Test Bank For Essentials of Sociology Ninth Edition Anthony Giddens Mitchell Duneier Richard P. Appe

Test Bank For Essentials of Sociology Ninth Edition Anthony Giddens Mitchell Duneier Richard P. Appelbaum Deborah Carr Chapter 1-16 CHAPTER 1 Sociology: Theory and Method CONCEPT MAP I.

What Is the ―Sociological Imagination‖?

A. Studying Sociology B. Developing a Global Perspective C. Understanding Social Change

II.

What Theories Do Sociologists Use? A. Early Theorists i. August Comte ii. Herbert Spencer iii. Émile Durkheim iv. Karl Marx v. Max Weber B. Neglected Founders i. Harriet Martineau ii. W. E. B. Du Bois C. Modern Theoretical Approaches i. Symbolic Interactionism ii. Functionalism iii. Conflict Theories iv. Postmodern Theory D. Theoretical Thinking in Sociology E. Levels of Analysis: Microsociology and Macrosociology

III.

What Kinds of Questions Can Sociologists Answer?

IV.

What Are the Steps of the Research Process?

A. Define the Research Problem B. Review the Evidence C. Make the Problem Precise D. Work Out a Design E. Carry Out the Research F. Interpret the Results G. Report the Findings

V.

What Research Methods Do Sociologists Use? A. Ethnography i. Advantages and Limitations of Fieldwork B. Surveys i. Standardized and Open-Ended Questions ii. Sampling

C. Experiments D. Comparative and Historical Research VI.

What Ethical Dilemmas Do Sociologists Face?

VII.

How Does the Sociological Imagination Affect Your Life?

MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Sociologists recognize that "personal" troubles, if occurring in patterned ways and to large numbers of individuals, reflect a. public issues. c. anomie. b. individualized problems. d. organic solidarity.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: What Is the "Sociological Imagination"? (I)

2. Tori's father loses his job during a time of economic crisis when many people are losing their jobs. Her mother is a skilled daycare worker with years of experience, but like many daycare workers, she cannot find any jobs that pay well. Sociologists would likely see the struggle of Tori's parents as a. a personal trouble. b. the fault of Tori's father for not providing for the family. c. the result of a socialist economy. d. a public issue.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: What Is the "Sociological Imagination"? (I)

3. In America, obesity has emerged as a major public health concern. How might a sociologist using the "sociological imagination" examine obesity among teenagers? a. by exploring the role that genetic factors play in a teenager's potential to develop obesity b. by speaking to teenagers to understand the role that laziness plays in their eating habits c. by examining obesity rates among teenagers and factors like social class and neighborhood conditions d. by examining how food metabolizes in the bodies of teenagers ANS: C MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Difficult

REF: What Is the "Sociological Imagination"? (I)

4. Parents living in Boston noticed that many of their adolescent children regularly became distressed in early September. Based on what you know about adolescent suicides in the United States and Japan, sociologists might attempt to understand this phenomenon by looking into what? a. parent–student communication b. genetic predispositions to depression c. students' experiences with bullying d. school lunch programs in Boston ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: What Is the "Sociological Imagination"? (I)

5. Following C. Wright Mills, sociologists refer to breaking free from the immediacy of personal circumstances and putting things in a wider social context as the a. materialist conception of history. c. emergence of a double consciousness.

b. sociological imagination.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

d. recognition of self.

REF: What Is the "Sociological Imagination"? (I)

6. Jenna and her family lose their home because her parents can no longer pay the mortgage during a time of economic crisis when foreclosures have become a common feature of her country. Jenna would be using a sociological imagination to think about this if she were to a. blame her mother for not working hard enough. b. wonder why her father does not just find a new job. c. consider why her society allows people to be thrown out of their homes. d. think about ways she can contribute financially to buying their house back.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: What Is the "Sociological Imagination"? (I)

7. ________ refers to how human societies are reconstructed at every moment by the very "building blocks" that compose them—human beings. a. ―Survival of the fittest‖ c. Structuration b. The materialist conception of history d. Social physics ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Studying Sociology (I.A)

8. Women began entering the workforce in larger numbers in the United States until it eventually became normal, altering women's structural place in society. This is an example of a. structuration. c. postmodernism. b. triangulation. d. globalization.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Studying Sociology (I.A)

9. Which question about the transformations that accompanied industrialization in West would a sociologist be MOST likely to explore? a. Which marriage ideals preceded the romantic love ideal, and why did the shift occur? b. What are key differences between an industrial economy and information economy? c. How are ideals of romantic love connected with industrialization? d. How do people manage workplace stress in industrial settings?

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: Studying Sociology (I.A) | InQuizitive

10. What is the concept that sociologists use to understand the economic, political, and social interconnectedness of individuals throughout the world? a. globalization c. sociological imagination b. structuration d. organic solidarity ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Developing a Global Perspective (I.B)

11. When Juan drinks his morning coffee, he thinks about its production in Colombia, its transportation through many countries, the taxes and tariffs applied for international commerce, and the diverse array of social relations behind his drink. According to the textbook, one might say that Juan is using a ________ perspective. a. bureaucratic b. postmodern

c. global d. domestic ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Developing a Global Perspective (I.B)

12. At the height of the most developed traditional civilizations, such as ancient Rome or preindustrial China, a. most of the population lived in urban areas. b. most people engaged in food production. c. most people fell in love. d. ―falling in love‖ was a precondition for marriage.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Understanding Social Change (I.C)

13. Sociology was founded by thinkers who sought to understand the initial impact of transformations that accompanied a. the domestication of animals. b. the invention of writing. c. the invention of the printing press. d. industrialization in the West.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Understanding Social Change (I.C)

14. According to the textbook, ________ involve(s) constructing abstract interpretations that can be used to explain a wide variety of situations. a. factual research c. theories b. triangulation d. formulating hypotheses ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: What Theories Do Sociologists Use? (II)

