Test Bank For Identity Formation, Youth, and Development A Simplified Approach, 2E By Kyle Eichas, J

Test Bank For Identity Formation, Youth, and Development A Simplified Approach, 2E By Kyle Eichas, James E. Côté, Charles G. Levine Chapter 1-10 Chapter 1 Integration, differentiation, and continuity refer to

1

(A)

ego identity, personal identity, and social identity

(B)

the products of ego-executive abilities

(C)

the products of ego-synthetic abilities

(D)

the three most durable aspects of human self-definition

Answer: 2

Why is it difficult to provide an unambiguous definition of the self?

(A)

the self does not ―exist‖

(B)

too many researchers have operationalized it in different ways

(C)

the word has been contaminated by generic multiple uses for years

(D)

none of the above

Answer: 3

(C) the word has been contaminated by generic multiple uses for years

Which of the following attributes have been empirically associated with identity-based agency?

(A)

a sense of purpose in life

(B)

self-esteem

(C)

an internal locus of control

(D)

all of the above

Answer: 4

(D) the three most durable aspects of human self-definition

(D) all of the above

The use of personal agency in forming new identities and maintaining established identities is called (A)

ego-executive ability

(B)

ego-synthetic ability

(C)

identity-based agency

(D)

self-efficacy

Answer: 5

What developmental advantage does strong sense of self-efficacy give people?

(A)

it can inoculate people from the effects of stress, anxiety, and depression

(B)

it can help people develop a better sense of optimal distinctiveness

(C)

it can help people develop a better sense of continuity

(D)

it can help people develop a better sense of integration

Answer: 6

(C) identity-based agency

(A) it can inoculate people from the effects of stress, anxiety, and depression

Self-concept is a qualitative category (e.g., “I am a squash player”), while ____________ is a variable assessment of self-concept (e.g., “I am a good/ average/ poor squash player”).

(A)

self-esteem

(B)

self-efficacy

(C)

ego identity

(D)

self-assessment

Answer:

(A) self-esteem

7

What do the theories of mass society, postmodern society, and late-modern society have in common?

(A)

they all promote personal agency as important for identity formation

(B)

all three theories reflect a growing preoccupation with inadequacies in people's sense of meaning and purpose

(C)

each has a theory of identity formation

(D)

each uses the term ―age of anxiety‖

Answer:

8

(B) all three theories reflect a growing preoccupation with inadequacies in people's sense of meaning and purpose

Why is it a mistake to assume that Buddhism recommends that people must eradicate the “self” or “ego” from their minds if they are to find happiness?

(A)

people need to exercise the basic mental processes of self-control

(B)

forms of selfishness can be sources of happiness

(C)

self-efficacy is required to practice meditation

(D)

self-criticism is an important component of Buddhism

Answer: 9

A person's specific niche in a community, experienced as a sense of uniqueness/individuation from others, is referred to as (A)

integration—the first principle of human identity

(B)

differentiation—the second principle of human identity

(C)

continuity—the third principle of human identity

(D)

adult identity

Answer: 10

(A) people need to exercise the basic mental processes of self-control

(B) differentiation—the second principle of human identity

Mental processes with which the person processes information are referred to as (A)

ego-executive functions

(B)

ego-synthetic functions

(C)

self-efficacy abilities

(D)

ego identity

Answer:

(B) ego-synthetic functions

Chapter 2 1

Which of the following identity patterns corresponds with late-modern social identity?

(A)

managed by choices

(B)

individualized/image-oriented

(C)

identity diffused

(D)

discovered through experiences

Answer: 2

(A) managed by choices

What is the chief symptom of the Borderline Personality Disorder?

(A)

a sense of depersonalization

(B)

a lack of a core sense of identity

(C)

amnesia

(D)

all of the above

Answer: 3

What of the following is a chief symptom of characterological patterns in identity formation in individualized societies?

(A)

identity diffusion as part of the moratorium period

(B)

identity diffusion as part of learning history and conditioning

(C)

chronic identity confusion

(D)

all of the above

Answer: 4

(A)

identity diffusion as part of the moratorium period

(B)

identity diffusion as part of learning history and conditioning

(C)

chronic identity confusion

(D)

all of the above

(A) identity diffusion as part of the moratorium period

Identity is, optimally, subjectively experienced at the level of social identity in which of the following ways?

