. What did Laura Miller’s 1997 study find in regard to gender harassment in the military? a. Men were more likely to be harassed by their fellow trainees, whereas women were more likely to be harassed by their drill sergeants. b. Men were more likely to be harassed by their drill sergeants, whereas women were more likely to be harassed by their fellow trainees. c. Women were most often harassed by their superior officers. d. Men were more likely to report being the object of unwanted gender harassment.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: 9.6 Gender, Sexuality, and Life Chances

73. The phenomenon of women being more likely than men to live in poverty is called

a. b. c. d.

the wages of sin. the double standard. the feminization of poverty. third-wave feminism.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 9.6 Gender, Sexuality, and Life Chances

74. Denise is a single mother of three who works a full-time job cleaning an office building. She makes $9 per hour and has to piece together child care for two of her children who are not yet in school, often paying neighbors in cash to watch her children. Despite her full-time employment, her family is struggling to survive. What sociological concept does Denise’s situation exemplify? a. feminization of poverty b. heteronormativity c. second shift d. cisgenderism ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 9.6 Gender, Sexuality, and Life Chances | InQuizitive

MSC: Applying

75. Laura is a married mother of three who works a full-time job. She drops her kids off at school every day at 7:30 A.M., arrives at the office at 8 A.M., works until 4 P.M., and then drives to pick up her kids from after-school care at 4:30 P.M. She gets home around the same time as her husband, who works a full-time job from 9 A.M. until 5 P.M. He expects that she will have dinner ready for the family by 6 P.M. From 7 to 9 P.M., Laura usually does housework and reads to the children. What sociological concept does Laura’s situation exemplify? a. cisgenderism b. feminization of poverty c. heteronormativity d. second shift ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 9.6 Gender, Sexuality, and Life Chances | InQuizitive

MSC: Applying

76. Which sociologist conducted work on intersectionality among workers in nail salons? a. Miliann Kang b. Jennifer Lee c. Catharine MacKinnon d. bell hooks ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 9.6 Gender, Sexuality, and Life Chances | InQuizitive

MSC: Understanding

77. A black woman is followed around the store by a white sales associate while shopping for clothes.

Frustrated, she leaves the store and decides to go home. Her husband, on seeing her enter the house, asks, “What’s for dinner?” What concept could we as sociologists use to understand her experiences both in the store and at home? a. gender inequality b. intersectionality c. second-wave feminism d. feminization of poverty ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 9.6 Gender, Sexuality, and Life Chances

78. The term “deadbeat dad” describes a man who isn’t married to his children’s mother and isn’t helping to support his children financially. Why do we almost never talk about “deadbeat moms”? a. Men are punished far more harshly than women for violating gender norms. b. The legal system is biased in favor of men when it comes to divorce and custody cases. c. Mothers usually remain the primary caregiver even when fathers don’t take the instrumental role. d. Women are not judged as harshly as men for abandoning their children.

ANS: C MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Moderate

REF: 9.6 Gender, Sexuality, and Life Chances

79. Previously, bank teller positions were almost all occupied by men. Today most bank tellers are women.

What could explain this shift? a. Changes in technology made the work easier and less important, which drove down the wages and prestige accorded to the job. b. The gendered division of labor has increasingly spread to areas of the economy that used to be gender neutral. c. Banks are more heavily regulated by the government than they were in the past, making them more likely to be sexist. d. The banking industry is much more important in today’s globalized economy, and this added prestige draws more women to the job.

ANS: A MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Difficult

REF: 9.6 Gender, Sexuality, and Life Chances

80. Which of the following folk sayings expresses the idea of the “second shift” as sociologist Arlie Hochschild described it? a. “A wife that does not know how to keep house throws out more with a teaspoon than a man can bring in with a shovel.” b. “Don’t throw the baby out with the bathwater.” c. “A woman has to be twice as good as a man to be regarded as half as clever.” d. “Man works from sun to sun, but woman’s work is never done.”

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 9.6 Gender, Sexuality, and Life Chances

81. The second-wave feminist movement was associated with the issue of a. gaining voting rights for women. b. women’s equal access to employment and education. c. rights of women in the Third World. d. marginalization of black women.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 9.7 Social Movements

82. ________ is the belief in the social, political, and economic equality of the sexes. a. Sexism b. Interactionism c. Queer theory d. Feminism ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 9.7 Social Movements

83. With what issue is first-wave feminism MOST strongly associated?

a. b. c. d.

women’s suffrage women’s education and equality in the classroom equal opportunity for women in the workplace women’s reproductive rights

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 9.7 Social Movements

84. In the opening pages of The Feminine Mystique, Betty Friedan wrote about a problem that “lay buried, unspoken, for many years in the minds of American women.” What was this problem? a. Women didn’t have the right to vote. b. The media imposed unrealistic beauty standards upon women. c. Women experienced dissatisfaction with traditional gender roles. d. Employers actively discriminated against women based on their gender.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 9.7 Social Movements

85. What criticism do third-wave feminists commonly level against the first two waves of feminism? a. They marginalized the concerns of women of color, lesbians, and working-class women. b. They included too many men. c. They focused too much on jobs and the economy. d. They compromised too much with men’s rights groups.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: 9.7 Social Movements

86. Which of the following groups argues that men suffer discrimination as a result of feminism? a. the Republican Party b. the men’s rights movement c. third-wave feminists d. gay and lesbian groups ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 9.7 Social Movements

87. Why might LGBTQ rights groups emphasize that homosexuality has a genetic origin? a. They want to emphasize the importance of difference. b. They believe that sexuality is closely related to a person’s relationship with their mother. c. They believe that if sexual orientation is something we are born with, then discrimination against gays and lesbians is much less acceptable. d. Gays and lesbians are predisposed to believe in science.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: 9.7 Social Movements

88. In what year did the first states in the United States begin legalizing same-sex marriages? a. 2002 b. 2004 c. 2006 d. 2008 ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 9.7 Social Movements | InQuizitive

89. In 1848, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott organized the Seneca Falls Convention to address the issue of equal rights for women. The convention produced a Declaration of Sentiments, which laid out a list of injustices done to women by men. Which of the following do you think was first on their list given your knowledge of the first wave of the women’s movement? a. “He has taken from her all right in property, even to the wages she earns.” b. “He has created a false public sentiment by giving to the world a different code of morals for men and women, by which moral delinquencies which exclude women from society are not only tolerated, but deemed of little account in man.” c. “He has never permitted her to exercise her inalienable right to the elective franchise.” d. “He has made her, if married, in the eye of the law, civilly dead.”

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: 9.7 Social Movements

90. In The Feminine Mystique, Betty Friedan wrote: Each suburban wife struggled with it alone. As she made the beds, shopped for groceries, matched slipcover material, ate peanut butter sandwiches with her children, chauffeured Cub Scouts and Brownies, lay beside her husband at night—she was afraid to ask even of herself the silent question—“Is this all?”

What larger social issue does this passage suggest Friedan was worried about? a. access to education and employment b. suffrage c. race and difference d. homophobia ANS: A MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Moderate

REF: 9.7 Social Movements

91. Why might a third-wave feminist be annoyed with members of the second wave for talking about how women needed access to education and careers, like those available to men, that would give their lives meaning? a. Second-wave feminists already had pretty good jobs, so they shouldn’t have complained. b. Second-wave feminists hid the differences among women, so the concerns of women of color, lesbians, and working-class women tended to be marginalized. c. Third-wave feminists think that higher education and capitalist jobs are part of the problem and need to be torn down. d. Second-wave feminists never managed to achieve real success in gaining access to higher education.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 9.7 Social Movements

92. The National Organization for Men Against Sexism (NOMAS), a pro-feminist men’s group, believes that: Traditional masculinity includes many positive characteristics in which we take pride and find strength, but it also contains qualities that have limited and harmed us. As an organization dedicated to changing men, we care about men and are especially concerned with men’s problems, as well as the difficult issues in most men’s lives.

Which of the following is a quality or belief associated with traditional masculinity that NOMAS would identify as being harmful to men? a. a willingness to allow women to be in charge b. the idea that men are superior to women c. the idea that men and women are different d. the idea that men can share their feelings and express vulnerability

ANS: B MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Easy

REF: 9.7 Social Movements

TRUE/FALSE 1. A person’s biological sex and gender identity often match, but this is not always the case.

ANS: T DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 9.1 Sex and Gender

2. Gender varies from culture to culture.

ANS: T DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 9.1 Sex and Gender

3. Gender is biologically natural.

ANS: F DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 9.1 Sex and Gender

4. The gender binary is a way of classifying gender that relies only on two distinct and opposite categories.

ANS: T DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 9.1 Sex and Gender

5. An individual’s sex refers to the physical, behavioral, and personality characteristics considered normal, while their gender relates to membership in a distinct, biological category.

ANS: F DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 9.1 Sex and Gender

6. Transgender and noncisgender can be used interchangeably.

ANS: T DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 9.1 Sex and Gender

7. Sexuality relates to sexual behavior, desires, and fantasies as well as sexual orientation or identity.

ANS: T DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 9.2 Sexuality and Sexual Orientation

8. Queer theory emphasizes the idea of a single gay, lesbian, bisexual, heterosexual, or transgender identity.

ANS: F DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 9.2 Sexuality and Sexual Orientation

9. Rape culture is unique to college campuses.

ANS: F DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 9.3 Socialization: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality

10. The process of socialization tends to emphasize heteronormativity.

ANS: T DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 9.3 Socialization: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality

11. A sociological perspective on homophobia would shift the burden of addressing its harmful effects from gender and sexual minorities such as homosexuals and bisexuals to those who react negatively to them.

ANS: T MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 9.3 Socialization: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality

12. Misogyny is the fear of or discrimination toward gay, lesbian, and bisexual people.

ANS: F DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 9.4 Sexism in Its Many Forms

13. Men earn more than women at every level of educational attainment.

ANS: T DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 9.6 Gender, Sexuality, and Life Chances

14. There are many LGBTQ people who do not support same-sex marriage.

ANS: F DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 9.7 Social Movements

SHORT ANSWER 1. What are some of the ways that families contribute to children learning the behaviors and expectations associated with gender?

ANS: Answers may vary, but should include that families teach their children the behaviors and expectations associated with gender through the use of gender-appropriate clothing, toys that reflect gender of the child, chores that children are given in the home, and the way children are disciplined and punished.

DIF: Easy REF: 9.3 Socialization: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality MSC: Remembering 2. How does “victim blaming” contribute to rape culture?

ANS: To avoid being raped, women are taught not to wear revealing clothing, go out alone, accept drinks from strangers, and so on. This implies that if a woman does get raped, it’s her fault.

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: 9.3 Socialization: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality

3. Give an example of one form that gender socialization can take in schools.

ANS:

The forms that gender socialization can take in schools include the following: textbooks that contain sexist language or leave out women’s experiences, instances in which girls are encouraged to focus on appearance rather than brainpower, and instances where boys are punished more often than girls.

DIF: Easy REF: 9.3 Socialization: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality MSC: Remembering 4. Describe two ways that school environments may have a negative impact on gender-nonconforming students.

ANS: Answers may vary, but should include the following: school environments that may have a negative impact on gender-nonconforming students could consist of an emphasis on heterosexual dating, school textbooks depicting traditional families, binary division of bathrooms, and harassment and assault.

DIF: Moderate REF: 9.3 Socialization: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality MSC: Understanding 5. Why is divorce more burdensome for women than for men?

ANS: Answers may vary, but should include the following: one reason that divorce is more burdensome for women than for men is that women are more likely to retain the role of primary caregiver.

DIF: Easy REF: 9.6 Gender, Sexuality, and Life Chances MSC: Understanding 6. Why does early research suggest that some LGBTQ individuals have lower life expectancies?

ANS: Answers may vary, but should include that some LGBTQ individuals might have no insurance as well as face prejudice and discrimination.

DIF: Moderate REF: 9.6 Gender, Sexuality, and Life Chances MSC: Remembering 7. What are the consequences of gendered occupations on women’s lives?

ANS: Answers may vary, but should include that one consequence is that they get paid less than men.

DIF: Easy REF: 9.6 Gender, Sexuality, and Life Chances MSC: Remembering 8. What factors contribute to what sociologists call the “feminization of poverty”?

ANS: Factors that contribute to the “feminization of poverty” include the gendered wage gap, the cost of child care, and the responsibility for child care that falls primarily on women.

DIF: Moderate REF: 9.6 Gender, Sexuality, and Life Chances MSC: Understanding

9. What does C. J. Pascoe’s study of high school boys, Dude, You’re a Fag, conclude about the influence of peers on gender roles?

ANS: Peer groups exert a powerful influence in enforcing gender roles. Pascoe’s study found that high school boys call each other “fag” to police each other’s performance of masculinity and to inflate their own sense of masculinity.

DIF: Easy REF: 9.3 Socialization: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality MSC: Remembering 10. How does the gender division of labor in the home reflect wider societal gender inequality?

ANS: Women usually do more of the housework, such as cleaning, cooking, laundry, and child care, than men and are not compensated for it. Furthermore, they are still expected to do these unpaid household tasks when they get home from work, which is called the “second shift,” even when women have jobs outside the home. Traditional gender norms and expectations, such as the belief that women are natural caretakers, help perpetuate inequalities like “the second shift.”

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: 9.6 Gender, Sexuality, and Life Chances

11. What does the recent media focus on Caitlyn Jenner’s transition tell us about the changing representations of LGBTQ lives in the media?

ANS: Answers may vary, but should include that the media is focusing more attention on trans bodies and experiences, but trans people still have a long road to achieving full equality.

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: 9.3 Socialization: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality

12. Why are the Stonewall riots considered a watershed moment in the LGBTQ liberation movement?

ANS: In 1968, the patrons of the Stonewall Inn, a gay bar in New York City, fought back against police harassment. This jump-started a movement for LGBTQ rights even though it was not the first time that gay citizens had protested harassment by law enforcement.

DIF: Easy

REF: 9.7 Social Movements

MSC: Understanding

13. Why do some argue that civil unions do not offer same-sex couples the same rights and protections as marriage?

ANS: Civil unions do not grant same-sex couples the same legal rights and benefits that marriage does. This includes the right to receive Social Security, veterans’ benefits, or disability benefits as well as a spouse’s right to inherit those benefits after the other spouse’s death. Furthermore, civil unions that are recognized in one state are not recognized in all states.

DIF: Moderate

REF: 9.7 Social Movements

MSC: Understanding

ESSAY 1. Why do sociologists find it important to differentiate between sex and gender? Please explain.

ANS: In basic terms, sex is biological, whereas gender is socially constructed. Any answer should mention that sex is usually male or female, depending on primary sex characteristics, whereas gender refers to the physical, behavioral, and personality traits that a group considers to be normal for men or women. In other words, sex is inherited and gender is learned.

DIF: Easy

REF: 9.1 Sex and Gender

MSC: Remembering

2. What do the experiences of “two-spirit people” in Native American communities and of hijras in South Asia tell us about the social construction of gender outside of Western society?

ANS: A good answer will start by defining two-spirit people and hijras as examples of “third genders;” in other words, people who self-identify as neither male nor female.

Answers should then discuss how Western society does not acknowledge or accept the concept of a third gender because Western definitions of gender are based on the strict binary categories of male and female. As a result, people in Western cultures may think of two-spirit people and hijras as being similar to cross-dressers or transgender persons. This demonstrates how social constructions of gender differ from culture to culture.

DIF: Moderate

REF: 9.1 Sex and Gender

MSC: Analyzing

3. Symbolic interactionism argues that people learn their gender identities from everyday social interactions and that the family is the primary source of gender role socialization. Explain some of the ways parents and siblings can teach children gender roles.

ANS: Gender is taught in families in a variety of ways. Any answer should mention factors like the gender-stereotyped behaviors children observe; the clothing in which children are dressed; the different kinds of toys that are given to boys and girls; and the different expectations, privileges, and chores that are doled out to boys and girls. The textbook gives the example of a son being asked to mow the lawn and a daughter to do the dishes. Good answers will also discuss Kara Smith’s argument that parents begin the process of gender role socialization even before a child is born, as shown in the way that mothers who know their baby’s sex in advance will talk to the fetus. Good answers will also identify and explain the term “social learning,” which is the process of learning behaviors and meanings from social interaction (in this case, interaction with family members).

DIF: Easy REF: 9.3 Socialization: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality MSC: Understanding 4. Chapter 9 defines microaggressions as a form of discrimination that uses language in ways that “can be experienced as insulting and demeaning by those whom it targets and excludes.” Define “microaggression” and describe three examples that women and LGBTQ people may face in their daily lives. Include both intentional and unintentional forms of microaggressions.

ANS:

A good answer will define microaggressions as both intentional and unintentional forms of exchange in which a member of a dominant group (men) in society belittles or marginalizes a member of another group (women). Microaggressions thus become an important way in which dominant members of society exert their power and influence in everyday interaction. Examples can include catcalling, unwanted touching, men telling women to smile, men staring at a woman’s body parts, a female employee constantly being interrupted by a male employee in a meeting, use of sexist language, telling sexist jokes, and so on. The answer can also include using the terms “gay” or “queer” to describe things someone doesn’t like, misgendering a transgender person by using the wrong pronouns, and so on.

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: 9.3 Socialization: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality

5. In this chapter, we learned that gender role socialization is a lifelong process. Describe how the four main agents of socialization support heteronormativity throughout our lives.

ANS: The four main agents of socialization, which include the family, schools, peers, and the media, play an important role in the process of learning to be masculine or feminine. Answers should mention how the process of socialization not only perpetuates the masculine/feminine gender binary but also supports the assumption that heterosexuality is the only acceptable sexual orientation. For example, the traditional definition of the family teaches us that heterosexual marriages are “normal” and that biological parenthood is how we “should” establish a family. In schools, we read textbooks that support these traditional notions of the family. School culture also emphasizes heterosexual dating (for example, the prom king and queen). The media has traditionally focused on representations of heterosexual people such as romances between men and women, leaving out the experiences of gender-nonconforming people or portraying them in a negative light.

DIF: Moderate REF: 9.3 Socialization: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality MSC: Understanding 6. The use of words like “man” or “mankind” to refer to all humans is fairly easily identifiable as evidence of a default preference toward men in our language, but some commonly used words are trickier. In what ways do feminine nicknames like “cupcake” or “baby doll” or even derogatory terms like “heifer” or “cow” perpetuate gender stereotypes and inequality?

ANS: Using these sorts of nicknames to refer to women and girls is an example of microaggression, or the use of language to send demeaning messages to members of certain social groups, either intentionally or unintentionally. Answers should discuss the underlying implication behind these words. For example, foods like cupcakes are meant to be consumed, babies or dolls are meant to be coddled, and animals such as cows are meant to be controlled. In this way, these nicknames serve to perpetuate sexist ideas about how women should be treated.

DIF: Moderate REF: 9.3 Socialization: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality MSC: Understanding 7. Young men, ages fifteen to twenty-four, are four to five times more likely than young women to die from car accidents, homicides, and drownings. Explain this statistic in terms of gender socialization.

ANS:

The need to impress other people and to feel popular among peers is evident in childhood, but it increases in the teenage years. For boys, playing sports, taking risks, and defying norms often satisfy this need. These risky ways of gaining prestige can all lead to situations and behaviors that make car accidents, homicides, and drowning more likely.

DIF: Difficult REF: 9.3 Socialization: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality | 9.6 Gender, Sexuality, and Life Chances MSC: Analyzing 8. How do functionalists and conflict theorists differ in how they approach and understand gender inequality?

ANS: The functionalist perspective sees some merit in a patriarchal division of labor within a family, in which the man is the “breadwinner” and the woman is the “caretaker.” Good answers will mention Talcott Parsons’s conception of the complementary nature of the man’s instrumental role and the woman’s expressive role. However, functionalist theory does little to explain the persistence of gender inequality.

On the other hand, conflict theorists like Friedrich Engels believe that patriarchal gender segregation exploits women and that gender inequality persists because keeping women in uncompensated support roles bolsters the capitalist system.

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: 9.5 Sociological Theories of Gender Inequality

9. A key event of the second wave of the feminist movement in the United States was the publication of Betty Friedan’s The Feminine Mystique. To what concept does the phrase “feminine mystique” refer?

ANS: The idea behind The Feminine Mystique was that women in the 1960s were no longer satisfied with their traditional roles in society and they wanted equal access to the same educational and employment opportunities that men had. Any answer should mention the sense of limitation and dissatisfaction that Friedan observed among women. Good answers will discuss the idea that even though this period was marked by a great deal of prosperity, “the mystique of feminine fulfillment” was no longer fulfilling for many women. In addition, women who did try to venture into the professional world, away from the traditional roles of wife and mother, were often labeled “unfeminine.”

DIF: Difficult

REF: 9.7 Social Movements

MSC: Understanding

10. Why were third-wave feminists critical of the first and second waves? How was the third wave different from the previous two waves?

ANS: Third-wave feminists felt that the first two waves concentrated on and benefited women who were primarily white, heterosexual, and middle class. At the same time, they marginalized women of color, lesbians, and working-class women. Any answer should discuss the fact that the third wave of the feminist movement, which began in the 1980s and 1990s, encompasses other concerns as well, such as global women’s rights, animal rights, and the environment. Good answers will also mention the broader participation in the third-wave feminist movement. According to Chapter 9, most college students today belong to the third wave even if they don’t call themselves feminists.

DIF: Easy

REF: 9.7 Social Movements

MSC: Understanding

11. The reason for the underlying cause of homosexuality remains unresolved and the debate continues.

Explain why many people in the LGBTQ rights movement have embraced the genetic explanation.

ANS: Gays and lesbians often rally behind the genetic model of homosexuality because it’s easier to argue for equal rights if sexual orientation is assumed to be an inherited trait like one’s sex or race. Good answers will also mention that the genetic argument makes it possible to bypass the religious debate over whether homosexuality is “morally right.” Also, many straight Americans would be more sympathetic to the gay rights cause if they believed that sexual orientation is not a choice but a characteristic with which one is born.

DIF: Easy

REF: 9.7 Social Movements

MSC: Understanding

12. Consider these two examples of men’s movement organizations. The National Organization for Men Against Sexism (NOMAS) is the oldest pro-feminist men’s group in the United States and has fought for gender equality, gay rights, racial equality, and enhancing men’s lives. The Promise Keepers, a men’s Christian ministry that was founded in the 1990s, advocates for a return to the traditional, biblical concept of the family, in which the male is the head of the household. The organization firmly opposes feminism, gender equality, and gay rights.

However, both NOMAS and the Promise Keepers are concerned about men. The Promise Keepers suggest that men communicate with their wives during prayer: During prayer, it’s often easier to open up and share personally. It can be extremely difficult, especially for a man, to reveal something personal directly to [his] wife. I mean, she’s sitting there staring at you! There’s nowhere to hide! Will she laugh? Worse yet, will she ask a million questions and want you to probe even deeper?

NOMAS argues: By overcoming their traditional denial of most of their feelings, men can have more meaningful relationships, richer and fuller emotional lives, and even improved physical health. Men can learn to be good listeners, to be gentle, to be nurturing and sensitive to other people’s needs and feelings.

Although NOMAS and the Promise Keepers clearly have many differences, what do these quotes tell us about how the two groups are similar?

ANS: Both NOMAS and the Promise Keepers are concerned about the way men’s reluctance to open up emotionally and to communicate affects their lives. Traditional stereotypes about masculinity often prevent men from talking about their feelings; this reluctance to talk and share has a negative impact on their relationships, health, and ability to lead meaningful lives. Both groups share these concerns about emotional openness despite being on opposite sides of the political spectrum.

DIF: Moderate

REF: 9.7 Social Movements

MSC: Analyzing

Chapter 10 Social Institutions: Politics, Education, and Religion MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. What are systems and structures within society that shape the activities of groups and individuals called? a. social controls b. social institutions c. social norms d. pluralistic situations ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 10.1 What Is Politics?

2. What do schools, churches, and governments all have in common? a. They are all secular institutions. b. They are all less important today than in the past. c. They are all social institutions. d. They function only at the macro level.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 10.1 What Is Politics?

3. Politics, education, and religion are often discussed together in sociology because a. all three exist only at the macro level. b. all three exist only at the micro level. c. political, religious, and educational concerns often overlap in everyday life. d. all three are important to sociologists but have less effect on everyday life.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: 10.1 What Is Politics?

4. What are the methods and tactics of managing and influencing government called? a. power b. totalitarianism c. fascism d. politics ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 10.1 What Is Politics?

5. Robert is walking down the street late at night when a man in a ski mask suddenly sticks a gun in his face and takes his wallet. Sociologists would say that Robert’s mugger had ________ but not ________. a. power; authority b. authority; power c. authoritarianism; power d. totalitarianism; total power ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 10.1 What Is Politics?

6. What is the term for the legitimate right to wield power? a. government b. politics c. authority

d. state ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 10.1 What Is Politics?

7. The system of government that excludes participation and representation of ordinary citizens is called a. pluralist. b. democratic. c. socialist. d. authoritarian.

ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 10.1 What Is Politics?

8. Manuel Noriega was never elected president of Panama, but he became its de facto ruler when he became head of the army. In doing so, he became powerful enough to demand the resignation of the elected president. What was Noriega’s government if this is the only information on which to base your answer? a. totalitarian b. authoritarian c. democratic d. a monarchy ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 10.1 What Is Politics?

9. Kim Jong-un, the current leader of North Korea, and his father Kim Jong-il, North Korea’s former leader, have both restricted the basic human rights of their citizens. What type of government does North Korea have? a. democracy b. monarchy c. republic d. totalitarian ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 10.1 What Is Politics?

10. ________ is the MOST extreme form of authoritarianism. a. Totalitarianism b. Monarchy c. Dictatorship d. The power elite ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 10.1 What Is Politics?

11. Abdullah II of Jordan succeeded his father, Hussein bin Talal, as ruler of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan in 1999. This makes his government a a. monarchy. b. totalitarian state. c. pluralist polity. d. democratic republic.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 10.1 What Is Politics?

12. In 1970, Salvador Allende became the president of Chile through open elections. What did the United States help end in Chile when it supported a military coup, the assassination of Allende, and the subsequent dictatorship? a. theocracy b. totalitarian regime c. constitutional monarchy d. democracy ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 10.1 What Is Politics?

13. ________ occurs when a government bars an individual temporarily or permanently from voting. a. Suffrage b. Disenfranchisement c. Pluralism d. Voting conviction ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 10.1 What Is Politics?

14. Since 1917, all Puerto Ricans have been considered U.S. citizens, but they are not represented in Congress and cannot cast ballots in presidential elections. In this sense, they are a. ruled by a 527 committee. b. part of a totalitarian government. c. disenfranchised. d. a pluralistic society.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 10.1 What Is Politics?

15. Which of the following techniques is used to disenfranchise part of the American population today? a. requiring polling places to be put in as many locations as possible b. requiring that poll taxes be paid in order to vote c. denying people who have been convicted of felonies the right to vote for the rest of their lives d. requiring a literacy test to get a ballot ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 10.1 What Is Politics?

16. Robert Dahl developed ________ to argue that corporations, political parties, professional organizations, and ethnic and religious groups provide checks and balances for each other so that no one group has too much power. a. special interest groups b. democracy c. the pluralist model d. the power elite ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 10.1 What Is Politics?

17. According to C. Wright Mills, a small and unified group of people occupy the highest positions of the major economic, political, and military institutions and exercise tremendous influence in American social life. What does he call this group? a. the power elite

b. a variety of organizations and institutions that represent different interest groups c. political action committees that raise money and advocate on behalf of their donors d. the media ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 10.1 What Is Politics?

18. The majority of appointed U.S. Treasury secretaries have been either former partners or managers of Goldman Sachs, which is a global investment management firm. Sociologists would argue that this overlap between private business and the federal government is an example of a. pluralism. b. authoritarianism. c. totalitarianism. d. the power elite.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 10.1 What Is Politics?

19. The power elite consists of ________ of the American population, according to a recent study. a. 5 percent b. considerably less than 1 percent c. 12.5 percent d. 42 percent ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 10.1 What Is Politics?

20. What are organizations formed with the purpose of raising and spending money in order to influence elected officials called? a. power elites b. media groups c. special interest groups d. unions ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 10.1 What Is Politics?

21. ________ is/are an example of a special interest group. a. Penn State University b. Police unions c. A parent group at a school d. A student organization on campus ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 10.1 What Is Politics?

22. ________ are organizations designed to raise money to support the interests of a select group or organization. a. Political action committees b. Media groups c. Simulacrums d. Power elites ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 10.1 What Is Politics?

23. Political action committees are much more important to political campaigns now than they were in the past because a. unlike giving to candidates or political parties, there are no limits on how much money an individual can give political action committees. b. their members have positions of power within the media. c. they have far and away the largest number of grassroots supporters. d. many of their members hold high political office.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 10.1 What Is Politics?

24. In the past, most voters formed political opinions by listening to speeches, meeting with representatives of political parties, or attending town hall meetings. How do voters today tend to learn about political issues? a. through websites maintained by political candidates b. through human interest stories in the media c. through newspaper and magazine articles that focus on the policy implications of political decisions d. through intimate, firsthand knowledge of issues ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 10.1 What Is Politics?

25. ________ are high-profile individuals who interpret political information and influence the voting habits of the public. a. Lobbyists b. Opinion leaders c. Political action leaders d. Talking heads ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 10.1 What Is Politics?

26. Singer and celebrity Beyoncé Knowles endorsed Barack Obama during the 2012 presidential election.

What could Beyoncé be considered, to the extent that people pay attention to her and care about what she says? a. an opinion leader b. a member of the power elite c. a member of a special interest group d. a political action leader ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 10.1 What Is Politics?

27. John F. Kennedy and Richard Nixon debated during the 1960 presidential campaign. Voters who watched the debate on television were more likely to see Kennedy as the winner than those who listened to it on radio. Why? a. The Kennedy campaign put out better television advertisements. b. Nixon refused to take advice on hair, makeup, and clothing that would have made him look better on camera. c. The radio program was shorter than the television program and omitted some of Kennedy’s key arguments. d. Kennedy smiled a lot.

ANS: B

DIF: Moderate

REF: 10.1 What Is Politics?

MSC: Understanding 28. ________ are short sentences or phrases on a political subject, designed to be catchy and memorable but not necessarily to convey much information. a. Position papers b. Policy gripes c. Press releases d. Sound bites ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 10.1 What Is Politics?

29. What feature of modern politics closely resembles short, limited Twitter posts? a. press conferences b. journalistic watchdogs c. sound bites d. news stories ANS: C MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Moderate

REF: 10.1 What Is Politics?

30. The large-scale social change making celebrity politicians more popular is the increasing a. importance of television. b. focus on political platform and policies. c. need to connect with young voters. d. importance of Hollywood stars to fundraising.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 10.1 What Is Politics?

31. ________ is the term Jean Baudrillard uses to refer to an image or media representation that does not reflect reality in any meaningful way but is treated as real. a. Simulacrum b. Hidden curriculum c. Telegenic d. Sacred ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 10.1 What Is Politics?

32. In Soviet Russia, it was a common practice to edit old photographs to reflect the current political mood and to treat the doctored photos as representations of reality rather than as modifications of it. For example, Stalin’s friends who turned into his enemies were cut out of pictures with him. These pictures were examples of a. spin doctors. b. simulacrum. c. opinion leaders. d. a free press.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 10.1 What Is Politics?

33. Donald Trump defeated Hillary Clinton in the 2016 presidential election, and some political strategists argued it was partly due to Trump being a reality television celebrity. These political strategists likely feel that politics today

a. b. c. d.

requires immense amounts of money to succeed. has very little connection to the lives of everyday people. rewards style over substance. is mostly scripted by spin doctors.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 10.1 What Is Politics?

34. An example of social media is a. political parties summarizing their campaign platforms on television. b. a public radio program that tells you where to go if you want to volunteer to work on a political campaign. c. a magazine that provides information on candidates’ policy positions but also describes their family lives, hobbies, and favorite books. d. politicians using Twitter to communicate with their constituents directly.

ANS: D MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Easy

REF: 10.1 What Is Politics?

35. ________ is the central means by which modern society transmits knowledge, values, and expectations to its members. a. Religion b. Politics c. Education d. The hidden curriculum ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 10.1 What Is Politics?

36. Which of the following terms is used for a person who is stripped of voting rights, either temporarily or permanently? a. disenfranchised b. suffrage c. authoritarianism d. monarchy ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 10.1 What Is Politics? | InQuizitive

37. Which of the following does the textbook suggest is associated with helping incumbents win reelection at staggeringly high rates? a. recognition b. money c. track record d. political parties ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 10.1 What Is Politics? | InQuizitive

38. Identify the true statement about social media and politics. a. In the 2016 presidential election, all three major-party candidates (Hillary Clinton, Bernie Sanders, and Donald Trump) used Facebook and Twitter extensively in their campaigns, but Bernie Sanders stood out in the ways that he utilized these social media platforms. b. A filter bubble is created by search engine algorithms that deliver customized findings based on a user’s online history and social media circles.

c. Echo chambers refer to how fraudulent news stories can spread quickly online. d. Fomenting distrust of reliable mainstream news outlets imperils their function as a check and balance on power that the framers of the Constitution had in mind.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: 10.1 What Is Politics? | InQuizitive

39. The curriculum at schools like Trinity College at Cambridge (The College of the Holy and Undivided Trinity) leaned heavily on theology during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries in England. Today, the vast majority of university students will never take any theology classes. Why did this change? a. Universities in those days were controlled by the state. b. The Internet has altered social relations to such an extent that education in certain subjects no longer seems important. c. There are more colleges now, so students who are told they must take theology classes can simply transfer to a different school. d. The knowledge, values, and expectations required to succeed in contemporary society are different from those required then.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 10.2 What Is Education?