15. Which of the following statements related to the development of sociology is most accurate? a. At the start of the Industrial Revolution in Europe, sociology as a scientific discipline had been firmly established. b. Major historical events in the late 1700s and early 1800s forced thinkers to develop new understandings of both the social and natural worlds. c. Questions about human nature and why societies change had largely been solved by the late 1700s. d. The scientific study of human behavior dates back to the Middle Ages.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding 16. ________ invented the word sociology. a. Karl Marx b. Auguste Comte ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Early Theorists (II.A)

c. Émile Durkheim d. Max Weber REF: Auguste Comte (II.A.i)

17. According to August Comte, what is the proper role of sociology? a. to observe human behavior without influencing it b. to study human society scientifically

c. to restore religion to its proper central role in human society d. to overthrow the established social order ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Auguste Comte (II.A.i) | InQuizitive

18. Which phrase best represents the beliefs of Herbert Spencer? a. "equality for all" b. "survival of the fittest" c. ―all human history thus far is the history of class struggles‖ d. ―the problem of the twentieth century is the problem of the color line‖ ANS: B MSC: Evaluating

DIF: Moderate

REF: Herbert Spencer (II.A.ii)

19. According to ________, sociology must study social facts—aspects of social life that shape our actions as individuals—in order to become a science. a. Karl Marx c. Émile Durkheim b. Auguste Comte d. Max Weber ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Émile Durkheim (II.A.iii)

20. Émile Durkheim believed that for a society to function and persist over time, its specialized institutions must work in harmony with each other and function as an integrated whole. He referred to this as a. social facts. c. ideology. b. social constraint. d. organic solidarity.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Émile Durkheim (II.A.iii)

21. Kevon believes that society should be looked at like a body, with each of the parts necessary to the functioning of the whole. His ideas most closely mirror those of which theorist? a. Karl Marx c. Harriet Martineau b. Émile Durkheim d. Max Weber ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Émile Durkheim (II.A.iii)

22. What makes a social fact a social constraint? a. Any theory that cannot account for the social fact is proven false. b. Any society that does not respect the social fact will not survive. c. Any group that does not respect the social fact cannot become dominant. d. Any person who ignores the social fact will encounter difficulty.

ANS: D MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Moderate

REF: Émile Durkheim (II.A.iii) | InQuizitive

23. ________ argued that class struggles were what led to historical progress and development. a. Karl Marx c. Émile Durkheim b. Auguste Comte d. Max Weber ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Karl Marx (II.A.iv)

24. The ideas of Karl Marx might be criticized for what reason?

a. He had no analysis of power imbalances. b. His focus on class conflict risked minimizing or ignoring other social divisions, such as those around race and gender. c. His materialist conception of history relied too much on the ideas people had instead of actual social events. d. He paid no attention to how society produced and distributed goods.

ANS: B MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Difficult

REF: Karl Marx (II.A.iv)

25. Anita puts forward the idea that under capitalism, working people and their bosses will struggle against each other. From this struggle, a new kind of society will emerge. Her thoughts most closely mirror those of which theorist? a. Karl Marx c. Harriet Martineau b. Émile Durkheim d. Max Weber ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Karl Marx (II.A.iv)

26. Society, according to Karl Marx, was a. a fully functioning grouping of social equals. b. primarily divided by social class. c. primarily divided by race. d. made of parts working together for the benefit of the whole.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Karl Marx (II.A.iv)

27. One of the main ways that Karl Marx differs from Max Weber is that a. Marx argued for a scientific study of industrial society. b. Marx argued that industrialization could only take off in the West. c. Marx argued that social change was prompted by economic influences as opposed to ideas or values. d. Marx argued that class struggle causes anomie.

ANS: C MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Difficult

REF: Max Weber (II.A.v)

28. Maria believes that contemporary societies are primarily defined by the rise and maintenance of hierarchical bureaucratic forms of organizing large parts of social life. Her ideas most closely match with those of which theorist? a. Karl Marx c. Harriet Martineau b. Émile Durkheim d. Max Weber ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Max Weber (II.A.v)

29. The German sociologist Max Weber was highly influential in sociology for his studies of a. race relations. c. bureaucracies. b. gender relations. d. suicide.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Max Weber (II.A.v)

30. Max Weber's theoretical contributions might be criticized for a. focusing narrowly on the individual.

b. not taking into account the role of bureaucracy in modern societies. c. ignoring large social institutions. d. ignoring informal processes in organizations that are common in modern societies.

ANS: D MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Difficult

REF: Max Weber (II.A.v)

31. According to the textbook, ________ was the first to turn a sociological eye on previously ignored issues, such as marriage, children, domestic and religious life, and race relations. a. Émile Durkheim c. Harriet Martineau b. W. E. B. Du Bois d. George Herbert Mead ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Harriet Martineau (II.B.i)

32. Chris insists that any decent analysis of our social world must include investigations into the lived experiences of women. Chris's ideas match most closely with those of which theorist? a. Karl Marx c. Harriet Martineau b. Émile Durkheim d. Max Weber ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Harriet Martineau (II.B.i)

33. ________ coined the term double consciousness to refer to the African American experience. a. W. E. B. Du Bois c. Harriet Martineau b. George Herbert Mead d. Robert Merton ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: W. E. B. Du Bois (II.B.ii)

34. Sangeeta argues that African Americans often see themselves through the eyes of white society. Her ideas most closely match with those of which theorist? a. Karl Marx c. Harriet Martineau b. Émile Durkheim d. W. E. B. Du Bois ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: W. E. B. Du Bois (II.B.ii)

35. According to the textbook, George Herbert Mead reasoned that language allows us to become self-conscious beings—aware of our own individuality. This idea forms the basis of the theoretical perspective known as a. symbolic interactionism. c. feminist theory. b. postmodern theory. d. Marxism.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Symbolic Interactionism (II.C.i)