(A)

―I feel that I am a strong person with a valued past, engaging present, and a foreseeable future.‖

(B)

―I am an esteemed member of a ‗this' group and not ‗that' group.‖

(C)

―I am someone who looks, speaks, thinks, and believes in these ways.‖

(D)

all of the above

Answer: 6

(B) identity diffusion as part of learning history and conditioning

What of the following is a chief symptom of developmental problems in individualized societies?

Answer: 5

(B) a lack of a core sense of identity

(B) ―I am an esteemed member of a ‗this' group and not ‗that' group.‖

Identity is, optimally, subjectively experienced at the level of personal identity in which of the following ways?

(A)

―I feel that I am a strong person with a valued past, engaging present, and a foreseeable future.‖

(B)

―I am an esteemed member of a ‗this' group and not ‗that' group.‖

(C)

―I am someone who looks, speaks, thinks, and believes in these ways.‖

(D)

all of the above

Answer: 7

Which of the following assumptions is part of the Dramaturgical Model?

(A)

social life is akin to a staged event

(B)

people go to great lengths to present staged performances

(C)

performances often contain elements of deception

(D)

all of the above

Answer: 8

(A)

ascribed at birth

(B)

tradition/other-oriented

(C)

adopted from traditions

(D)

discovered through experiences

(C) adopted from traditions

Which of the following identity patterns corresponds with premodern social identity?

(A)

ascribed at birth

(B)

tradition/other-oriented

(C)

adopted from traditions

(D)

discovered through experiences

Answer: 10

(D) all of the above

Which of the following identity patterns corresponds with premodern ego identity?

Answer: 9

(C) ―I am someone who looks, speaks, thinks, and believes in these ways.‖

(A) ascribed at birth

What is a chief symptom of the Dissociative Identity Disorder?

(A)

a sense of derealization

(B)

a lack of a core sense of identity

(C)

identity diffusion as part of learning history and conditioning

(D) Answer:

all of the above

(A) a sense of derealization

Chapter 3 1

Which of the following is a common misconception about the Eriksonian approach to identity formation?

(A)

Eriksonians assume that identities are fixed and remain unchanged in adulthood

(B)

Eriksonians believe people do not have a ―core identity‖

(C)

Only people with a sense of individuality ―have an identity‖

(D)

All of the above

Answer: 2

(A) Eriksonians assume that identities are fixed and remain unchanged in adulthood

What does research using the Twenty-Statements Test suggest has changed since the 1950s?

(A)

people pay more attention to their ego identity

(B)

people are more concerned with social identity

(C)

a move from the institutional self to an impulsive self

(D)

a move away from the impulsive self to the institutional self

Answer:

(C) a move from the institutional self to an impulsive self

3

The term default individualization refers to (A)

passive adaptations to late-modern society

(B)

people continuously trying to present pleasing impressions to others

(C)

people being inactive in laying the basis for a rewarding adult identity

(D)

all of the above

Answer: 4

(D) all of the above

Which of the following terms did Turner use that approximates the scientific measurement of the “role self”?

(A)

institutional self

(B)

impulsive self

(C)

postmodern self

(D)

emergent self

Answer: 5

Which of the following is most relevant to social identity formation patterns in late-modern societies?

(A)

individualized identity displays

(B)

identity management of role locations

(C)

identity-related discoveries and experiences

(D)

ethnic identity conflicts

Answer: 6

(B) identity management of role locations

What level of identity is most likely to be the focus of teenagers in their “identity displays”?

(A)

ego identity

(B)

social identity

(C)

ethnic identity

(D)

personal identity

Answer:

7

(A) institutional self

(D) personal identity

In the Personality and Social Structure Perspective (PSSP) model, how do interactional behaviors affect personality processes? Through (A)

Socialization and social control

(B)

Internalizations

(C)

Self-presentations

(D)

Collective activities

Answer:

(B) Internalizations

8

In the Personality and Social Structure Perspective (PSSP) model, what takes place when social structural contexts affect interactional behaviors?