40. What subjects were taught in European universities during the Middle Ages? a. math and science b. only theology c. natural philosophy and the works of ancient Greek philosophers d. law, theology, and medicine ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 10.2 What Is Education?

41. What is the process called when students are tested and the results are used to place them in a certain category of classes (remedial, advanced, college prep, etc.)? a. the hidden curriculum b. socialization c. tracking d. charter schooling ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 10.2 What Is Education?

42. What does a sociological perspective tell us about education in the United States? a. Anyone who works hard can get good grades. b. Education is the pathway to material success and, as such, rewards the best and brightest individuals. c. Tracking helps students from disadvantaged backgrounds achieve material success. d. Educational success often has as much to do with social stratification as it does with individual ability.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 10.2 What Is Education?

43. In Schooling in Capitalist America, Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis argued that schools train a labor force in the skills and attitudes necessary for the health of a modern economy. What are these skills and attitudes? a. critical thinking

b. independence and initiative c. the mathematical skills needed to work with computer software and the drive needed to create new things d. taking orders and performing repetitive tasks ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 10.2 What Is Education?

44. Which of the following is an example of how the hidden curriculum can reinforce inequality? a. Curriculum may recognize and celebrate diversity, but most professors and administrators are white and heterosexual. b. History books are rewritten to emphasize the role of women and minorities. c. Schools attempt to change how they teach. d. Schools attempt to address the gaps and exclusions that exist in their curriculum.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 10.2 What Is Education?

45. What is the definition for the “hidden curriculum” concept? a. the ideal of a self-denying, highly moral life accompanied by self-sacrifice b. higher grades given for the same work, or a general rise in student grades without a corresponding rise in learning c. subjects that are rarely taught, which require students to seek them out on their own time d. lessons that students learn indirectly through the method in which the curriculum is presented and the way the school is organized ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 10.2 What Is Education?

46. Sociologists have noted that the informal teaching practices and power relationships by which schools operate produce a disconnect between democratic values and what actually goes on in schools. To what concept are such arguments referring? a. teacher expectations b. the hidden curriculum c. simulacra d. educational inequality ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: 10.2 What Is Education?

47. What variable would account for the dramatic jump in test scores evidenced by the students in Rosenthal and Jacobson’s Pygmalion in the Classroom? a. difficult work b. better books and other instructional materials c. teacher attitudes d. community support ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 10.2 What Is Education?

48. Jacobson and Rosenthal’s Pygmalion in the Classroom showed that a. IQ scores are the best predictors of classroom success. b. students whom teachers expect to do well tend to fare better in the classroom. c. there is no relationship between teachers’ expectations about students and student performance.

d. all students enter the education system with equal chances for success.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 10.2 What Is Education?

49. Former teacher Jonathan Kozol conducted an ethnography of public schools in major cities across the United States for his book Savage Inequalities. In his study, Kozol found that school reinforce inequality by a. busing students to schools far away from their homes, disrupting their schedules, and removing them from their natural peers. b. using local property taxes to fund public schools, trapping poor children in poor schools. c. “teaching to the test,” which removes many more creative subjects from the curriculum. d. privileging athletes and giving them a much easier educational path.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 10.2 What Is Education?

50. What was Jonathan Kozol’s impression of the poorly funded schools he visited in urban Chicago? a. Children are resilient and can overcome even the worst conditions. b. They were extraordinarily unhappy places. c. Even though they were poorly funded, a small group of dedicated teachers could still make a difference in children’s lives. d. They could only succeed when federal education programs closely regulated them.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 10.2 What Is Education?

51. Randall Collins argues that the true function of schools is that they a. train a workforce in computer and technology skills so students can work in a twenty-first-century information economy. b. teach traditional American values like respect, hard work, and punctuality. c. reproduce the class structure, making sure that most people grow up to have a socioeconomic status similar to that of their parents. d. teach students to have a profound intellectual engagement that allows them to establish a meaningful relationship with the society in which they live.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 10.2 What Is Education?

52. According to Randall Collins, why do members of lucrative professions like law and medicine support the current educational system? a. They understand how complicated their professions are and want to make sure that everyone who enters them is well trained. b. They want to keep the number of potential job applicants down, thereby minimizing competition and ensuring that there are a large number of people for less lucrative, less pleasant professions. c. They know that the world is changing quickly, and they want to make sure that new doctors and lawyers are fully versed in the intricacies of twenty-first-century life. d. They tend to invest in private schools, so they make a profit from education.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult MSC: Remembering

REF: 10.2 What Is Education?

53. To reform and improve the American educational system, what does the sociologist Randall Collins recommend?

a. The first two years of college should be combined with high school to make the transition easier. b. The federal government should fund high schools so poor areas do not have poorly funded schools. c. It should be illegal for employers to ask about educational credentials. d. Standardized test scores should not be requested on college applications.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 10.2 What Is Education?

54. According to Randall Collins, our educational system is much like a “tribal initiation rite,” a “secret society,” or a “closed occupational caste.” For Collins, it is not a rational system that produces more efficient production but a mechanism for a. creating gender inequality in the workforce. b. reproducing the existing class structure. c. punishing those who deviate from mainstream American values. d. teaching the values and ideals we need to function in society today.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: 10.2 What Is Education?

55. Public schools that are run by private entities are called a. charter schools. b. religious schools. c. homeschools. d. secular schools.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 10.2 What Is Education?

56. Schools that blend high school and college are called a. charter schools. b. early college high schools. c. junior colleges. d. college achievement schools.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 10.2 What Is Education?

57. What is the goal of early college high schools according to the textbook? a. to make education cheaper because college teachers are paid less when teaching in these institutions b. to move skilled workers into the economy faster c. to make it easier for students from underserved backgrounds to enter college d. to slow down the educational process and to keep more young people in school and out of the workforce, where too many people are underemployed ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 10.2 What Is Education?

58. How does the academic achievement of homeschooled students compare to that of public school students? a. Homeschooled students perform better in reading, but worse in math and science. b. Homeschooled students perform significantly better, on average, than public school students.

c. No one knows, because there is no way to test homeschooled students. d. Homeschooled students do well only if their parents are certified as teachers; otherwise, they do fairly poorly.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 10.2 What Is Education?

59. Which of the following is an advantage of school vouchers often cited by the vouchers’ supporters? a. Vouchers provide more funding for public schools. b. Vouchers provide better pay for teachers, which improves the quality of education across the board. c. Vouchers create more schools that specialize in math and science. d. Vouchers give parents more choices in their children’s education.

ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 10.2 What Is Education?

60. Which of the following is an objection to school vouchers often cited by the vouchers’ critics? a. They believe vouchers will undermine the independence of private schools. b. They believe vouchers will drain funds from vulnerable public schools and cause them to deteriorate further. c. They believe vouchers will reduce the number of choices and amount of control parents have over their children’s education. d. They fear that vouchers will cause students to be socially, rather than educationally, disadvantaged.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 10.2 What Is Education?

61. An elementary school student notices that exhibiting good behavior and following the instructions of the teacher can go a long way to earning him decent grades in school. This example highlights what sociological term about the education system? a. tracking b. unschooling c. hidden curriculum d. flipped classroom ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 10.2 What Is Education? | InQuizitive

62. What development transformed and expanded the role of distance learning in the American educational system? a. the passage of the No Child Left Behind Act in 2002 b. a rise in immigration, leading to a large population of non-English-speaking students c. the deterioration of the infrastructure in educational institutions d. the rise of the Internet ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 10.2 What Is Education?

63. How is a sociological definition of religion different from a commonsense, everyday definition? a. A sociological definition looks only at the macro elements of religion. b. A sociological definition looks only at the way religion is created and re-created through everyday interaction. c. A sociological definition must be broad enough to encompass all varieties of religious

experiences. d. A sociological definition cannot take into account personal relationships with God. ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 10.3 What Is Religion?

64. What do all religions have in common? a. God(s) or other supernatural beings b. moral laws about the proper way to offer prayer and sacrifice to a god c. a system of beliefs and rituals that establish a relationship between the sacred and the profane d. certain days that are considered holy ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 10.3 What Is Religion?

65. Religion fulfills what role in society from a structural functionalist perspective? a. It makes women subservient to men. b. Its shows religious organizations how to become agents of change. c. It is an instrument against oppression and exploitation. d. It provides its supporters with a set of values, norms, and rules by which to live.

ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 10.3 What Is Religion?

66. According to Max Weber, Protestant values contributed to the rise of a. opinion leaders. b. hidden curriculum. c. religion. d. capitalism.

ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 10.3 What Is Religion?

67. Religions that worship one divine figure are considered a. pluralistic. b. secular. c. monotheistic. d. Judeo-Christian.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 10.3 What Is Religion?

68. The adhan is the Islamic call to prayer that is recited five times each day. This means that, in theory, five times each day every Muslim is doing the exact same thing at the exact same time. What function or dysfunction of religion does the adhan help bring about? a. It supports economic development. b. It brings people together. c. It reinforces sexism. d. It creates a bias against homosexuals.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 10.3 What Is Religion?

69. In the Sermon on the Mount of the Christian New Testament, believers are told, “Whatever you want men to do to you, do also to them.” Of which of the functions or dysfunctions of religion does this remind you? a. Religion helps us understand our lives as meaningful. b. Religion provides morals, values, rules, and norms for participants. c. Religion gives people a set of social connections. d. Religion reinforces sexism and provides separate roles for men and women.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 10.3 What Is Religion?

70. “Wives, submit yourselves unto your own husbands, as unto the Lord. For the husband is the head of the wife, even as Christ is the head of the church.” Many people still look to passages from the Christian Bible, like this one, to justify gender roles. Conflict theorists might argue that this is a ________ of religion because it ________. a. dysfunction; is homophobic b. function; promotes equality c. function; teaches us a basic sociological tenet d. dysfunction; promotes sexism ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: 10.3 What Is Religion?

71. What is religiosity? a. a measure of the diversity of religion within a society b. a measure of the variety of religious experiences a person may have over the course of their lifetime c. the extent of a person’s consistent and regular practice of their religious beliefs d. the degree to which religion can provide solutions to everyday problems ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 10.3 What Is Religion?

72. Attending religious services would be an example of a. intrinsic religiosity. b. extrinsic religiosity. c. unchurched spirituality. d. spirituality.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 10.3 What Is Religion?

73. Intrinsic religiosity can be defined as a. any approach to religion that meets the fundamental needs of a person. b. the process by which worldly concerns come to dominate a person’s life. c. a person’s inner religious life. d. a cosmology that justifies a set of behaviors in terms of absolute good or evil.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 10.3 What Is Religion?

74. Why might the number of Christians who identify as evangelical in the United States be rapidly increasing? a. Evangelical churches tend to be the wealthiest churches in America. b. Evangelicals focus on an unchurched spirituality.

c. Evangelicals emphasize the importance of gaining new converts. d. Evangelicals are the oldest religious group in America.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 10.3 What Is Religion?

75. Religious groups that emphasize a literal interpretation of sacred texts are called a. secular. b. unchurched. c. fundamentalist. d. intrinsic.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 10.3 What Is Religion?

76. What is a term for someone who labels themselves “spiritual but not religious”? a. fundamentalist b. evangelical c. atheist d. unchurched ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 10.3 What Is Religion?

77. According to Mark Juergensmeyer’s book, Terror in the Mind of God, what accounts for the rise in religious violence across the world? a. the rise of Christian Evangelical fundamentalism b. the rise of Muslim fundamentalism c. the growing dissatisfaction with the growing separation of the church and state in various countries d. the rise of extremist religious beliefs that can grant a sense of control to people who feel powerless ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 10.3 What Is Religion?

78. A society that separates church and state is a(n) ________ society. a. secular b. agnostic c. fundamentalist d. traditional ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 10.3 What Is Religion?

79. The fact that school schedules are organized around Christmas is evidence a. that the United States is a secular society. b. that the majority of Americans celebrate Christmas. c. of nothing; it is just a coincidence. d. that the United States is not a totally secular society.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 10.3 What Is Religion?

80. The former Supreme Court justice Sandra Day O’Connor voted to allow a Christmas display on public property that included a nativity scene, but she voted to prohibit city governments from having displays that had only a nativity scene. This indicates that a. America is both a secular and religious society at the same time. b. America is a strongly secular society. c. America is a deeply religious society, and the separation of church and state is more or less a myth. d. the Supreme Court has consistently been more religious than the American public.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 10.3 What Is Religion?

81. In 2008, the Obama family’s search for a church to attend in Washington, D.C. was big news. A sociological analysis of the national curiosity about the president’s church might argue that a. following the media occupies an increasingly large part of everyone’s time. b. America is an increasingly secular nation. c. the president has a high level of intrinsic religiosity. d. being a Christian is an unofficial requirement for the presidency.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 10.3 What Is Religion?

82. Which of the following terms is used to represent the MOST conservative group within any religion? a. evangelical b. extrinsic c. unchurched d. fundamentalist ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 10.3 What Is Religion? | InQuizitive

TRUE/FALSE 1. A democratic government does not equally represent all citizens.

ANS: T DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 10.1 What Is Politics?

2. Human rights groups have long protested state governments’ disenfranchisement of convicted felons.

ANS: T DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 10.1 What Is Politics?

3. In early 2017, more than twice as many Democrats as Republicans advocated for the media’s role as a political watchdog, presumably as a result of the 2016 presidential campaign season.

ANS: T DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 10.1 What Is Politics?

4. Authoritarianism is defined as a government ruled by a king or queen.

ANS: F DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 10.1 What Is Politics?

5. An individual has only been disenfranchised if they have been stripped of voting rights permanently.

ANS: F DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 10.1 What Is Politics?

6. The power elite consists of a group of individuals who are in leadership positions within the economy, politics, and the military.

ANS: T DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 10.1 What Is Politics?

7. Educational systems can help to reproduce systems of inequality.

ANS: T DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 10.2 What Is Education?

8. Conflict theory argues that, although religion is sometimes an oppressive force, it can also sometimes act as a liberating force.

ANS: T DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 10.3 What Is Religion?

9. Education is a way in which society transmits knowledge, but not values or expectations.

ANS: F DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 10.2 What Is Education?

10. Beliefs that are supernatural are considered sacred, whereas those that are everyday are considered profane.

ANS: T DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 10.3 What Is Religion?

SHORT ANSWER 1. How is a dictatorship a form of authoritarianism?

ANS: Dictators are not elected by a constituency but instead seize power, often by force.

DIF: Easy

REF: 10.1 What Is Politics?

MSC: Remembering

2. What distinguishes absolute and constitutional monarchies?

ANS: Absolute monarchs have complete authority, whereas constitutional monarchs are royal figures with more limited power.

DIF: Easy

REF: 10.1 What Is Politics?

MSC: Remembering

3. What is one implication of power elite theory for understanding American society?

ANS:

Working hard is often not enough to reach positions of power. In addition, control is concentrated in the hands of those who are wealthy rather than those who are democratically elected.

DIF: Difficult

REF: 10.1 What Is Politics?

MSC: Understanding

4. How did the Citizens United court ruling affect campaign expenditures?

ANS: It allowed unlimited campaign contributions.

DIF: Moderate

REF: 10.1 What Is Politics?

MSC: Understanding

5. How is the television program The Daily Show an example of what Baudrillard called the simulacrum?

ANS: It is an example of fake news or journalism that covers similar topics as traditional or mainstream news programming.

DIF: Moderate

REF: 10.1 What Is Politics?

MSC: Understanding

6. Which part of the American power structure did the Black Lives Matters protest address?

ANS: It addressed policing and the judicial system.

DIF: Moderate

REF: 10.1 What Is Politics?

MSC: Understanding

7. What is the main function of the “hidden curriculum” according to Bowles and Gintis’s (1977) study, Schooling in Capitalist America?

ANS: It produces a submissive and obedient future workforce.

DIF: Moderate

REF: 10.2 What Is Education?

MSC: Understanding

8. Why are charter schools controversial among public school advocates?

ANS: Charter schools are exempt from local and state regulatory requirements. Additionally, they draw resources and good students away from schools that are struggling.

DIF: Moderate

REF: 10.2 What Is Education?

MSC: Understanding

9. According to the conflict perspective, why is the role of religion in society complex?

ANS: It can subjugate people, but it can also liberate them.

DIF: Moderate

REF: 10.3 What Is Religion?

MSC: Understanding

10. How is determining religiosity a complex phenomenon in the United States?

ANS:

Religious affiliation varies across demographics (age, race, gender, political party, and education) even though most Americans state that religion is important to them. For instance, a recent study shows that younger Americans (one-third of the population under thirty years old) tend to be religiously unaffiliated; more simply, religious attendance does not necessarily indicate religious beliefs.

DIF: Moderate

REF: 10.3 What Is Religion?

MSC: Understanding

ESSAY 1. Who rules America? Compare the two competing answers to this question offered in Chapter 10.

ANS: Chapter 10 contrasted a theory of pluralism with a theory of the power elite.

According to the theory of pluralism, power is held by a variety of organizations and institutions such as corporations, political parties, professional organizations, and ethnic and religious groups. Each organization is assumed to have roughly equal access to the power structure, and a system of checks and balances in the form of laws, policies, and the courts keeps any one group from having too much power over the others.

According to theories of the power elite, a small group that occupies the top positions of control within the economic, political, and military institutions of the country makes the most important decisions. The members of the elite have the full weight of their institutions at their disposal. Thus, their actions have tremendous implications for practically the entire population. The best answers will mention that C. Wright Mills is closely associated with the theory of the power elite.

DIF: Difficult

REF: 10.1 What Is Politics?

MSC: Analyzing

2. Compare and contrast how power elite and pluralism theories would understand the role of 527 committees.

ANS: The best answers will point out that those who support either theory believe that political action committees and 527s support their conclusions. Those who believe in a power elite see these groups as a loophole in campaign finance laws that allow the wealthy to exert undue influence and donate money, which is strongly correlated with electoral success. However, those who believe we are a pluralistic society would point out that more minority candidates are elected to office with the support of 527s and that PACs ensure the representation of diverse interest groups.

DIF: Moderate

REF: 10.1 What Is Politics?

MSC: Analyzing

3. How has the role of the media in American politics changed in the past fifty years?

ANS: All answers should say that the media have always played a role in American politics, covering whatever is newsworthy and informing the public about important issues. However, the media’s role has increased dramatically over the past fifty years, coinciding with the advent of television in 1948 and now the emergence of the Internet. The media package and present important events, making the media a part of the national dialogue that influences public opinion and promotes political activism and change. The media influence voters and nonvoters in the United States and can even focus global attention.

The best answers will also talk about the way the media have changed the role of money in politics and have altered how issues are debated and considered.

The rise of electronic media has also changed the role of money in politics. For politicians, strategies for success must include great media savvy. Any group or individual wishing to influence voters must court the media either by attempting to gain coverage of its issue or candidate or by buying advertising.

Fundraising, as a means of gathering more money to spend on media considerations, has become the first order of business.

Television and the Internet have also contributed to a compression of the issues, which some see as a victory of style over substance. At one time, the voting public was informed of the issues through local political party representatives, town hall meetings, church groups, speeches made by politicians and activists, and exhaustive coverage in newspapers and on radio. Nowadays, the media’s coverage of politics is more likely to emphasize human interest stories, personalities, high-profile spectacles, and preplanned events, and is less likely to explain the background and implications of issues and policy debates. Most people now form their views of issues and candidates through televised “soundbites,” short audio or visual snippets taken from press releases, press conferences, photo opportunities, and sometimes protests. In our postmodern era, much news is condensed into just a few seconds of information. What politicians say to the press is often prescribed by “spin doctors,” who manipulate rhetoric to give it a positive spin designed to be both catchy and compelling while not necessarily delivering much substance.

DIF: Difficult

REF: 10.1 What Is Politics?

MSC: Evaluating

4. Define and explain French sociologist Jean Baudrillard’s “simulacrum” concept.

ANS: All answers should be able to explain that this concept is an attempt to understand the emergence of postmodern society. Jean Baudrillard argued that people were losing the ability to distinguish between what is real and what is fake, especially when media representations were involved, and that we would also come to accept the fake as sufficient and therefore no longer even need the real. He called this new socially constructed reality the “simulacrum,” or a simulation that becomes as good as real. The problem with the simulacrum is that the eye can be tricked and images can be manipulated in order to give the illusion of reality. Following Baudrillard’s logic, “the image has come to replace the real” for people in a postmodern, media-driven society.

DIF: Difficult

REF: 10.1 What Is Politics?

MSC: Understanding

5. What is the “hidden curriculum”? What nonacademic functions does it fulfill?

ANS: All answers should be able to define the hidden curriculum as lessons that students learn indirectly but that are an implicit part of their socialization in the school environment. Good answers will identify its functions: training future workers for an industrial economy and reinforcing and reproducing inequality.

The very best answers might also mention that the hidden curriculum is hard to adjust because it is based not only on what is taught but also on how it is taught.

DIF: Difficult

REF: 10.2 What Is Education?

MSC: Understanding

6. Consider the recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance as a part of the hidden curriculum. What lessons are being learned indirectly through the pledge?

ANS: There is a range of possible answers here, but most likely good responses will focus on how the use of the pledge sends a message about either a shared national identity or the role of religion in everyday life.

It is also a socializing process through which children learn values like patriotism, nationalism, and reverence for national identity—and perhaps even political authority.

DIF: Moderate

REF: 10.2 What Is Education?

MSC: Applying

7. According to Jonathan Kozol, how do public schools help reinforce inequality?

ANS: The text points out two distinct ways in which public schools might help to reproduce class-based inequality: by the way they are funded and by the way they affect student morale.

Kozol contends that because schools are funded by local property taxes, children in poor neighborhoods are trapped in poor schools, which effectively reinforces inequality. He documents the significant differences between America’s schools: “The highest spending districts have twice as many art, music, and foreign language teachers . . . 75 percent more physical education teachers . . . 50 percent more nurses, school librarians, guidance counselors, and psychologists . . . and 60 percent more personnel in school administration than the low-spending districts.”

His overall impression was that these urban schools were, by and large, extraordinarily unhappy places. How, he asks, could the children in these schools have an equal chance at success?

DIF: Difficult

REF: 10.2 What Is Education?

MSC: Understanding

8. Describe the experiment performed by Robert Rosenthal and Leonore Jacobson that led to the publication of Pygmalion in the Classroom.

ANS: The researchers began by administering a basic IQ test to students in the first through sixth grades, telling teachers that the test was designed to predict which students would “bloom” academically in the next year. The researchers then randomly selected an experimental group of students and told teachers that these students were predicted to develop rapidly in the coming school year. At the end of the year, the researchers administered the same IQ test and found that members of the experimental group had increased their scores by a significantly greater margin than members of the control group. Rosenthal and Jacobson concluded that teachers’ attitudes about their students unintentionally influenced academic performance. In other words, when teachers expected students to succeed, students tended to improve (and, it was assumed, students who were expected to fail would not improve).

DIF: Moderate

REF: 10.2 What Is Education?

MSC: Remembering

9. Why does Randall Collins, author of The Credential Society, want to “abolish compulsory school requirements and make it illegal for employers to require any particular level of formal education”?

ANS: Collins believes that class inequalities are reproduced in educational settings and that there is very little schools can do to increase learning. Many people assume that better teachers, better facilities, and better funding could increase test scores. He points out that when class background is held constant, none of these other factors seems to have any effect. Collins believes that reproducing the existing class structure is the true function of education. Schools, for example, provide the credentials to ensure that the children of the middle class will continue to receive middle-class jobs. In order to protect their own job security, people with lucrative occupations such as accountants, lawyers, and financial analysts have set up a complicated credential system (education). This system keeps the number of job applicants down and ensures that there is a large population forced to work in unpleasant jobs for low wages. Collins thus believes that the educational system is really a system for reproducing class inequality, which could be reduced if the United States were to implement his recommendations.

DIF: Difficult

REF: 10.2 What Is Education?

MSC: Applying

10. How do sociologists define religion? How is this different from a commonsense definition of religion?

ANS: For sociologists, religion includes any institutionalized system of shared beliefs (propositions and ideas held on the basis of faith) and rituals (practices based on those beliefs) that identify a relationship between the sacred (holy, divine, or supernatural) and the profane (ordinary, mundane, or everyday).

Unlike a commonsense definition, a sociological definition of religion must be broad enough to encompass all types of religious experience.

DIF: Difficult

REF: 10.3 What Is Religion?

MSC: Understanding

11. According to Mark Juergensmeyer, author of Terror in the Mind of God, why has religion come to play a prominent role in terrorist violence?

ANS: Mark Juergensmeyer’s Terror in the Mind of God analyzes the history and meaning of religious violence in general and terrorism in particular. He points out that although groups using terror have historically held diverse agendas and motivations, it is only within the past thirty years that religion has come to play a prominent role in terrorist violence. Juergensmeyer argues that the common thread linking religious violence in disparate traditions and far-flung corners of the world is a reliance on a particular kind of religious perspective. “The social tensions of this moment of history . . . cry out for absolute solutions,” he says, and in a world that seems increasingly beyond individual control, religious violence offers a way to reassert some kind of power.

DIF: Difficult

REF: 10.3 What Is Religion?

MSC: Applying

Chapter 11 The Economy and Work MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Beyond just money, the economy is about a. the people who are most important to an individual’s sense of self. b. the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. c. encouraging cooperation over competition. d. rituals and beliefs that divide the world into the sacred and the profane.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 11.1 World Economic Systems

2. One of the primary principles of capitalism is a. privatization of the means of production. b. collective distribution of goods and services. c. a focus on meeting the basic needs of all citizens. d. government regulation of industry.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 11.1 World Economic Systems

3. What do workers have available to sell in a capitalist system? a. raw materials b. stocks and bonds c. their own labor d. different kinds of commodities ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 11.1 World Economic Systems

4. In 2005, teaching assistants at the University of Oregon went on strike. Which aspect of their job made it easier for them to strike than most American workers? a. The public is much more sympathetic to academic workers. b. They have better contracts. c. They have more cultural capital, and therefore can better strategize about how to make a strike succeed. d. Their jobs cannot be moved overseas.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: 11.1 World Economic Systems

5. What is the economic system based on collective ownership of the means of production and collective distribution of goods and services called? a. capitalism b. classical liberalism c. communism d. socialism ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 11.1 World Economic Systems

6. According to the text, what is the MOST extreme form of socialism called? a. capitalism

b. communism c. Fordism d. conflict theory ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 11.1 World Economic Systems

7. How are workers’ situations different in socialist versus capitalist economies? a. Workers in a socialist economy have less protection from the welfare state than those in a capitalist economy. b. Workers in a socialist economy are more vulnerable to elimination of jobs by technological innovation than those in a capitalist economy. c. Workers in a socialist economy do not enjoy the same consumption patterns as those in a capitalist economy. d. Workers’ jobs in a socialist economy are more vulnerable to elimination resulting from the movement of transnational capital than those in a capitalist economy.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: 11.1 World Economic Systems

8. In the United Kingdom, the government owns the British Broadcasting Corporation, or BBC, which is the world’s largest television and radio broadcasting service. This tells you that the United Kingdom is a. an example of pure socialism. b. deregulated. c. partially socialist. d. totally capitalist.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 11.1 World Economic Systems

9. “From each according to his ability, to each according to his need.” This slogan could only be fully realized with a. pure capitalism. b. a mixture of capitalism and socialism. c. a mixture of capitalism and communism. d. pure communism.

ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 11.1 World Economic Systems

10. Cuba’s communist government has recently introduced reforms that make it easier to attract tourists.

Consequently, many skilled professionals have started working in the tourism industry to earn more money regardless of their degrees. Of what is this a sign? a. the impending collapse of the Cuban government b. the poor health of Cuba’s former leader Fidel Castro c. the important role the U.S. government plays in Cuba d. the increasingly important role capitalism plays in Cuba ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 11.1 World Economic Systems

11. Under modern capitalism, a firm experiencing a strike can keep labor costs low by doing which of the following? a. Move operations to a country where workers do not have the right to strike. b. Terminate union contracts.

c. Break up a union. d. Invoke a union’s wage hardship clause.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 11.1 World Economic Systems | InQuizitive

12. Some for-profit higher education institutions receive a large proportion of tuition payments via government grants and loans. These institutions may often attempt to enroll as many students as possible, regardless of their actual preparation for college. Thus, many suggest that for-profit higher education institutions are benefiting from a version of a. socialism. b. knowledge work. c. outsourcing. d. corporate welfare.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 11.1 World Economic Systems | InQuizitive

13. The ________ was a macro-level social change that resulted in new innovations in farming such as mechanized seed spreaders and new techniques of crop rotation. a. Instrumental Revolution b. Information Revolution c. Great Depression d. Agricultural Revolution ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 11.2 The Nature of Work

14. The Industrial Revolution began in the a. 1600s. b. 1700s. c. 1800s. d. 1900s.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 11.2 The Nature of Work

15. The ________ helped to bring about the Industrial Revolution. a. jet airplane b. automobile c. Internet d. steam engine ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 11.2 The Nature of Work

16. The change that caused people to migrate to cities from rural areas at high rates was the a. switch to a manufacturing economy. b. development of crop rotation and better animal husbandry techniques. c. switch from a manufacturing economy to an information economy. d. emancipation of slaves in the United States.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 11.2 The Nature of Work

17. The change that was associated with the Industrial Revolution was

a. b. c. d.

decreased life expectancy. increased infant mortality. a significant population boom. less stable and reliable access to food supplies.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 11.2 The Nature of Work

18. Many people felt dissatisfied working on assembly lines because a. assembly lines were not a very efficient way to produce things. b. assembly lines made goods more expensive. c. assembly lines forced people from different racial and ethnic groups to work together. d. workers never had the satisfaction of seeing the finished product.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 11.2 The Nature of Work

19. “Fordism” is a system characterized by the increasingly efficient mass production of goods. Why is this system called “Fordism”? a. Many of the changes that led to this economic system happened during the administration of President Gerald Ford. b. It is named after the famous filmmaker John Ford, whose movies depicted the transformation to an industrial economy. c. It is an acronym for Fully Operational Research Design, which is the method by which the economy was modernized. d. It is named after Henry Ford, who is credited with inventing the assembly line.

ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 11.2 The Nature of Work

20. ________ is/are the technological development MOST associated with the Information Revolution. a. The jet airplane b. The microchip c. Spreadsheets and email d. Container ships ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 11.2 The Nature of Work

21. The Information Revolution changed the nature of work and the economy because it has a. slowed down the process of globalization. b. made it less likely that individuals will be able to work from home. c. shifted the economy toward the production of knowledge and services. d. made companies more likely to manufacture and sell goods within a single nation.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 11.2 The Nature of Work

22. Someone who works primarily with information and develops or uses knowledge in the workplace is called a(n) ________ worker. a. knowledge b. service c. industrial d. social ANS: A

DIF: Easy

REF: 11.2 The Nature of Work

MSC: Remembering 23. Advertising, engineering, marketing, product design, and web design are all examples of ________ work. a. traditional b. knowledge c. industrial d. computer-assisted ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 11.2 The Nature of Work

24. In 2008 and 2009, the Obama administration’s United States government initiated a large-scale economic bailout of the banking and auto industries. The government invested enormous amounts of money and, as a result, became the majority shareholder in some corporations. According to the text, this means that the United States a. is an example of pure capitalism. b. is a mostly capitalist nation, but it also has a degree of socialism in government subsidies to businesses. c. had a socialist economy under President Barack Obama. d. has always been primarily socialist, so the bailout is nothing new.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 11.2 The Nature of Work

25. How did the Industrial Revolution create “work” in the modern sense? a. It used machines to produce more goods, more efficiently. b. Work only became possible when a variety of consumer goods were made available in the market. c. It was the first time class struggle existed in society. d. It made the worker more autonomous.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 11.2 The Nature of Work

26. Regarding class conflict, Karl Marx argues that a. there have been class conflicts throughout all of human history. b. class conflict is a product of the Industrial Revolution. c. class conflict was first experienced during the Middle Ages, and modern society inherited it. d. class conflict is uniquely a feature of the Information Revolution.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 11.2 The Nature of Work

27. According to Karl Marx, surplus value comes from a. selling goods to overseas markets where demand is higher. b. finding ever-cheaper ways of processing raw materials. c. paying workers less than the value of what they create. d. the added value owners bring to a manufactured product.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 11.2 The Nature of Work

28. Karl Marx believed that workers in a capitalist economy experience alienation because a. shallow consumerism does not give them something to believe in and work for.

b. they are surrounded by images and representations that do not relate to reality. c. they are often poor and deprived of their basic needs. d. they are paid for their labor but do not own the things they produce.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 11.2 The Nature of Work

29. Workers in large department stores usually are paid on commission, which means they are in direct competition with their fellow employees. According to Karl Marx, these workers may experience a. the Industrial Revolution. b. premodernism. c. alienation. d. knowledge workers.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 11.2 The Nature of Work

30. According to Barbara Ehrenreich, which of these behaviors can help those with minimum-wage service jobs to get ahead and move up in the world? a. save at least 10 percent of their paychecks every month b. avoid having children c. go back to school d. none of these answers, as there is no way for minimum-wage workers to move up in the world ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 11.2 The Nature of Work

31. What do you think Barbara Ehrenreich would say about efforts to reform welfare, which attempted to move people off welfare rolls and into minimum-wage jobs? a. She would disapprove because she thinks that low-wage work is demeaning and insufficient for survival. b. She would approve because she thinks that welfare is demeaning. c. She would disapprove because she thinks that new immigrants better fill minimum-wage jobs. d. She would approve because she believes that welfare breeds dependency and low self-esteem.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: 11.2 The Nature of Work

32. How has the Information Revolution changed the nature of work? a. Employees are less easily distracted by outside influences since they can remain working on the Internet. b. The importance of the physical space in which work is done has been greatly diminished. c. Employee compensation has greatly increased. d. Productivity has declined.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 11.2 The Nature of Work

33. A benefit of telecommuting is that a. it draws more people to large urban areas. b. it encourages workers to keep a rigid work schedule. c. businesses get increased productivity and fewer sick days.

d. it makes it easier for workers to brainstorm and share ideas.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 11.2 The Nature of Work

34. Telecommuting increases worker productivity because a. it allows employees to spend less time with their families. b. there is no office gossip to distract telecommuters. c. people who work from home tend to work longer hours. d. telecommuters must usually provide a concrete measure of their accomplishments, not just show up.

ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 11.2 The Nature of Work

35. How could the Information Revolution affect urbanization? a. Cities might grow because technology makes them even more attractive places to live. b. It could not affect urbanization at all. c. Cities might shrink because people will spend even more time in direct contact with one another. d. Cities might shrink because people can live anywhere and still work at the same job.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 11.2 The Nature of Work

36. Many customer service representatives with whom we talk over the phone are based in India. Which of the following terms applies to this phenomenon? a. unionization b. collective resistance c. supersectors d. the death of distance ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 11.2 The Nature of Work

37. What changes in the economy would be associated with travel agents hiring inmates in minimum-security prisons to take calls and schedule vacations for customers? a. the increasingly socialist features of the American economy b. the Industrial Revolution c. the growth of information technology d. the rise of capitalism ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 11.2 The Nature of Work

38. ________ might be alleviated if more Americans were encouraged to telecommute. a. Pollution b. Anomie c. The breakdown of social networks d. Crime ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 11.2 The Nature of Work

39. ________ might be made worse if more people were encouraged to telecommute. a. Poverty

b. Intellectual property theft c. Cancer and other new health problems d. Alienation and loneliness ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 11.2 The Nature of Work

40. Donald Roy’s classic study of the workplace called “Banana Time” showed that a. knowledge workers need more coffee breaks than service workers do. b. communities of coping emerge with co-workers during coffee breaks. c. telecommuting will destroy the sense of community among co-workers. d. play emerges in even the most harsh and strenuous work environments.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult MSC: Remembering

REF: 11.2 The Nature of Work | InQuizitive

41. Large social and economic changes followed from the domestication of plants and animals and the gradually increasing efficiency of food production. What do scholars call this type of revolution? a. industrial b. domestic c. agricultural d. farming ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 11.2 The Nature of Work | InQuizitive

42. In which year did the Industrial Revolution begin in England with the invention of the steam engine? a. 1717 b. 1752 c. 1769 d. 1803 ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 11.2 The Nature of Work | InQuizitive

43. In which decade did the Information Revolution begin? a. 1950s b. 1970s c. 1980s d. 1990s ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 11.2 The Nature of Work | InQuizitive

44. Barbara Ehrenreich explored some of the issues of power and service work in her book Nickel and Dimed: On (Not) Getting By in America (2001). As research for the book, Ehrenreich took minimum-wage service jobs as a waitress, a hotel maid, and a Walmart employee. What was her main finding? a. She found that jobs that gave opportunities to be paid “under the table” were better for individual economic stability. b. She found that service workers often worked three jobs to make ends meet. c. She found that service workers in these types of jobs are likely to be exploited in a number of ways. d. She found that service workers’ families suffered the most due to their absence.

ANS: C

DIF: Difficult

REF: 11.2 The Nature of Work | InQuizitive

MSC: Understanding 45. What are the tactics used by workers to reclaim control of the conditions of their labor called? a. knowledge work b. resistance strategies c. service work d. collective bargaining ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 11.3 Resistance Strategies: How Workers Cope

46. Strikes are different from acts of resistance like daydreaming on the job because they are a. solitary. b. unethical. c. collective. d. illegal.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 11.3 Resistance Strategies: How Workers Cope

47. What is it an example of when office workers hang pictures in their cubicles or waste time daydreaming while on the clock? a. individual resistance b. slacking c. sticking it to the man d. collective resistance ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 11.3 Resistance Strategies: How Workers Cope

48. How are strictly controlled workers within bureaucracies different from robots? a. Human workers need forms of upkeep. b. Human workers can resist and undermine the bureaucratic restraints that limit their autonomy. c. Human workers are more reliable. d. Human workers are cheaper.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 11.3 Resistance Strategies: How Workers Cope

49. What are the consequences of scripting workers’ interactions with customers, according to Robin Leidner’s Fast Food, Fast Talk? a. It makes interactions more fluid. b. It makes communication easier and leads to happier workers. c. It makes customers feel important. d. It is damaging to workers and suppresses their real selves.

ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 11.3 Resistance Strategies: How Workers Cope

50. What has an office worker engaged in, although it may not seem like much, when they bring in a plant to brighten up their cubicle? a. an act of collective resistance b. a sign of nonalienation in labor c. a postmodern gesture

d. an act of individual resistance ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 11.3 Resistance Strategies: How Workers Cope

51. An association of workers who organize to improve their economic status and working conditions is called a. a union. b. the Third Sector. c. a nonprofit. d. a sweatshop.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 11.3 Resistance Strategies: How Workers Cope

52. What economic change has made it more difficult for workers to strike effectively? a. the increasing availability of communications technology b. a strong, organized working class in the United States c. the ease with which manufacturing firms can move operations to another country d. the increasing role played by nonprofits and Third Sector organizations ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 11.3 Resistance Strategies: How Workers Cope

53. Who led campaigns to end child labor and increase workplace safety? a. women’s groups b. chambers of commerce c. unions d. the federal government ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 11.3 Resistance Strategies: How Workers Cope

54. How has union membership changed in recent years? a. Membership has steeply declined. b. It has not changed. c. Membership has greatly increased. d. Membership has slightly increased.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 11.3 Resistance Strategies: How Workers Cope

55. What effect did the Taft–Hartley Act of 1947 have on unions? a. It gave unions greater power. b. It prohibited government workers from unionizing. c. It instituted limits on secondary strikes and boycotts. d. It made unions illegal.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult MSC: Remembering

REF: 11.3 Resistance Strategies: How Workers Cope

56. Which area of the economy has seen increases in union membership since the early 1970s? a. the information economy b. the manufacturing sector c. the public sector d. the private sector

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 11.3 Resistance Strategies: How Workers Cope

57. Which of the following examples highlights the autonomy experienced by knowledge workers such as those who work at Google? a. They often have the freedom to take breaks when they choose. b. Everyone is their “own boss.” c. Google employees don’t work under a contract system and are free to come and go as they like. d. They can start and stop on projects whenever they like.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 11.3 Resistance Strategies: How Workers Cope | InQuizitive MSC: Applying 58. The textbook suggests that not all corporations are evil and states that corporations are adopting new forms of self-regulation as well as taking proactive measures to integrate social and ethical concerns into their business models. This is part of a movement called “CSR.” What does “CSR” stand for? a. corporate self-regulation b. conscience, solutions, reform c. customer service representative d. corporate social responsibility ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 11.4 The Conscience of Corporate America | InQuizitive MSC: Remembering 59. The cultural and economic changes that result from dramatic increases in international trade and exchange are called a. commodity stops. b. runaway shops. c. globalization. d. shallow integration.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 11.5 The Economics of Globalization

60. What disadvantages result from increased international trade, according to critics of globalization? a. Multinational corporations will increasingly shape the policies of governments. b. More consumer goods will be produced. c. Prices of goods and services will decline. d. People will gain exposure to different cultures.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 11.5 The Economics of Globalization

61. The fact that almost all of the small electronics used in the United States are made in Asia is an illustration of a. the Industrial Revolution. b. globalization. c. the rise of cybernetics. d. collective resistance.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 11.5 The Economics of Globalization

62. Corporations with decision-making, production, and distribution operations spread all over the world are characteristic of a. industrialization. b. runaway shops. c. deep integration. d. shallow integration.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 11.5 The Economics of Globalization

63. What is it an example of when liquor stores in the United States import wine made entirely from French grapes and bottled in France or beer brewed from grain and hops grown in Holland? a. shallow integration b. deep integration c. postindustrial work d. transnational corporations ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 11.5 The Economics of Globalization

64. Firms that purposely transcend national borders so that their products can be manufactured at sites all over the world are called a. transnational corporations. b. sweatshops. c. runaway shops. d. globalization.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 11.5 The Economics of Globalization

65. What is it called when nations compete to attract transnational corporations by undercutting their citizens’ wages or offering tax incentives? a. collective resistance strategies b. the collective distribution of goods and services c. the race to the bottom d. postindustrial union bargaining ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 11.5 The Economics of Globalization

66. What is a sweatshop? a. a workplace with a workforce composed primarily of white people whose jobs make them sweat b. a workplace that manufactures sporting goods c. a workplace that purposely transcends national borders d. a workplace with poor working conditions, below-standard wages, and long hours ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 11.5 The Economics of Globalization

67. According to the U.S. General Accounting Office, an employer that violates more than one federal or state labor law concerning wages, overtime, child labor, safety and health, or industrial regulation is classified as a(n) a. postmodern corporation. b. runaway shop.

c. independent contractor. d. sweatshop.

ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 11.5 The Economics of Globalization

68. How are “gold farms,” such as those set up to play World of Warcraft, different from traditional sweatshops? a. They usually meet minimum working standards for health and safety. b. They purchase and consume virtual goods instead of material goods. c. They may not pay much better wages, but the work is much more entertaining. d. They exploit workers to produce virtual goods instead of material goods.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 11.5 The Economics of Globalization

69. What are networks of corporations, product designers and engineers, manufacturing firms, distribution channels, and consumer outlets that create products called? a. assembly lines b. worker co-ops c. commodity chains d. runaway shops ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 11.5 The Economics of Globalization

70. Think about the process by which most athletic shoes are made. Which part of the global commodity chain for these shoes would you be MOST surprised to find in Indonesia? a. the advertising firm that scripted the commercial b. the forest where rubber trees are grown to make the elastic parts of the shoes c. the factory where the shoes are assembled and sewed d. the farms where the cotton is grown ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 11.5 The Economics of Globalization

71. Why would a company outsource or contract out labor it might otherwise employ its own staff to perform? a. Its customers demand it. b. It is cheaper. c. The staff available is not fully qualified. d. It cares about quality.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 11.5 The Economics of Globalization

72. Which of the following groups is engaged in contingent work? a. independent contractors b. teachers c. service workers d. knowledge workers ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 11.6 Different Ways of Working

73. What term is used for the group of nonprofit organizations that are designed to run as cost-effectively as possible and to direct any earnings back into the causes they support? a. technology firms b. the Third Sector c. multinational corporations d. transnational corporations ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 11.6 Different Ways of Working

74. Thanksgiving is one of the busiest days of the year for many soup kitchens and other groups that provide food to the homeless and the poor. It is also one of the biggest days of the year for volunteers, as many people donate their time and efforts, which makes them, even if just for the day, part of the a. Third Sector. b. global commodity chain. c. postmodern economy. d. contingent workforce.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 11.6 Different Ways of Working

75. Martha makes a living working four different jobs. In the morning she walks dogs for four neighbors on her block, then she picks up and delivers groceries for Instacart. In the afternoons and evenings, she likes to either drive passengers around using Lyft or provide childcare using KangaDo. What term best describes the modern type of economy that creates Martha’s employment options? a. service b. knowledge c. gig d. outsourcing ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: 11.6 Different Ways of Working

TRUE/FALSE 1. Capitalism and socialism are two examples of political systems throughout the world.

ANS: F DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 11.1 World Economic Systems

2. New plows and seed spreaders were only made possible because of the Industrial Revolution.

ANS: F DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 11.2 The Nature of Work

3. Resistance strategies relate to the variety of ways in which individuals and groups cope with their working conditions.

ANS: T DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 11.3 Resistance Strategies: How Workers Cope

4. “Rogue” agencies posting information on Twitter to make it available to the public is an example of individual resistance to bureaucratic organizations.

ANS: T DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 11.3 Resistance Strategies: How Workers Cope

5. In June 2017, President Donald Trump announced that the United States would withdraw from the Paris Agreement.

ANS: T DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 11.4 The Conscience of Corporate America

6. The Indian government has drafted, but not passed as of 2017, a law that would allow Americans to use Indian surrogates to adopt children at a considerable savings compared to what it would cost in the United States.

ANS: F DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 11.5 The Economics of Globalization

7. Sweatshops consist of workplaces where workers experience significant exploitation, but fortunately they don’t exist in the United States.

ANS: F DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 11.5 The Economics of Globalization

8. The independent sector is also often referred to as the Third Sector.

ANS: T DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 11.6 Different Ways of Working

SHORT ANSWER 1. Describe three ways in which the rise of the industrial economy increased levels of stratification by class, race, and gender.

ANS: Whites owned the means of production; women stayed home while men worked; poor women of color worked as domestics; and the rich got richer.

DIF: Moderate

REF: 11.1 World Economic Systems

MSC: Applying

2. List three of the “supersectors” that make up the American economy today. Are there any supersectors that do not involve knowledge or service work?

ANS: Answers may vary, but manufacturing and construction do not.

DIF: Difficult

REF: 11.1 World Economic Systems

MSC: Remembering

3. There is some degree of socialism even in the United States. Name three programs that would qualify as socialism in our capitalist society.

ANS: Examples include welfare, corporate bailouts, public schools, and Medicare/Medicaid.

DIF: Easy

REF: 11.1 World Economic Systems

MSC: Remembering

4. The Industrial Revolution changed not only working conditions, but also many other elements of daily life. List three.

ANS: Examples include science and medical breakthroughs, dependable food and water, population explosions, technology, and communication.

DIF: Moderate

REF: 11.2 The Nature of Work

MSC: Remembering

5. The Information Revolution has changed many things about the economy, but most other aspects of life have remained unchanged. Describe two things that remain the same.

ANS: Answers include inequality, racism, sexism, and ageism.

DIF: Difficult

REF: 11.2 The Nature of Work

MSC: Understanding

6. Identify three things from which workers are alienated in an industrial or postindustrial economy, according to Karl Marx.

ANS: Workers are alienated from the product, from the act of working, from themselves, and from one another.

DIF: Moderate

REF: 11.2 The Nature of Work

MSC: Remembering

7. Barbara Ehrenreich found numerous ways service workers were being exploited in her book Nickel and Dimed: On (Not) Getting By in America. List and describe three of these.

ANS: Answers include low wages, no benefits, being fired at will, an inability to own or rent, and chronic health problems.

DIF: Moderate

REF: 11.2 The Nature of Work

MSC: Remembering

8. Describe two advantages and two disadvantages of telecommuting.

ANS: Answers may vary, but include higher worker productivity, less pollution, alienation, and lack of creativity.

DIF: Easy

REF: 11.2 The Nature of Work

MSC: Remembering

9. What are two types of individual acts of resistance and two types of collective resistance in which workers may engage to fundamentally change working conditions?

ANS: Answers may vary, but include surfing the web, sabotaging assembly lines, striking, and collective bargaining.

DIF: Difficult REF: 11.3 Resistance Strategies: How Workers Cope MSC: Remembering

10. Provide three concrete examples of globalization that support the view that the modern world is one giant global economy.

ANS: Examples include global sweatshops, transnational corporations, international trade, and outsourcing.

DIF: Difficult REF: 11.5 The Economics of Globalization MSC: Remembering 11. What are three examples of “contingent work”?

ANS: Examples include independent contractors, on-call workers, temporary workers, part-time workers, and adjunct faculty.

DIF: Moderate

REF: 11.6 Different Ways of Working

MSC: Remembering

ESSAY 1. Describe the three major revolutions that transformed the nature of work and working. Make sure you describe the major technological innovation that accompanied each revolution.

ANS: Answers may vary, but students should be able to identify the Agricultural Revolution, the Industrial Revolution, and the Information Revolution, which are associated with innovations in farming and animal husbandry, the steam engine, and the microchip, respectively.

DIF: Difficult

REF: 11.1 World Economic Systems

MSC: Analyzing

2. Why did Karl Marx believe that workers in capitalist societies experienced alienation? From what, specifically, did he claim that workers were alienated?

ANS: Answers may vary, but include workers being alienated from the products of their labor, their own productive activity, their fellow workers, and human nature.

DIF: Moderate

REF: 11.2 The Nature of Work

MSC: Analyzing

3. How has the Information Revolution diminished the importance of place?

ANS: Answers may vary, but include the following: the diminished importance of place, called the “death of distance”; networking through computers, satellites, cell phones, and other technologies, which make one’s location, office, city, state, country, or planet almost irrelevant to one’s ability not only to do a job but also to work with others; and the fact that more workers are telecommuting.

DIF: Difficult

REF: 11.2 The Nature of Work

MSC: Analyzing

4. What are some of the advantages and disadvantages of telecommuting?

ANS: Answers may vary, but should include flexibility and increased productivity, though employers fear it could reduce accountability.

DIF: Moderate

REF: 11.2 The Nature of Work

MSC: Analyzing

5. How can workers attempt to take back some degree of control and autonomy when they work in bureaucracies that closely monitor and control their work environments?

ANS: Workers take back control and autonomy through individual and collective acts of resistance.

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: 11.3 Resistance Strategies: How Workers Cope

6. What tactics have been used to weaken unions in the United States?

ANS: Answers may vary, but include the Taft–Hartley Act, deregulation, union busting, and outsourcing.

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: 11.3 Resistance Strategies: How Workers Cope

7. How was the shallow integration of the past different from the deep integration associated with globalization?

ANS: Shallow integration refers to the flow of goods and services that characterized international trade until several decades ago. Deep integration refers to the global flow of goods and services that exists in today’s economy.

DIF: Moderate MSC: Evaluating

REF: 11.5 The Economics of Globalization

8. What is a transnational corporation? Why are transnational corporations especially influential in shaping the world of work and the economy today?

ANS: Answers may vary, but should include growth, influence, and competition in the global market.

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: 11.5 The Economics of Globalization

9. Are internships a way for students to earn a “leg up” on starting their careers? Are internships just another way organizations exploit “free menial labor” from willing participants?

ANS: Answers may vary, but should include pros (e.g., academic credit, paid internships) and cons (e.g., meaningless work, exploitation, and long hours).

DIF: Moderate

REF: 11.6 Different Ways of Working

MSC: Analyzing

10. Are things like contingent work and volunteerism (Third Sector labor) just other ways for corporations or organizations to exploit workers? Do they offer workers freedom from bureaucracy and choice in terms of volunteer opportunities? Define these concepts and support your answer with facts on globalization.

ANS: Answers may vary.

DIF: Difficult

REF: 11.6 Different Ways of Working

MSC: Evaluating

Chapter 12 Life at Home: Families and Relationships MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The U.S. Census Bureau defines “family” as a. people who are emotionally or materially interdependent. b. people who share a household. c. parents living with minor children. d. two or more individuals related by blood, marriage, or adoption who share a household.

ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 12.1 What Is the Family?

2. Why do the authors of your textbook reject definitions of family that depend on particular types of people, such as parents, and specific types of ties, such as marriage? a. They believe that the nuclear family remains the most important prototype for a family. b. They want the definition to be broad enough to encompass a variety of living arrangements. c. They believe that in the future more families will consist of two sets of parents with children. d. They argue that it is important to limit the definition of families so that families can be discussed with clarity.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 12.1 What Is the Family?

3. The Industrial Revolution changed the common meaning of family because a. it stopped mattering whether children were present. b. family no longer exclusively referred to people who shared a household. c. it shifted the meaning from nuclear family to extended family. d. it shifted the meaning from extended family to nuclear family.

ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 12.1 What Is the Family?

4. A heterosexual couple raising their children in the same household is defined as a(n) ________ family. a. nontraditional b. nuclear c. extended d. broken ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 12.1 What Is the Family?

5. Which of the following seems to make people, in general, more likely to define a group as a family? a. the size of the group in question b. the presence of children c. the ages of group members d. the socioeconomic class of the people involved ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 12.1 What Is the Family?

6. Given the history of the family, what sort of changes do you think would be most likely to make the extended family more relevant again?

a. changes in America’s travel and transportation services b. changes in the economy that make people less likely to move away from their hometowns to get a job c. changes in divorce laws that make it harder for couples to separate d. changes in religion that cause adults to reevaluate how they relate to their parents ANS: B MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Difficult

REF: 12.1 What Is the Family?

7. Today, who do average Americans have in mind when they think of their families? a. an uncle or aunt b. a brother or sister c. any person in their ethnic group d. a cousin ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 12.1 What Is the Family?

8. What feature of the nuclear family, as opposed to the extended family, makes it uniquely qualified to serve the needs of an industrial economy? a. It has more emotional resources on which to draw in times of trouble. b. It makes geographic mobility much easier. c. It is capable of retaining more knowledge about child rearing and household labor. d. It functions better as a unit of economic production.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult MSC: Remembering

REF: 12.1 What Is the Family?

9. In what way do functionalists view the family as responsible for the reproduction of society? a. It produces and socializes children. b. It is the fundamental planning mechanism for society. c. It is the most important unit of consumption. d. It is the basic unit of the household and the smallest building block of a society.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 12.2 Sociological Perspectives on Families

10. Some are worried about the effect that the rise in one-child families is having on the foundation of Japanese society. On what sort of theoretical perspective on the family is this concern based? a. structural functionalist b. symbolic interactionist c. life course theory d. historical materialist ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 12.2 Sociological Perspectives on Families

11. According to conflict theory, the nuclear family facilitates exploitation a. through the use of nannies and domestic workers. b. by making geographic mobility possible. c. through a sexual division of labor within the home. d. by exploiting the working class whose products it consumes.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 12.2 Sociological Perspectives on Families

12. ________ is the theoretical perspective that would lead you to consider the broader social effects of the division of labor between men and women in the household. a. Symbolic interactionism b. Queer theory c. Conflict theory d. Structural functionalism ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 12.2 Sociological Perspectives on Families

13. According to symbolic interactionists Jay Gubrium and Jim Holstein, what form does the family take in contemporary society? a. “The family” does not exist; rather, family is a fluid, adaptable set of concepts and practices. b. The family is the unit that raises children. c. The family is based on legal and economic structures. d. The family is the institution for the socialization of children.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 12.2 Sociological Perspectives on Families

14. What is an individual saying when they describe someone who is related to them biologically as “not really kin”? a. The relative has not exercised their rights or fulfilled their obligations as a family member. b. The relative is part of the extended rather than the nuclear family. c. The relative does not belong to the relevant voluntary associations. d. The relative has died.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 12.2 Sociological Perspectives on Families

15. Family friends who are referred to as “Aunt” or “Uncle” are examples of a. the Full House effect. b. homogamy. c. fictive kin. d. extended families.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 12.2 Sociological Perspectives on Families

16. A symbolic interactionist studying the family would be MOST interested in a. the inequalities associated with men’s negligible role in raising and caring for infants. b. the diminished role the family plays in teaching children important skills. c. the way gift giving within an extended family makes some bonds more important than others. d. the way increasing divorce rates are making it harder for families to function and to socialize children.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 12.2 Sociological Perspectives on Families

17. YMAY-12.1-6. Talcott Parsons held the view that the family is responsible for the reproduction of society as it produces and socializes children who will in turn become future workers and produce and socialize more new members of society. What type of theoretical viewpoint is this? a. structuralist/functionalist b. dramaturgical

c. symbolic interactionist d. conflict theory ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 12.2 Sociological Perspectives on Families | InQuizitive

MSC: Understanding

18. In the Hawaiian language, makuahine means both “mother” and what else? a. daughter b. sister c. aunt d. cousin ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 12.2 Sociological Perspectives on Families | InQuizitive

MSC: Remembering

19. Which of the following is an example of fictive kin? a. Your cousin who lives two time zones away who you have not seen in decades but your grandparents always tell stories about her during holidays. b. Your dad’s best friend whom you refer to as “Uncle Pete” even though he’s not really your uncle. c. Any relatives who are related by marriage and not blood. d. Any stepsiblings or stepparents.

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 12.2 Sociological Perspectives on Families | InQuizitive

MSC: Applying

20. The family is responsible for the reproduction of society as it produces and socializes children who will in turn become future workers and produce and socialize more new members of society. What did Talcott Parsons refer to this as? a. structural functionalism b. homogamy c. endogamy d. pattern maintenance ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: 12.2 Sociological Perspectives on Families | InQuizitive

MSC: Understanding

21. ________ is what sociologists call marriage to someone within one’s social group. a. Heterogamy b. In-group orientation c. Endogamy d. Exogamy ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 12.3 Mate Selection

22. ________ is what sociologists call marriage to someone from a different social group. a. Exogamy b. Endogamy c. Homogamy d. Out-group orientation ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 12.3 Mate Selection

23. Until recently, South Korea had laws in place banning marriage between people who belonged to the same clan. Therefore, they were required to practice a. polyandry. b. exogamy. c. endogamy. d. plural families.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 12.3 Mate Selection

24. Very few people in the United States today marry outside their own socioeconomic class, which suggests that there is a high degree of a. endogamy. b. exogamy. c. polyandry. d. polygamy.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 12.3 Mate Selection

25. ________ laws prohibited the mixing of racial groups through marriage, cohabitation, or sexual contact. a. Reconstruction b. Common c. Anti-miscegenation d. Jim Crow ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 12.3 Mate Selection

26. The last antimiscegenation law in the United States was struck down in a. 1865. b. 1895. c. 1917. d. 1967.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 12.3 Mate Selection

27. How have Americans’ attitudes changed, if they have at all, regarding interracial marriage? a. Americans are much more accepting of interracial marriage than they were in the past. b. Americans are a little more accepting of interracial marriage than they were in the past. c. Americans are about as accepting of interracial marriage as they were in the past. d. Americans are less accepting of interracial marriage than they were in the past.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 12.3 Mate Selection

28. What would a music critic call “musical miscegenation” if they used the term “miscegenation” metaphorically? a. the way white country music and black blues music come together to make rock and roll b. the way pop stars become disconnected from their roots c. the way the press treats pop superstars and the effect this has on contemporary music d. the role the piano has played in twentieth-century jazz ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 12.3 Mate Selection

29. The most consistent factor involved in forming relationships and selecting mates is a. personal chemistry. b. the unique individual characteristics of the individuals involved. c. the tendency to choose mates who are similar in class, race, ethnicity, and age. d. the desire to find a mate who comes from a radically different background.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 12.3 Mate Selection

30. How could new technologies like the Internet decrease the importance of propinquity in mate selection while preserving or even increasing the importance of homogamy? a. by bringing people together from all over the world based on similar interests or backgrounds b. by making it obvious to most people that their best chance for marital satisfaction may be with a type of person they have never met before c. by masking some of the characteristics of potential mates until the two people have met d. by allowing social networking sites to connect individuals to more and more residents of their hometowns ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 12.3 Mate Selection

31. JDate is a website that helps Jewish people form romantic relationships, especially those who are not practicing Jews or who live in areas where there are not many other Jews. Jewish people who use this website care about a. religious purity. b. homogamy. c. propinquity. d. polyandry.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 12.3 Mate Selection

32. JDate, a dating website for Jewish people, is sometimes used by non-Jews who are interested in dating Jews. These non-Jews are practicing a. monogamy. b. exogamy. c. homogamy. d. polyandry.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 12.3 Mate Selection

33. What is the meaning of propinquity? a. It is a fixed set of beliefs. b. It is the tendency to seek people with similar backgrounds. c. It is the desire for the exotic and the foreign. d. It is the tendency to partner with people who live close by.

ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 12.3 Mate Selection

34. The increasing number of Americans who move out of state to attend college will decrease the importance of ________, assuming that students start new romantic relationships in school.

a. b. c. d.

homogamy monogamy exogamy propinquity

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 12.3 Mate Selection

35. The United States had no interstate highway system before World War II, and traveling to different parts of the country was difficult. This means that ________ must have been even more important in determining mate selection. a. exogamy b. economic considerations c. schools d. propinquity ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 12.3 Mate Selection

36. In Loving v. Virginia, the Supreme Court ruled that Virginia’s law banning marriage between persons of different races was unconstitutional under the Fourteenth Amendment. What attitude led many to disagree with this decision? a. People should partner up with similar people and respect endogamy. b. People should be required to marry within the same economic class. c. People should partner up with people who are different than themselves. d. People should be required to marry only one person for life.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: 12.3 Mate Selection | InQuizitive

37. Mary commutes to college in Atlanta from a nearby neighborhood. She ends up marrying Joe, who lives two doors down from her and attends the same school. What is this an example of? a. endogamy b. miscegenation c. propinquity d. exogamy ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 12.3 Mate Selection | InQuizitive

38. According to the text, ________ is one of several reasons people live their lives unmarried. a. the bohemian lifestyle b. an inability to find a mate c. the single lifestyle d. fear of infidelity ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 12.4 Relationship Trends

39. Demographers noticed ________ in the numbers of unwed individuals living with their romantic partners between 1960 and 2014. a. a very slight increase b. a sharp increase c. a sharp decrease d. no change

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 12.4 Relationship Trends

40. What are unmarried adults who are romantically involved and live together under the same roof participating in? a. cohabitation b. sinful behavior c. premarital bliss d. the honeymoon phase ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 12.4 Relationship Trends

41. American ideology focuses on the importance of marriage and family values and assumes that the family is at the center of almost everyone’s life. How does this compare to the way people really live? a. Marriage remains central to people’s lives, but family values are less important than in the past. b. Family values remain very important, but many more people are choosing not to get married than in the past. c. Both marriage and the family are central to the lives of the majority of Americans in much the same way they were in the distant past. d. Increasingly, both marriage and the family are less central to the lives of average Americans.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 12.4 Relationship Trends

42. In the past, a woman in North Carolina would found guilty of “lewd and lascivious association” if she lived with her boyfriend. Her behavior today would be known as a. cohabitation. b. noncustodial parenting. c. symbolic interactionism. d. homogamy.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 12.4 Relationship Trends

43. Which of the following is true about single fathers, despite Geoffrey Greif pointing out that “more fathers are rearing children alone following separation and divorce than ever before?” a. Single fathers are still only about 15 percent of all single parents. b. Many states have laws against giving sole custody to fathers following a divorce. c. Most of these fathers move back in with their parents so that their children live with grandparents. d. Soon there will be more single fathers than single mothers.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 12.4 Relationship Trends

44. According to Kathryn Edin and Maria Kefalas, young women of low socioeconomic status have children because a. they want to gain access to welfare benefits. b. they do not have access to adequate birth control. c. they are poorly educated. d. a baby is a symbol of belonging, and motherhood can lead to respect from one’s community.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 12.4 Relationship Trends

45. Laura Scott describes U.S. society as ________, suggesting that U.S. cultural values support childbearing and child rearing as the normative and preferred practice. a. matriarchal b. pronatalist c. patriarchal d. essentialist ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 12.4 Relationship Trends | InQuizitive

46. ________ is the physical and legal responsibility for the everyday life and routines of children. a. Custody b. Good parenting c. Visitation d. Child support ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 12.5 Breaking Up

47. Remarriage rates are lower today than they were in the 1960s because a. divorced people tend to have a series of short relationships instead of getting remarried. b. there has been an increase in cohabitation among unmarried couples. c. divorce rates have dropped slightly. d. people tend to divorce at later ages, so they are less likely to remarry.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 12.5 Breaking Up

48. How are children of divorced parents today different from children of divorced parents in the 1970s? a. Children of divorced parents today are more likely to get divorced themselves than were children whose parents divorced in the 1970s. b. Children of divorced parents today are more likely to be divorced multiple times than were children whose parents divorced in the 1970s. c. Children of divorced parents today are more likely to get married than were children whose parents divorced in the 1970s. d. Children of divorced parents today are considerably less likely to divorce than were children whose parents divorced in the 1970s.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 12.5 Breaking Up

49. How is custody of minor children usually handled in divorce cases? a. Fathers are now slightly more likely than mothers to receive custody. b. Mothers always receive custody. c. Mothers receive custody in a disproportionate number of cases. d. Mothers and fathers are about equally likely to receive custody.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 12.5 Breaking Up

50. A father is more likely than a mother to be awarded custody of his minor children following a divorce when

a. b. c. d.

he lives in a rural area. he lives in a politically conservative area. the children are younger than twelve. he makes substantially more money than his ex-wife.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 12.5 Breaking Up

51. In the mid-1990s, the children of divorced parents were about ____ times more likely to divorce than their peers from intact families. a. 0.6 b. 1.5 c. 2.1 d. 3.0 ANS: B DIF: Difficult MSC: Remembering

REF: 12.5 Breaking Up | InQuizitive

52. ________ is/are tasks designed to achieve a tangible goal like washing the dishes or taking out the trash. a. Instrumental tasks b. Expressive tasks c. Female tasks d. The second shift ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 12.6 The Work of Family

53. What kind of task is calling a family member to wish them a happy birthday? a. family b. expressive c. operative d. instrumental ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 12.6 The Work of Family

54. Reading bedtime stories to children is an important task in many families. What part of reading the bedtime story is an instrumental task? a. making bedtime fun and keeping everyone happy b. staying entertained as a parent by reading books you like to the children c. getting children into pajamas, tucked into bed, and then to sleep d. sharing a moment with a child and developing shared interests ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 12.6 The Work of Family

55. Who is more likely to return home after a full day of paid labor and put in a “second shift” taking care of the home and children? a. women b. men c. young people d. older people ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 12.6 The Work of Family

56. Arlie Hochschild’s study of two-income families found that women were much more likely than men to do the majority of the unpaid labor inside the home, even after a full day’s work outside the home. What term do sociologists use to describe this extra labor? a. women’s work b. the female burden c. the double standard d. the second shift ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 12.6 The Work of Family

57. Which of the following is a strategy that some middle- and upper-class women have used to balance the demands of work and home? a. hiring other women to do domestic work b. demanding that their husbands complete most chores c. doing more of certain chores d. demanding the abolition of housework ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 12.6 The Work of Family

58. Some women accept the burdens of the “second shift” in order to avoid conflict with their husbands or children. How does this affect them? a. It increases their confidence and self-esteem. b. It increases their efficiency. c. It makes them unhappy and emotionally numb. d. It improves their self-reported level of marital satisfaction.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 12.6 The Work of Family

59. What does Arlie Hochschild call mothers who accept the dual workloads of paid labor at work and unpaid labor at home without any help? a. instrumental leaders b. Supermoms c. dual mothers d. revolutionary moms ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 12.6 The Work of Family

60. To whom has Hochschild’s concept of the “Supermom” always been applicable? a. upper-class mothers b. middle-class parents c. working-class mothers d. the homeless ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 12.6 The Work of Family

61. There are strategies available to help ease the burden of the second shift, but they are mainly available to a. people with extended families. b. young couples. c. newlyweds. d. wealthier families.

ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 12.6 The Work of Family

62. Which of the following strategies does Arlie Hochschild claim some women use to help balance working a paid job and being responsible for the home? a. no longer caring that there are dirty clothes all over the floor b. divorcing husbands who refuse to help c. forcing their children to take over the majority of the housework d. throwing away clothing when they find it on the floor to teach their husbands a lesson ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 12.6 The Work of Family

63. Who does the family influence as an agent of socialization? a. only children b. everyone c. women d. the elderly ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 12.7 Family and the Life Course

64. What happens to marital satisfaction when small children are present in the household? a. It goes up. b. It goes down. c. It goes up for the first child but down for every child after that. d. It goes up for newlyweds but down for older married couples.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult MSC: Remembering

REF: 12.7 Family and the Life Course

65. How does the birth of children tend to change the gendered division of labor within the household? a. It gets fathers more involved. b. It brings the extended family into the household more. c. It makes the division of labor more traditionally split along gender lines. d. It has no influence on the gendered division of labor.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult MSC: Remembering

REF: 12.7 Family and the Life Course

66. What is it called when individuals must care for both their own children and their elderly parents? a. the sandwich generation effect b. elderly caregiving c. extended family care d. dual workloads ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 12.7 Family and the Life Course

67. Which of the following things is a child likely to convince a parent to do? a. switch to a different political party b. start reading more literature c. quit smoking cigarettes d. learn about new cultures ANS: C

DIF: Difficult

REF: 12.7 Family and the Life Course

MSC: Applying 68. What term applies to a child who leaves home at eighteen but later returns for at least a short period of time? a. emotionally stunted b. boomerang kid c. adult minor d. sandwich kid ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 12.7 Family and the Life Course

69. Many college graduates find themselves unable to afford the costs of living on their own and, at least temporarily, live with their parents again. What good news about families can we take from this trend? a. It allows parents to have more of a say in their children’s romantic lives. b. That so many children are willing to live with their parents again suggests that they have closer relationships with parents than previous generations did. c. College students today are taking less time to finish college and moving past the “student” phase of their lives more quickly than in the past. d. By living with their parents, these college graduates save money and demonstrate fiscal responsibility in ways that the past generation did not.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 12.7 Family and the Life Course

70. Most young people face similar financial pressures while in their twenties, but considerably more men move back in with their parents than women. What is one reason for this? a. Men care more about saving money than women do. b. Women lose more independence when they move back home than men do. c. Men have stronger relationships with their parents than women do. d. Women are more likely than men to have serious emotional conflicts with their mothers.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 12.7 Family and the Life Course

71. Which of the following was true of parenting in the nineteenth century and earlier? a. Fathers were far more likely to have the final say in decisions about their children. b. Mothers often valued other mothers’ opinions about child rearing over the opinions of their own children’s fathers. c. The extended family was less important in terms of instrumental support. d. Members of the community had far less influence than they do today.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 12.8 Trouble in Families

72. A person is MOST likely to be murdered by a. a family member. b. a law enforcement officer. c. a drug dealer or a drug user. d. someone seeking to rob them.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 12.8 Trouble in Families

73. The radio played a news story about the murder of a twenty-five-year-old married woman with one child. Who would you expect the police to first investigate for the crime? a. a serial killer b. her husband c. a gang member being initiated into a street gang d. a burglar who she surprised in the act ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 12.8 Trouble in Families

74. How do rates of intimate partner violence differ across racial groups? a. They are higher among whites than in other racial groups. b. They are about equal across racial groups. c. They are lower among Asian Americans than in other racial groups. d. They are higher among non-English-speaking individuals than among English speakers.

ANS: B MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Difficult

REF: 12.8 Trouble in Families

75. What is the main reason abusive partners resort to intimate partner violence? a. They have anger management problems. b. They have problems outside the relationship that drive them over the edge. c. They are generally violent in all aspects of their lives. d. They desire power over their victims.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult MSC: Remembering

REF: 12.8 Trouble in Families

76. What is the term for the range of behaviors that abusers use to gain and maintain power over their victims? a. manipulation b. passive aggression c. domestic abuse d. symbolic violence ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 12.8 Trouble in Families

77. How do most abusive relationships appear at the beginning? a. The signs of violence are there from the start. b. Violence usually begins as soon as the relationship starts, if not before. c. There is tension and a “walking on eggshells” feeling from day one. d. The abusive partner is charming, attentive, and thoughtful.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 12.8 Trouble in Families

78. What sort of actions do abusive partners take to keep their partners in the relationship? a. keep up a constant stream of threats b. stop the cycle of abuse and truly reform c. periodically enter a cycle of loving contrition d. seek psychological help ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 12.8 Trouble in Families

79. What is one common reason why victims of domestic abuse stay in abusive relationships? a. They are waiting for someone to save them. b. They do not feel responsible for their own abuse. c. They do not have the resources to get away. d. The abusive partner treats them well all the time.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 12.8 Trouble in Families

80. Which of the following statements is LEAST likely to come from a domestic violence offender? a. “She deserved it.” b. “I really want to change.” c. “I just lose control.” d. “I have anger management problems.”

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 12.8 Trouble in Families

81. Why are child and elder abuse likely to go unreported? a. Few authority figures care enough to investigate abuse. b. Neither kind of abuse is perceived as a serious problem in America today. c. Most child and elder abuse is done carefully so as to make it hard to prove in court. d. The victims are relatively powerless.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 12.8 Trouble in Families

82. Sometimes child welfare agencies are called to investigate a child who never seems to have clean clothing and is very skinny. The suspicion would be that the child is a victim of a. neglect. b. incest. c. violence. d. eldest child syndrome.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 12.8 Trouble in Families

83. Judith Stacey’s Brave New Families explored the ways in which families adapted to meet the challenges of a postmodern society. They did so by creating innovative family structures that looked very different from the “traditional” family. Which of the following would you think was the full title of Stacey’s book? a. Brave New Families: Gender, Love, and Property b. Brave New Families: The Quest for Intimacy c. Brave New Families: Creating a Safe Legal Haven for Families with Special Needs d. Brave New Families: Stories of Domestic Upheaval in Late-Twentieth-Century America ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: 12.9 Postmodern Families: The New Normal

84. What percentage of families consisted of a married couple with a male breadwinner, a stay-at-home mom, and their children as of 2012? a. less than 25 percent b. 30 percent c. 35 percent d. more than 40 percent

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 12.9 Postmodern Families: The New Normal | InQuizitive MSC: Remembering TRUE/FALSE 1. For a couple to be considered a nuclear family, it must have at least one child, and all members live in the same household.

ANS: T DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 12.1 What Is the Family?

2. The literal translation of homogamy is “like marries like.”

ANS: T DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 12.3 Mate Selection

3. Approximately half of all millennials say that marrying someone of a different race is good for society.

ANS: T DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 12.3 Mate Selection

4. Most individuals experience an increase in happiness when they become parents, especially in the first two years of a newborn’s life.

ANS: F DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 12.4 Relationship Trends

5. The likelihood of individuals cohabitating with one another has declined modestly since 1996.

ANS: F DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 12.4 Relationship Trends

6. As of 2008, women were about as likely as they ever were to be granted custody of children following a divorce.

ANS: F DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 12.5 Breaking Up

7. The family is created and sustained through interactional work.

ANS: T DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 12.6 The Work of Family

8. In societies across the globe, men and women have always performed different tasks to help the family function, and these roles have always been considered unequal.

ANS: F DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 12.6 The Work of Family

9. A husband who keeps all of his family’s money in his bank account and gives his wife a weekly allowance might be considered guilty of domestic abuse.

ANS: T MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: 12.8 Trouble in Families

10. Improvised or do-it-yourself forms of family characterize the modern era.

ANS: T DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 12.9 Postmodern Families: The New Normal

SHORT ANSWER 1. How does the nuclear family contribute to oppression according to conflict theory?

ANS: Women do the instrumental tasks in a household that are largely unrewarding and time-consuming such as the dishes and laundry. They are also largely responsible for expressive tasks such as child care, holidays, and listening. In some countries, women have zero inheritance rights, cannot initiate divorce, and have very little power in their marital union.

DIF: Easy MSC: Applying

REF: 12.2 Sociological Perspectives on Families

2. People can be related by blood or marriage and yet not really be members of the same family according to symbolic interactionism. Provide an example of how this occurs.

ANS: Some children are raised in households where their biological father is not involved and has never been visible. Sometimes, a stepfather will take on the male duties of parenting these children, and this is the male father figure that they more often associate as a family member.

DIF: Easy REF: 12.2 Sociological Perspectives on Families MSC: Remembering 3. In 1967, the Supreme Court declared that antimiscegenation laws were unconstitutional in Virginia.

What did such laws prohibit and why was it prohibited?

ANS: Courtship, intimacy, and marriage are influenced by the larger culture. Jim Crow laws were widespread in the South before the civil rights movement, and several states outlawed interracial marriages.

Miscegenation was seen as undesirable and remained illegal in several states, including Virginia, until preventing it was declared unconstitutional.

DIF: Moderate

REF: 12.3 Mate Selection

MSC: Remembering

4. Mixed-race unions are now legal, though they are still uncommon. How does the number of mixed-race unions today differ from the number in the 1960s?

ANS: Only 0.4 percent of marriages were interracial during the 1960s. That percentage increased to 3 by 1980.

The rate increased to 10 percent in 2015, and again in 2017 to 17 percent.

DIF: Easy

REF: 12.3 Mate Selection

5. Describe the differences between polyandry and polygyny.

MSC: Remembering

ANS: Polyandry is a rare form of mate selection in which women have multiple husbands. Polygyny is common in several areas of the world. It involves men who have two or more wives at the same time.

DIF: Moderate

REF: 12.3 Mate Selection

MSC: Remembering

6. Why do people tend to choose mates who live in close geographic proximity?

ANS: Mate selection typically occurs close to our homes. We meet spouses at work, school, and even in our neighborhoods. This makes it easier to spend time with someone and develop an intimate relationship.

DIF: Easy

REF: 12.3 Mate Selection

MSC: Remembering

7. Almost all of the work done within the family is either instrumental or expressive. Briefly describe the differences between these types of tasks.

ANS: Instrumental tasks involve washing dishes, fixing gutters, doing laundry, and completing other tangible tasks around the home. Expressive tasks are related to more emotional or traditional goals such as birthdays, entertaining children, and listening to family concerns.

DIF: Easy

REF: 12.6 The Work of Family

MSC: Remembering

8. Why is the number of Americans aged sixty-five or older growing twice as fast as the population as a whole?

ANS: The Baby Boom generation, born around the time of World War II, is now reaching middle age or older.

There have also been major advancements in medicine, allowing this large cohort to live for longer than they might have otherwise.

DIF: Difficult

REF: 12.7 Family and the Life Course

MSC: Remembering

9. The care of the elderly was once a task entrusted to the family, but more of the elderly are living elsewhere today. Identify the settings in which the elderly are increasingly living instead.

ANS: They live alone or in institutions. Many elderly people live only on Social Security benefits, making this cohort susceptible to poverty. Social norms regarding the elderly have changed in the last few decades; increasingly, it is seen as unnecessary for adult children to have their parents living with them. That said, many elderly people receive in-home care and care from family members.

DIF: Difficult

REF: 12.7 Family and the Life Course

MSC: Remembering

10. Why are poor women more likely to be abused?

ANS: Many perpetrators of abuse feel that they have little power in their work and social lives, and therefore attempt to gain power over their romantic partners. This makes women living in poor households more vulnerable to the type of power-seeking male behavior that often leads to abuse.

DIF: Difficult

REF: 12.8 Trouble in Families

MSC: Analyzing

ESSAY 1. The television show Full House told the story of a sports broadcaster and morning talk show host, Danny Tanner, and his three daughters, D. J., Stephanie, and Michelle. A drunk driver killed Danny’s wife before the series began. He needed help raising his three little daughters, so he turned to his rock musician brother-in-law, Jesse Katsopolis, and his comedian best friend, Joey Gladstone. The three men all lived in the same household and took care of the children, who referred to Jesse and Joey as Uncle Jesse and Uncle Joey. Does this qualify as a “family”? Justify your answer.

ANS: According to the definition provided by the U.S. Census Bureau, it would not qualify in all regards, because one member of the household (Joey) was not related to the others by blood, marriage, or adoption. According to the textbook’s definition, however, it certainly would qualify, as it is a group of individuals tied together by mutual responsibility for one another and bound by a combination of biological, legal, and emotional ties. Joey could also be discussed as “fictive kin.”

DIF: Moderate

REF: 12.1 What Is the Family?

MSC: Applying

2. Compare the definition of family used by the U.S. Census Bureau and the one used in Chapter 12. How are they different? Why do the authors of the textbook prefer their definition?

ANS: The U.S. Census Bureau defines a family as two or more individuals related by blood, marriage, or adoption and living in the same household. When contemporary sociologists use the word “family,” they mean a social group whose members are bound by some type of tie, whether it be legal, biological, emotional, or a combination of all three. A family may or may not share a household, but its members are interdependent in a variety of ways and have a sense of mutual responsibility for one another’s care.

This means that the textbook is deliberately not defining family by specific types of people (like parents or children) or specific types of ties (like marriage).

Chapter 12 uses this more inclusive definition because changing social conditions are changing the way people constitute their families. The definition of family should be broad enough to encompass the variety of forms of family, like those included in the opening vignette, that are actually found in the United States today.

DIF: Moderate

REF: 12.1 What Is the Family?

MSC: Analyzing

3. Why do symbolic interactionists studying the family say the “family” does not exist, only “families”?

What do they mean by this?

ANS: Sociologists working from a symbolic interactionist perspective argue that instead of analyzing “the family” in terms of form or structure, it is more effective to look at how family relations are created and maintained through interaction. Instead of imagining family as a social institution with preset meanings, this approach conceives of family as a fluid, adaptable set of concepts and practices that people use “for constructing the meaning of social bonds” and that are capable of responding to changing circumstances.

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: 12.2 Sociological Perspectives on Families

4. Compare and contrast the structural functionalist perspective of the family with the conflict perspective.

ANS:

Both theories emphasize the way the model of the family shifted from an extended family to a nuclear family at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. However, structural functionalists see this largely as a positive development.

Structural functionalists argue that although the family has by and large ceased to be directly involved in economic production, it still performs all the functions necessary to make sure that production can happen. They also argue that the nuclear family was especially well equipped to help an industrial economy function. It did this by freeing individuals from obligations to extended family members and made possible the geographic and social mobility demanded by the modern economy.

In contrast to structural functionalists, conflict theorists see the family as a social institution in which the struggle over resources is carried out. Like functionalists, conflict theorists realize that the family produces and socializes children to function efficiently in a capitalist economy. Conflict theorists, however, see this function as problematic: the nuclear family is understood as a relatively recent invention that acts as the primary economic unit in modern capitalist society. Since conflict theorists understand capitalism as oppressive, they also understand the nuclear family as contributing to oppression. They conclude that conflict within the family is about the competition for resources such as time, energy, and the leisure to pursue more interesting recreational activities. Here, the family is an institution that can allow exploitation through a sexual division of labor.

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: 12.2 Sociological Perspectives on Families

5. Conflict theory argues that most disputes within the family are really about competition for resources.

What sorts of resources are there struggles over? Who tends to have access to fewer resources? How does conflict present itself within the family?

ANS: The resources being fought over include things like time, energy, and the leisure to pursue more interesting recreational activities.

According to conflict theorists, the family is a gendered social institution that men and women experience differently. In patriarchal societies, this means that men wield greater power than women, both inside and outside the family, and that women’s contributions to family and society are devalued.

Good answers might also mention that since domestic work is associated with women, the sexual division of labor forces women to work harder within the family than men.

DIF: Difficult MSC: Applying

REF: 12.2 Sociological Perspectives on Families

6. Many Americans claim to believe that “love is blind” and that romance can occur anywhere as long as two people have chemistry. However, the argument made in Chapter 12 is that society is primarily responsible for two people pursuing a romantic relationship. What social factors play into the mate selection process?

ANS: Two time-tested concepts in social science, homogamy and propinquity, tell us a lot about how the mate selection process works.

Homogamy literally means “like marries like.” In other words, people tend to choose mates who are similar to them in a variety of sociological dimensions: class, race, ethnicity, age, religion, education, and even level of attractiveness. There are examples of couples whose romantic relationships cross these category lines; interracial or interreligious couples, for example, or May-to-December romances; others often view these with distaste. Even though some couples do break the rule of homogamy, there are considerable social pressures to adhere to it.

Propinquity refers to geographical proximity, as people tend to choose mates who live nearby.

Answers might also mention the effects of new technologies and the Internet, which make courtship and romance possible across much greater geographic distances. People can now meet and converse with others all over the world, so the pool of potential mates moves beyond the bounds of home, work, and school and onto the web. However, although Internet technology challenges the rule of propinquity, it may intensify homogamy by bringing together people with very specific interests and identities.

DIF: Difficult

REF: 12.3 Mate Selection

MSC: Analyzing

7. Many Americans believe that marriage and family are at the center of everyone’s lives, but sociological research shows that this is not the case. Describe some of the trends that make family less important in the day-to-day life of the average American.

ANS: First, people are staying single longer and even campaigning against the discrimination they feel is affecting singles. Second, cohabitation is increasing as fewer people get married and those who marry do so later. Third, “the family” increasingly refers to single parents, who of necessity spend less time with children and more time at work. A counterexample to this set of developments is the increasing reliance of many people in their twenties on their parents for financial and other kinds of support.

DIF: Difficult

REF: 12.4 Relationship Trends

MSC: Applying

8. Explain what Arlie Hochschild means by the “second shift,” and describe the different ways people attempt to deal with it.

ANS: All answers should be able to define the second shift as the dual workload of paid labor outside the home and unpaid labor inside the home that many women face. Hochschild’s study of working couples and parents found that women were indeed working two jobs: one that entailed paid labor outside the home (the first shift) and one that entailed unpaid labor inside the home (the second shift).

The best answers might also mention the historical origins of the second shift in the Industrial Revolution. Chapter 12 argues that although men and women have always performed different roles to ensure the survival of their families, these roles were not considered unequal until after the Industrial Revolution, when men began to leave their homes to earn wages working in factories. Women remained at home, taking care of children and carrying out other domestic responsibilities. As men’s earned wages replaced subsistence farming, in which women had formally participated, these wages became the primary mechanism for providing food, clothing, and shelter for families. Men, in turn, gained economic power over women. Feminist sociologists contend that women’s “second shift” is the legacy of this historic economic change, as women have followed men into the workplace, but men have not returned to work in the home.

Good answers should also describe some of the strategies women have adopted to cope with the second shift: hiring other women to clean their houses and care for their children; relying on friends or family members for help; refusing to do certain chores, especially those generally considered to be “men’s work”; lowering their expectations for cleanliness or quality of child care; and reducing the number of hours they work outside the home.

Answers might also mention Hochschild’s notion of a “Supermom,” a woman who accepts her dual workloads without any help in order to avoid conflicts with her spouse and children. Hochschild found that women who tried to do all of their household labor and paid work often felt unhappy or emotionally numb. Although Hochschild’s analysis was relatively new for sociology, the chapter points out that working mothers have always had to be “Supermoms” in this way.

DIF: Difficult

REF: 12.6 The Work of Family

9. How and why does domestic abuse happen?

MSC: Applying

ANS: Domestic abuse does not happen because abusers have anger management problems or lose their tempers. Those who abuse family members make the deliberate decision to be violent with those who are least likely to be able to report the crime and over whom they will be able to maintain the most control. Domestic violence results from the abuser’s desire for power and control over the victim, but abusers often blame their victims.

Chapter 12 describes a four-stage cycle of violence that seems to occur in almost every abusive relationship. In the first stage, the abusive partner is charming, attentive, and thoughtful; disagreements are glossed over and the relationship looks stable and healthy. In the second stage, often described as “walking on eggshells,” both parties sense that something is going to happen soon, no matter what the victim may do to try to avoid it. In the third stage, acute battering and violence occur. The abuser will invariably blame the victim for the incident. The fourth stage, often referred to as “loving contrition,” is the “honeymoon” phase and it is one of the reasons victims of abuse remain in violent relationships.

After the violence, the abuser will apologize profusely and promise that it will never happen again. The abuser may buy the victim gifts, beg forgiveness, and talk about getting help or making a change. Most abusers, however, have no interest in changing because they do not want to give up the control they have over their victims. Then the cycle repeats.

DIF: Difficult

REF: 12.8 Trouble in Families

MSC: Applying

10. What is a postmodern family?

ANS: The postmodern family takes a far wider variety of forms and includes a far wider variety of members than the traditional nuclear family. When families adapt to the challenges of a postmodern society, they may create family structures that look very different from the “traditional” family we are used to seeing as the norm.

Chapter 12 argues that families and households today expand and contract over time and include members who were never part of the traditional Leave It to Beaver model of the nuclear family.

Ex-spouses and their new partners and children, adult children and other kin, and even nonkin such as friends and co-workers are increasingly defined as family members. Multiple earners and a diversity of generations, genders, and relational connections are becoming the rule rather than the exception. In other words, we have entered an era of improvisation, or do-it-yourself family forms.

The best answers should also point out that these improvisational forms are not themselves new. They are merely new to mainstream working- and middle-class families. Minorities and the poor have always had to improvise to fit into a society that ignored or devalued their needs and activities. Multiple-family households, “families of choice,” and support groups not technically familial in structure have always been part of the everyday lives of the disadvantaged and marginalized.

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: 12.9 Postmodern Families: The New Normal

11. How does age affect the ways in which people define family? How would you expect this to change in the future given the information provided in Chapter 12 regarding the postmodern family?

ANS:

Although people of all ages are more likely to consider a group to be a family when children are present, unrelated roommates who are not romantically involved are significantly more likely to be considered family by senior citizens. However, Chapter 12 also points out that there is no longer a single culturally dominant family pattern, like the traditional one, to which a majority of Americans conform and most of the rest aspire. Instead, Americans today have crafted a multiplicity of family and household arrangements that we inhabit uneasily and reconstitute frequently in response to changing personal and occupational circumstances. This is leading to an era of improvisation, or do-it-yourself family forms in which household members respond to social or structural changes in ways that fit their families’ needs.

This suggests that in the future, people in all age groups will have more flexible definitions of the family, including groups of unrelated roommates.

DIF: Difficult MSC: Applying

REF: 12.9 Postmodern Families: The New Normal

Chapter 13 Leisure and Media MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The terms “recreation” and “leisure” are both defined by how they differ from a. paid work. b. family life. c. sports and physical fitness. d. shopping.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure

2. The difference between leisure and recreation is that a. leisure is a kind of activity; recreation is a kind of time. b. leisure requires money; recreation does not. c. leisure is a kind of time; recreation is a kind of activity. d. leisure does not require money; recreation does.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure

3. Activities that can be considered recreation include a. those that cannot be done for a wage. b. those that involve friends and family. c. those that are done on the weekend. d. those that are enjoyable.

ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure

4. Why was the line between work and play not clearly defined in the premodern world? a. Religious beliefs prohibited this distinction. b. Too many people died young. c. People had fewer recreational options. d. People did not have adequate technology for recreation.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure

5. Historically, ________ had the time and resources necessary to pursue recreational activities. a. only the wealthy b. almost everyone c. the middle class and the upper class d. only the clergy ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure

6. The increase in leisure time in the twentieth century was due to a. changes in values and norms making leisure disappear. b. increases in industrial productivity and time-saving technologies. c. decreases in family size. d. increases in life span and better health care.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure

7. What is the MOST underappreciated aspect of the work that professional musicians do given that popular music is so strongly associated with leisure? a. how much they get paid b. the conditions under which they work, particularly on tour c. how long a career most professional musicians have d. that it is work ANS: D DIF: Difficult MSC: Remembering

REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure

8. Based on your textbook’s definition, which of the following sounds MOST like recreation? a. a student’s time between getting out of class and going to work b. a guitarist on tour who sells T-shirts and CDs at a merchandise table after each show c. the “recess” period given to children in primary school, when they can spend unstructured time on the playground d. someone computing the amount and type of fuel needed to power a model rocket they want to launch in a park ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure

9. Imagine that you have come across a woman rebuilding an engine. Which of the following questions would you need to ask to discover if this was a recreational activity as recreation is defined in your textbook? a. if she had to take time off work to do it b. if there was any way for her to benefit from the activity in an economic sense c. how much time she spent on it each week d. how rebuilding engines made her feel ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure

10. What does the sociologist Richard Sennett mean when he says that modernity has seen the “fall of public man”? a. People increasingly spend time with their immediate families or close friends, and the home becomes the site of leisure activities. b. The ideals of public service and civic duty are seen as much less important than they were in the past. c. The government provides far fewer services than it has in the past. d. There are far fewer celebrities than at any other time in history.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure

11. The rise of the suburbs affected the way people used their leisure time because it a. encouraged them to join neighborhood groups and associations. b. encouraged them to take more vacations. c. encouraged them to spend their leisure time in their own homes. d. led to an increase in outdoor activities.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure

12. In what way has the Internet changed how people use leisure time? a. Older people are more likely to be in touch with younger generations. b. There is increasing contact between people in different areas of the world, but sometimes individuals from the same family spend less time with one another. c. There is increasing contact between family members and less contact between people in different areas of the world. d. There has been a radical increase in the amount of time people spend shopping.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure

13. Technological changes are transforming the nature of recreation because recreation a. is moving into public spaces and away from the home. b. is less likely to involve members of the immediate family. c. has become safer. d. is moving inside the home and away from public spaces.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure

14. The sociologist Richard Sennett argues that we have seen the “fall of public man” and have become much more likely to seek refuge in “ties of family or intimate association.” Given this information, what else would you expect Sennett to believe? a. Few people can take pleasure in great cities, which are full of strangers. b. Religious ceremonies are a great source of pride and meaning. c. More Americans are participating in local politics. d. In the future, there will be far more people with mental health issues than there are today.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure

15. In 2006, Nintendo released the Wii, which was its latest video game system. The system was credited for attracting demographic groups, including senior citizens, not often associated with video games. There were even reports of senior citizens forming leagues to play “Wii bowling” and other sports-related games. These leagues would represent a. the fall of public man. b. spontaneity in recreation and leisure. c. a return to a less commodified style of recreational activities. d. a return of public life.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure

16. ________ is the shift from people making their own fun to people purchasing it as goods and services. a. The privatization of recreational activities b. The commodification of recreational activities c. Formalizing recreation d. Conglomeration synergy ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure

17. Leisure is increasingly dominated by ________, “the 800-pound gorilla of leisure time.” a. the Internet

b. video games c. shopping d. television ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure

18. How have activities that were once necessities changed as they have become recreational activities? a. They now come with a wide variety of commodities. b. More people do them than in the past. c. They require more skill than before. d. They no longer require us to spend money.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure

19. ________ is/are the ultimate example of the commercialization of leisure. a. Sports b. Video games c. Shopping d. The Internet ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure

20. If you go on a hike, how might it be considered part of the commercialization of leisure? a. You do not use maps and instead navigate your way around a national park using a compass and the sun. b. You buy a $500 backpack with a solar panel to allow you to recharge your electronics. c. You use your BlackBerry to check your email every morning, even when you are away from buildings and computers. d. You bring along a camera and document your hiking trip for your scrapbook.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure

21. There were a number of “family” groups or family members who became professional musicians together in the early days of country music. This was a common occurrence partly because many families made music together for fun. The average family today is more likely to have each member put on a pair of headphones to listen to music alone. What does this say about contemporary recreation and leisure? a. We define leisure time in terms of public life and interactions with strangers. b. Material goods that we seem to require in order to have fun mediate our recreation and leisure. c. Our leisure time is much more formally organized than it was in the past. d. Changes in recreation and leisure have produced a great deal of inequality.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure

22. Why might reading a book that you checked out from the library seem to be an example of a recreational activity that is totally uncommercialized but still be directly connected to commercial activity? a. You had to eat and pay for utilities on the day you went to the library. b. You might learn something valuable by reading. c. Books from libraries are expensive, as they have expensive bindings.

d. People were paid to write, edit, print, ship, and shelve the book.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure

23. The Mall of America has more than 10,000 workers, occupies more than 4,000,000 square feet, and receives more than 40,000,000 visitors each year. However, the mall offers more than just shopping.

Concerts, plays, story times for children, flight simulators, and an indoor aquarium are just a few of the activities considered part of the “retail experience.” What point does this illustrate? a. Many forms of leisure and recreation seem to have shifted from organized and formal activities to spontaneous or informal activities. b. Alternative media sources are driving Americans to consider new ideas and experience life differently. c. Americans are increasingly less likely to go out for a dose of the arts and more likely to stay home and enjoy performances in front of their home entertainment centers. d. Shopping is now as much about entertainment as it is about purchasing things.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure

24. Technology has facilitated the shift from spontaneous to organized recreation because it has a. made organized recreation more fun. b. made organized recreation more competitive. c. produced the tools necessary for recreation to even exist. d. made it easier to organize people.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure

25. Leisure is treated as a major and important topic in sociology because a. leisure is the opposite of work. b. leisure and recreation absorb a lot of time, energy, and resources. c. the wealthy and powerful do different things with their leisure time than the poor do with theirs. d. leisure and recreation increasingly involve technology and media.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure

26. Leisure and work are complementary activities. What links them together? a. food b. consumption c. the weekend d. children and the family ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure

27. How does free time (nonwork time) differ from leisure time? a. It does not count as leisure time unless money is being spent. b. Leisure activities can also earn money. c. Leisure time implies the ability to make choices. d. Leisure time often happens at work.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure

28. A flash mob is a sudden assembly of strangers in a public place for the purpose of performing some unique action (clapping for no reason, singing a song together, dancing, etc.) and then rapidly dispersing.

They appear to be spontaneous to outsiders, but, in reality, flash mobs are organized through emails, social networking sites, and text messages. This is a good example of how technology can a. shift recreation to the private sphere. b. promote self-regulation and censorship in the media. c. make it easier to organize people. d. commodify recreation and leisure.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure

29. On ESPN.com, men’s college basketball is presented as “college basketball,” while women’s college basketball is called “women’s college basketball.” This is an example of a. the concentration of media power. b. inequality. c. privatization. d. commercialization.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure

30. A president knows that a newspaper will fact-check a statement if he releases it to the newspaper.

Consequently, he decides to post the statement on his Twitter account instead. This an example of a politician a. benefiting from antitrust legislation. b. deregulating laws regarding the Internet. c. creating synergy. d. bypassing traditional media outlets.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure

31. To which of the following trends is spectatorship MOST closely related given the ways it has changed in recent years? a. increasing levels of conglomeration b. the increase in third places c. the decline of public life d. the commercialization of leisure ANS: C DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure

32. The average American spends more than half of their total leisure hours a. exercising. b. consuming media. c. playing with children. d. participating in organized activities.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure | InQuizitive

33. The principle of the free press as a voice of the people has been complicated since the U.S. Constitution was crafted because of

a. b. c. d.

blogs and zines. conglomeration and media concentration. the tabloid press. the rise of celebrity gossip.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 13.2 The Study of Media

34. Seagram’s is a company that is best known for its gin, but it also owns Universal Records. This is an example of what trend in the media industry? a. regulation b. monopoly c. inequality d. conglomeration ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 13.2 The Study of Media

35. Which of the following is a typical media conglomerate MOST likely to include among its many divisions? a. a restaurant chain b. a dating app c. a sports franchise d. an international phone company ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 13.2 The Study of Media

36. A media conglomerate is said to have ________ when it is able to market its products across a wide range of media. a. synergy b. a monopoly c. consumption d. antitrust ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 13.2 The Study of Media

37. Americans seem to have much more choice about which media to consume than in the past. Why is this choice deceptive? a. Many choices are owned by foreign companies. b. Many choices are confined to small, marginal outlets. c. Many choices are owned by the same company. d. Many choices are not available in all areas.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 13.2 The Study of Media

38. ________ have made it possible for politicians to bypass traditional media outlets. a. Social media b. Newspapers c. TV channels d. Radio stations ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 13.2 The Study of Media

39. A company that manufactures alcoholic beverages bought and then sold two smaller companies that produce film, television, and music. What is this process called? a. introducing new voices in the media b. encoding c. conglomeration d. spectatorship ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 13.2 The Study of Media

40. The wireless carrier Verizon bought the Internet provider Yahoo. What term best describes the combination of these two companies? a. synergy b. merger c. conglomeration d. high culture ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 13.2 The Study of Media

41. Some cell phone providers are now offering hardware such as small laptops. Phone companies believe that each product they offer will encourage and promote other products. For example, phones can easily send data to laptops, which can store media that can easily be watched on phones, and so on. What is this called? a. media concentration b. conglomeration c. bandwidth d. synergy ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 13.2 The Study of Media

42. Today, four companies sell more than 80 percent of the music purchased in the United States, although this fact is not obvious because the four companies have purchased many smaller record labels over the years. What is this called? a. synergy b. the media and democracy c. a monopoly d. concentration of media power ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 13.2 The Study of Media

43. Some lawyers working for the Department of Justice worry that Google is abusing its power and behaving like a monopoly in the way it charges for ads. What type of lawsuit would it be if the Department of Justice filed one? a. commodification b. prima facie c. antitrust d. synergistic ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 13.2 The Study of Media

44. The Telecommunications Act of 1996 reduced rules on cross ownership and allowed corporations to buy thousands of media outlets. The Telecommunications Act of 1996 is an example of a. antitrust legislation. b. deregulation. c. encoding and decoding. d. textual poaching.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 13.2 The Study of Media

45. Net neutrality refers to the idea that a. Internet speed should function differently depending on who is using it. b. caps should be put on each person’s data to limit their Internet use. c. no Internet-based service or content should be privileged over another. d. online content should only be available to customers who can pay for it.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 13.2 The Study of Media

46. Early critics dismissed the work of director Alfred Hitchcock, but he later became one of the most revered filmmakers of all time. Why might the way we categorize the work of artists like Alfred Hitchcock change over time? a. Artists go to third places to actively promote their work over long periods of time. b. The boundaries between high culture and popular culture are often permeable. c. How an artist’s work is categorized changes when audiences engage in textual poaching. d. Artists who promote communitarianism are always eventually revered.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: 13.3 Culture and Consumption of Media

47. Jessica loves a new album for its message of female empowerment. Her friend Amal disagrees because she thinks the album objectifies women and doesn’t do enough to condemn sexism. Which of the following describes Jessica and Amal’s disagreement? a. an example of a third place b. an instance of textual poaching c. an example of conflict theory d. a split in the interpretation of a cultural text ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 13.2 The Study of Media

48. What is the MOST likely reason for media outlets to impose self-censorship? a. to compete with online blogs and underground publications b. to avoid outside regulation by the government c. to protect children d. to increase subscriptions ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 13.2 The Study of Media

49. Why do some argue in favor of increased censorship of the media? a. They believe censorship will provide a voice for disenfranchised groups. b. They believe it will protect American companies from foreign competition. c. They believe it will increase sales overseas, especially in conservative societies. d. They believe that violent and sexual media content has a negative impact on society.

ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 13.2 The Study of Media

50. Communication researchers who follow media ownership saw a consistent trend of _________ characterized by mergers and buyouts through the 1980s and 1990s, resulting in fewer but larger media companies in the 2000s. a. conglomeration b. concentration c. commodification d. synergy ANS: B DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: 13.2 The Study of Media | InQuizitive

51. Which of the following is an example of net neutrality? a. No Internet-based service or content can be privileged over another. b. Internet providers reimbursing data use for certain services. c. Internet providers allowing no data caps for certain services or means of streaming. d. Internet providers queuing certain services or devices higher in priority.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: 13.2 The Study of Media | InQuizitive

52. Which Supreme Court case ruled on the criteria used to define obscenity? a. Roe v. Wade b. New York Times v. Sullivan c. Loving v. Virginia d. Roth v. United States ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 13.2 The Study of Media | InQuizitive

53. An advertisement company uses online data to determine that Kelly is a white twenty-two-year-old female who goes to church every week. The advertisement company uses that data to determine which media advertisements Kelly will see online. How is the company deciding which advertisements Kelly will like? a. by fighting antitrust legislation b. by sorting Kelly and others into taste publics c. by promoting high culture over popular culture d. by strengthening civil society and communal bonds ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 13.3 Culture and Consumption of Media

54. Taste cultures are a. groups of people who share similar literary, media, recreational, and intellectual interests b. laws designed to maintain competition in the marketplace by prohibiting monopolies c. any satisfying, amusing, and stimulating activity that is experienced as refreshing and renewing for body, mind, and spirit d. areas of culture that share similar aesthetics and standards of taste ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 13.3 Culture and Consumption of Media

55. What is implied about the meaning of media “texts” if scholars assume that audiences are active rather than passive? a. Media producers manipulate audiences in order to sell goods. b. Every media consumer experiences meanings in the same way. c. The meaning of any particular media text is not important. d. Consumers can alter and even invert meanings to suit their own purposes.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult MSC: Remembering

REF: 13.3 Culture and Consumption of Media

56. Sociologists tend to stop asking ________ and start asking ________ when they reject the hypodermic needle model. a. what people do with media; what media does to people b. what writers and critics do with media; what media does to people c. what media does to people; what people do with media d. what media does to people; what writers and critics do with media ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: 13.4 Media Effects and Audiences

57. A sociologist who is concerned that people will uncritically accept political biases in the media they consume probably believes that audiences a. are active. b. seek out the same media to meet different needs. c. can transform pieces of the media to suit their own needs. d. are mostly passive.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 13.4 Media Effects and Audiences

58. The assumption that media consumers automatically accept whatever meaning is in the “texts” they consume is called a. the active audience model. b. the encoding/decoding model. c. textual poaching. d. the magic bullet theory.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 13.4 Media Effects and Audiences

59. Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer believed that “the triumph of advertising . . . is that consumers feel compelled to buy and use its products even though they see through them.” What might you conclude if this is all you know about Adorno and Horkheimer? a. They accept that reinforcement theory explains the way advertising works. b. They accept that audiences are nonexistent. c. They believe in the hypodermic needle theory. d. They rely on the uses and gratification paradigm to understand media.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: 13.4 Media Effects and Audiences

60. What does the uses and gratifications paradigm assume about media audiences? a. They uncritically accept the messages encoded in media. b. They are passive viewers. c. They take a media product and manipulate it to tell their own stories.

d. They are actively engaged.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 13.4 Media Effects and Audiences

61. Teenage boys sometimes watch football games on Sunday only because they wish to be able to make conversation with their classmates on Monday. Which theory best explains this? a. textual poaching b. structural functionalism c. the magic bullet theory d. the uses and gratifications paradigm ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: 13.4 Media Effects and Audiences

62. A series of polls in 2003 showed that people who primarily got their news from the Fox News Channel were significantly more likely to believe that Iraq had played a part in the 9/11 attacks. Many people saw this as evidence of the way the media shaped public opinion, but some believed that those who already believed this simply gravitated to Fox. This is an example of a. textual poaching. b. encoding/decoding. c. reinforcement theory. d. agenda-setting theory.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 13.4 Media Effects and Audiences

63. Project Censored posts a list of the twenty-five most censored news stories every year. These stories are “censored,” though not in the sense that the media are legally prohibited from covering them. They are considered “censored” because most major media outlets have systematically ignored them and, in the process, determined what the public will think about. What theory explains this? a. agenda-setting b. reinforcement c. magic bullet d. two-step flow ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 13.4 Media Effects and Audiences

64. According to the two-step flow model, which of the following would be MOST likely to sway public opinion concerning the ethical treatment of farm animals? a. a billboard with a famous actress and a slogan on it b. a news story that makes the front page of a national paper c. a short clip on the local news d. a documentary aired on cable television ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: 13.4 Media Effects and Audiences

65. Which theory of media consumption combines elements of both the magic bullet theory and the uses and gratifications theory? a. Stuart Hall’s encoding/decoding model b. Henry Jenkins’s textual poaching model c. Stanley Fish’s interpretive community model d. Émile Durkheim’s functionalist model

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 13.4 Media Effects and Audiences

66. Which part of Stuart Hall’s theory resembles the magic bullet model? a. the assumption that specific ideological messages are loaded into cultural products b. the assumption that individuals will respond to media messages in a wide variety of ways c. the assumption that audience members manipulate cultural products for their own ends d. the assumption that audience members will listen to “opinion leaders” ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 13.4 Media Effects and Audiences

67. According to Henry Jenkins, what are audience members doing when they manipulate commercially produced media products, often to tell stories or express ideas very different from the original? a. textual poaching b. encoding c. gratification consumption d. hypodermic media consumption ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 13.4 Media Effects and Audiences

68. What are fans of the original Star Trek series doing when they edit recorded episodes of the TV show to make it appear that Captain Kirk and Mr. Spock are passionate gay lovers? a. textual poaching b. reinforcing the meaning of the original product c. being a passive audience d. agenda setting ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 13.4 Media Effects and Audiences

69. Critics might see soap operas as brainwashing their viewers to accept a particular version of gender roles. Some sociologists would insist that the people who produce soap operas actually have to be constantly attentive to the desires of their audience and are, to some extent, responding to the audience.

If you believe this, then you probably see soap opera viewers as a. new voices in the media. b. the bourgeoisie. c. collectors. d. an active audience.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: 13.4 Media Effects and Audiences

70. The English music star Morrissey got his start in the band The Smiths, singing about radical vegetarianism and bisexuality in the 1980s. He was effeminate, bleak, and sarcastic. His fan base has expanded far beyond the disaffected English teenagers who bought his original records. In fact, some of his most devoted fans today are Hispanic millennials in Southern California. How is it possible that British teenagers in the 1980s and Hispanic Californians today can appreciate the same music? a. There are few differences between these two groups. b. Even though members of the two groups have different experiences and perspectives, they understand Morrissey’s music in the same way. c. They bring different interpretive strategies to the experience of listening to Morrissey’s music. d. Music is universal, and all people experience it in the same way; if one group can be moved

by it, then any other group will feel the same way.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: 13.4 Media Effects and Audiences

71. The producers, writers, and actors of Die Hard meant for the audience to cheer for the protagonist, a blue-collar hero who defeats a team of German terrorists single-handedly. If you met someone who instead was rooting for Hans Gruber, the murderous leader of the terrorists, you could say that they were a. being used by the mass media to influence other members of the public. b. being more or less “brainwashed” by the effects of the mass media. c. being informed and educated by the media. d. decoding the movie differently than it was encoded.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: 13.4 Media Effects and Audiences

72. Bloomsbury Academic Press hosted a competition called Remix the Remixer in 2008 to celebrate the release of Lawrence Lessig’s book. Contest entrants were asked to find a video, interview, or written work of Lessig’s, mash it up with another piece of Lessig’s work, and create something new such as a video, photo, or text. What is this sort of artistic activity called? a. a two-step flow model b. textual poaching c. magic bullets d. uses and gratifications ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 13.4 Media Effects and Audiences

73. What is a group of like-minded individuals called if its members share a similar sensibility and enjoy cultural products in similar ways? a. an interpretive community b. textual poachers c. an active audience d. producers ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 13.4 Media Effects and Audiences

74. A popular radio talk show host comments that mass shootings are increasing simply because people are consuming increasingly violent television shows and movies and doing so more often. Which theory is this talk show host espousing? a. active audiences theory b. reinforcement theory c. hypodermic needle theory d. agenda-setting theory ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: 13.4 Media Effects and Audiences | InQuizitive

75. Polysemy, or the idea that any given text may have multiple meanings, is most closely associated with which theory of media effects? a. interpretive strategies b. agenda-setting theory c. two-step flow model d. encoding/decoding model

ANS: A DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: 13.4 Media Effects and Audiences | InQuizitive

76. In 2014, Pharrell Williams gave permission to fans to create their own “cover” videos using his song “Happy.” This resulted in nearly 2,000 different versions of the music video produced by fans in more than 150 different countries. The model of ______ is highlighted by the example of Pharrell Williams’s hit song “Happy.” a. decoding b. deconstructing c. cultural marking d. textual poaching ANS: D DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: 13.4 Media Effects and Audiences | InQuizitive

77. The positive response of music critics as well as the negative response from people like bell hooks to Beyoncé’s Lemonade is an example of which model? a. encoding/decoding b. deconstructing c. cultural marking d. textual poaching ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: 13.4 Media Effects and Audiences | InQuizitive

78. There are an infinite number of potential meanings for any given text if, as Stanley Fish argues, an individual reader interprets a text and thereby gives it meaning. Why do so many people interpret things in the same ways? a. People tend to look to a small number of critics to explain any particular piece of culture. b. People have very little imagination and do not like to focus too much on any given text. c. People who consume the same texts come from similar backgrounds and have similar interpretive frameworks. d. People passively absorb meanings from the media that lead them to see the world in the same ways.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult MSC: Remembering

REF: 13.5 Leisure and Relationships

79. Stanley Fish argues against older understandings of media and literature, which held that a text is unchanging and universal. He argues that each member of an audience can interpret or “create” a work, but he does not claim that each audience member has absolute freedom to interpret in unique ways because a. each member of an audience is part of a larger interpretive community. b. the author or creator of a work imposes their own ideas on the audience. c. the “texts” an audience consumes are transmitted unaltered and absorbed straight into their consciousness. d. the mass media can influence the public by the way stories are presented.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: 13.5 Leisure and Relationships

80. Polysemy refers to the idea that a. any given text may have multiple meanings. b. foreign travel should minimize the environmental consequences of tourism. c. celebrities should act as role models.

d. audience members are active participants in constructing the meaning of the media they consume.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 13.5 Leisure and Relationships

81. In the 1990s, kids who chanted, “I want to be like Mike!” to express their admiration for Michael Jordan had a. an overidentification with media figures. b. all been paid by Nike to do so. c. a role model relationship with a celebrity. d. a serious consumption addiction.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 13.5 Leisure and Relationships

82. The mixed reaction to the 1998 motorcycle exhibit at the Guggenheim Museum is an example of a. the uses and gratification paradigm. b. high culture versus popular culture. c. communitarianism. d. structural functionalism.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 13.5 Leisure and Relationships

83. For whom could celebrity stalking be seen as an obligation? a. fans who are particularly devoted to a celebrity b. fans who want to steal a physical object from a celebrity c. members of the press d. members of a fan club ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 13.5 Leisure and Relationships

84. The ancient Greeks understood this well: A person who is completely private is lost to civic life. The exclusive pursuit of one’s self-interest is not even a good prescription for conduct in the marketplace; for no social, political, economic, or moral order can survive that way.

What idea or belief system is being described in this quote? a. structural functionalism b. media and democracy c. anomie d. communitarianism ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: 13.5 Leisure and Relationships

85. What is the movement that attempts to rebuild group values and a sense of collective responsibility called? a. capitalism b. communitarianism c. textual poaching d. utilitarianism ANS: B

DIF: Easy

REF: 13.5 Leisure and Relationships

MSC: Remembering 86. Does Robert Bellah believe that bonds based on shared leisure interests are enough to develop a sense of collective responsibility? a. yes b. only when the shared leisure interests involve contact with a wide variety of people c. no d. only in the United States ANS: C DIF: Difficult MSC: Remembering

REF: 13.5 Leisure and Relationships

87. How does Robert Bellah believe that style enclaves are different from “real communities”? a. They tend to remain focused on shared interests rather than on the larger community. b. They usually lead to more altruistic behaviors and an interest in others. c. They have greater community spirit. d. They hold meetings in the “third place.”

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 13.5 Leisure and Relationships

88. What did the sociologist Dr. Kerry Ferris conclude about lifestyle enclaves as a result of her research on Star Trek and soap opera fan clubs? a. They almost never develop beyond a narrow and segmented interest in media. b. They develop bonds for a wide variety of reasons, none of which have anything to do with the programs they watch. c. They almost never expand their group boundaries beyond the narrow confines of their lifestyle enclave. d. They can eventually lead to a greater degree of involvement with the community.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult MSC: Remembering

REF: 13.5 Leisure and Relationships

89. What is it evidence of when a Star Trek fan club raises money for an animal welfare organization that is sponsored by the Star Trek actor William Shatner? a. the inability of such groups to contribute to the common good b. the lack of real community in such groups c. the ability of a lifestyle enclave to develop a larger sense of social responsibility d. the narrow focus of a lifestyle enclave ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 13.5 Leisure and Relationships

90. A bar and grill has a “backgammon night” on the third Wednesday of every month. The bar provides backgammon boards and pieces. A fairly regular group of players come in, share a few drinks, and play backgammon. Of what is this an example? a. communitarianism b. private recreation c. the decline of public life d. a lifestyle enclave ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 13.5 Leisure and Relationships

91. What do sociologists call locations like neighborhood bars and local cafes where people gather to talk?

a. b. c. d.

third places libraries front stages local tourism sites

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 13.5 Leisure and Relationships

92. Why is the sociologist Roy Oldenburg worried that the United States seems to have so few third places? a. They help people make connections. b. They are an essential part of the economy. c. They represent an important agent of socialization for young people. d. They help strengthen the free press.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 13.5 Leisure and Relationships

93. What sort of places can provide opportunities for people to connect in ways that relieve alienation and anomie? a. third places b. conglomerations c. message boards d. ecotourist vacation spots ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 13.5 Leisure and Relationships

94. What are the benefits of third places for society as a whole? a. The feeling of public spirit generated in them can strengthen civil society. b. They encourage spending and strengthen the economy. c. They allow small, independent media to develop an audience. d. They increase diversity and support multiculturalism.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 13.5 Leisure and Relationships

95. What do sociologists call the customs, practices, and values expressed in a particular place by the people who interact there? a. an interpretive community b. a public life c. an idioculture d. a third place ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 13.5 Leisure and Relationships

96. What is the term for foreign travel with the goal of minimizing the environmental consequences of tourism as well as the negative effects on local cultures? a. green consumption b. ecotourism c. consumption d. commodification ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 13.5 Leisure and Relationships

97. Today in Zambia, there are plans to develop self-sustaining big game parks where tourists could go and see indigenous plants and wildlife while minimizing environmental consequences. This is an example of a. ecotourism. b. intentional communities. c. magic bullets. d. conglomerations.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 13.5 Leisure and Relationships

98. Where does social researcher Robert Putnam suggest that people in the United States spend most of their time outside of work or school? a. outside doing recreational activities b. at bars or other social events with friends c. at home in front of the television d. at community events such as bingo ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 13.5 Leisure and Relationships | InQuizitive

TRUE/FALSE 1. Some things that are one person’s leisure are another person’s job.

ANS: T DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure

2. Relatively few people are employed in the leisure and recreation industries.

ANS: F DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure

3. Many forms of leisure and recreation have shifted from spontaneous or informal activities to formal and organized ones.

ANS: T DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure

4. Leisure and recreation are synonymous so they can be used interchangeably.

ANS: F DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure

5. President Donald Trump’s Twitter account is an example of social media making it possible for politicians to bypass traditional media.

ANS: T DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 13.2 The Study of Media

6. The Trump administration and the new FCC chair have vowed to democratize the Internet or make it such that it will function the same regardless of who is using it or what they are using it for.

ANS: F DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 13.2 The Study of Media

7. The Broadway musical Hamilton could be considered both high and low culture.

ANS: T DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 13.3 Culture and Consumption of Media

8. The hypodermic needle theory and the magic bullet theory are names used to refer to the same theory.

ANS: T DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 13.4 Media Effects and Audiences

9. Just because fan–celebrity relationships are one-sided does not mean they are not relationships.

ANS: T DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 13.4 Media Effects and Audiences

10. Third places are called such because they are places that exist beyond work and home.

ANS: T DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 13.5 Leisure and Relationships

SHORT ANSWER 1. Describe how various cultures hold different norms and values when it comes to the things people do for fun.

ANS: In Western culture, people tend to utilize technology as a means of social entertainment; Eastern cultures focus more on human interaction and leisure time with family.

DIF: Easy

REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure

MSC: Remembering

2. How do recreation and leisure activities form the basis for a subculture?

ANS: People may travel to hear a beloved band or engage in an online community committed to a novel.

Subcultures are forming from access to a global community in which people may connect based on shared interests. If people enjoy camping, they may join a camping club, or if they love gardening, a gardening club.

DIF: Moderate

REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure

MSC: Remembering

3. How can an activity that is one person’s job also act as another person’s recreation?

ANS: You may have an industrial fisherman who is paid for his time on a boat, while many other people simply go fishing for pleasure. The same is true for hunting. You may have someone who is paid for racking animals and another who pays to engage in the act of hunting. There are also people who play music professionally and others who engage in music simply because they enjoy playing an instrument.

DIF: Easy

REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure

MSC: Remembering

4. Why have recreation and leisure not remained stable throughout history?

ANS: Only the wealthy had the time for recreation and leisure pursuits before society began to shift between the 1890s and 1940s. The middle class began enjoying leisure activities as the Industrial Revolution and technological progress allowed for more personal time.

DIF: Easy

REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure

MSC: Remembering

5. How were some activities that are recreation today necessities in the past?

ANS: We needed food, so we had to hunt and garden rather than engaging in these activities for satisfaction and amusement. Knitting was a way to provide clothes to families rather than simply enjoy the craft and art of knitting.

DIF: Easy

REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure

MSC: Remembering

6. Describe how sociologists view leisure time.

ANS: Leisure time is a period of time in which an individual relaxes, engages in recreational activities, or freely chooses other activities such as a bubble bath.

DIF: Easy

REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure

MSC: Remembering

7. How has the media always been an instrument of the state as well as a tool for social change?

ANS: The news is used to educate and mobilize citizens. The Constitution was developed with freedom of press and a voice of the people in mind. The press also functions as a check and balance to political leadership. Today, those who own media outlets can manipulate information to sway citizens in a certain direction. The Internet is used to create rallies for social change such as those in Egypt in recent years.

People are able to network on a global scale and learn more about their human rights.

DIF: Moderate

REF: 13.2 The Study of Media

MSC: Remembering

8. How is media in the United States a profitable export?

ANS: A decade or so ago, there were at least twenty-five media giants in the United States. Conglomeration has resulted in only five large media outlets, 90 percent of which operate from the United States.

Therefore, these U.S. companies are supplying the remainder of the world with their television, movies, and Internet service.

DIF: Moderate

REF: 13.2 The Study of Media

MSC: Remembering

9. Discuss a few of the ways in which working-class people tend to do different things with their leisure time than do upper-class people.

ANS:

Working-class people spend their leisure time watching television, hiking, or engaging in other cost-effective methods of leisure—otherwise called engagement with popular culture. Wealthy elites are still engaged in public life, which was popular before the suburbs grew and people used TV and movies for entertainment. Public life involves going to museums, joining social clubs, and going to the opera; this means they are actively engaged in high culture.

DIF: Easy REF: 13.3 Culture and Consumption of Media MSC: Remembering ESSAY 1. What are the three developments that have changed the way leisure and recreation are experienced today?

ANS: Three developments are the decline of public life, the commercialization of leisure and recreation, and the formalization of recreation.

DIF: Easy

REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure

MSC: Remembering

2. Define the terms “recreation” and “leisure.” Why does it seem particularly important today to study recreation and leisure?

ANS: Recreation and leisure are both defined primarily by their differences from paid labor and other obligatory activities. Leisure is time that can be spent at ease, relaxing, engaging in recreation, or otherwise indulging in freely chosen activities. Recreation is any activity that is satisfying, amusing, and stimulating and that is experienced as refreshing and renewing for body, mind, and spirit. This means that just about any activity could fall under the heading of recreation, depending on individual preferences, and that people can spend their leisure time engaged in all sorts of recreational activities. It is important to note that what makes something a leisure or recreational activity are the experiential features of the activity itself. It needs to feel enjoyable, liberating, and even transformative. One person’s job could be another person’s recreational activity.

Recreation and leisure are more important to study today because they have changed dramatically in recent history. In the premodern world, the line between work and play was not nearly as clearly defined as it is today, in part because there was a lot of obligatory work to be done and fewer options for recreational activities. Things that we now engage in almost exclusively as recreation (like gardening, hunting and fishing, and knitting) were necessities in the past, and many of our most ubiquitous current recreational activities (like watching movies and television) did not yet exist. Even in the early years of the Industrial Revolution, low wages and long hours meant that only the privileged and wealthy had the time and resources to pursue leisure and recreation activities with any consistency. This situation began to change rapidly around the dawn of the twentieth century, as the amount of time the middle class could devote to leisure activities “grew much between 1890 and 1940.” This increase in leisure time was largely fueled by increases in industrial productivity as a result of technological progress.

DIF: Moderate

REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure

MSC: Understanding

3. How has technology changed the way recreational activities are organized?

ANS:

All answers should point out the ways in which new technologies have contributed to a shift from spontaneous or informal activities to organized and formal ones. Little League baseball is an example of an organized alternative to after-school sandlot games. Technology facilitates this shift because new communication technologies allow unprecedented degrees of communication and organization. Cell phones, email, the Internet, and radio and television advertising all make it easier to organize people in different geographic locations and make it much easier to organize activities.

DIF: Moderate

REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure

MSC: Remembering

4. What does it mean to say that there has been a “massive increase in the commodification of recreational activities”?

ANS: In the past, people made their own fun, and today they are increasingly likely to purchase it instead. The text cites a number of different examples: television and other electronic media, the dizzying array of commodities available for activities like hunting and fishing that were once necessities, and the fact that shopping itself is now considered a form of recreation.

DIF: Moderate

REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure

MSC: Understanding

5. Is leisure the opposite of work? Why or why not?

ANS: Every answer should say no. Rather than understanding leisure as the opposite of work, sociologists see the two as complementary activities within a capitalist economic system. This relationship manifests itself in a number of ways. For instance, workers’ earned wages fuel multibillion-dollar global leisure industries such as travel and hospitality, spectatorship, entertainment, and luxury services. Work also spills into leisure time.

Good answers will remember that Chapter 13 argues that we should place leisure in the larger social context of capitalism to see how patterns of consumerism shape all of the activities of our lives. Rather than juxtaposing leisure with work, it is more useful to think of leisure and work as linked by consumption. Thus, we work for wages so that we can consume a variety of necessities, goods, and services, including leisure. As we consume more leisure, we must earn more wages to pay for it. Leisure is itself a booming industry, with millions of workers serving our desires. We use leisure time to supplement our working lives, and the connection between the two is more than merely oppositional.

The best answers will also remember that we should not equate free time (or nonworking time) with leisure time. Leisure, by definition, involves some kind of choice about how to spend time, whether honing tennis skills or studying a new language. Therefore, leisure time is not necessarily free time.

DIF: Difficult

REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure

MSC: Understanding

6. How has the decline of public life affected recreation and leisure?

ANS: All answers should point out that technological developments, especially in information and media technology, have led to a decline in public life, which has impacted recreation and leisure. Americans are increasingly less likely to go out for a dose of the arts and more likely to stay home and enjoy performances in front of their home entertainment centers. The best answers will be able to differentiate between the substantial effect of the decline of public life on music and theater and the lesser impact on the visual arts. The bottom line is that technology is moving our leisure and recreation inside the home and away from public spaces.

Most answers should be able to say something about how the mass migration to the suburbs and the development of television encouraged people to stay home and even displaced public activities such as moviegoing. Television began this move away from public recreation, but video games, personal computers, and the Internet have all made the private home even more attractive for leisure and recreation.

The best answers might point out that the Internet has begun to isolate individuals even within the home. While it can facilitate contact between people who live in different corners of the world, the Internet can just as easily cut off individuals from their more immediate social surroundings, causing disengagement from family, friends, and spouses.

DIF: Difficult

REF: 13.1 A Sociology of Leisure

MSC: Applying

7. David Harvey has argued that the economy has become capable of producing goods more efficiently and rapidly, so there have to be parallel increases in the rate at which we purchase and consume goods. How has this happened? Give at least one example from the text as well as one of your own.

ANS: Good answers should start with a discussion of Apple and the postmodern economy, in which the need to sell more products faster has led to “a shift from the consumption of goods and into the consumption of services,” including “entertainments, spectacles, happenings, and distractions.” Harvey pointed out that there are “limits to the accumulation and turnover of physical goods,” making more “ephemeral” products like mp3s and downloaded movies ideal products for an economy that needs to sell more goods year after year. Examples from the text could easily include downloaded mp3s and movies. Other obvious examples might include eBooks (perhaps on an Amazon Kindle), downloaded ringtones, software and games, applications for smartphones, and any other nonphysical good that an information economy allows people to purchase.

DIF: Difficult

REF: 13.2 The Study of Media

MSC: Applying

8. Describe and explain the key differences in how media are consumed by mass audiences according to the magic bullet or hypodermic needle model, the uses and gratifications model, and the encoding/decoding model.

ANS: The magic bullet or hypodermic needle model assumes that audience members and spectators (of media, sports, books, etc.) are passive recipients of content and that whatever meaning is inherent in the text they consume is transmitted, unaltered, into their brains. The assumption is that, like an injection, media content is shot into audience members who respond instantly to its stimulus.

The uses and gratifications theory assumes a more active audience whose members have different individual and group interpretive strategies. Whatever meaning may be inherent in texts, the consumers of those texts bring their own interpretive resources to it. They can make, alter, and even invert the meanings of texts to suit their own purposes. So, instead of asking, “What does media do to people?” this paradigm asks, “What do people do with media?”

The encoding/decoding model combines elements of the two previous theories by assuming both that specific ideological messages are loaded into cultural products and that individuals may respond to those messages in a variety of ways. In fact, when faced with ideologically encoded cultural products, individuals can engage in cultural resistance or construct oppositional or against-the-grain readings of those products, in which meaning is subverted.

DIF: Difficult

REF: 13.4 Media Effects and Audiences

MSC: Understanding

9. What does Henry Jenkins mean by the term “textual poaching” in regard to the way some audience members consume mass media?

ANS: In textual poaching, audience members take a cultural product and manipulate it, often to tell a very different story or to express a very different ideology than the original product. The textbook uses the deconstruction of Barbie and Star Trek fan fiction that reimagines Kirk and Spock as gay lovers to illustrate this type of media consumption.

DIF: Moderate

REF: 13.4 Media Effects and Audiences

MSC: Understanding

10. Encounters with celebrities are the contemporary equivalent of interacting with gods, spirits, or ancestors according to Imaginary Social Worlds by John Caughey. How do these interactions take place?

ANS: The most important way these interactions take place is through the media. Chapter 13 argues that even though these relationships are asymmetrical and media facilitated, they are relationships. Most people put very little energy into developing relationships with celebrities, in part because they are bombarded with information about celebrities from all the media all the time. People cannot help but acquire information about celebrities’ professional and personal lives; it is all around us and difficult to tune out.

The text does, however, mention three ways in which fan–celebrity relations may happen face-to-face: at public events, through fan-staged encounters, and through celebrity stalking.

DIF: Difficult

REF: 13.4 Media Effects and Audiences

MSC: Applying

11. What is ecotourism? What are the arguments for and against ecotourism?

ANS: Ecotourism is tourism characterized by the efforts of tourists, tour operators, adventure companies, and the travel industry to lessen the negative consequences of tourism on the environment as well as on local cultures and economies.

Proponents argue that ecotourism generally promotes consciousness about environmentally and culturally sensitive travel options. Tourists are often from highly industrialized nations in North America, Europe, and Australia, and they usually visit less-developed nations in Central and South America as well as in Africa.

Critics argue that ecotourism is futile because it is merely consumerism with a “green” wrapping and serves as a mechanism for middle- and upper-class tourists to assuage guilt about exoticizing foreign cultures and locales.

DIF: Moderate

REF: 13.5 Leisure and Relationships

MSC: Understanding

Chapter 14 Health and Illness MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Good health is a. only important to Western societies. b. biologically determined. c. culturally relative. d. consistent around the world.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 14.1 The Sociology of Medicine, Health, and Illness

MSC: Understanding

2. What do sociologists ask you to consider regarding health and illness? a. how biomedical models are superior to other explanations b. the physical roots of health and illness c. how health and illness are shaped by social factors d. similarities throughout the world ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 14.1 The Sociology of Medicine, Health, and Illness

MSC: Understanding

3. In the United States, we value slim, athletic builds and consider people with these body types to be healthier than people with more fleshy builds. But in Dakar, Senegal, people tend to value body types that in the United States would be considered clinically overweight. Senegalese women, in particular, associate these body types with both health and wealth: slimmer women actually want to gain weight in order to attain the “desirable,” “healthy,” “well-fed” build. What does this example suggest contributes to our ideal of a healthy body? a. biology b. genetics c. epidemiology d. social factors and culture ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 14.1 The Sociology of Medicine, Health, and Illness | InQuizitive MSC: Understanding 4. A highly vaccinated community maintains ________, a kind of group resistance that helps protect even the unvaccinated from contracting the disease. a. acute immunity b. herd immunity c. epidemiological resistance d. medicalization resistance ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 14.1 The Sociology of Medicine, Health, and Illness | InQuizitive MSC: Understanding 5. Dr. Robinson believes that the ongoing Flint water crisis in Michigan is only still a problem because the affected population is mostly black and poor. He believes the slow response of government officials is a result of this population’s lack of economic and political power. With which theoretical viewpoint do Dr. Robinson’s beliefs align? a. conflict theory b. structural functionalism

c. symbolic interactionism d. modernism ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: 14.1 The Sociology of Medicine, Health, and Illness | InQuizitive MSC: Applying 6. Ori got food poisoning at his favorite restaurant and was treated right away. This type of illness would be classified as a. palliative. b. chronic. c. acute. d. lifestyle based.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 14.2 Defining Health and Illness

7. Kea tries to take good care of herself by regularly exercising, getting an appropriate amount of rest, and eating a healthy diet. Her approach to health is MOST closely aligned with a. palliative medicine. b. chronic illness. c. preventive medicine. d. lifestyle medicine.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 14.2 Defining Health and Illness

8. Denise feels horrible, so she visits a doctor. The doctor tells Denise that she has a bad cold and should feel better soon. How would Denise’s illness be classified? a. chronic b. acute c. crisis d. preventive ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 14.2 Defining Health and Illness

9. The Pacific Gas and Electric Company poisoned the water in Hinkley, California. The poisoned water system had sickened many Hinkley, California residents with ailments like liver damage and cancer.

How would the illnesses of the Hinkley residents be classified? a. crisis diseases b. curative diseases c. acute diseases d. chronic diseases ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 14.2 Defining Health and Illness

10. What type of diseases come on suddenly and are often contagious? a. crisis b. acute c. curative d. preventive ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 14.2 Defining Health and Illness

11. The most prevalent causes of death in the United States are due to chronic illness, while people in the developing world are continually affected by the threat of acute illnesses. This discrepancy indicates that a. illness is a biological event. b. palliative care is necessary. c. illness is impacted by social factors. d. we can prevent deaths in the United States but not in the developing world.