36. Mohammed believes that studies of human behavior should focus primarily on how we construct meaning through abstract representations. His position is closest to which theoretical perspective? a. functionalism c. symbolic interactionism b. Marxism d. feminist theory ANS: C DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: Symbolic Interactionism (II.C.i)

37. Paco has begun using symbolic interaction as a theoretical perspective to think about the role of food in religious ceremonies. What is one possible critique of this approach? a. One cannot use symbols to study religious phenomena. b. Symbolic communication does not matter in religious ceremonies. c. Paco runs the risk of missing larger social context by focusing on symbolic communication. d. Religion involves inner meaning rather than symbolic communication between people.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: Symbolic Interactionism (II.C.i)

38. Theorists of ________, such as Auguste Comte and Émile Durkheim, compared societies to the workings of a human body. a. functionalism c. feminist theory b. postmodern theory d. symbolic interactionism ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Functionalism (II.C.ii)

39. Pierre prefers to think of institutions and human activities by analyzing the relationship of each individual part as it relates to the whole. His way of thinking most closely resembles which theoretical perspective? a. functionalism c. symbolic interactionism b. Marxism d. feminist theory ANS: A DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: Functionalism (II.C.ii)

40. Latisha believes that sociologists need to look at both how our institutions were intended to work and the unintentional effects of those institutions. According to the textbook, this is a major part of which theoretical perspective? a. feminist theory c. symbolic interactionism b. Marxism d. functionalism ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: Functionalism (II.C.ii)

41. One possible criticism of functionalism might be that it a. fails to emphasize the importance of moral consensus in maintaining order and stability in society. b. ignores society's major institutions. c. ignores latent functions of an activity. d. unduly stresses factors leading to social cohesion at the expense of those producing division and conflict.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: Functionalism (II.C.ii)

42. We might identify one of the latent functions of public schools as a. providing low-cost education to the public at large. b. teaching children skills required to function in society. c. training children to obey authority and grow up to become obedient workers. d. teaching children math and science.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: Functionalism (II.C.ii)

43. Marxist and feminist theory often have different objects of study. Why are they both considered conflict theories? a. They regularly contradict each other. b. Marxists and feminists have both been historically ostracized by academia. c. They both focus on the role of power in shaping society. d. They are often criticized by people of color.

ANS: C MSC: Evaluating

DIF: Moderate

REF: Conflict Theories (II.C.iii)

44. A key difference between functionalism and conflict theory is a. functionalism was developed at a time of great social upheaval. b. functionalism emphasizes cooperation while conflict theory stresses competition. c. functionalism is an example of microsociology, whereas conflict theory is an example of macrosociology. d. functionalism stresses the importance of science in the study of sociology.

ANS: B MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Difficult

REF: Conflict Theories (II.C.iii)

45. Janice thinks that sociology should be a science used to bring about radical social change, with particular emphasis on power and ideology. Her position most closely aligns with which theoretical perspective? a. functionalism c. symbolic interactionism b. Marxism d. postmodernism ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Conflict Theories (II.C.iii)

46. Sociologists who use ________ as a theoretical perspective argue that women's lives and experiences are central to the study of society. a. functionalism c. feminist theory b. postmodern theory d. Marxism ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Conflict Theories (II.C.iii)

47. Maynard believes that studying women's experiences is key to understanding modern Russia. According to the textbook, his beliefs most closely align with which theoretical perspective? a. functionalism c. symbolic interactionism b. Marxism d. feminist theory ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Conflict Theories (II.C.iii)

48. Adherents of ________ contend that there are no longer any "grand narratives" or overall conceptions of history or society that make any sense. a. functionalism c. feminist theory b. postmodern theory d. symbolic interactionism ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Postmodern Theory (II.C.iv)

49. Marissa rejects the idea that we can make historical claims about society progressively developing. Her idea most mirrors which theoretical perspective? a. functionalism c. symbolic interactionism b. postmodernism d. feminist theory

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Postmodern Theory (II.C.iv)

50. Relative deprivation theory is an example of a. a theoretical approach. b. a middle-range theory. c. a narrowly focused theory like Durkheim’s theory of suicide. d. an untestable hypothesis.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Moderate Theoretical Thinking in Sociology (II.D)

51. The study of everyday behavior in situations of face-to-face interaction is usually called a. comparative research. c. quantitative research. b. microsociology. d. macrosociology.

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Levels of Analysis: Microsociology and Macrosociology (II.E) MSC: Remembering 52. Abbey studies how people negotiate personal space when they speak to each other in person by closely observing their behaviors. Her study is an example of a. quantitative research. c. macrosociology. b. microsociology. d. survey research.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Levels of Analysis: Microsociology and Macrosociology (II.E) MSC: Applying 53. Jerome looks at how the global economy functions in continental free-trade zones. His studies might be described as a. an ethnography. c. macrosociology. b. microsociology. d. survey research.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Levels of Analysis: Microsociology and Macrosociology (II.E) MSC: Applying 54. ________ is the use of systematic methods of empirical investigation, the analysis of data, theoretical thinking, and the logical assessment of arguments to develop a body of knowledge about a particular subject matter. a. Science b. Theorizing c. Statistics d. Random sampling ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: What Kinds of Questions Can Sociologists Answer? (III) MSC: Remembering 55. Camilo wants to see whether people in France react the same way to authority as people in the United States. He will likely develop what kind of research question? a. factual question c. developmental question b. comparative question d. theoretical question ANS: B

DIF: Easy

REF: What Kinds of Questions Can Sociologists Answer? (III) MSC: Applying 56. Florence is interested in researching how men's lives have changed as women have increasingly entered the workforce. What kind of research question will she be formulating? a. factual question c. developmental question b. comparative question d. theoretical question ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: What Kinds of Questions Can Sociologists Answer? (III) MSC: Applying 57. What is the basic concern behind a developmental question? a. Did this happen everywhere? b. Has this happened over time? c. What happened? d. What underlies this phenomenon?