(A)

Socialization and social control

(B)

Internalizations

(C)

Self-presentations

(D)

Collective activities

Answer:

9

(A) Socialization and social control

The social structure and personality perspective, symbolic interactionism, and psychological social psychology are considered by James House to be (A)

competing paradigms in developmental psychology

(B)

the fundamental approaches to studying identity

(C)

the three faces of social psychology

(D)

the three faces of Identity Studies

Answer:

10

(C) the three faces of social psychology

To conflate two different levels of analysis is to commit the error of (A)

reductionism

(B)

psychologism

(C)

sociologism

(D)

all of the above

Answer:

Chapter 4

(D) all of the above

1

In reference to what became of the seven deadly sins, in contrast to the current capitalist motto “Let the buyer beware,” in the middle ages the motto was (A)

Caveat emptor

(B)

Caveat vendor

(C)

Seller beware

(D)

Let buyer and seller both fear God

Answer:

2

Erikson's ethical stage of value orientations involves (A)

a categorical belief in absolute authority

(B)

the recognition that all people are ultimately responsible for their actions

(C)

attempts to reason about multiple authority sources

(D)

implicitly recognizing that society has grand plans in their designs

Answer:

3

(D) Let buyer and seller both fear God

(B) the recognition that all people are ultimately responsible for their actions

Erikson's most advanced stage of value orientations is the ___________ stage.

(A)

moral

(B)

ideological

(C)

ethical

(D)

ontogenetic

Answer:

(A) moral

4

Which of Erikson's value orientation stages has both an implicit and explicit component?

(A)

moral

(B)

ideological

(C)

ethical

(D)

ontogenetic

Answer:

5

Based on Kohlberg's theory, how can moral identity be most effectively taught?

(A)

through active, participatory learning

(B)

by sustaining the equilibrium among existing moral schemas

(C)

through a curriculum based on ―education for choice‖

(D)

all of the above

Answer:

6

(A) through active, participatory learning

What does the second substage of Kohlberg's conventional moral reasoning involve?

(A)

self-interest

(B)

fear of punishment

(C)

social approval

(D)

duty and obligation

Answer:

7

(B) ideological

(D) duty and obligation

What does the second substage of Kohlberg's pre-conventional moral reasoning involve?

(A)

self-interest

(B)

fear of punishment

(C)

social approval

(D)

duty and obligation

Answer:

(A) self-interest

8

Formal-operational cognitive capacities involve (A)

thinking about concrete objects and events

(B)

using trial and error to solve problems

(C)

propositional thinking and abstract reasoning

(D)

adapting to the requirements of formal institutions

Answer:

(C) propositional thinking and abstract reasoning

9

Piaget called the most advanced stage of cognitive development, involving moral reasoning, ___________.

(A)

moral autonomy

(B)

moral relativism

(C)

moral realism

(D)

ethical realism

Answer:

10

(A) moral autonomy

The common thread between movement through both Kohlberg's moral reasoning stages and Erikson's Value Orientation Stages is likely (A)

empathy

(B)

cognitive dissonance

(C)

perspective taking

(D)

proactive identity formation

Answer:

Chapter 5

(D) proactive identity formation

1

Which of the following did sociologists have little regard for during much of the 20th century?

(A)

internal thought processes and self-directed behavior

(B)

concepts that represent psychological processes and structures

(C)

illuminating the ―black box‖ of the individual

(D)

all of the above

Answer:

2

(D) all of the above

Young people in Japan who go through a period of extreme social withdrawal, often never leaving their parents' house, (A)

are called hikikomori

(B)

may be experiencing extreme difficulties in developing an individualized identity

(C)

may paralyzed by the number of identity choices now available in Japanese society

(D)

all of the above

Answer:

3

(D) all of the above

Which of the following terms has been used to describe people in Japan who combine both individualism and collectivism in their identity formation?