ANS: C MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Moderate

REF: 14.2 Defining Health and Illness

12. ________ is the type of care we are practicing when we focus on making a person comfortable at the end of life. a. Palliative b. Crisis c. Chronic d. Preventive ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 14.2 Defining Health and Illness

13. Researchers often conduct studies on American college students. What is one organization that conducts such research to determine health behaviors as well as develop support programs and services on a wide variety of health-related issues? a. World Health Organization b. United Nations c. Surgeon General’s office d. American College Health Association ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 14.2 Defining Health and Illness

14. More than half of American women gave birth at home in the early 1900s, while around 99 percent of all births take place in hospitals today. This is an example of a. chronic care. b. medicalization. c. palliative care. d. the tragedy of the commons.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 14.3 The Process of Medicalization

15. A reality television program called The Swan (2004–2005) intended to give women extreme makeovers.

This was done by radically changing their appearance, in part through plastic surgery. Of what is this an example? a. the medicalization of beauty b. the epidemiology of beauty c. deprivation amplification d. complementary medicine ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: 14.3 The Process of Medicalization

16. Obesity is now often treated with surgery. Weight loss was previously not often considered a medical problem that could be addressed through surgery. This is evidence of

a. b. c. d.

increases in psychiatric approaches to care. medicalization and the social construction of health and illness. an approach to an acute condition. how people today tend to follow television stars’ behavior.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 14.3 The Process of Medicalization

17. It important to be concerned that approximately 75 percent of patients die in settings like hospitals instead of at home because it a. helps researchers find data on the cause of death. b. indicates that death is a major life event. c. shows how death has been medicalized. d. is a sign that more people are dying earlier.

ANS: C MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Moderate

REF: 14.3 The Process of Medicalization

18. As the process of ________ develops, we will be less likely to treat someone who has a mental health issue as having something they should just “deal with” alone. We will instead be more likely to think of the issue as having to do with a disease. a. medicalization b. acute care c. hospitalization d. the professionalization of doctors ANS: A DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: 14.3 The Process of Medicalization

19. In his film Sicko, Michael Moore brings attention to the difference between the health insurance of the wealthy and that of the poor. What sociological theory treats health insurance as a resource to explain this difference? a. socialized medicine theory b. structural functionalism c. conflict theory d. symbolic interactionism ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 14.3 The Process of Medicalization

20. Siobhan recently learned that he has a mental illness. Since her diagnosis, she has begun to act according to the illness and in ways that she thinks others expect someone with a mental illness to act. Which theory of health and illness best explains her situation? a. curative medicine b. structural functionalism c. conflict theory d. symbolic interactionism ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: 14.3 The Process of Medicalization

21. In the ________ approach to addiction, people who become addicted may be responding to strains in the social system and their own lives by escaping through drugs and alcohol. a. structural functionalist b. conflict theory

c. symbolic interactionist d. sick role ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 14.3 The Process of Medicalization

22. The ________ approach to addiction suggests that people of lower socioeconomic status are more likely to be scrutinized as problem drinkers or drug addicts. a. structural functionalist b. conflict theory c. symbolic interactionist d. sick role ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 14.3 The Process of Medicalization

23. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) was not recognized by the American Psychiatric Association in the form we now know it until 1987, despite the fact that children exhibited the same symptoms of ADHD before 1987. What sociological concept does this highlight? a. epidemic b. pandemic c. medicalization d. cultural competence ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 14.3 The Process of Medicalization | InQuizitive

24. Which of the following statements highlights the idea that mental illness can be socially constructed? a. Mental illness is clearly definable using the latest DSM produced by the American Psychiatric Association. b. An individual can determine for themselves if they have a mental illness. c. The meanings and definitions of mental illness varies over time and place. d. An individual with a mental illness may not show external signs.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 14.3 The Process of Medicalization | InQuizitive

25. A/An ________ occurs when the number of cases of a particular disease during a particular time is significantly higher than it might be otherwise. a. epidemic b. pandemic c. epidemiology d. distribution issue ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 14.4 Epidemiology and Disease Patterns

26. A/An ________ is an epidemic that spans across national borders, across continents, or around the world. a. epidemiology b. vector organism c. deprivation amplification d. pandemic ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 14.4 Epidemiology and Disease Patterns

27. ________ gather and analyze data on particular illnesses. They are interested in how, where, and to whom the illnesses are spread as well as how to stop their spread. a. Sociologists b. Psychologists c. Epidemiologists d. Entomologists ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 14.4 Epidemiology and Disease Patterns

28. ________ is the study of the social aspects of diseases. a. Eugenics b. Physiology c. Medicalization d. Epidemiology ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 14.4 Epidemiology and Disease Patterns

29. Malaria is a serious health concern in Cambodia. The rate of malaria infection is 40 percent in some villages, especially those surrounded by forests. If you have been asked to research the problem for the World Health Organization due to your extensive professional experience with the study of social disease patterns, you are MOST likely a(n) a. psychologist. b. politician. c. integrative medicine doctor. d. epidemiologist.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 14.4 Epidemiology and Disease Patterns

30. What are epidemiologists currently studying the role of in the global spread of diseases? a. alternative medicine b. integrative medicine c. cultural competence d. climate change ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 14.4 Epidemiology and Disease Patterns

31. Research shows that the odds of a patient being diagnosed with autism ________ in the years when the diagnostic criteria of autism changed. a. increased b. decreased c. remained stable d. fluctuated ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 14.4 Epidemiology and Disease Patterns

32. In the early twentieth century, unmarried women who had children were considered to be feebleminded or to suffer from mental problems. They were also thought more likely to give birth to children who were also feebleminded. Today, this attitude seems ridiculous. This is an example of a. preventative medicine.

b. epidemiological change. c. the social construction of mental illness. d. a disease risk being amplified by social factors.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 14.4 Epidemiology and Disease Patterns

33. Approximately ________ people have died from having contracted HIV/AIDS since the virus was first identified in the early 1980s. a. 35,000,000 b. 250,000 c. 3,000,000 d. 100,000,000 ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 14.4 Epidemiology and Disease Patterns

34. Why is intravenous drug use responsible for most HIV/AIDS cases in Central Europe and Central Asia, while HIV/AIDS is a general problem spread through the entire population in sub-Saharan Africa? a. HIV/AIDS is a different disease depending on where it is. b. HIV/AIDS is a different epidemic depending on where it is. c. HIV/AIDS is distributed equally throughout the world. d. HIV/AIDS spreads differently based on climate.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: 14.4 Epidemiology and Disease Patterns

35. What is HIV/AIDS considered? a. an epidemic b. a pandemic c. a sick role d. a rescission ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 14.4 Epidemiology and Disease Patterns

36. Epidemiologists are currently studying the role of climate change in the global spread of diseases. They have found that increases in temperature can also increase the numbers of a. vector organisms. b. food deserts. c. chronic diseases. d. pathogens.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 14.4 Epidemiology and Disease Patterns

37. Which of the following carry and spread pathogens in geographic locations around the world? a. vaccines b. vector organisms c. bioethics d. eugenics ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 14.4 Epidemiology and Disease Patterns

38. Epidemiologists predict that rates of certain diseases or viruses may dramatically increase when vector organisms enter new ecosystems due to global climate change. Which of the following have epidemiologists linked to climate change? a. diabetes b. obesity c. malaria d. HIV/AIDS ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 14.4 Epidemiology and Disease Patterns

39. What disorder does the American Psychiatric Association define as “a complex development disorder that can cause problems with thinking, feeling, language, and the ability to relate to others”? a. attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) b. autism spectrum disorder (ASD) c. obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) d. bipolar disorder ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 14.4 Epidemiology and Disease Patterns | InQuizitive

MSC: Remembering

40. Kendra is a lower-class American who lives in public housing, did not finish high school, experiences lapses in employment, and has a hard time paying her bills. Kendra is twice as likely as people who are not living in poverty to a. visit a doctor for yearly checkups. b. have an above-average life expectancy. c. report having good physical well-being. d. suffer from depression.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 14.5 Social Inequality, Health, and Illness

41. You are an American with a lower socioeconomic status. You are also a racial minority living in public housing and working a physically demanding job to financially support a family of four. It is likely that you a. have a number of ailments like arthritis and asthma. b. view physical labor as preventative medicine. c. report having good physical well-being. d. engage in regular good health practices.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 14.5 Social Inequality, Health, and Illness

42. Emily Rosenbaum (2008) found that it was more common for ________ to live in substandard housing located in marginalized neighborhoods of New York City. a. whites and Asians b. Asians and blacks c. blacks and Hispanics d. Hispanics and whites ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 14.5 Social Inequality, Health, and Illness

43. What is there evidence of that make(s) men more sick? a. biological factors

b. traditional male gender role expectations c. traditional female gender role expectations d. gender inequality ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 14.5 Social Inequality, Health, and Illness

44. The more strongly men identify with stereotypical ideas about masculinity, the more likely they are to a. come into contact with vector organisms. b. have a longer life expectancy than women. c. avoid risky lifestyle behaviors (such as smoking, drinking, and driving fast). d. avoid preventive health care.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 14.5 Social Inequality, Health, and Illness

45. Many health inequities that people of lower socioeconomic status experience are worsened in ________ groups. a. older b. family c. minority d. majority ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 14.5 Social Inequality, Health, and Illness

46. Mark lives in a densely populated American city and buys groceries from the nearby corner store. The corner store mostly sells food that is canned or frozen and doesn’t have a lot of variety. What can we conclude about Mark? a. He lives in a food desert. b. He practices alternative medicine. c. There is a large grocery store nearby, but he prefers the corner store. d. He eats nutritious meals every day.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 14.5 Social Inequality, Health, and Illness

47. A/An ________ is a community that has no grocery store, but more liquor, convenience, and fast food outlets than most other residential areas. a. social institution b. epidemic c. pandemic d. food desert ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 14.5 Social Inequality, Health, and Illness

48. People living in what type of an area have an increased risk of obesity, diabetes, and heart disease? a. densely populated urban area b. sparsely populated rural area c. East Coast city d. food desert ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 14.5 Social Inequality, Health, and Illness

49. ________ occurs when our individual, genetic, and physiological illness and disease risks are worsened by social factors like the neighborhood where we live, inequality, and corporate and governmental policies and practices? a. Medicalization b. Deprivation amplification c. A food desert d. Impression management ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 14.5 Social Inequality, Health, and Illness

50. Researchers found that poorer Louisville residents suffered greater rates of illness and died earlier than wealthier ones. Of what is this an example? a. deprivation amplification b. food deserts c. an epidemic d. the sick role ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 14.5 Social Inequality, Health, and Illness

51. C. Wright Mills used the term “sociological imagination” to refer to important interconnections between personal troubles and public issues. What would he have said about deprivation amplification? a. Public issues cause poor health, so work must be done to more properly address disease rates solely at the public level. b. Personal troubles cause poor health, so work must be done to more properly address disease rates solely at the personal level. c. Both public issues and personal troubles contribute to poor health, so work must be done at both levels to more properly address disease rates. d. Neither public issues nor personal troubles contribute to poor health, so work done at these levels would not address disease rates any differently.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: 14.5 Social Inequality, Health, and Illness

52. How large is the gap in life expectancy between the richest 1 percent of women and the poorest 1 percent of women? a. 10 years b. 5 years c. 3 years d. 15 years ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 14.5 Social Inequality, Health, and Illness | InQuizitive

MSC: Remembering

53. Is medicine in the United States a social institution? a. Yes, because doctors need licenses to practice. b. No, because it is more of an ideal than a social institution. c. Yes, because organizations like the American Medical Association set policy and shape definitions of health and illness throughout the nation. d. No, because organizations like the American Medical Association are brick-and-mortar places and not really large-scale patterns of interaction.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: 14.6 Medicine as a Social Institution

54. The American Medical Association a. creates, maintains, legitimizes, and controls medicine in the United States. b. really has had a hands-off approach to medicine, while corporations have had more say. c. really has had a hands-off approach to medicine, while the government has had more say. d. is a complicated organization with a long history of social policy advocacy around improving health for all Americans regardless of social class, racial or ethnic group, or gender.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 14.6 Medicine as a Social Institution

55. Both classic and more recent studies of hospital experiences have found a. that the hospital experience is often dehumanizing, and the power of the institutions to define diagnoses is heavily skewed. b. that the hospital experience is usually highly satisfactory to patients and doctors alike. c. mixed results, as studies are of varying ages. d. mixed results, as different studies used different research methods.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 14.6 Medicine as a Social Institution

56. What have studies of doctor–patient relations found? a. In a medical setting, doctors automatically have more status and power. b. In the sick role, patients automatically have more status and power. c. Doctors and patients interact as equals unless they disagree about the diagnoses. d. Status and power vary and are established in the doctor–patient interaction.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult MSC: Remembering

REF: 14.6 Medicine as a Social Institution

57. What is the concept of acknowledging and incorporating a patient’s cultural background as part of the treatment process called? a. patient rights b. cultural competence c. the Association of American Medical Colleges d. crisis medicine ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 14.6 Medicine as a Social Institution

58. What did Talcott Parsons research from a structural functionalist perspective? a. the medical establishment b. cultural competence c. the sick role d. doctors’ power and status ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 14.6 Medicine as a Social Institution

59. Death and illness in a population are bad for the productivity of the system and are destabilizing forces.

Which theory takes this approach to medicine? a. structural functionalism b. conflict theory c. symbolic interactionism

d. the sick role ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 14.6 Medicine as a Social Institution

60. Justin caught the flu and was urged by his employer to take a few days off to recover. However, on the third day of missing work, Justin’s employer sees him at lunch with some friends. His employer approaches him and Justin suggests he’s still very sick and will need a few more days to recover. Justin tells his employer he has not seen a doctor or taken any medicine. Justin is not fulfilling his duties as part of the a. doctor–patient relationship. b. medicalization of health. c. social/medical interactionism. d. sick role.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 14.6 Medicine as a Social Institution | InQuizitive

61. The Hmong people are an ethnic group native to the mountainous regions of mainland Southeast Asia.

What is the traditional Hmong understanding of epileptic seizures? a. An evil spirit meddles with the soul. b. The body is imitating a nonhuman life form recently touched, such as an animal or a plant. c. An excess of life force causes all muscles to be activated at once. d. The good and evil elements in the body are at war with each other.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 14.6 Medicine as a Social Institution | InQuizitive

62. The 2010 Affordable Care Act (commonly called “Obamacare”) a. allowed insurance companies to deny coverage to anyone with preexisting conditions. b. required births to occur in a hospital instead of at home. c. included many insurance reforms and aimed to increase the number of Americans receiving health care. d. provided universal health care for all citizens by providing each person with state-run insurance.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 14.7 Issues in Medicine and Health Care

63. ________ is a group of medical treatments, practices, and products that includes practices like acupuncture, homeopathy, hypnosis, and meditation as well as traditional healers like shamans. a. The 2010 Health Care Reform Act b. Curative medicine c. Bioethics d. Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 14.7 Issues in Medicine and Health Care

64. ________ is the study of controversial moral or ethical issues related to scientific and medical advancements. a. Curative medicine b. Bioethics c. Medicalization d. Conflict theory

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 14.7 Issues in Medicine and Health Care

65. Rescission refers to a. stabilizing the price of health care. b. insurance companies canceling a client’s coverage only after the person gets sick. c. insurance companies denying health-care coverage due to a preexisting condition. d. a client’s inability to pay for health insurance due to economic hardship.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 14.7 Issues in Medicine and Health Care

66. Which of the following U.S. presidents described comprehensive health-care reform as the highest priority on his unfinished agenda for America? a. Franklin Delano Roosevelt b. Richard Nixon c. George W. Bush d. Bill Clinton ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 14.7 Issues in Medicine and Health Care

67. Jordan has been suffering from sinus pain for several months, and his physician prescribes over-the-counter decongestants and acupuncture. This is an example of ________ medicine. a. conventional Western b. alternative c. curative d. integrative ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 14.7 Issues in Medicine and Health Care

68. Genetic testing in utero can inform parents of possible genetic mutations in the embryo. There are ethical concerns regarding this type of genetic testing because some individuals believe the selection of only healthy babies is a form of a. eugenics. b. epidemic. c. genocide. d. bioethics.

ANS: A MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Easy

REF: 14.7 Issues in Medicine and Health Care

69. ________ is a scientific endeavor that seeks to identify and map the genes that make up human DNA. a. Medicalization b. The Human Genome Project c. Eugenics d. The 2010 Health Care Reform Act ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 14.7 Issues in Medicine and Health Care

70. ________ health care makes ill patients more comfortable and prepares them for the end of life. a. Integrative b. Alternative

c. Palliative d. Comprehensive ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 14.7 Issues in Medicine and Health Care

TRUE/FALSE 1. Acute diseases have a sudden onset, whereas chronic diseases develop over a period of time.

ANS: T DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 14.2 Defining Health and Illness

2. A pandemic occurs when the number of cases of a disease is much higher than expected, while an epidemic has occurred if a disease has spread across large geographical regions such as national borders.

ANS: F DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 14.4 Epidemiology and Patterns of Disease

3. Health and illness are impacted by social class, race, and gender inequality.

ANS: T DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 14.5 Social Inequality, Health, and Illness

4. Deprivation amplification involves disease risks being increased or amplified by genetic factors.

ANS: F DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 14.6 Medicine as a Social Institution

5. The sick role, which consists of the actions and attitudes expected of ill individuals, is most associated with structural functionalist Robert Merton.

ANS: F DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 14.6 Medicine as a Social Institution

6. The Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) has recommended changes regarding cultural competence as well as ways in which these changes can be evaluated.

ANS: T DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 14.6 Medicine as a Social Institution

7. In a 2016 study, Tsugawa and colleagues found that elderly patients who were hospitalized had better health outcomes if male doctors rather than female doctors treated them.

ANS: F DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 14.6 Medicine as a Social Institution

8. Complementary medicine and alternative medicine are not synonymous and cannot be used interchangeably given they are very different types of medicine.

ANS: T DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 14.7 Issues in Medicine and Health Care

SHORT ANSWER 1. Paolo broke a finger playing soccer and was seen by a medical practitioner soon after the accident. How would his ailment be classified?

ANS: acute DIF: Moderate

REF: 14.2 Defining Health and Illness

MSC: Applying

2. What approach to medicine are we using when we take care of a person at the end of their life, consider their quality of life, and ensure their comfort and safety?

ANS: palliative DIF: Moderate

REF: 14.2 Defining Health and Illness

MSC: Understanding

3. What is the name of the association that conducts large-scale research projects on college student populations with the goals of addressing student health issues and providing support programs and services for them?

ANS: the American College Health Association (ACHA) DIF: Easy

REF: 14.2 Defining Health and Illness

MSC: Remembering

4. Another word for curative medicine is ________ medicine.

ANS: crisis DIF: Easy

REF: 14.2 Defining Health and Illness

MSC: Remembering

5. Surgery and drugs have become acceptable treatments for obesity. What is the term that describes this social process?

ANS: medicalization DIF: Moderate

REF: 14.2 Defining Health and Illness

MSC: Understanding

6. List one way the social meaning of the causes of mental illness has changed considerably over time.

ANS: Answers may vary, but could mention demonic possession, being born at certain times during the lunar cycle, or being seen as located in a specific part of the brain (thus, removing it).

DIF: Easy REF: 14.3 The Process of Medicalization MSC: Understanding 7. Which sociological perspective would view disease as a threat to social order?

ANS:

structural functionalism DIF: Moderate REF: 14.4 Epidemiology and Patterns of Disease MSC: Understanding 8. Which sociological perspective would consider the inequalities between the haves and have-nots in health care?

ANS: conflict theory DIF: Moderate REF: 14.4 Epidemiology and Patterns of Disease MSC: Understanding 9. Which sociological perspective would pay close attention to how stigma is related to disease?

ANS: symbolic interactionism DIF: Moderate REF: 14.4 Epidemiology and Patterns of Disease MSC: Understanding 10. What environmental factor have epidemiologists found increases the spread of diseases via vector organisms?

ANS: a rise in global temperature DIF: Moderate REF: 14.4 Epidemiology and Patterns of Disease MSC: Remembering 11. A disease that covers a large geographical region such as a continent or the entire globe is called ________.

ANS: a pandemic DIF: Easy REF: 14.4 Epidemiology and Patterns of Disease MSC: Understanding 12. A disease that occurs in significantly higher numbers than might otherwise be expected is called ________.

ANS: an epidemic DIF: Easy REF: 14.4 Epidemiology and Patterns of Disease MSC: Understanding 13. The United States was the only industrialized nation without some form of nationalized health care until Congress passed ________ in 2010.

ANS: the Affordable Care Act or ACA (or “Obamacare”)

DIF: Moderate REF: 14.7 Issues in Medicine and Health Care MSC: Remembering ESSAY 1. Television programs in the United States emphasize the cultural belief that having a slim body is more highly valued than having a heavier body. How is this perspective an example of the nature of health being defined by its social rather than biological context?

ANS: Student responses should include how a healthy body in the United States is generally perceived as one that is thinner, trimmer, and more athletic looking. Television programs reflect this belief. In other countries, values differ. For example, in some impoverished areas around the world, great status is given to those who are heavier, because people who cannot get enough food to eat consider this a marker of both health and wealth.

DIF: Difficult MSC: Applying

REF: 14.1 The Sociology of Medicine, Health, and Illness

2. Shortly before Josefina’s grandmother passed away, her family gathered to make some decisions about how best to take care of her. The family members eventually decided to bring Josefina’s grandmother home from the hospital and take care of her where she would be most comfortable. Describe the three approaches to medical treatment and identify the approach that best describes Josefina’s family’s actions.

ANS: There are three main approaches to medical treatment. The preventive approach tries to stop diseases before they happen and focuses on lifestyle choices individuals make to decrease the likelihood of illness. The curative or crisis medicine approach focuses on treating disease once it has been discovered.

The palliative approach focuses on how to deal with diseases once they have progressed and how to help those inflicted to be comfortable in a nurturing environment. Josefina’s family members determined how to help their grandmother be more comfortable and to take care of her well at the end of her life.

Therefore, the palliative care approach best applies to her situation.

DIF: Difficult

REF: 14.2 Defining Health and Illness

MSC: Applying

3. Compare and contrast the different approaches to American medicine associated with structural functionalism and conflict theory. What are the strengths and weaknesses of each approach?

ANS: Structural functionalist theory explains that having a healthy populace is good for system maintenance and stability. Therefore, it is counterproductive to have high rates of sickness. People cannot contribute to their society if they are sick. Societies should work to ensure the health of all people. Preventive medicine is a priority. The strength of this theory is an emphasis on the importance of health for the system. A weakness is that this theoretical paradigm is sometimes considered to take a “sunshine sociology” approach, where problems are deemphasized and underconsidered. Conflict theory would focus on how “health follows wealth.” The more wealth you have, the healthier you will be, although this is unfair and essentially unethical. Health-care corporations have come to dominate the American landscape at the expense of not-for-profit or nationalized health care. This has caused greater inequality in American society. A strength of the conflict theory approach is that it emphasizes the ways in which the health-care system needs to change to decrease inequality in health and illness. A weakness is that it tends to overly focus on the negative aspects of health care.

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: 14.3 The Process of Medicalization

4. People with higher socioeconomic status can expect to live longer lives and have greater physical well-being than those with lower socioeconomic status. What factors contribute to these unequal health outcomes?

ANS: Answers should explain how individuals with a higher socioeconomic status can afford better health-care services such as insurance plans, doctor visits, diagnostic tests and treatments, and prescribed medications. They should also mention that those with higher socioeconomic status have better access to resources that help with disease prevention (better nutrition, cleaner neighborhoods, and exercise). Answers might also mention the negative effect of food deserts on the health outcomes of those with a lower socioeconomic status (i.e., the risk of obesity, diabetes, and heart disease). Answers might mention something about deprivation amplification.

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: 14.5 Social Inequality, Health, and Illness

5. How did food deserts emerge, and what is their effect on the health of residents?

ANS: Good answers will mention that food deserts began to emerge when grocery store chains left urban areas for the suburbs in the 1960s and 1970s as a result of perceived problems of security, profitability, real estate costs, and parking. In the absence of grocery stores, liquor stores and fast food chains emerged, leaving urban populations with few healthy food options. Consequently, residents of these neighborhoods, who tend to be low-income and/or nonwhite, suffer a greater risk of obesity, diabetes, and heart disease. Great answers will also make a connection to deprivation amplification, the concept that explains how individual disease risks are amplified by social factors such as neighborhoods.

DIF: Moderate REF: 14.5 Social Inequality, Health, and Illness MSC: Understanding 6. What is a food desert, and how does it exemplify the main point of this chapter, which is that health and illness are socially constructed?

ANS: Good answers will mention that food deserts began to emerge when grocery store chains left urban areas for the suburbs in the 1960s and 1970s as a result of perceived problems of security, profitability, real estate costs, and parking. The result was that there were fewer healthy food options for those living in these urban areas and, in their place, other fast food and convenience-type food sources moved in. The effects, due to a change in food sources, include a greater risk of obesity, diabetes, and heart disease. A social process has impacted the physical bodies (and health) of individuals who live in these low-income urban spaces.

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: 14.5 Social Inequality, Health, and Illness

7. How have pharmaceutical advertisements changed the patient–doctor relationship?

ANS:

Good answers will mention that the advertisements do not educate the consumer on the science of the medicine, but rather draw on the idea that the medicine will make the consumer’s relationships better.

Good answers should also include information from the “Doctor–Patient Relations” part of the text. For example, the student could address the concept of the “sick role” (not an empowering role to play), which does not create space for patients to be empowered consumers. This can cause friction between patients seeking various pharmaceuticals and feeling “empowered” to request certain medicine and the doctors who, traditionally, have ownership of medical knowledge and want patients to play a proper “sick role.”

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: 14.6 Medicine as a Social Institution

8. How does the story of Lia Lee illustrate the problem of health-care providers who have not developed cultural competence?

ANS: Good answers will mention that Lia Lee and her family were Hmong and perceived disease differently than the U.S. doctors. Lia Lee suffered a debilitating seizure and eventually died due to an inability to communicate treatment for her seizures in such a way that her family could embrace the Western treatment. The text does not note what the doctors could have done differently but, rather, asserts that due to the social construction of how illness is perceived, doctors must attend to the fact that other people may view disease differently. In other words, doctors must address and be aware that not only is medicine science but it is also a social institution.

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: 14.6 Medicine as a Social Institution

Chapter 15 Populations, Cities, and the Environment MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. In the past seventy years, the Earth’s population has a. shrunk slightly. b. peaked around twenty-five years ago and has been shrinking ever since. c. increased by around 25 percent. d. nearly tripled.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 15.1 Population

2. ________ is the study of the size, composition, distribution, and change in a human population. a. Environmental sociology b. An ecological paradigm c. Conservationism d. Demography ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 15.1 Population

3. Which of the following is an example of a way to collect demographic data? a. voluntary simplicity and recycling b. organizing environmental activist groups to engage in direct actions c. the U.S. Census Bureau sending out surveys d. the Malthusian theorem ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 15.1 Population

4. ________ is a basic demographic variable. a. Agglomeration b. Dystopia c. Pluralism d. Migration ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 15.1 Population

5. What is the net migration rate? a. the number of deaths that can be expected per one thousand people in a given year b. the average number of births per one thousand people in the total population c. the average age to which a person can expect to live d. the number of emigrants subtracted from the number of immigrants ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 15.1 Population

6. Japan has one of the world’s highest life expectancies. However, it has experienced a net loss of population for many years, which is the result of declining birth and immigration rates. The population did rise in both 2008 and 2009, largely due to Japanese citizens abroad returning home. This data was likely analyzed by a a. demographer.

b. social ecologist. c. environmental sociologist. d. nongovernmental organization.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 15.1 Population

7. The globe will have two billion more people living on it by the year 2050, according to the United Nations estimates. At that point, the population may actually shrink because, although life expectancy may continue to rise, the average number of children each person gives birth to is poised to drop below 2.1. What demographic variable might make the global population drop? a. a return to agrarianism b. fertility c. race d. immigration ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 15.1 Population

8. Before the United States invaded Iraq, about 5.5 people out of every thousand would die each year, according to a controversial study published in the British medical journal The Lancet. After the invasion, that number rose to over 13. This study was attempting to measure a. immigration. b. suicide. c. morbidity. d. mortality.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 15.1 Population

9. The population in the United States is growing even though fertility rates have dropped below the level needed to maintain the population level because a. there has been a decrease in life expectancy. b. the mortality rate is increasing. c. there have been considerable advances in modern medicine. d. immigration rates have risen.

ANS: D MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Moderate

REF: 15.1 Population

10. Huge numbers of dispossessed U.S. farmers left places like Oklahoma and moved to California during the Great Depression of the 1930s. This is an example of a. mortality. b. internal colonization. c. internal migration. d. emigration.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 15.1 Population

11. North Dakota has experienced one of the highest population growth rates in the United States in the recent past due to an oil boom. Which demographic variable explains this? a. fertility b. migration c. mortality

d. life span ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 15.1 Population

12. ________ contributed to the rapid population growth in Europe around the time of Thomas Malthus in the eighteenth century. a. The potato b. Penicillin c. The automobile d. Better methods of contraception ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 15.1 Population

13. Will the world population continue to grow, or will it eventually stabilize? a. It will continue to grow until a disaster strikes that reduces the population. b. It will continue to grow indefinitely, but new solutions for overpopulation will be found. c. It will eventually stabilize, but not for many years. d. We may not know the answer for many years.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 15.1 Population

14. Garrett Hardin believes that “a ‘just’ sharing of the world’s wealth among all the inhabitants, without coercive control of individual reproduction, would result in a continual, exponential growth of the human population” and much more suffering. This means Hardin is a a. grassroots organizer. b. believer in sustainable development. c. neo-Malthusian. d. mainstream environmentalist.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: 15.1 Population

15. Which of the following would you expect to see happen in the future if the pattern of demographic transition that followed the Industrial Revolution in Europe and the United States is repeated in Africa? a. increasing infant mortality rates b. increasing mortality rates c. decreasing immigration rates d. decreasing mortality rates ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 15.1 Population

16. Thomas Malthus would be most worried about a. the movement of upper- and middle-class white residents out of cities and into suburbs. b. new diseases for which antibiotics are ineffective. c. the U.S. government refusing to fund international agencies that provide family planning services. d. child labor laws that prohibit children from working.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: 15.1 Population

17. In which year did the first United States Census take place?

a. b. c. d.

1780 1790 1850 1890

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 15.1 Population | InQuizitive

18. Which of the following net migration rates would indicate that an equal number of people entered and left a country in the same year? a. 0 b. –1 c. 1 d. None of the above—a net migration rate cannot measure this.

ANS: A MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Moderate

REF: 15.1 Population | InQuizitive

19. A country has a population of 1,231,994 as of December 31, 2017. On December 31, 2018, you are tasked with calculating the growth rate over the year. The country experienced 128,240 births and 103,412 deaths. The net migration was 12,388. What was the growth rate? a. 2.0 percent b. 3.0 percent c. 10.4 percent d. 55.4 percent ANS: B MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Difficult

REF: 15.1 Population | InQuizitive

20. According to demographers, Milwaukee is a ________ because it has over 500,000 inhabitants. a. megacity b. global city c. metropolis d. metropolitan statistical area (MSA) ANS: C

DIF: Easy

REF: 15.2 Cities

MSC: Understanding

21. Urban density is measured by a. the number of square miles occupied by a city. b. the number of adults in a given metropolitan area. c. the number of people per square mile. d. the number of people in an economically and socially integrated area.

ANS: C

DIF: Moderate

REF: 15.2 Cities

MSC: Remembering

22. The city of Mumbai, India has 14,000,000 people, which makes it the second-largest city in the world. In addition, the city handles the majority of India’s maritime commerce. These facts help to explain why Mumbai would be called a(n) a. metropolitan statistical area. b. global city. c. agglomeration. d. agrarian area.

ANS: B

DIF: Easy

REF: 15.2 Cities

MSC: Applying

23. What is the shift of large segments of the population away from the urban core and toward the edges of cities called? a. social ecology b. urban deforestation c. civil inattention d. suburbanization ANS: D

DIF: Easy

REF: 15.2 Cities

MSC: Remembering

24. An edge city is different from a suburb because it a. is primarily a bedroom community. b. has its own centers of employment and commerce. c. is smaller than a suburb. d. tends to be located far from major highway intersections.

ANS: B

DIF: Moderate

REF: 15.2 Cities

MSC: Understanding

25. During the rise of suburbanization in the 1950s and 1960s, ________ were MOST likely to move away from the urban core to the suburbs. a. Single mothers b. Senior citizens c. Racial and ethnic minorities d. Whites ANS: D

DIF: Easy

REF: 15.2 Cities

MSC: Remembering

26. Some urban planners are working hard to make sure their communities use the same land for multiple purposes. In particular, they advocate for using land “vertically,” such as having apartments on top of retail space. This type of planning is called a. smart growth. b. urban sprawl. c. suburbanization. d. edge city development.

ANS: A

DIF: Difficult

REF: 15.2 Cities

MSC: Applying

27. What has happened if a blighted urban neighborhood has suddenly developed an assortment of upscale restaurants, coffee shops, hip boutiques, and art galleries? a. It has changing patterns of gender relations. b. It is becoming gentrified. c. It is experiencing smart growth. d. It is growing into an edge city.

ANS: B

DIF: Moderate

REF: 15.2 Cities

MSC: Applying

28. ________ is one of the categories of urbanites identified by Herbert Gans in his ethnography Urban Villagers. a. Bohemians b. Cosmopolites c. Roma d. The dispossessed ANS: B

DIF: Moderate

REF: 15.2 Cities

MSC: Remembering

29. The Industrial Revolution made cities necessary, as large numbers of people were needed to work in factories. Why have many people found city life to be attractive ever since?

a. b. c. d.