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: What Kinds of Questions Can Sociologists Answer? (III) | InQuizitive MSC: Understanding 58. Dr. Jun is a sociologist studying first responders in major disasters. Why would Dr. Jun want to ask a factual question? a. to explain why certain professionals are helpful in certain disaster situations b. to track the growth in the first responder profession over time c. to identify how many first responders are present at certain kinds of disasters d. to compare first responder experiences at different types of disasters ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: What Kinds of Questions Can Sociologists Answer? (III) | InQuizitive MSC: Applying 59. Farhang begins his research knowing he wants to compare and contrast the lives of gay and straight teenagers. After some consideration, he decides that he will focus on the differences in self-esteem between gay and straight teenagers. What part of the research process is Farhang in? a. defining the research problem b. working out a design c. reviewing the evidence d. interpreting the results ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: Define the Research Problem (IV.A)

60. Which factor makes something not only a problem but also a puzzle? a. a lack of information b. a relevance to social policy c. a gap in our understanding d. a proposed solution ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Define the Research Problem (IV.A) | InQuizitive

61. Sally has come up with an interesting research question about the behaviors of people who have just achieved what they see as major success in their lives. She finds and investigates as much existing literature on the question as she can find. What part of the research process is Sally in? a. defining the research problem

b. working out a design c. reviewing the evidence d. interpreting the results ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: Review the Evidence (IV.B)

62. Hunches about the nature of the problem can sometimes be turned into definite ________, or educated guesses about what is going on. a. data b. hypotheses c. truth claims d. analyses ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Make the Problem Precise (IV.C)

63. Harpreet wants to research differences in attitudes toward globalization between people from the United States and Colombia. She is creating a survey instrument to give to people from both regions. What part of the research process is she in? a. defining the research problem b. working out a design c. reviewing the evidence d. interpreting the results ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Work Out a Design (IV.D)

64. After working out a design, what is the next step of the sociological research process? a. defining the research problem c. reviewing the evidence b. making the problem precise d. carrying out the research ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Carry Out the Research (IV.E)

65. Sarah has been collecting intensive interviews with women who organize in grassroots movements for wages for housework. Now she is looking over the interviews and trying to find common themes within them. What part of the research process is she in? a. defining the research problem c. working out a design b. reviewing the evidence d. interpreting the results ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: Interpret the Results (IV.F)

66. Allen participated in religious rituals with members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints for two years. He kept field notes of his experiences, identified major themes within the notes, wrote a paper about his process and results, and submitted the paper to a major research journal. What part of the research process is he in? a. defining the research problem c. reporting the findings b. reviewing the evidence d. interpreting the results ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: Report the Findings (IV.G)

67. Identify which of the following research methods is qualitative. a. An observer takes notes on the nonverbal behavior of members of a focus group for car

commercials. b. The number of people in a large gathering is recorded. c. Each person in a sample group is recorded as being either a U.S. citizen or a citizen of another country. d. A researcher compares countries’ currency rates.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: What Research Methods Do Sociologists Use? (V) | InQuizitive MSC: Applying 68. In a(n) ________, the sociologist works or lives with members of a group, organization, or community and perhaps participates directly in its activities as part of the research process. a. ethnographic study c. survey research study b. historical/comparative study d. experiment ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Ethnography (V.A)

69. Michelle has spent the past year among a subculture of twentysomethings who all listen to the same kind of music. She spends time with them, participates in their events, and observes their interactions and behaviors. All the while, she records what she witnesses in her field notebook. What kind of sociological research best describes what Michelle is doing? a. survey research c. ethnography b. experimental research d. comparative research ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Ethnography (V.A)

70. Jennifer wants to collect rich data about the lives of Native Americans who live on reservations. She wants to be able to not only document their lived reality but also to describe it as closely as possible. The best method of research for this kind of study would be a. survey research. c. ethnography. b. experimental research. d. comparative research.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Advantages and Limitations of Fieldwork (V.A.i)

71. Elise collects data on homeless people in New York City by widely distributing structured questionnaires. What kind of sociological research best describes what she is doing? a. survey research c. ethnography b. experimental research d. comparative research ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: Surveys (V.B)

72. If sociologists wanted to study how young people got involved in the Black Lives Matter movement, what method would they likely use? a. Surveys, because they could link this information with social network analysis. b. Experiments, so they could reproduce the conditions in a lab. c. Comparative, since Black Lives Matter is a global social movement. d. Historical, so they could rely on archival material.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: Surveys (V.B)

73. What is a characteristic of fixed-choice questions?

a. b. c. d.

They usually provide more detailed information than open-ended questions.

Respondents express their views in their own words.

They are considered qualitative data.

Answers are easier to compare than answers to open-ended questions.

ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Surveys (V.B)

74. From the sample sizes listed below, choose the minimum sample size that will give a very accurate indication of the attitudes and voting intentions of the entire population. a. 2,000 to 3,000 b. 20,000 to 30,000 c. 200,000 to 300,000 d. 2 million to 3 million ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Sampling (V.B.ii)

75. Identify which of the following is an example of random sampling method. a. A journalist approaches a table at a political event and asks everyone at the table their opinion of the host organization. b. A focus group, made up of volunteers, is asked what they think of three videos promoting water conservation. c. A health insurer uses a computer-generated random list of plan members to conduct a quality-control review. d. An administrative assistant sends a survey about her company's new product to everyone on a subscriber's mailing list.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Sampling (V.B.ii) | InQuizitive

76. A(n) ________ enables a researcher to test a hypothesis under highly controlled conditions established by the investigator. a. ethnographic study c. quantitative study b. experiment d. psychological method ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Experiments (V.C)

77. Why would the development of a social movement like 2017’s #MeToo Movement be incredibly difficult to study using experimental methods? a. Experiments take too long to conduct. b. Experiments require controlled conditions established by a researcher. c. Sociologists who use experiments are usually more politically conservative. d. Activists regularly refuse to participate in experiments.