(A)

post-traditional collectivism

(B)

individualistic collectivism

(C)

late-modern collectivism

(D)

postmodern collectivism

Answer:

4

(B) individualistic collectivism

Why does the text argue that it is not necessary to address the philosophical debate about free will and determinism in theorizing agency? Because prior causation does not mean that people

(A)

do not vary in their degrees of proactivity

(B)

cannot learn to be more proactive in certain contexts

(C)

are not incapable of self-control

(D)

all of the above

Answer:

5

(D) all of the above

Why does the potential for agency in a given individual depend both upon the specific qualities of that individual and the specific qualities of the context in which the individual is acting?

(A)

because people function in contexts by definition, and so are never free from structure, but vary in terms of their ability to utilize and transform that structure

(B)

because certain contexts support specific agentic orientations and not others

(C)

because certain forms of agency affect contexts in ways that favor those forms of agency

(D)

all of the above

Answer:

6

Which of the following processes is most likely to help people penetrate social structures?

(A)

ego identity

(B)

moral identity

(C)

identity-based agency

(D)

identity capital

Answer:

7

(D) all of the above

(C) identity-based agency

Which of the following terms describes how broadly or narrowly the person conceptualizes his or her future prospects?

(A)

self horizons

(B)

self-efficacy

(C)

identity horizons

(D)

moral identity

Answer:

8

(C) identity horizons

Using the algorithm for calculating community risks and benefits, if 30 percent of a community lives in poverty and 30 percent of the people living in that community do not have sufficient agentic resources, the estimate of the proportion at risk for structural reasons there is (A)

16 percent

(B)

24 percent

(C)

36 percent

(D)

84 percent

Answer:

9

(B) 24 percent

How does the SIFT address the structure–agency debate?

(A)

it focuses on interactions between identity-based agency and identity-conferring social structures

(B)

it argues that people are always functioning is social contexts, so it is erroneous to conceive of them as separate from structures

(C)

it embraces developmental contextualism as a model to understand interactions between structure and agency

(D)

Answer:

10

all of the above

(D) all of the above

What potentially serious bias has emerged recently in the self-esteem literature?

(A)

low self-esteem among adolescent females is mainly a problem among White females

(B)

low self-esteem among adolescent females is mainly a problem among Black females

(C)

low self-esteem is actually more of a problem among adolescent males than females

(D)

all of the above

Answer:

(A) low self-esteem among adolescent females is mainly a problem among White females

Chapter 6

1

The Eriksonian influence on the identity capital model emphasizes (A)

identity management techniques in the presentation of self

(B)

that traditional normative structures have diminished, requiring people to individualize

(C)

their identities

(D)

that people seek to resolve conflicts in their lives in growth-producing ways

(E)

all of the above

Answer:

2

Considered within the workplace, the various agentic capacities are (A)

people skills

(B)

hard skills

(C)

soft skills

(D)

late-modern skills

Answer:

3

(D) that people seek to resolve conflicts in their lives in growth-producing ways

(C) soft skills

Which of the following is a form of intangible identity capital?

(A)

credentials

(B)

parents' social class

(C)

ego-synthetic abilities

(D)

all of the above

Answer:

4

(C) ego-synthetic abilities

Which of the following is a form of tangible identity capital?

(A)

reflexive capacities

(B)

credentials

(C)

ego-synthetic abilities

(D)

all of the above

Answer:

(B) credentials

5

Which of the following could be considered a type of identity capital acquisition?

(A)

group membership

(B)

a role location

(C)

a new skill

(D)

all of the above

Answer:

6

(D) all of the above

Which of the following is consistent with the Matthew effect?

(A)

those who are rich get richer

(B)

those with more identity-based agency will do better during prolonged transitions

(C)

prolonged transitions can add additional obstacles to identity formation

(D)

all of the above

Answer:

7

Which of the following characterizes the individualization process?

(A)

it involves freedom from normative constraints

(B)

it involves freedom to pursue activities independent of systemic barriers

(C)

it presents too much unwanted structure for the disadvantaged

(D)

all of the above

Answer:

8

(A)

identity capital subsumes cultural capital

(B)

cultural capital subsumes identity capital

(C)

identity capital is a special subcategory of cultural capital

(D)

none of the above

(A) identity capital subsumes cultural capital

Specific forms of advantage-granting language, attitudes, and habits are called (A)

human capital

(B)

cultural capital

(C)

social capital

(D)

political capital

Answer:

10

(A) it involves freedom from normative constraints

In the ICM, what is the proposed relationship of cultural capital with identity capital?