Cities offer a profound sense of security.

Cities bring people together and help to develop community.

Cities offer a high degree of personal freedom.

Cities help people develop deep and intense relationships.

ANS: C

DIF: Moderate

REF: 15.2 Cities

MSC: Understanding

30. ________ are associated with an increase in social atomization. a. Rural areas b. Frontier counties c. Suburbs d. Cities ANS: D

DIF: Easy

REF: 15.2 Cities

MSC: Understanding

31. Chris McCandless lived on his own in the wilderness because he felt constrained and betrayed by a society that cared so little for its individual members. What term describes the attitude to which McCandless objected? a. suburbanization b. urbanites c. edge cities d. social atomization ANS: D

DIF: Difficult

REF: 15.2 Cities

MSC: Understanding

32. In the past, the vast majority of people lived in rural areas and small towns, where it was surprising to encounter an actual stranger. Today, most of us live in cities, where we are constantly surrounded by total strangers. This leads directly to a. suburbanization. b. a demographic transition. c. social atomization. d. increased divorce rates.

ANS: C

DIF: Moderate

REF: 15.2 Cities

MSC: Applying

33. According to Herbert Gans, you would be considered ________ if you move to New York City because you love theater. a. a cosmopolite b. an ethnic villager c. single d. a student ANS: A

DIF: Moderate

REF: 15.2 Cities

MSC: Applying

34. According to Georg Simmel, city dwellers relate to one another a. through restrictive constraints on personal behavior. b. through family connections. c. in terms of class-based loyalties. d. in objective and instrumental terms.

ANS: D

DIF: Difficult

REF: 15.2 Cities

MSC: Remembering

35. Under what circumstances are bystanders LESS likely to attempt to help a stranger who appears to be in danger? a. when the bystander could also be in danger b. when there are lots of bystanders

c. when the danger comes from a natural rather than a human source d. when the danger might lead to legal liability for a bystander who intervenes ANS: B

DIF: Moderate

REF: 15.2 Cities

MSC: Understanding

36. The process by which members of a group individually conclude that nothing is wrong because they observe that no one else seems to be worried is called a. alienation. b. community feeling. c. pluralistic ignorance. d. the bystander effect.

ANS: C

DIF: Easy

REF: 15.2 Cities

MSC: Remembering

37. In which type of community would Georg Simmel believe individuals are LEAST likely to have friendly relationships with their neighbors? a. a rural area b. a suburb c. an exurb d. a large city ANS: D

DIF: Easy

REF: 15.2 Cities

MSC: Applying

38. According to law enforcement, you should request assistance from an individual, even a stranger, if you are in trouble or injured, rather than yelling for help in general or appealing to a group. This strategy would help to defeat a. the broken windows paradigm. b. alienation. c. the bystander effect. d. street crime.

ANS: C

DIF: Difficult

REF: 15.2 Cities

MSC: Understanding

39. When did cities become the prevalent residential areas? a. seventeenth and eighteenth centuries b. eighteenth and nineteenth centuries c. nineteenth and twentieth centuries d. twentieth and twenty-first centuries ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 15.2 Cities | InQuizitive

40. If a sociologist believes that urban sprawl creates largely white, upper- and middle-class suburbs whose residents have access to resources that urban dwellers do not, what theoretical perspective do they represent? a. symbolic interactionism b. conflict theory c. structural functionalism d. modernism ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 15.2 Cities | InQuizitive

41. The once sleepy suburb of San Jose became a center of high-tech industry during the dot-com boom of the 1990s. San Jose has its own centers of employment and commerce. San Jose is an example of what? a. gentrification

b. urban renewal c. edge city d. smart growth ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 15.2 Cities | InQuizitive

42. Which sociological term best fits the original reporting of Kitty Genovese’s murder and the response of her neighbors? a. alienation b. social atomization c. civil inattention d. altruism ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: 15.2 Cities | InQuizitive

43. A man sexually accosts a young woman on the New York subway while three onlookers watch. The woman pleads for help and the man jumps off as the doors open for the station. None of the three onlookers say or do anything. What sociological term best fits this example? a. social atomization b. pluralistic ignorance c. civil inattention d. diffusion of responsibility ANS: B MSC: Difficult

DIF: Difficult

REF: 15.2 Cities | InQuizitive

44. A government continues to privatize once public environmental resources, such as forests. This government does so to grow its revenue stream while the private companies who gain ownership of the forest continue deforestation at exponentially higher levels, permanently eliminating most of the country’s trees, all in the name of greater profit margins. What is this an example of? a. new ecological paradigm b. global dimming c. greenhouse effect d. treadmill of production ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 15.3 The Environment | InQuizitive

45. What is the name of the subdiscipline that studies the social causes and consequences of environmental problems? a. transformative environmentalism b. sociobiology c. environmental sociology d. biological ecology ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 15.3 The Environment

46. The study of human populations and their impact on the natural world is called a. the new ecological paradigm. b. biodiversity. c. conservationism. d. radical environmentalism.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 15.3 The Environment

47. A sociologist who examines how cities are organized or the migration of human populations is studying a. renewable resources. b. environmental attitudes. c. the new ecological paradigm. d. environmental justice.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 15.3 The Environment

48. To what are environmental sociologists referring when they use the term “environment”? a. wilderness and other areas that have not yet been developed by humans b. only renewable and nonrenewable resources c. those elements of the world that were not constructed through human effort d. both the natural and the human-made environment ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 15.3 The Environment

49. How are environmental sociologists understanding the environment when they study the problems of waste and consumption? a. as a source of meaning b. as a resource to be used for development c. as a place of recreation and leisure d. as a social problem ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 15.3 The Environment

50. Damage to tropical rain forests is causing the extinction of many species, but it is also detrimental to human life. Why? a. Rain forests provide vast amounts of food for the Western world. b. Rain forests absorb carbon dioxide and provide valuable plants. c. Rain forests provide much-needed water for people. d. Rain forests are home to much of the world’s population.

ANS: B MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Moderate

REF: 15.3 The Environment

51. What do we call resources, such as coal and oil, that CANNOT be replaced except through very slow geological processes? a. nonrenewable resources b. social problems c. renewable resources d. environmentally friendly ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 15.3 The Environment

52. Which of the following facts might a sociologist be interested in if they are studying the problems associated with resource depletion when investigating the way our society uses paper? a. It requires more than three pounds of tree pulp to make one pound of paper. b. Making paper pumps acid into rivers and streams.

c. Paper products are useful for storage. d. Paper products are used to spread information.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: 15.3 The Environment

53. Ecologist Aldo Leopold wrote about his home state of Wisconsin in The Sand County Almanac. In one moving section, he described a triangular cemetery founded in the nineteenth century that, because of its unusual shape, contained a tiny patch of prairie that was unmowed and undisturbed. Every year, Leopold would watch a single silphium plant bloom there sometime in July. It was the only one he had found in that part of the state. He used this example to discuss the many plants native to the prairie that have been replaced by a few commercial plants grown by farmers. Leopold is observing a change in a. pollution. b. suburbanization. c. social ecology. d. biodiversity.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 15.3 The Environment

54. The Environmental Protection Agency claims that the United States has one of the safest supplies of drinking water in the world, but a. 10 percent of U.S. water systems do not meet EPA standards. b. the EPA has covered up systematic contamination of the water supply. c. most Americans still complain of waterborne disease. d. most of the U.S. water supply comes from desalinization plants.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 15.3 The Environment

55. What sort of pollution is responsible for global warming? a. water b. light c. groundwater d. air ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 15.3 The Environment

56. Why is the “water grabbing” of developing countries possible? a. Water is a transboundary resource. b. Developing countries sell their water to wealthier countries. c. Developing countries have more water. d. No one owns the water.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: 15.3 The Environment

57. What problem will result from even slightly higher global temperatures? a. rising sea levels b. loss of sites to store garbage c. larger islands d. gentrification ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 15.3 The Environment

58. Few people today know that the Milky Way is a spiral arm of our galaxy that contains a dense cluster of stars. In the past, it appeared not as individual points of light, but as a splash of light across the night sky.

Why is it no longer visible this way? a. the greenhouse effect b. light pollution c. urban sprawl d. air pollution ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 15.3 The Environment

59. Which of the following is a major area of concern within the four analytic frameworks of environmental sociology? a. demography b. attitudes about the environment c. incarceration rates d. biodiversity ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 15.3 The Environment

60. Modern economies require constant growth, and with that growth comes an ever-increasing need for resources called a. edge cities. b. economic modernization. c. the treadmill of production. d. the new ecological paradigm.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 15.3 The Environment

61. How do people with an anthropocentric relationship with the environment perceive nature? a. as something to be preserved b. as a place to find spiritual truth c. as something to be conquered d. as something to be studied and examined before it is tainted by human activity ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 15.3 The Environment

62. The belief that humans will find ways to overcome any problems posed by pollution and waste is consistent with what attitude? a. conservation b. the modern environmental movement c. the Malthusian theorem d. human exceptionalism ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 15.3 The Environment

63. An environmentalist named Aldo Leopold believed that we need to develop a “land ethic” that “changes the role of Homo sapiens from conqueror of the land-community to plain member and citizen of it.”

What sort of attitude is Leopold trying to move our society away from? a. the new ecological paradigm

b. grassroots c. conservation d. anthropocentric ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: 15.3 The Environment

64. Nature writer Barry Lopez spent time with the Inuit of the Arctic and concluded that hunting societies had different attitudes about the land than industrial ones because “the focus of a hunter in a hunting society was not killing animals but attending to the myriad relationships he understood bound him into the world he occupied with them.” What kind of attitude do hunting societies have? a. Judeo-Christian b. the new ecological paradigm c. human exceptionalism d. anthropocentric ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: 15.3 The Environment

65. According to the text, which of the following is one of the four major eras of environmental activism? a. Earth Day b. postmodern environmentalism c. climate justice d. the conservation era ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 15.3 The Environment

66. What was MOST environmental activism focused on during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries? a. the protection and conservation of wilderness b. environmental justice c. grassroots activism to involve individual community members d. lowering the ecological footprints of both individuals and society as a whole ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 15.3 The Environment

67. Theodore Roosevelt signed legislation on July 1, 1908 that created forty-five national forests. Roosevelt was a passionate hunter and believed that all animals in America would soon be gone unless something was done to preserve some wild areas. To which era of the environmental movement does this goal belong? a. grassroots environmentalism b. the conservation era c. mainstream environmentalism d. the modern environmental movement ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 15.3 The Environment

68. Many parents today are worried about the bottles out of which their babies drink, because many contain plastics made with Bisphenol A (BPA). This is a compound that helps to make hard, clear, shatter-proof plastics, but it might also be a neurotoxin to which children may be especially vulnerable. Science has yet to fully explore this issue, but what era of the environmental movement does this concern MOST closely follow?

a. b. c. d.

the conservation era mainstream environmentalism grassroots environmentalism the modern environmental movement

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: 15.3 The Environment

69. What environmental activist is credited with organizing the first Earth Day? a. Rachel Carson b. Gaylord Nelson c. Ralph Nader d. Iona Frisbee ANS: B DIF: Difficult MSC: Remembering

REF: 15.3 The Environment

70. The Environmental Defense Fund hires scientists, economists, and lawyers to lobby the government and to educate the public about the environmental consequences of modern life. They brag that they had a part in passing important elements of the Clean Air Act, California’s emissions rules, and a treaty to phase out CFCs. With what era of the environmental movement is this sort of organization MOST commonly associated? a. the modern environmental movement b. conservation environmentalism c. Earth Day d. mainstream environmentalism ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: 15.3 The Environment

71. Which political party made social justice, community-based economics, feminism, and diversity central to its platform? a. the Green Party b. the Republican Party c. the Libertarian Party d. the Natural Law Party ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 15.3 The Environment

72. During what era did the environmental movement focus on citizen participation and change at the local level? a. mainstream environmentalism b. the conservation era c. the modern environmental movement d. grassroots environmentalism ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 15.3 The Environment

73. Earth First describes itself as a global organization, but its website contains links to local chapters in Montreal, the Netherlands, and Humboldt and Santa Cruz, California. What does this suggest about the organization? a. It believes in grassroots environmentalism. b. It came out of the modern environmental movement.

c. It primarily cares about sustainable development. d. It works for conservation of wilderness areas.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: 15.3 The Environment

74. The federal government plans to store nuclear waste under a mountain in Nevada, but many people who live in Nevada are trying their best to have it housed elsewhere. This is a classic example of a. conservation. b. mainstream environmentalism. c. human exceptionalism. d. NIMBY. ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 15.3 The Environment

75. Factories that produce noxious levels of pollution and toxic waste dumps are often located near areas where minorities and the poor reside. Which of the following terms could be used to describe this situation? a. corporate welfare b. resource environmentalism c. climate justice d. environmental racism ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 15.3 The Environment

76. Flint, Michigan is a majority African American city dealing with contaminated water. Flint, Michigan has been pointed to as an example of a. corporate welfare. b. environmental justice. c. climate justice. d. environmental racism.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 15.3 The Environment

77. Why are the poor and members of ethnic and racial minorities more likely to suffer health problems that result from exposure to pollution? a. They are disproportionately exposed to pollution. b. They are poorly educated about the risks of pollution. c. Slumlords are not required to maintain their properties at the same level as they would be in other communities. d. Members of these communities simply do not care about the dangers of pollution.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 15.3 The Environment

78. Environmental racism occurs when a. environmental groups avoid hiring or recruiting members of racial minorities. b. people use violent or criminal methods to achieve their goals of protecting the environment. c. an environmental policy or practice negatively affects individuals, groups, or communities as a result of their race or ethnicity. d. people believe that humans are exempt from natural ecological limits.

ANS: C

DIF: Easy

REF: 15.3 The Environment

MSC: Remembering 79. An industry dumps waste in an area adjacent to where members of racial and ethnic minorities reside.

What is this practice called? a. corporate welfare b. resource depletion c. NIMBY d. environmental racism ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 15.3 The Environment

80. The Environmental Protection Agency has a department with a mandate to work for the “fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies.” What is this department MOST likely to be called based on your reading in Chapter 15? a. the Environmental Justice Department b. the Cooperative Environmental Management Department c. the Environmental Education Department d. the Policy, Economics, and Innovation Department ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 15.3 The Environment

81. Los Angeles is infamous for its air pollution and smog, but there are many parts of Los Angeles where the air is quite nice, especially in the mountains and by the sea. However, the people who live in these places are disproportionately white, while the people who live in the places with the worst air quality are disproportionately likely to be racial and ethnic minorities. This is an example of a. conservation. b. sustainable development. c. environmental racism. d. environmental justice.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 15.3 The Environment

82. The attempt to reconcile global economic growth with environmental protection is called a. biodiversity. b. environmental integrity. c. social demographics. d. sustainability.

ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 15.3 The Environment

83. An estimate of the land and water area that is required to produce all of the goods that an individual consumes and all of the waste that they generate is called a. smart growth. b. an ecological footprint. c. demographics. d. biodiversity.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 15.3 The Environment

84. One of the major problems with slowing greenhouse gas emissions lies in the developing world, where many countries are just now starting to burn fossil fuels at the same rate as the industrialized world.

Aside from the pollution produced, this is also a problem because there is not enough oil left for the world to burn it at its current rate. What do many people believe we need to solve this problem? a. environmental racism b. ecological footprints c. a return to feudalism d. sustainability ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 15.3 The Environment

85. What is a person reducing if they start taking public transportation and riding a bicycle? a. anthropocentrism b. white flight c. gentrification d. ecological footprint ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 15.3 The Environment

TRUE/FALSE 1. The mortality rate is a measure of population increase, while the fertility rate is a measure of the decrease in population.

ANS: F DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 15.1 Population

2. Internal migration, in the United States, has mostly consisted of a movement from rural areas to urban areas.

ANS: T DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 15.1 Population

3. Prior to the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, most people throughout the world lived in rural rather than urban areas.

ANS: T

DIF: Moderate

REF: 15.2 Cities

MSC: Remembering

4. The Flint, Michigan water crisis involved dangerously high levels of nitrogen.

ANS: F DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 15.3 The Environment

5. Climate change causes more severe droughts; stronger and more prevalent hurricanes, tornadoes, and cyclones; and more rain and flooding.

ANS: T DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 15.3 The Environment

6. Environmental justice claims that those who are most responsible for climate change suffer the most from it.

ANS: F DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 15.3 The Environment

7. The Dakota Access Pipeline (DAPL) protests are an example of a movement that is pursuing environmental justice.

ANS: T DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 15.3 The Environment

8. Oxygen is an example of a renewable resource, as it is a natural resource that can be replenished by plants and trees.

ANS: T DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 15.3 The Environment

9. The modern environmental movement began shortly after the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill off the coast of Alaska.

ANS: F DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 15.4 The Environmental Movement

SHORT ANSWER 1. What branch of sociology am I studying if I gather information on the fertility and death rates of a population in order to understand patterns of why a population is shrinking?

ANS: demography DIF: Moderate

REF: 15.1 Population

MSC: Understanding

2. List one of the four major factors that New Malthusians credit with influencing reproductive lives in societies that promote large families.

ANS: Answers vary, but could include religion, financial support, government policies, or cultural influences.

DIF: Moderate

REF: 15.1 Population

MSC: Remembering

3. Why does the textbook include a section on centenarians?

ANS: Answers vary, but a good answer would show how the points made in this section are examples of demography. Students could also draw on how it refers to longer lives as leading to a change in population, drawing on the theories of population change.

DIF: Easy

REF: 15.1 Population

MSC: Analyzing

4. What human event was the catalyst for city life becoming the most common way of living?

ANS: the Industrial Revolution

DIF: Easy

REF: 15.2 Cities

MSC: Remembering

5. What type of community would it be if the vast majority of people living in the cities and towns of Riverside County, a suburban Southern California community near Los Angeles, were unable to commute to work in Los Angeles?

ANS: edge city DIF: Difficult

REF: 15.2 Cities

MSC: Applying

6. What is the derogatory term applied to the expansion of urban or suburban boundaries?

ANS: urban sprawl DIF: Easy

REF: 15.2 Cities

MSC: Remembering

7. A town developer is advocating for economic and urban planning policies that emphasize responsible development and renewal. How would you classify their approach to growth?

ANS: He or she is advocating “smart growth.”

DIF: Moderate

REF: 15.2 Cities

MSC: Understanding

8. Which theoretical approach to reducing urban sprawl would assert that open land should be redefined as a scarce resource and that urban areas should be redefined as valuable spaces?

ANS: symbolic interactionist DIF: Moderate

REF: 15.2 Cities

MSC: Applying

9. Why did many individuals react counter to how the “bystander effect” predicts they might have reacted during the September 11 attack on the World Trade Center in New York City?

ANS: Answers can vary, but should address that the attacker was perceived immediately to be an outsider, and it was perceived as an attack on the entire country.

DIF: Moderate

REF: 15.2 Cities

MSC: Applying

10. What type of nations are the largest consumers of energy worldwide?

ANS: industrialized DIF: Easy

REF: 15.3 The Environment

MSC: Applying

11. Why do wealthier countries take, or water grab, water from poorer countries?

ANS: in order to prevent the depletion of their own resources

DIF: Moderate

REF: 15.3 The Environment

MSC: Analyzing

12. Identify the difference between environmental justice and environmental racism.

ANS: Environmental justice is a movement to address environmental inequities; environmental racism is the result of policies and practices.

DIF: Easy

REF: 15.3 The Environment

MSC: Analyzing

ESSAY 1. What is demography? Identify and explain the three basic variables that demographers use to understand population dynamics.

ANS: Demography can be defined as the study of the size, composition, distribution of, and changes to the human population. The three basic demographic variables that are crucial to understanding population dynamics are fertility rates (the average number of births relative to the total population), mortality rates (the number of deaths that can be expected relative to the total population), and migration (including immigrants who arrive in a region and emigrants who leave it).

The best answers will also mention infant mortality, internal migration, and the net migration rate.

DIF: Easy

REF: 15.1 Population

MSC: Understanding

2. Summarize the changes urban areas in the United States experienced in the years after World War II. ANS: The most important change in urban areas after World War II was the increasing shift toward the suburbs. Increasing levels of postwar prosperity made suburbs and home ownership attractive to many, although suburbs were strictly segregated along racial lines.

Suburbanization was not just a response to new levels of postwar prosperity but also reflected a retreat from some of the problems associated with city living, such as close quarters, noise, and crime. As more families were able to afford single-family homes, large yards with proverbial white picket fences and two-car garages became the image of the American Dream.

Suburban life allows families to avoid some of the problems associated with city living, but it has its own problems including long commutes, little contact between neighbors, and de facto racial segregation of housing and schools. Some observers have also criticized the monotonous uniformity of suburbs, claiming that they promote listless personalities, conformity, and escapism. The decades-long shift of population to the suburbs has accelerated and expanded throughout the nation, with more families moving farther and farther away into what have been called the “exurbs.”

The best answers will also mention urban or suburban sprawl, which is a derogatory term applied to the peripheral expansion of urban boundaries associated with irresponsible or poorly planned development. According to critics, areas affected by urban sprawl are often unsightly and characterized by a homogenous landscape of housing subdivisions, office parks, and corner strip malls without character or green space.

DIF: Moderate

REF: 15.2 Cities

MSC: Understanding

3. Think about the town in which you are currently living. What changes could be made to make it more smart-growth friendly?

ANS: The textbook lists a series of innovations that follow from smart-growth principles, including pedestrian-friendly streets and a greater mix of housing, commercial, and retail properties. Smart growth could also be achieved through the preservation of open space and other environmental amenities that make it more pleasant to live in a large city, such as public art, easily accessible bathrooms, and water fountains. The most important item on this list is mixed-use zoning, which involves creating housing and retail areas with much greater overlap as opposed to suburbs that strictly separate the places where we live, work, and shop. A good answer should list specific changes that could be made to a particular community, including items from the list above, but any answer that follows the principles of smart growth (reducing sprawl and preventing flight to the suburbs) is a good answer.

DIF: Difficult

REF: 15.2 Cities

MSC: Applying

4. In the summer of 2002, the Los Angeles Times ran a story about a couple in downtown Los Angeles who watched a coyote jump a three-foot fence and eat their pet Chihuahua, Zu-Zu. Writing about this event, Jenny Price says: When you bring domestic dogs into a landscape of native animals, then the resident carnivores are likely to see the pets as prey. When you use and change a landscape, then the place will respond.

Nature is never passive.

What attitude toward nature does Jenny Price have? Using terminology from the text, why do you think she responds in this way? Explain your answer.

ANS: The two attitudes discussed in the text are human exceptionalism (or anthropocentrism), which is the wrong answer (unless the student uses this term to describe the dog’s owner), and the new ecological paradigm (or social ecology), which is the correct answer. Both of these terms refer to an understanding of nature or the environment that focuses on how social developments occur within a physical environment that shapes and responds to social trends. The new ecological paradigm is a way of understanding human life as just one part of an ecosystem that includes many species’ interactions with the environment and with one another. Unlike the anthropocentric worldview, this understanding of nature holds that humans must adjust to their environment, not simply seek to dominate it.

DIF: Difficult

REF: 15.3 The Environment

MSC: Analyzing

5. What are the two elements of the ecological footprint? Discuss ways a U.S. citizen could reduce their ecological footprint for each element.

ANS: An ecological footprint is (1) “an estimation of the land and water area required to produce all the goods an individual consumes” and (2) “to assimilate all the waste an individual generates.” The students’ examples should draw on both elements. Examples should be specific to U.S. consumption habits because the estimate is thirty acres in the United States, but fifteen acres in the United Kingdom.

DIF: Difficult

REF: 15.3 The Environment

MSC: Analyzing

6. What are the two major areas that sociologists study when they consider the environment as a social problem? How does the ecological footprint exemplify this?

ANS:

The first area is the problem of consumption, with a focus on the depletion of nonrenewable resources.

The second area includes all the problems of waste, including the sorts of pollution generated by modern industrial economies such as water contamination, greenhouse gas emissions, overflowing landfills, light pollution, and noise pollution. The ecological footprint also includes these two major areas (consumption and waste). A good answer will also note that both recognize the social aspects of environmental problems.

DIF: Easy

REF: 15.3 The Environment

MSC: Analyzing

7. What do environmental sociologists refer to when they talk about “the treadmill of production”?

ANS: “The treadmill of production” is a term that grew out of the study of the political economy of the environment. It focuses on how economic factors influence the way organizations use the environment and how this use is often supported by accompanying political systems and policies.

Specifically, the “treadmill of production” describes the process by which contemporary industrial societies are built on the premise of progress. In particular, there is an emphasis on conquering nature and using natural resources to fuel production and expand profits. Government policies and economic systems have frequently supported this belief in progress. Progress has usually meant both the generation of great wealth for some and an abundance of goods and services for many, but it has come at a price. That price is increased environmental degradation and the social problems that typically go along with it. Like a treadmill, there seems to be no particular spot at which this process will end, short of exhaustion.

DIF: Easy

REF: 15.3 The Environment

MSC: Understanding

8. How is the new ecological paradigm different from the attitudes of human exceptionalism that preceded it?

ANS: Historically, Americans have been particularly anthropocentric. From an anthropocentric perspective, humans perceive nature as something to master or to conquer. Nature is believed to be inexhaustible, and hence can be manipulated or used with impunity in order to serve humankind. Consumption is equated with success. This is consistent with the Judeo-Christian belief in “man’s” dominion over the earth.

Western culture thus perpetuates human exceptionalism, which is an attitude that humans are exempt from natural ecological limits. Progress through industrialization supports the notion that culture and technology will provide us with ways to overcome any environmental challenge.

In contrast, the new ecological paradigm views humans as part of the ecosystem, merely one of many species that interact with the natural environment. Nature has limits we must respect, and this may, in turn, constrain economic development. The new ecological paradigm recognizes that human activity can have both intended and unintended consequences that shape social life and life on the planet. It also suggests that humans are part of a system that must be maintained in balance.

DIF: Easy

REF: 15.3 The Environment

9. What is environmental justice?

ANS:

MSC: Analyzing

Environmental justice is the idea that access to environmental equality, or living in a healthy environment, is a basic human right. The environmental justice movement represents a significant branch of the environmental movement and is also an example of grassroots organization. The environmental justice movement emerged as a response to environmental inequities, threats to public health, and differential treatment of certain communities with regard to ecological concerns. Despite significant improvements in environmental protections, there are still millions of people in the United States who live in communities threatened by ecological hazards. The poor and minorities are disproportionately at risk and bear a greater portion of the nation’s environmental problems. The best answers will mention the related concept of environmental racism, which occurs when an environmental policy or practice negatively affects individuals, groups, or communities based on race. Research on environmental justice is one of the fastest-growing areas of scholarship within environmental sociology.

DIF: Moderate

REF: 15.3 The Environment

MSC: Understanding

10. Which analytic subfield within the sociology of the environment do you think best explains how the greenhouse effect came into being? Justify your answer.

ANS: The text lists four major analytic frameworks: the political economy of the environment, attitudes about the environment, environmental movements, and sustainable development. In theory, any one of these could be the correct answer as long as it could be justified.

The political economy of the environment is the most obvious answer. Good answers would point out that this is the area that looks at how economic factors influence the way organizations (typically corporations) use the environment and how this use is often supported by political systems and policies, which, in this case, means how we burn fossil fuels to produce power and transportation.

Attitudes about the environment is also a possible answer. Good answers would talk about how an attitude of human exceptionalism would lead people to believe that we are exempt from natural ecological limits and that technology will allow us to overcome any environmental challenge.

Environmental movements is a much less likely answer, but a case could be made for it. The answer would have to point out that the early environmental movement focused on conservation, which would not have led it to worry about greenhouse gases. It was not until the modern environmental movement and mainstream environmentalism that people began to think about pollution in this way.

Sustainable development is also an unlikely answer, but it could work. The answer would have to show that the development aspirations of all countries cannot be met by following the path that industrialized nations have already taken, because the world’s ecosystems cannot support it. This explains both why the greenhouse effect exists and why people are worried about it.

DIF: Difficult

REF: 15.3 The Environment

MSC: Analyzing

Chapter 16 Social Change MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. What is the transformation of a culture over time called? a. social revolution b. cultural evolution c. social iteration d. social change ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 16.1 What Is Social Change?

2. What are the periods in which large-scale social change occurs so rapidly that whole societies are dramatically redefined? a. contagion theory eras b. mass behavioral evolutions c. social revolutions d. the tragedy of the commons ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 16.1 What Is Social Change?

3. Which of the following statements about social change is true? a. It occurs exclusively during unmistakable periods in history. b. It happens quickly. c. It occurs rarely. d. It is always happening.

ANS: D MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Easy

REF: 16.1 What Is Social Change?

4. Experts have posited that Syria’s change from a stable to an unstable country is partially due to an extensive drought. This means that the recent social change in Syria is partly due to a. a major physical event. b. wide-scale demographic changes. c. a new innovation or discovery. d. war.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 16.1 What Is Social Change?

5. In recent years, salsa has overtaken ketchup as America’s most popular condiment. This is an example of a. resource mobilization. b. social change. c. cultural leveling. d. the political power of Hispanics.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 16.1 What Is Social Change?

6. Typically parents teach children, not the other way around. However, it is now common for parents to call their children for help performing a simple task on a computer, such as attaching a file to an email.

What creates situations in which parents have to turn to their children for help?

a. b. c. d.

war emergent norms social dilemmas social change

ANS: D MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Easy

REF: 16.1 What Is Social Change?

7. Approximately 12,000 years ago, people began to domesticate grain in what we now call the Middle East. This involved a process that slowly spread around the world over the next 6,000 to 7,000 years. In 1984, 8 percent of U.S. households had a computer, but that number was above 70 percent in 2008. How do these two things relate to social change? a. Neither is an example of social change. b. Both are examples of social change that occurred at different rates. c. The change in agriculture was a social change, but not the change in computer ownership. d. The change in computer ownership was a social change, but not the change in agriculture.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: 16.1 What Is Social Change?

8. The majority of households in the United States now have personal computers. The federal government has encouraged this trend for many reasons, including increased productivity, better education, and a better-informed public. At the same time, there has been an increase in acute injuries related to computers or computer tools. This is an example of a. the way individuals can change the world. b. a fad or a temporary trend. c. the unintended consequences of social change. d. the rapid pace of change.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 16.1 What Is Social Change?

9. Demographic factors, discoveries and inventions, and _________ are three of the main ways by which social change occurs. a. political regime changes b. major physical events c. war d. disease ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 16.1 What Is Social Change? | InQuizitive

10. ________ was one of the earliest theories of collective behavior. a. Contagion b. Emergent norms c. Resource mobilization d. Collective action ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 16.2 Collective Behavior

11. Thousands of UCLA students used to gather several times a year for an “undie run” as a way of relieving stress during finals until it was canceled due to safety concerns in 2009. Of what is this an example? a. emergent norms b. a public goods dilemma

c. the tragedy of the commons d. collective behavior ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 16.2 Collective Behavior

12. Large numbers of people form a ________ when they come together. a. crowd b. collective behavior group c. riot d. fad ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 16.2 Collective Behavior

13. ________ is the theory of collective behavior that explains how a “mob mentality” takes over and rational thought disappears when crowds come together. a. Regressive action b. Relative deprivation theory c. Contagion theory d. Emergent norm theory ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 16.2 Collective Behavior

14. “An agglomeration of men presents new characteristics very different from those of the individuals composing it. The sentiments and ideas of all the persons in the gathering take one and the same direction, and their conscious personality vanishes. . . It forms a single being . . .” Which theory describes this quote? a. public goods dilemma b. tragedy of the commons c. mass society theory d. contagion theory ANS: D DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: 16.2 Collective Behavior

15. In trying to understand the evacuation during the 1993 bombing of the World Trade Center, B. E. Aguirre, Dennis Wenger, and Gabriela Vigo argue that the more “the search for meaning in the milling process focuses upon defining the situation as serious, the quicker should be the mobilization of people and the initiation of collective behavior.” What type of theory are they using to make this prediction? a. technological determinism b. emergent norm theory c. contagion theory d. cultural diffusion ANS: B MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Difficult

REF: 16.2 Collective Behavior

16. You are walking across campus and see a large group of students gathered outside the student union listening to someone talk. You stop and try to listen, but you cannot get close enough. You ask another member of the crowd what is happening, and you are told that someone was proselytizing and some students gathered to listen while others argued with them. What does this tell you about crowds? a. A crowd does not have to share a geographic location.

b. People have many different motivations in any crowd. c. Crowds are illogical. d. People lose their individuality and become part of something like a collective mind when they join a crowd.