ANS: B MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Moderate

REF: Experiments (V.C)

78. Wesley conducts research that involves meeting with subjects in a controlled setting. He treats some subjects kindly but behaves rudely to others. He notes how the different groups react to his behavior to make inferences about how people react to kindness and rudeness in certain situations. His research would best be described as a. survey research. c. ethnography. b. experimental research. d. comparative research.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Experiments (V.C)

79. Doug notices in his sample studies that marijuana users are much more likely to report using heroin than people who do not use marijuana. He concludes that marijuana must be a gateway drug—a drug that leads to the use of harder substances. What's wrong with Doug's conclusion? a. His sample data does not demonstrate causality. b. Marijuana users cannot be trusted to report their behavior honestly and accurately. c. Doug could never really know without trying marijuana himself and seeing whether it leads to heroin use. d. Marijuana users would likely be afraid of needles because they are used to smoking their drug of choice.

ANS: A MSC: Evaluating

DIF: Moderate

REF: Experiments (V.C)

80. Max studies marriage rituals in Sweden, India, China, and South Africa to note similarities and differences in the ceremonies. His research would best be described as a. survey research. c. ethnography. b. experimental research. d. comparative research.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: Comparative and Historical Research (V.D)

81. Laud Humphreys's studies on tearooms were controversial because he a. was completely honest with his research subjects. b. studied society to make it better. c. used deception in his research. d. focused on gay men.

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: What Ethical Dilemmas Do Sociologists Face? (VI)

MSC: Remembering

82. ________ is when the research study ends, and the investigator discusses with the subjects their concerns and acknowledges whether strategies such as deception were used. a. Informed consent c. IRB review b. Debriefing d. Triangulation ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: What Ethical Dilemmas Do Sociologists Face? (VI)

MSC: Remembering

83. Identify which of the following is a major reason why sociologists would take part in efforts to achieve social change. a. The study of what is best for society is a question only sociology can address. b. Sociology aims to be rigorously scientific in its account of human group behavior. c. It would be odd if, having studied a social problem, a sociologist had no opinion on the solution. d. Because of their research methods, sociologists are able to completely remove their personal biases from their suggestions for change.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: How Does the Sociological Imagination Affect Your Life? (VII) | InQuizitive MSC: Understanding SHORT ANSWER

1. In two to three sentences, define sociology and how it differs from psychology.

ANS: The response should define sociology as a science that typically studies humans and human behavior in groupings of some sort. This can be juxtaposed in any number of ways to psychology as a discipline because psychology has a tendency to study humans as individuals. The best responses might mention personal troubles being the typical realm of psychology and public issues being the realm of sociology.

DIF: Moderate REF: What Is the "Sociological Imagination"? (I) MSC: Understanding 2. In a paragraph, use your sociological imagination to analyze the prevalence of online harassment. How at risk are young people? Are there differences by gender? Are adults who identify as LGBTQ at risk?

Why do think so many have been cyberbullied?

ANS: Students might discuss the 2017 survey conducted by the Pew Research Center that found that four in ten Internet users have experienced online harassment. With respect to age, students might mention that roughly two-thirds of Internet users between the ages of eighteen and twenty-nine have been the target of online harassment, with 41 percent having experienced severe harassment online, including stalking, physical threats, sexual harassment, or sustained harassment. With respect to gender, students might mention that the study also detected strong gender differences: Young women are much more likely than their male counterparts to experience certain forms of online harassment, including sexual harassment (21 percent vs. 9 percent) (Duggan 2017). With respect to young adults who identify as LGBTQ, students might mention that in a survey of more than 10,500 LGBTQ students between the ages of thirteen and twenty-one, nearly half reported having been cyberbullied in the last year (Kosciw 2016).

With respect to explaining these findings, answers will vary.

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: What Is the "Sociological Imagination"? (I)

3. In a short paragraph, use your sociological imagination to think about the social processes that go into writing an essay for a college course. What is involved?

ANS: The response to this question could cover a couple of points. First, it should address social aspects of writing an essay by talking about social and institutional processes that go into the process. For example, essay writing is typically done on a computer, so students might talk about what makes the computers in their laps (or on their desks) possible. This could include free-trade agreements, mining for rare materials, low-paid workers in mostly underdeveloped countries assembling parts, and so on. Second, the response might also focus on the social processes behind getting ideas—learning from a teacher, who learned from someone else; discussing ideas with colleagues or fellow students; refining the contents of the essay through debate; and so on. Of course, essays could also cover a bit of both of these—the point is to place the activity into a wider social context.

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: What Is the "Sociological Imagination"? (I)

4. In a short paragraph, describe how Karl Marx would analyze the contemporary United States.

ANS:

Answers should focus on power and class divisions within our society but could take positive or negative turns (or both) depending on the narrative the student constructs. For example, from a negative perspective, students may focus on the middle-class squeeze, increasing income inequality, the rise of corporate personhood and power, the merging of state and corporate power, and so on. From a positive perspective, students might focus on the development of minimum-wage laws, greater access to health care, increased social mobility (certainly when compared with Marx's time), and social provisions for the poor, such as welfare, food stamps, and the like.

DIF: Moderate

REF: Karl Marx (II.A.iv)

MSC: Applying

5. W. E. B. Du Bois and Harriet Martineau are the two neglected founders mentioned in the textbook. In a short paragraph, what might this neglect tell us about the history of sociology as a discipline?

ANS: Responses to this question should intertwine the identities of the theorists (an African American and a woman) with what those theorists studied and added to the sociological literature (largely, studies of African Americans' and women's experiences). This analysis gives us a number of details about the discipline that students might mention: (1) it was largely developed and systematized in Europe, so many of the founders of the science are European; (2) it reflects the patriarchal roots of most sciences, founded by men and largely focusing on men's experiences; (3) it reflects the bias that a legacy of racism has left us with—with only one African American theorist added as an afterthought and largely remembered for studying African Americans. These kinds of responses could be argued in a number of ways but should reflect an understanding of gendered and racialized power, even within the sociological canon.