Answer:

9

(D) all of the above

(B) cultural capital

The net intangible and tangible resources that a person can “exchange” in the late-modern job market is called the

(A)

identity capital portfolio

(B)

workplace Matthew effect

(C)

Pygmalion effect

(D)

human capital portfolio

Answer:

(A) identity capital portfolio

Chapter 7

1

What approach emphasizes the obligations each generation has to those that preceded it as well as to those that will follow it?

(A)

life-cycle

(B)

life-course

(C)

psychosocial

(D)

epigenetic

Answer:

2

Which identity strategy is associated with a stronger ego identity?

(A)

drifter

(B)

refuser

(C)

resolver

(D)

searcher

Answer:

3

(A) life-cycle

(C) resolver

The term “baseline self-esteem” refers to (A)

a sense of self-esteem that is situation-dependent

(B)

people's stable, global view of themselves

(C)

self-esteem associated with ―on-time‖ development

(D)

low levels of ego identity

Answer:

4

(B) people's stable, global view of themselves

The concept of individualization in sociology corresponds to the concept of ____________ in psychology.

(A)

commitment

(B)

identity strategy

(C)

identity exploration

(D)

ego identity

Answer:

5

(C) identity exploration

Which of the following is a protective factor against suicide among Native Canadian youth?

Living in a community that (A)

has secured Aboriginal titles to traditional lands and achieved a measure of self government

(B)

controls its own educational and health services and runs its own police and fire protection services

(C)

has set up facilities to preserve and enrich its indigenous culture

(D)

all of the above

Answer:

6

(D) all of the above

In the Eriksonian model, which form of continuity corresponds to ego identity?

(A)

other–other

(B)

self–other

(C)

ego–self

(D)

Answer:

7

ego–other

(C) ego–self

According to Erikson, which of the following is the best buffer against the vicissitudes and alienation associated with modern, technological societies?

(A)

a strong superego

(B)

a strong ego identity

(C)

a strong moral identity

(D)

a pastiche personality

Answer:

8

In an emergency situation, a person who is “alert and oriented times 3” (A)

knows what happened in recent events

(B)

is self-aware, but doesn't know what just happened

(C)

knows where s/he are is, but not what time it is

(D)

knows who s/he is, but not what happened, what time it is, or where s/he is

Answer:

9

(B) a strong ego identity

(D) knows who s/he is, but not what happened, what time it is, or where s/he is

For Erikson, which of the following characterizes the identity crisis?

(A)

a subjective sense of identity confusion

(B)

a behavioral disarray

(C)

a characterological disarray

(D)

all of the above

Answer:

(D) all of the above

10

The willingness to commit to courses of action, but not on the basis of exploration and experimentation, characterizes the ____________ approach young people can take to identity formation.

(A)

reactive

(B)

inactive

(C)

proactive

(D)

active

Answer:

(D) active

Chapter 8

1

One argument against the claim that there is an ongoing youth mental health crisis in many Western countries is: (A)

increased mental health awareness has led to increased reports of mental illness.

(B)

mental illness has become more prevalent despite increased mental health services.

(C)

mental illness appears to be more prevalent in societies that are more affluent and secular.

(D)

social media-enabled smartphones block social experiences for children and adolescents.

Answer:

2

(A) increased mental health awareness has led to increased reports of mental illness.

Which of the following is an assumption made by the medical model of psychotherapy?

(A)

A mental disorder is located at the interface of the developing self and changing society.

(B)

A mental disorder is an attribute of a society.

(C)

A mental disorder is defined by a disordered relation between individual and society.

(D)

A mental disorder is a characteristic of the individual.

Answer:

(D) A mental disorder is a characteristic of the individual.

3

____________ refers to understanding the reason for one’s existence.

(A)

Responsibility

(B)

Purpose in life

(C)

Identity

(D)

Meaning in life

Answer:

4

(D) Meaning in life

Recent estimates indicate that ___________ young adults in the United States experience little to no sense of purpose or meaning in life.