ANS: B MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Moderate

REF: 16.2 Collective Behavior

17. Two groups in Lincoln, Nebraska held rallies about health care during the summer of 2009, one supporting and one opposing legislation proposed to overhaul America’s health-care system. At one point, the two groups went beyond holding signs and shouting slogans, and tempers flared. Objects were thrown, shoving occurred, and the police had to step in to break up the a. social movement. b. riot. c. rally. d. march.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 16.2 Collective Behavior

18. ________ occurs when a large number of people either collectively or individually engage in similar behaviors. a. Collective behavior b. Riots c. Mass behavior d. Contagion ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 16.2 Collective Behavior

19. In 2013, YouTube user “DizastaMusic” uploaded a video featuring a segment called the “Harlem Shake.” Almost instantly, people started replicating the dance moves seen in the video and uploading their own versions of the segment to YouTube. Of what is this an example? a. a public goods dilemma b. mass behavior c. a crowd d. contagion theory ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 16.2 Collective Behavior

20. Anna’s father tried a low-carb diet for a while, but stopped when he became aware of a new diet called “paleo.” This is an example of a. a fad. b. fashion. c. a social dilemma. d. contagion theory.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 16.2 Collective Behavior

21. The relatively short-lived enthusiasm for leg warmers during the 1980s was an example of a a. social dilemma. b. riot. c. fad.

d. virtual community.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 16.2 Collective Behavior

22. How does a fad differ from fashion? a. Fads can mark you as belonging to a certain social group; fashion is widespread in society. b. Fashion changes; fads are stable, if only among a small group of people. c. Fads become very popular for short periods of time; fashions are widespread styles of behavior that may last for longer periods of time. d. Fads and fashions are the same thing.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 16.2 Collective Behavior

23. ________ is/are behaviors that are rational for any given individual, but lead to disaster for an entire group. a. Cultural leveling b. Postmodern dilemmas c. Social dilemmas d. Fads ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 16.2 Collective Behavior

24. Individual fishing boats may harvest more fish each year in order to maximize profits while, as a result, threatening the fish population with extinction. This is an example of a. a public goods dilemma. b. the tragedy of the commons. c. relative deprivation. d. sustainable consumption.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 16.2 Collective Behavior

25. According to Garrett Hardin, social dilemmas can be solved a. with the proper application of science and technology. b. by changing the behaviors of the people involved. c. with specific technical solutions implemented by the government. d. by increasing the resources available for exploitation.

ANS: B MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Moderate

REF: 16.2 Collective Behavior

26. A company that dumps toxic waste in a river to keep costs down will likely never get caught by environmental regulators. According to Garrett Harden, we can best understand the costs of this action in terms of a a. public goods dilemma. b. relative deprivation. c. tragedy of the commons. d. social dilemma.

ANS: C MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Moderate

REF: 16.2 Collective Behavior

27. In 1968, Garrett Hardin described the tragedy of the commons. The classic example of the commons is a pasture where any community member can graze their livestock. What would be the modern equivalent of the commons? a. mass public entertainment, such as the circus and rock concerts b. natural resources, such as water, air, forests, and plants c. the Internet d. shopping malls and retailers ANS: B DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: 16.2 Collective Behavior

28. A research team led by biologist Brian MacKenzie ran computer models of the population dynamics of the bluefin tuna, according to a study published in Conservation Letters. The models suggest that the population of bluefin in the Atlantic and Mediterranean oceans will most likely collapse even if fishing were banned immediately. This is a serious issue for sushi lovers everywhere, and some sociologists call it a. technological diffusion. b. ecoterrorism. c. a tragedy of the commons. d. a public goods dilemma.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: 16.2 Collective Behavior

29. Individual companies have an economic interest in fossil fuels, although they might cause a great deal of harm in the long run. What is it called when the pursuit of individual gain leads to loss for a larger group? a. social change b. a tragedy of the commons c. a fad or fashion d. a public goods dilemma ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 16.2 Collective Behavior

30. Many people think that nuclear proliferation can be best understood as a tragedy of the commons. Which of the following might they propose as a solution if someone sees nuclear proliferation this way? a. a global grassroots movement demanding that governments destroy nuclear warheads b. a better missile defense system that could make nuclear missiles obsolete c. a series of technical innovations that could make nuclear inspections more effective by making illegal reactors easier to detect d. better bomb shelters and new medical techniques to treat radiation poisoning ANS: A MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Difficult

REF: 16.2 Collective Behavior

31. A public goods dilemma occurs when a. individual actions that may be rational by themselves lead to a collective disaster. b. individuals must give something to a collective resource without necessarily taking anything in return. c. an individual tries to cheat the system by getting more than their fair share of the commons. d. individuals encourage others to participate in a social movement.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 16.2 Collective Behavior

32. What are people called who take advantage of a public good without contributing to it? a. social dilemmas b. members of a virtual community c. free riders d. interest groups ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 16.2 Collective Behavior

33. According to the text, sociologists would consider someone who listens to public radio but never contributes during pledge drives as a a. free rider. b. parasite. c. social tragedy. d. community malcontent.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 16.2 Collective Behavior

34. Litter may not be the most pressing problem facing our society, but many people still wish that our streets and parks had less trash strewn about. However, it is difficult to convince people to clean these public areas, which is a problem that sociologists would call a. a public goods dilemma. b. the tragedy of the commons. c. resource mobilization theory. d. community policing.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 16.2 Collective Behavior

35. An office has a “coffee fund,” which is an old coffee can where people can toss change any time they pour a cup of coffee. The fund can be used to buy coffee and supplies for the office when more is needed.

However, one individual always takes coffee and never puts any money in the fund, which makes him a a. dilemma. b. resource mobilizer. c. free rider. d. prisoner.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 16.2 Collective Behavior

36. The examples of Isla Vista, CA, and Baltimore, MD, from your textbook highlight how collective behavior can evolve into a. social dilemmas. b. mass behavior. c. social movements. d. riots.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 16.2 Collective Behavior | InQuizitive

37. A situation in which behavior that is rational for the individual, but when practiced by many people can lead to collective disaster, is known as a. a social movement. b. mass behavior.

c. a social dilemma. d. a riot.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 16.2 Collective Behavior | InQuizitive

38. An individual uses more public resources for their own gain because they worry that others will do the same and the resources will soon run out. This is an example of which sociological concept? a. tragedy of the commons b. public goods dilemma c. mass society theory d. relative deprivation theory ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 16.2 Collective Behavior | InQuizitive

39. An individual contributes to National Public Radio (NPR) even though they do not listen to it every day and know that other people who do listen to it every day do not contribute. This is an example of what sociological concept? a. public goods dilemma b. tragedy of the commons c. mass society theory d. relative deprivation theory ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 16.2 Collective Behavior | InQuizitive

40. The Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution, Nazism, birth control, and Protestantism all a. began in the twentieth century. b. are the products of social movements. c. have had a negative effect on society. d. are the products of a single charismatic leader.

ANS: B MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Easy

REF: 16.3 Social Movements

41. When African Americans joined protest movements because it was harder for them to vote than it was for white Americans, they were acting out of ________. a. contentedness b. relative mobility c. relative deprivation d. deprived rationality ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 16.3 Social Movements

42. We would call a group that is organizing to change cultural “codes” related to substance addiction a. a crowd. b. a social movement. c. a riot. d. a protest.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 16.3 Social Movements

43. The Shriners are a fraternity based on the Masonic principles of brotherly love, relief, and truth. They have roughly 375,000 members and 191 temples in the United States, Canada, and Mexico. The Shriners support Shriners Hospitals for Children, which is a system of twenty-two hospitals dedicated to improving the lives of children by providing specialty pediatric care. What prohibits the Shriners from being a social movement? a. It is hard to imagine membership in the Shriners transforming anyone’s life. b. They are not dedicated enough to their work. c. They do not seek to alter the status quo. d. They do not have an ideological commitment.

ANS: C MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Moderate

REF: 16.3 Social Movements

44. Sometimes the motivations for large protests organized by college activists are criticized. Highly organized and attended protests in Washington, D.C. are seen as “spring break” for activists who take part more for an escape and a sense of belonging than for anything else. What theory would support this critique? a. public goods theory b. postmodernism c. the global village theory d. mass society theory ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 16.3 Social Movements

45. What are you asserting if you theorize that poor people join groups dedicated to keeping toxic waste dumps out of low-income communities because they want to enjoy the same standard of living and quality of life as the rest of society? a. structural functionalism b. relative deprivation theory c. mass society theory d. resource mobilization theory ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 16.3 Social Movements

46. African Americans gained the legal right to exercise their right to vote a. with the passage of the 1965 Voting Rights Act. b. shortly after the Civil War. c. with the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1919. d. with the passage of the Fifteenth Amendment in 1870.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 16.3 Social Movements

47. Sociologists who focus on how practical constraints and opportunities can help or hinder a social movement are using a. relative deprivation theory. b. resource mobilization theory. c. technological determinism. d. activist politics.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 16.3 Social Movements

48. Activists are engaging in ________ when they begin to amass the things they need to sustain their movement, including volunteers, money, and office space. a. resource mobilization b. bureaucratization c. individual behavior d. coalescence ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 16.3 Social Movements

49. For many years, there have been efforts to organize teaching assistants on college campuses and form a union. These efforts often fail because of practical reasons, such as limited numbers of volunteers, the fact that leaders graduate and leave, and organizers’ limited money for supplies. What theory is MOST associated with these reasons? a. resource mobilization b. relative deprivation c. mass society d. technological diffusion ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 16.3 Social Movements

50. MoveOn.org was one of the first groups to successfully organize a large number of people around issues like partisan bickering and the power of corporate lobbies in Washington. This was, in large part, because it used innovative technology to locate, recruit, and organize supporters. This is exactly what ________ theory would predict. a. mass society b. relative deprivation c. emergent social movement d. resource mobilization ANS: D MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Difficult

REF: 16.3 Social Movements

51. According to Armand Mauss, what happens in the “incipient” stage of a social movement? a. The social movement begins to fade away. b. The very bureaucracies and institutions that it initially challenged absorb the movement. c. The public just begins to take notice of an issue and define it as a problem. d. Members of the social movement begin to organize and select leaders.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 16.3 Social Movements

52. A social movement’s long-term development can sometimes look a lot like a. revolution. b. failure. c. social transformation. d. reform.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: 16.3 Social Movements

53. According to Armand Mauss, what happens in the second stage of a social movement’s development? a. The social movement becomes incorporated into institutions. b. The social movement turns into a bureaucracy.

c. The social movement declines and disappears from view. d. Like-minded individuals organize.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult MSC: Remembering

REF: 16.3 Social Movements

54. Many individuals began to see the growth of federal prison populations as a problem in the 1990s. What were they a part of first, though they would later form groups to protest the policies that imprisoned so many? a. a fad or fashion b. cultural lag c. the incipient stage of a social movement d. the bureaucratized stage of a social movement ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 16.3 Social Movements

55. People who believe the government is not doing enough about climate change have become fed up and are starting to organize, which means they are starting to a. achieve their goals. b. become part of the mainstream. c. take notice of a situation, but refuse to define it as a problem. d. coalesce.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 16.3 Social Movements

56. The “decline” phase of social movements is interesting because a. after a movement declines, it always perishes. b. after a movement declines, it is possible that the movement changes and continues. c. the coalescence phase comes right afterward. d. social movements always decline quickly after they begin.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 16.3 Social Movements

57. Which of the following is true regarding social movements reaching the “bureaucratization” stage? a. It always happens at the beginning. b. It has not yet happened for the gay rights movement. c. It happened when American colonists transitioned from being revolutionaries to the official government leaders. d. It happened for the environmental rights movement with the release of the film An Inconvenient Truth.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 16.3 Social Movements

58. A major achievement of social movements geared toward increasing employment equality for minorities and women has been the widespread adoption of equal employment officers in many large organizations. When they achieved this stage, the social movements could be said to have a. succeeded. b. failed. c. coalesced, d. bureaucratized.

ANS: D

DIF: Moderate

REF: 16.3 Social Movements

MSC: Analyzing 59. ________ was the historical event that convinced American scholars that not all social movements can be explained in terms of simply satisfying the psychological needs of their members. a. The civil rights movement b. Protestantism c. McCarthyism d. The rise of Nazi Germany ANS: A DIF: Difficult MSC: Remembering

REF: 16.3 Social Movements

60. According to relative deprivation theory, people join social movements because a. they are filling a psychological need to belong to something. b. social movements are a necessary part of a system of social stratification. c. joining a social movement is a rational response to inequality or oppression. d. social movements are good places to meet people and network.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 16.3 Social Movements

61. To what extent do the poorest members of American society participate in social movements? a. more than any other class b. in about equal numbers as other class groups c. more than members of the upper class, but less than members of the middle class d. less than any other class ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 16.3 Social Movements

62. What is one reason the poor might participate less in social movements compared to college students with adequate financial support? a. Social issues do not matter to the poor. b. The poor have a different culture, leading them to value different things. c. They worry more about their children’s futures. d. They may have to work multiple jobs, leaving little energy for activism.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 16.3 Social Movements

63. Which of the following people would be MOST likely to join a social movement? a. a young woman who attends college and is involved in campus government and volunteers for local and state political campaigns b. a disaffected loner taking lots of math classes but without a real social life or a good outlet for forming relationships c. a young man from the lower class who gets a job in a campus cafeteria and notices how well off the students he serves are d. a single mother who works nights as a stocker at a grocery store and has relatives both in the Deep South and on the West Coast ANS: A MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Easy

REF: 16.3 Social Movements

64. On average, participants in social movements are a. more marginal and more isolated than nonparticipants.

b. more socially engaged than nonparticipants. c. less oriented toward conventional politics. d. more alienated from society than nonparticipants.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 16.3 Social Movements

65. If a social movement works to resist some kind of social change or even to shift backward to earlier forms of social order, it is a. progressive. b. cosmopolitan. c. resistant. d. regressive.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 16.3 Social Movements

66. The World Church of the Creator, founded by Matt Hale, wants to stop both religious and racial integration of America. This makes his movement a a. tragedy of the commons. b. postmodern movement. c. voluntary simplicity movement. d. regressive social movement.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 16.3 Social Movements

67. Regressive or reactionary social movements are always a. the most common type of social movement. b. motivated by prejudice or hate. c. working to make sure things stay the same or even turn them back to an earlier point in history. d. motivated by a desire to protect the environment.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 16.3 Social Movements

68. “Buy Nothing Day” might best be described as a ________ social movement. a. regressive b. progressive c. conservative d. radical ANS: A DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: 16.3 Social Movements

69. The Promise Keepers are a Christian men’s organization that seeks to train men to be better fathers and husbands. They also work to preserve what they call “traditional” family values, which includes men being the head of the household and men making decisions for their wives and children. In this way, the Promise Keepers are a. secular. b. regressive. c. bureaucratic. d. coalescing.

ANS: B

DIF: Moderate

REF: 16.3 Social Movements

MSC: Applying 70. Many sociology majors enter what are termed _______ professions, which can be agents of social change. a. contributing b. helping c. social d. positive ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 16.3 Social Movements | InQuizitive

71. In the early twentieth century, some social activists stood against continued immigration to the United States from eastern and southern Europe. What type of social movement does this example represent? a. progressive b. retrogressive c. pregressive d. regressive ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 16.3 Social Movements | InQuizitive

72. Activists supporting the LGBTQ rights social movement in the United States secured a repeal of the “Don’t ask, don’t tell” law in 2010 and a Supreme Court ruling in favor of same-sex marriages in 2015.

What type of social movement does this example represent? a. regressive b. progressive c. retrogressive d. pregressive ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 16.3 Social Movements | InQuizitive

73. Modern technology has made it possible for individuals who work in traditionally urban jobs, such as stockbrokers, to live in rural areas. What concept is this an example of? a. rural rebound b. urban boomerang c. city-to-country exchange d. rural flight ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 16.3 Social Movements | InQuizitive

74. Dr. Williams is studying the “Indivisible” opposition to Trump that spread through social media. He believes that coverage from high profile celebrities and recruitment through catchy hashtags on Facebook and Twitter were critical to the movement’s success. What theoretical perspective is Dr. Williams espousing? a. mass society theory b. relative deprivation theory c. resource mobilization theory d. contagion theory ANS: C MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Difficult

REF: 16.3 Social Movements | InQuizitive

75. What theoretical perspective argues that technology plays a defining role in shaping society? a. technological determinism b. symbolic interactionism c. structural functionalism d. idealism ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 16.4 Technology and Social Change

76. Hero of Alexander, a mathematician who lived in Rome, invented a steam engine in the first century CE. What does this say about William Ogburn’s theory of technological determinism? a. It strongly supports the theory. b. It suggests that ancient Rome was less advanced than was previously suspected. c. It demonstrates the ways in which technology always changes society. d. It suggests that technological determinism cannot always explain social change.

ANS: D MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Difficult

REF: 16.4 Technology and Social Change

77. The use of in vitro fertilization solved a specific problem, but it seems to have created a wide range of ethical dilemmas and problems that were unanticipated when it was first invented. This is an instance of a. cultural leveling. b. cultural imperialism. c. dystopia. d. cultural lag.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 16.4 Technology and Social Change

78. Many young people face an unprecedented problem today, which is what to do when their parents try to friend them on a social media platform such as Instagram. Technology has given us unprecedented ways to document our lives online, but some are not quite sure how to share this new development with older generations. What is this problem called? a. technological determinism b. cultural imperialism c. regressive social change d. cultural lag ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 16.4 Technology and Social Change

79. How did Marshall McLuhan believe that the world would turn into a “global village”? a. Television and other media technology would link people all over the world. b. Cultural imperialism would lead to greater homogenization. c. Improvements in transportation technology would make tourism cheaper. d. Mass production would ensure that people all over the world were using the same products.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 16.4 Technology and Social Change

80. The English Premier League broadcasts its games to hundreds of millions of households in more than 200 countries and is reportedly watched by more than a billion people each week. This is what Marshall McLuhan would call a. a social movement. b. a global village.

c. television. d. faith in technology.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 16.4 Technology and Social Change

81. The dissemination of beliefs and practices from one cultural group to another is called a. cultural diffusion. b. cultural leveling. c. cultural lag. d. culture shock.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 16.4 Technology and Social Change

82. The process by which social structures and institutions become global rather than national is called a. globalization. b. homogenization. c. cultural diffusion. d. postmodernism.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 16.4 Technology and Social Change

83. In what sense is it now possible for a country to be “occupied” by an invisible invader that arrives through airwaves and wireless networks? a. Spy satellites and other communications technology are increasingly advanced. b. The U.S. government can eavesdrop on almost any form of modern communication. c. Global positioning systems have allowed detailed mapping of previously inaccessible places. d. It is almost impossible to block foreign countries’ satellite broadcasts and Internet transmissions.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult MSC: Remembering

REF: 16.4 Technology and Social Change

84. What is the process called by which societies lose their particular uniqueness and start to resemble one another? a. cultural lag b. research mobilization c. cultural leveling d. cultural imperialism ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 16.4 Technology and Social Change

85. Bhutan’s attempt to achieve Gross National Happiness, rather than a higher gross national product, reflects its desire to a. adopt what it believes the “West” does correctly while rejecting consumerism. b. provide more material goods for all of its citizens. c. increase foreign investment. d. lure more tourists to the scenic mountain nation.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 16.4 Technology and Social Change

86. In what way has Bhutan resisted the forces of globalization? a. Shopping is only allowed between 9:00 a.m. and 5:00 p.m. b. The country has no electricity. c. Internet merchants are banned. d. There are no chain stores in the capital city.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: 16.4 Technology and Social Change

87. How is it possible for you go to Indonesia on vacation and have a conversation with your cab driver about your favorite television program? a. cultural diffusion b. technological determinism c. cultural lag d. contagion theory ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 16.4 Technology and Social Change

88. Increasingly, people in every nation came to watch more of the same movies during the second half of the twentieth century. What would your textbook call this phenomenon? a. a fad b. an incipient social movement c. primitivism d. cultural leveling ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 16.4 Technology and Social Change

89. What is it called when there is uneven distribution of technology between different parts of a society or different parts of the world? a. the digital divide b. technological determinism c. postmodern technology d. technological qualification ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 16.4 Technology and Social Change

90. The decline of traditional communities, an increase in individual autonomy and diverse thinking, and a strong belief in the power of science and technology to improve the world are typical of a. the less-developed world. b. modernity. c. postmodernity. d. traditional societies.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 16.4 Technology and Social Change

91. Focusing on ideas and cultural debates rather than on material things as well as questioning the achievements of science and technology are both characteristic features of a. modernity. b. social change. c. postmodernity. d. reactionary social movements.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 16.4 Technology and Social Change

92. The Information Revolution is transforming Western society from a. traditional to modern. b. traditional to postmodern. c. modern to postmodern. d. postmodern to modern.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 16.4 Technology and Social Change

93. The political theorist Benjamin Barber argues that exported American movies are not just mindless entertainment because they “sell” what might be considered “American values and ideals” to the world.

What term or concept could describe these exports? a. postmodernity b. cultural lag c. technological determinism d. cultural imperialism ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: 16.4 Technology and Social Change

94. Many individuals have noticed that the U.S. economy seems increasingly focused on producing and managing information rather than on making things. What term or concept could describe this shift? a. postmodernism b. technological determinism c. emergent social movements d. mass behavior ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 16.4 Technology and Social Change

95. What would you expect an advertisement to be associated with if you saw that it used the phrase “better living through chemistry”? a. postmodernity b. modernity c. a social movement d. a crowd ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: 16.4 Technology and Social Change

96. What term characterizes postindustrial societies by including a focus on the production and management of information, and skepticism of science and technology? a. postaxial b. postmodernity c. posttechno d. posthumous ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding TRUE/FALSE

REF: 16.4 Technology and Social Change | InQuizitive

1. Social change happens only at times of great upheaval like the French Revolution or the Civil War. ANS: F DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 16.1 What Is Social Change?

2. Fads often result in lasting social change.

ANS: F DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 16.2 Collective Behavior

3. Not all social movements challenge the norms or values of the dominant culture.

ANS: T DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 16.2 Collective Behavior

4. All successful social movements are eventually incorporated into institutions.

ANS: T DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 16.2 Collective Behavior

5. Fast fashion has been created out of consumers’ desire to have the “same look” as soon as it becomes popular.

ANS: T DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 16.2 Collective Behavior

6. Contagion theory is one of the earliest theories developed to study collective action.

ANS: T DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: 16.2 Collective Behavior

7. The trend that the poorest and most oppressed individuals tend not to participate in social movements is exemplified in Cesar Chavez’s unsuccessful attempt to organized migrant farmer workers.

ANS: F DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 16.3 Social Movements

8. Gerrymandering involves the redrawing of voting district borders by the officials in power to benefit a political party.

ANS: T DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 16.3 Social Movements

9. Gerrymandering is an illegal tactic used only by Democrats to disenfranchise members of the Republican Party and the demographic groups associated with it.

ANS: F DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: 16.3 Social Movements

10. Regressive movements that resist social changes and attempt to have things stay the same or move backward are always motivated by prejudice or hatred of diversity.

ANS: F DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: 16.3 Social Movements

SHORT ANSWER 1. What is the definition of social change?

ANS: the transformation of a culture over time DIF: Easy

REF: 16.1 What Is Social Change?

MSC: Remembering

2. List the three ways in which social change occurs.

ANS: a major physical event, demographic factors, discoveries/innovations DIF: Easy

REF: 16.1 What Is Social Change?

MSC: Remembering

3. Which theory suggests that people get irrationally swept up in crowd behavior when they come together in crowds?

ANS: contagion theory DIF: Easy

REF: 16.2 Collective Behavior

MSC: Applying

4. What three forms does collective behavior generally take?

ANS: crowd behavior, mass behavior, and social movements DIF: Easy

REF: 16.2 Collective Behavior

MSC: Remembering

5. What is a person called who needs a blood transfusion, but has never given blood?

ANS: free rider DIF: Moderate

REF: 16.2 Collective Behavior

MSC: Applying

6. The continuing need for blood in blood banks is an example of what kind of social dilemma?

ANS: public goods dilemma DIF: Easy

REF: 16.2 Collective Behavior

MSC: Applying

7. What are the two classes of social dilemmas?

ANS: tragedy of the commons and public goods dilemmas DIF: Easy

REF: 16.2 Collective Behavior

MSC: Remembering

8. Which theory explains why members of oppressed groups join a social movement for greater equality of a society’s resources?

ANS: relative deprivation theory DIF: Moderate

REF: 16.3 Social Movements

MSC: Applying

9. List Armand Mauss’s four stages of a social movement.

ANS: incipient, coalescence, bureaucratization, and decline DIF: Moderate

REF: 16.3 Social Movements

MSC: Remembering

10. The slow food movement is an example of what kind of social movement?

ANS: regressive DIF: Moderate

REF: 16.3 Social Movements

MSC: Applying

11. What are the two types of gerrymandering called?

ANS: packing and cracking DIF: Easy

REF: 16.3 Social Movements

MSC: Remembering

12. In what state has gerrymandering been most challenged, which has resulted in the practice being addressed in the courts?

ANS: Wisconsin DIF: Moderate

REF: 16.3 Social Movements

MSC: Remembering

13. “Western” beauty standards have been increasingly influencing and ultimately changing many cultures that once had a different perception of beauty. Of what is this an example?

ANS: cultural imperialism DIF: Easy MSC: Applying

REF: 16.4 Technology and Social Change

ESSAY 1. Compare and contrast the way Marshall McLuhan, associated with “the global village,” and Garret Hardin, associated with “the tragedy of the commons,” thought about social change.

ANS:

Though any level of detail about these two thinkers is good, there are two key places where their thinking is clearly in contrast. The first, and somewhat more obvious, is that Hardin investigates negative examples of social change, like the collapse of the fishing industry due to overfishing, while McLuhan predicts positive social change, such as through the development of a global village, as we are united through media technologies. The second, somewhat less obvious point of contrast involves the role of technology in social change. Hardin specifically says that there are no technical solutions to the social dilemmas he studies, while McLuhan explicitly counts on technology to bring about positive social change.

There are few points of obvious similarity other than that both McLuhan and Hardin are concerned with the future and with social change. The best answers might point out that both figures are interested in the ways social groups extending beyond national borders will evolve in the future.

DIF: Difficult

REF: 16.1 What Is Social Change?

MSC: Analyzing

2. People tend to act differently in groups than they do alone. Describe the two sociological theories presented in Chapter 16 that explain why individual behavior might change in a crowd.

ANS: Chapter 16 describes both contagion theory and emergent norm theory. Contagion theory suggests that when individuals come together, a single and unified crowd or mob mentality results and individuality and rational thought disappear as the external stimulus of the crowd takes over. Chapter 16 argues that although this theory may seem useful when looking at phenomena like soccer “hooligans,” it does not fully explain the wide range of collective behavior beyond the “mindless mob.”

Emergent norm theory argues that collective behavior is not as uniform as contagion theory suggests and that a number of factors motivate individuals to participate in crowd-based activity. The underlying assumption of this theory is that a group is guided by norms and, as a result, the behavior and actions of those in a crowd are negotiated and structured to fit within the collective action that is occurring. So, though it may appear that a crowd is one large indistinguishable mass, the individuals who make up a crowd can have varying understandings of what their roles are within the crowd and the meaning of their actions.

DIF: Difficult

REF: 16.2 Collective Behavior

MSC: Understanding

3. How are the features of mass behavior (fads, fashions, and social dilemmas) different and how are they similar?

ANS: All answers should point out that fads and fashions are much more widely recognized by the general public, but that fads, fashions, and social dilemmas involve large groups of people engaging in similar behavior without having to be in the same geographic location.

Fads and fashions are much more likely to involve activities or behaviors that lead to a unified group identity, so they tend to involve behaviors that relate to appearance, language, or social activities. Social dilemmas do not normally result in a group identity and involve behaviors that, although rational for individuals, lead to collective disasters. The best answers might give examples of fads, fashions, and social dilemmas or mention that social dilemmas include both the tragedy of the commons and social goods dilemmas.

DIF: Moderate

REF: 16.2 Collective Behavior

MSC: Understanding

4. What are the two different classes of social dilemmas? Identify them and describe how each works.

ANS: There are two classes of social dilemmas, tragedies of the commons and public goods dilemmas, which essentially operate in inverse ways.

Garret Hardin most famously described the tragedy of the commons. The term comes from “commons,” which in the past served as commonly held pasture shared by a whole community and upon which anyone could graze their livestock. Because access to the commons was free and without restriction, individuals had the incentive to put as many head of livestock on the commons as possible, thereby increasing their personal gain. But, as each individual made the same decision, based on self-interest, the commons inevitably became overgrazed. When a common resource is used beyond its carrying capacity, it eventually collapses. It can be said that in a tragedy of the commons, the benefit is to the individual, but all share the cost. Hardin states that social dilemmas are a “class of human problems which can be classified as having ‘no technical solution.’” In order to deal with these problems, people have to change their behaviors. Solutions must come from members of society.

A public goods dilemma is one in which individuals must pay a cost to contribute to a collective resource from which they may or may not benefit. Blood donors are the example of a public goods dilemma used in the text. People who take advantage of a public good but who have not contributed to its creation are called free riders. They make no personal investment and instead rely on others to do the hard work of providing a public good. It can be said that in a public goods dilemma, the cost is to the individual, but all share the benefit.

DIF: Difficult

REF: 16.2 Collective Behavior

MSC: Understanding

5. Why do people join social movements? Compare competing theories and discuss the assumptions behind them.

ANS: Mass society theory argues that people join social movements because they are attracted not by the movement’s ideals but by the refuge that the movement offers “from the anxieties, barrenness, and meaninglessness of an individual existence.” In other words, individuals join social movements to satisfy a psychological need for belonging.

Relative deprivation theory argues that people join social movements as a rational response to inequality and oppression. In addition, social movements provide opportunities for the oppressed to “redistribute political and economic power democratically and fairly.”

The best answers will also point out that mass society theory is, by and large, suspicious of social movements and the changes they may bring, while relative deprivation theory views social movements in a much more positive light.

DIF: Difficult

REF: 16.3 Social Movements

MSC: Understanding

6. Describe the stages of a social movement with an emphasis on how a social movement ends.

ANS: Chapter 16 cites Armand Mauss, who argues that social movements go through four distinct stages. In the incipient stage, the public takes notice of something and defines it as a problem. In the second stage, individuals begin to coalesce or organize around that issue. In the third stage, the movement becomes “bureaucratized,” or incorporated into older social institutions. In the fourth stage, the movement declines, either by becoming so successful that it is incorporated into the dominant culture or by fading away.

DIF: Moderate

REF: 16.3 Social Movements

MSC: Understanding

7. Explain the difference between social movements organized around regressive and progressive social change. Give an example of each.

ANS:

Social movements that are organized around regressive or reactionary change explicitly resist certain social changes, working to make sure that things stay the same or even move backward to an earlier form of social order. The text’s example of a regressive movement is Matt Hale’s World Church of the Creator, a white supremacist group in Illinois with members who want to stop the ethnic and religious integration of America and live in a homogeneous, all-white society. The chapter also mentions the voluntary simplicity movement and the slow food movement as examples.

Progressive, or forward-thinking, social change motivates many social movements. The textbook’s examples of progressive movements largely involve change driven by technology; the main example is the “rural rebound” resulting from technology, which allows workers to telecommute from anywhere in the world. Thus, high-powered stockbrokers need not live in Manhattan and work in a “pit” on Wall Street; they can move to Eagle County, Colorado, or Walworth County, Wisconsin, and enjoy cheaper real estate, less crime, and more natural beauty while still being able to do their jobs.

DIF: Moderate

REF: 16.3 Social Movements

MSC: Applying

8. In late 2010, Mohamed Bouazizi, a young Tunisian street vendor, set himself on fire and died in an act of defiance and desperation after local authorities confiscated his stall and publicly humiliated him. At the time, Bouazizi’s situation struck a chord with other young Tunisians suffering from autocratic rule, a poor economic situation, and a lack of opportunity. Bouazizi’s plight received wider attention in early 2011 when a video of him went viral on Facebook, YouTube, and other social networking sites. Millions of people around the world soon began to notice and get involved. This spawned a social movement for democracy in Tunisia, Egypt, and eventually the Arab world, ending with the overthrowing of several dictatorships. How do Mauss’s social movement stages help us understand the development of this social movement?

ANS: Responses should include that the four social movement stages—incipient, coalescence, bureaucratization, and decline—are in evidence in this example. A postmodern twist is the incredible power of the Internet and social networking sites to mobilize massive groups of people across the globe in a short period of time.

DIF: Difficult

REF: 16.3 Social Movements

MSC: Applying

9. What is cultural imperialism? Give a real-life example of how it occurs.

ANS: The term “cultural imperialism” refers to the process by which a country can be “conquered” by ideas rather than by force. Cultural imperialism is made much easier by features of the global village that allow the media to cross national borders and cultural boundaries. It is almost impossible to block or prevent the reception of satellite and Internet communications by audiences anywhere in the world. This sets up a new kind of tension in the struggle for power and influence; it is now possible for a country to be “occupied” (a term usually describing a military presence) by an invisible invader that arrives through airwaves and wireless networks. Examples should fit the definition and play on not just the transfusion of culture but that it “takes over” another culture.

DIF: Moderate REF: 16.4 Technology and Social Change MSC: Understanding 10. Chapter 16 argues that modern society is transforming to a postmodern society. Compare the features of modernity with postmodernity.

ANS:

Modernity refers to the forms of social organization characteristic of industrialized societies, which include the decline of traditional community and an increase in individual autonomy and diversity of beliefs. It is also associated with an orientation toward the future that includes a strong belief in the ability of science and technology to improve our quality of life. Modernity began with the Industrial Revolution, which led to a decline in rates of infant mortality, an increase in life expectancy, and the cure or suppression of a number of diseases that used to kill many people annually. With these benefits have come increases in income inequality, violent crime, and child poverty.

Postmodernity refers to the forms of social organization characteristic of postindustrialized societies, which focus on ideas and information and question the achievements of science and technology.

Postmodern critics argue that modern social institutions have failed to solve important social problems and have created new problems.

DIF: Difficult REF: 16.4 Technology and Social Change MSC: Understanding 11. Marshall McLuhan believed that, in the future, the world would be less fragmented into different societies and become more of a “global village.” What did he mean by a global village, and why did he think it would form?

ANS: The term “global village” describes a world in which everyone is united by a shared culture that McLuhan believed would be created through new communications technology, especially television.

In the early 1960s, television was spreading rapidly. McLuhan imagined that new technology could re-create a sense of intimate community by linking people in disparate locations through broadcasts watched around the world. Just as tribe members had once gathered to share stories around the light of a campfire, people could now sit in the glow of their television screens, making television into a kind of “virtual campfire” and those watching it together members of a virtual community or a global village.

DIF: Moderate REF: 16.4 Technology and Social Change MSC: Understanding