DIF: Moderate

REF: Harriet Martineau (II.B.i)

MSC: Analyzing

6. In three to five sentences, consider how a sociologist influenced by symbolic interactionism might explain gender in the contemporary United States.

ANS: This could take a variety of interesting turns, but answers should focus on symbols and how we collectively construct meaning. Students might focus on how masculinity and femininity are communicated through toys, media, entertainment, and such. Similarly, they might also focus on interactions between people and how approval and disapproval signal that certain kinds of gendered behaviors are "normal," whereas others are deviant. Students might also question the very categories of man and woman and look at how historical processes shape our understanding of available categories.

The larger point, however, should be how those social processes of communication teach us how to do gender "properly," according to societal standards.

DIF: Difficult

REF: Symbolic Interactionism (II.C.i)

MSC: Analyzing

7. In three to five sentences, explain the manifest and latent functions of public schools in the United States.

ANS: Students should focus on the intended purposes of public schools to explain the manifest functions. They might mention providing free education for all citizens regardless of access to wealth, setting standards for basic educational levels for all citizens, keeping our citizens educated to be able to compete with other countries, and instilling certain values into members of our society, to name a few examples.

Latent functions, in contrast, will focus on unintended consequences of public schooling. Here, students might mention training children to be obedient to people in positions of authority, offering unequal educational access because of unequal funding of public schools, and providing a sort of free babysitter for parents who are working.

DIF: Difficult

REF: Functionalism (II.C.ii)

MSC: Applying

8. In a short paragraph, consider how ideology is used to justify the actions of the powerful in American society.

ANS: Students will answer in a variety of ways, largely depending on their own ideological allegiances.

Responses should show how groups or individuals with social power use dominant ideas to maintain that power. One possible response might be the way that faith in markets and the free market system allows wealthy people to continue to get wealthier without allowing for examinations into alternatives to the existing system. Another might point out that ideas that normalize the state's role in the economy—and by extension, our lives—get in the way of market processes that could lead to a more efficient allocation of resources. Similar ideological understandings undergird other power relations, such as those that arise about gender, race, sexuality, ability, age, and so on. The larger point is that students should demonstrate that there are ideas in place that keep those relations of domination and subordination intact.

DIF: Difficult

REF: Conflict Theories (II.C.iii)

MSC: Analyzing

9. What is the difference between microsociology and macrosociology? List one example of each. Your answer should be a paragraph in length.

ANS: Responses to this question might be rather short, and justifiably so. Microsociology refers to studies of everyday behavior among people, and macrosociology focuses on larger social systems and institutions, as well as investigations into their development. Creative students might show how these things interrelate (i.e., everyday human behaviors reproduce social institutions, and social systems influence everyday human behaviors). Examples of microsociology should focus on those everyday processes that constitute much of life as we immediately recognize it, such as how people interact, facial (and other symbolic) cues, household conflicts, and so on. Examples of macrosociology should include investigations into large-scale institutions, such as the capitalist economy and the state, or how those institutions came to exist.

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: Levels of Analysis: Microsociology and Macrosociology (II.E)

10. What are two advantages and two disadvantages of ethnographic fieldwork? Your answer should be a paragraph in length.

ANS: Generally, the strength of ethnographic fieldwork is that it produces rich data about complex social processes. The researcher experiences these social processes with his or her body, which means that broader social processes at work that would otherwise be left uncovered can be identified. However, ethnography is limited in that it can be used only to study small groups (i.e., a given researcher could not do participant observation with an entire nation). Similarly, ethnographic fieldwork is not generalizable to larger populations.

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: Advantages and Limitations of Fieldwork (V.A.i)

11. What is one strength and one limitation of surveys as a research method? Your answer should be a paragraph in length.

ANS:

The strength of surveys is that they allow researchers to collect information from large numbers of respondents. Because the data collected can (generally) be quantified, surveys also allow for precise measures and comparisons between groups or people. Surveys, however, are limited in that data collected may often be superficial—particularly with a bad research design. Standardized survey responses might gloss over important differences that intensive, qualitative interviews might uncover.

Finally, surveys also contain the danger of people claiming beliefs and attitudes that they do not actually hold.

DIF: Moderate

REF: Surveys (V.B)

MSC: Analyzing

12. State a particular research problem. (For example, does the use of social media lower self-esteem?)

Using your example to illustrate each step, discuss how you will complete the seven research steps. Your answer should be one paragraph in length.

ANS: Answers will vary. Students should state the seven steps to doing sociological research, explaining how each step applies to their research question. Here is an example: 1. Define the research problem: Does the use of social media lower self-esteem?

2. Review the evidence: I will review the available evidence related to social media and self-esteem.

3. Make the problem precise: A clear formulation of the research problem may be "Will those that use social media for longer amounts of time have lower levels of self-esteem?"

4. Work out a design: The survey method will be used to collect the data.

5. Carry out the research: Carry out the plan developed in step 4.

6. Interpret the results: The data will be analyzed, testing the hypothesis that those that use social media more often will have lower levels of self-esteem.

7. Report the findings: The research report, usually published as a book or an article in a scholarly journal, will provide an account of the research question, methods, findings, and implications of the findings for social theory, public policy, or practice.

DIF: Difficult MSC: Applying

REF: What Are the Steps of the Research Process? (IV)

CHAPTER 2 Culture and Society CONCEPT MAP I.

What Is Culture?

A. Defining ―Culture‖: Nonmaterial Culture i. Values and Norms ii. Language iii. Speech and Writing B. Defining ―Culture‖: Material Culture C. Culture and Society

II.

How Does Human Culture Develop?