(A)

a small percentage of

(B)

a majority of

(C)

nearly all

(D)

all

Answer:

5

(B) a majority of

Purpose in life is ____________ meaning in life.

(A)

the same as

(B)

broader than

(C)

a subset of

(D)

the new term for

Answer:

(C) a subset of

6

Which of the following statements is true regarding patterns of purpose development among youth?

(A)

Dabbling youth have high levels of engagement and low levels of intention, whereas dreaming youth have low levels of engagement and high levels of intention.

(B)

Both purposeful youth and dreaming youth have high levels of purpose commitment.

(C)

Dreaming youth have high levels of engagement and low levels of intention, whereas disengaged youth have low levels of engagement and high levels of intention.

(D)

Answer:

To become purposeful, dreaming youth must increase their levels of intention.

(A) Dabbling youth have high levels of engagement and low levels of intention, whereas dreaming youth have low levels of engagement and high levels of intention.

7

A eudemonic balance is balance between what two kinds of purpose?

(A)

emotional purpose and rational purpose

(B)

practical purpose and idealistic purpose

(C)

altruistic purpose and actualizing purpose

(D)

future purpose and present purpose

Answer:

8

(C) altruistic purpose and actualizing purpose

According to research on the psychopathology of identity, when would engaging with digital contexts such as social media undermine identity formation?

(A)

when engaging with digital contexts interferes with schoolwork

(B)

when engaging with digital contexts disrupts the stability and consistency of youth‘s social environments

(C)

when engaging with digital contexts leads youth to interact more with their peers than with parents and teachers

(D)

when engaging with digital contexts raises youth‘s awareness of the overwhelming amount of identity choices they have to make regarding work, relationships, and worldviews

Answer:

(B) when engaging with digital contexts disrupts the stability and consistency of youth‘s social environments

9

___________ is a sense of self-discontinuity, whereas ___________ is prolonged worry about not being able to combine various aspects of the self into a coherent identity.

(A)

Disturbed identity; identity distress

(B)

Existential vacuum; identity pathology

(C)

Noogenic neurosis; existential frustration

(D)

Depression; anxiety

Answer:

10

(A) Disturbed identity; identity distress

In order to reduce mental health problems, social prescriptions target which of the following?

(A)

chemical imbalances in the brain that cause social anxiety

(B)

a person‘s maladaptive thought patterns regarding others

(C)

a person‘s social and communication skills

(D)

a person‘s connections to a community

Answer:

(D) a person‘s connections to a community

Chapter 9

1

The composite scale based on the sum of measures of self-esteem, purpose in life, internal locus of control, and ego strength is a measure of (A)

identity-based agency

(B)

self-efficacy

(C)

default individualization

(D)

ethnic identity

Answer:

2

(A) identity-based agency

Which of the following is the least beneficial motivation for attending university in terms of acquiring academic skills and attaining higher grades?

(A)

humanitarian

(B)

careerist

(C)

personal–intellectual development

(D)

default

Answer:

3

(D) default

Which of the following identity-formation processes is associated with the indifferent parenting style?

(A)

independent problem-solving and critical thinking

(B)

an insecure base for identity explorations and experimentation

(C)

insufficient encouragement to self-regulate behavior

(D)

impulsive and delinquent behavior

Answer:

4

(C) insufficient encouragement to self-regulate behavior

What does the research find regarding the sense of self-efficacy among those with learning disabilities?

(A)

they have realistic levels, but suffer from low self-esteem

(B)

they have extremely low levels

(C)

they often have an unrealistically high level

(D)

there is no difference compared to those without leaning disabilities

Answer:

5

(C) they often have an unrealistically high level

Which of the following American ethnic group has the weakest sense of ethnic identity, according to the Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure (MEIM)?

(A)

Asian

(B)

European descent

(C)

African American

(D)

Latino

Answer:

6

(B) European descent

Approximately what proportion of ethnic-minority adolescents reach the third stage on the MEIM by the end of high school?

(A)

one quarter

(B)

one half

(C)

three quarters

(D)

100 percent

Answer:

7

(A) one quarter

What is the highest stage of ethnic identity formation identified by the Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure (MEIM)?