A. Early Human Culture: Adaptation to Physical Environment B. Nature or Nurture?

C. How Nature and Nurture Interact D. Cultural Diversity i. Subcultures ii. Cultural Identity and Ethnocentrism E. Cultural Universals F. Culture and Social Development

III.

What Happened to Premodern Societies?

A. The Earliest Societies: Hunters and Gatherers B. Pastoral and Agrarian Societies C. Traditional Societies or Civilizations

IV.

How Has Industrialization Shaped Modern Society?

A. The Industrialized Societies B. Global Development i. The Global South ii. The Emerging Economies

V.

How Does Globalization Affect Contemporary Culture?

A. Does the Internet Promote a Global Culture?

B. Globalization and Local Cultures

MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. According to the textbook, the sociological study of culture began with which theorist? a. George Herbert Mead c. Émile Durkheim b. Karl Marx d. Max Weber ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: What is Culture? (I)

2. Johann is from the United Kingdom. He sees that women in Afghanistan are often expected to wear head scarves, but women in the United Kingdom are not. He concludes, then, that women in Afghanistan would be freer if their culture were more like that of the United Kingdom. How might sociologists likely critique Johann's position? a. Johann has not yet made an argument for how the United Kingdom might free the women of Afghanistan. b. Johann first needs to look at class relations in the two countries because gender expression is

mainly determined by class. c. Johann cannot make meaningful cross-cultural comparisons without at least four more sample countries. d. Johann would be better served as a social scientist if he avoided those kinds of value judgments.

ANS: D MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Difficult

REF: What is Culture? (I)

3. _______ occur(s) when members of one cultural group borrow elements of another group's culture. a. Ethnocentrism c. Cultural relativism b. Cultural appropriation d. Linguistic relativity ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: What is Culture? (I)

4. When Yale administrators cautioned students to be thoughtful and sensitive in their choice of Halloween costume, their concern was that cultural elements used in some costumes can reduce cultural groups to demeaning stereotypes. This concern is about the issue of a. ethnocentrism. c. cultural appropriation. b. cultural relativism. d. assimilation.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: What is Culture? (I)

5. An American begins to take an interest in the culture of India and starts wearing saris and bindis in public. Another American likes to wear elaborate feathered headdresses to music festivals. These individuals are engaging in what social scientists call a. cultural appropriation. c. cultural relativism. b. assimilation. d. multiculturalism.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: What is Culture? (I)

6. ______ refer(s) to abstract ideals in a given society. a. Norms c. Values b. Cultural relativism d. High culture ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Values and Norms (I.A.i)

7. Laura attends a prestigious university on a full scholarship. Most of her classmates come from upper-class backgrounds. Her own family has trouble making ends meet, and they encourage her to do well in school. They believe that if she works hard, she will be able to escape poverty and achieve the same economic stability as that of her fellow classmates. This belief in the merit of individual achievement is an example of a. a symbol. c. a value. b. cultural appropriation. d. ethnocentrism.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Values and Norms (I.A.i)

8. _______ are widely agreed-upon principles or rules people are expected to observe; they represent the dos and don'ts of social life. a. Norms c. Values b. Signifiers d. Sanctions

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Values and Norms (I.A.i)

9. Candace is doing a comparative study to compare different societies' expectations of how husbands should treat their in-laws. Candace will be analyzing a. values. c. material culture. b. norms. d. instincts.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Values and Norms (I.A.i)

10. ______ is one of the best examples for demonstrating both the unity and the diversity of human culture, because there are no cultures without it. a. Language c. Agriculture b. Writing d. Monogamy ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Language (I.A.ii)

11. Karl notes that in all human societies, people use symbols to communicate ideas to one another. Karl is taking note of a. language. c. emoticons. b. morality. d. poetry.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: Language (I.A.ii)

12. Anthropological linguist Edward Sapir and his student Benjamin Lee Whorf argued that the language we use influences our perceptions of the world. This is known as a. social control theory. c. the linguistic relativity hypothesis. b. the echo chamber. d. structuration theory.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Language (I.A.ii)

13. Many languages may have an equivalent to the color yellow, but an object that may be classified as yellow in one language may not be described so in another. This is an example of a. the linguistic relativity hypothesis. c. culture as ―toolkit.‖ b. the echo chamber. d. culture shock.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: Language (I.A.ii)

14. If the language of a highly individualistic society contains many words and phrases about personal success and individual achievement that someone from a more communal society has difficulty fully understanding, this is an example of a. cultural appropriation. c. culture as ―toolkit.‖ b. Westoxification. d. the linguistic relativity hypothesis.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: Language (I.A.ii)

15. Which of the following is an example of the linguistic relativity hypothesis? a. An indigenous people’s word for coffee is ―cacha.‖ b. A non-English speaking group learns English as a second language at a very high rate due to

the worldwide popularity of English. c. An indigenous people have no equivalent words for planet, Earth, or world. They do not view a macro picture of multiple planets. d. A non-English speaking group adopts particular English words, such as coffee and Earth, into their own language.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Language (I.A.ii) | InQuizitive

16. Writing was first used for what purpose? a. to record the teachings of religious leaders b. to assist in the administrative needs of early civilizations c. to send messages long distances d. to record creation stories ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Speech and Writing (I.A.iii)

17. Pablo studies clothing choices in subcultural groups. He is investigating a. values. c. material culture. b. linguistic relativity. d. instincts.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Defining ―Culture‖: Material Culture (I.B)

18. ______ refer(s) to the physical objects that individuals in society create. These objects, in turn, influence how we live. a. Norms c. Values b. Material culture d. Sociobiology ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Defining ―Culture‖: Material Culture (I.B)

19. Danny studies winks, waves, language, smiles, frowns, laughs, and any other kind of symbolic communication. What is he researching? a. material culture c. emoticons b. signifiers d. cultural relativism ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Defining ―Culture‖: Material Culture (I.B)

20. Carolina studies mainstream American culture. One of her colleagues notices that she consistently ignores material objects, such as food, clothing, and art. Why might her studies be criticized? a. These objects are crucial parts of culture that influence how we live our lives. b. Studying American culture is useless because it has spread all over the globe. c. Culture is a secondary effect of social structures, so Carolina would do better to begin her studies with capitalism and the state. d. Art matters in the context of studying culture (but not food or clothing).