(A)

the questioning of what it means to be have a particular ethnicity

(B)

committing to a particular way of being a member of an ethnic group

(C)

the unexamined ethnicity

(D)

rejecting one's ethnic upbringing

Answer:

8

(B) committing to a particular way of being a member of an ethnic group

Which of the following is (are) a problem that researchers have found in operationalizing ethnic identity in terms of respondents' self-perceived ethnicity?

(A)

many people are inconsistent in reporting their ethnic group from one survey to the next

(B)

American Hispanic adolescents are inconsistent in reporting their ethnic group from one survey to the next

(C)

Aboriginal youth in British Columbia are inconsistent in reporting their ethnic group from one survey to the next

(D)

all of the above

Answer:

9

(A) many people are inconsistent in reporting their ethnic group from one survey to the next

Which of the following is (are) a problem with studying social identities?

(A)

social contexts are not easily separated from social identity formation

(B)

social contexts are often part of the developmental process

(C)

social identities can compound each other, producing complex interaction effects

(D)

all of the above

Answer:

10

(D) all of the above

How does the research suggest that high self-efficacy is a far more important attribute than high self-esteem in academic achievements?

(A)

self-esteem may be a mere epiphenomenon

(B)

self-esteem appears not to be a ―vaccine‖ for positive development

(C)

high self-esteem is more likely a consequence of circumstances than a cause of behavior

(D)

all of the above

Answer:

(D) all of the above

Chapter 10

1

Overall, the self-development literature suggests that (A)

the importance of self-efficacy was overlooked by early researchers who overestimated the relative importance of self-esteem

(B)

American research on self-esteem is cross-culturally valid

(C)

self-concept during adolescence is relatively stable and uninfluenced situationally

(D)

Answer:

self-esteem is a more important developmental quality that self-efficacy

(A) the importance of self-efficacy was overlooked by early researchers who overestimated the relative importance of self-esteem

2

Which of the following researchers developed Identity Economics?

(A)

Richard Lerner

(B)

George Akerlof

(C)

Daphna Oyserman

(D)

Meg Jay

Answer:

3

What does the co-constructivist intervention model seek to accomplish?

(A)

the exploration of identity alternatives

(B)

an increase in agentic capacities

(C)

teaching critical problem-solving skills

(D)

all of the above

Answer:

4

(B) George Akerlof

(D) all of the above

Which of the following is considered the most severe?

(A)

identity disorder

(B)

identity problem

(C)

identity distress

(D)

identity confusion

Answer:

(A) identity disorder

5

Research suggests that contemporary colleges and universities have created a choice overload whereby (A)

more students are taking longer to finish their studies

(B)

more students graduate with no grand plan to direct them

(C)

stress levels, depression, anxiety, and eating disorders are on the rise

(D)

all of the above

Answer:

6

(D) all of the above

Which of the following contexts does research suggest contributes most to young peoples' moral reasoning development?

(A)

schools, through counseling

(B)

faith communities, through group prayer

(C)

families, through certain parenting styles

(D)

high school cliques

Answer:

7

(C) families, through certain parenting styles

Overall, the moral reasoning literature suggests that by early adulthood, a minority of people engages in ____________ reasoning.

(A)

pre-conventional

(B)

conventional

(C)

post-conventional

(D)

ideological

Answer:

8

(C) post-conventional

Which of the following contexts does research suggest contributes most to young peoples' identity formation?

(A)

schools, through counseling

(B)

faith communities, through group prayer

(C)

families, through certain parenting styles

(D)

peer groups settings

Answer:

9

(C) families, through certain parenting styles

Overall, the identity formation literature suggests that there are clear distinctions in latemodern societies between those who are proactive in their identity formation and those who are ____________ in their identity formation.

(A)

preemptive

(B)

inactive

(C)

self-efficacious

(D)

creative

Answer:

10

(B) inactive

The researcher who pioneered applied developmental science (ADS) is (A)

Richard Lerner

(B)

George Akerlof

(C)

Daphna Oyserman

(D)

Meg Jay

Answer:

(A) Richard Lerner