ANS: A DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: Defining ―Culture‖: Material Culture (I.B)

21. Lucy wants to study American culture. Why might sociologists be critical of such a study? a. Americans do not produce their own culture; they only copy others. b. Culture originated with the high art associated with western Europe, not the United States. c. There is no single American culture but rather a contested terrain of mainstream culture and

hundreds, if not thousands, of subcultures. d. Americans are notoriously uncultured people.

ANS: C MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Moderate

REF: Culture and Society (I.C)

22. The textbook defines a(n) ________ as a system of interrelationships that connects individuals. a. culture c. ethnocentrism b. sociobiology d. society ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Culture and Society (I.C)

23. Alice stole a bit of money from her friend Rosa to buy groceries. Rosa finds out and angrily chastises Alice for her behavior. What does this exchange demonstrate? a. instincts c. social control b. cultural appropriation d. cultural relativism ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Culture and Society (I.C)

24. Which of the following examples of social control is informal? a. A man who drinks heavily at social events stops receiving social invitations. b. A woman is sentenced to a year in prison for driving while under the influence of alcohol. c. A social worker explains to a child that the law requires kids to attend some form of school. d. A teenager receives a small fine for littering.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: Culture and Society (I.C) | InQuizitive

25. What distinguished early humans from other animals? a. Early humans were physically superior to all other mammals. b. Early humans relied more on instinct to survive than most other mammals. c. Early humans relied more on culture to survive than other mammals. d. Early humans were less able to adapt to the physical environment than most other mammals.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Early Human Culture: Adaptation to Physical Environment (II.A) MSC: Understanding 26. Kendrick studies which human behaviors might be innate and which might be learned through social processes. His studies contribute most to which sociological debate? a. macro vs. micro b. economics vs. culture c. functionalist vs. conflict d. nature vs. nurture ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Nature or Nurture? (II.B)

27. ______ refers to the application of biological principles to explain the social activities of animals, including human beings. a. Multiculturalism c. Social constructionism b. Sociobiology d. Social Darwinism ANS: B

DIF: Easy

REF: Nature or Nurture? (II.B)

MSC: Remembering 28. Mario is researching how genetic factors influence human behaviors. His research would best be described as a. social constructionism. c. conflict theory. b. sociobiology. d. structural functionalism.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: Nature or Nurture? (II.B)

29. Simone de Beauvoir once famously asserted that "one is not born a woman, but becomes one," to suggest that women are created by cultural forces. How might sociobiologists respond to this? a. De Beauvoir does not account for the role of industrialization in creating the category of woman. b. De Beauvoir misses that what constitutes a woman is biological as well as cultural. c. De Beauvoir fails to show how the category of woman is purely an effect of economics. d. De Beauvoir is correct because our biology determines our culture.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: Nature or Nurture? (II.B)

30. Mihir notes that altruism seems innate to humans rather than learned. Mihir is taking note of a. values. c. material goods. b. norms. d. instinct.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: How Nature and Nurture Interact (II.C)

31. The term ______ does not refer only to people from different cultural backgrounds or to those who speak different languages within a larger society. It can also refer to any segment of the population that is distinguishable from the rest of society by its cultural patterns. a. subculture c. ethnicity b. race d. colony ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Subcultures (II.D.i)

32. Yang is researching how certain groups that live in Spain seem to have their own sets of norms and values that are at times different from mainstream Spanish norms and values. Which sociological concept best describes what he is studying? a. subcultures c. postmodernism b. colonialism d. Westoxification ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Subcultures (II.D.i)

33. According to the textbook, a key difference between subcultures and countercultures is that a. subcultures seek to be absorbed into mainstream culture. b. countercultures are only found in industrialized societies. c. subcultures can often turn into cults due to their inability to allow freedom of expression. d. countercultures reject the values and norms of dominant society.

ANS: D MSC: Evaluating

DIF: Difficult

REF: Subcultures (II.D.i)

34. Scholars have argued that immigrant groups like the Irish and Italians were initially considered a race apart from native-born Anglo-Saxon white Americans. However, over the course of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, Irish and Italian immigrants managed to become part of dominant white culture.

This historical context reveals how different cultures are absorbed into a single mainstream culture, a process also known as a. multiculturalism. c. nationalism. b. ethnocentrism. d. assimilation.

ANS: D MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Moderate

REF: Subcultures (II.D.i)

35. Danny is examining U.S. culture for the possibility that different immigrant communities in the United States maintain more or less separate cultures but might still manage to participate equally in economic and political life. His study focuses on which concept? a. multiculturalism c. globalization b. assimilation d. nationalism ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Subcultures (II.D.i)

36. A society that includes more than one distinct cultural or linguistic group, where no group is dominant over the others, is characterized by a. multiculturalism. c. functionalism. b. ethnocentrism. d. assimilation.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Subcultures (II.D.i)

37. ______ can be defined as judging other cultures in terms of the standards of one's own. a. Multiculturalism c. Cultural relativism b. Ethnocentrism d. Assimilation ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Cultural Identity and Ethnocentrism (II.D.ii)

38. Shannon notes that women in some cultures voluntarily alter their bodies with sometimes painful piercings that, in her opinion, look weird. Based on this, Shannon decides that women in those cultures must be horribly oppressed compared with women in her own culture. Shannon's position might be best interpreted as a. Westoxification. c. cultural relativism. b. ethnocentrism. d. historical materialism.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: Cultural Identity and Ethnocentrism (II.D.ii)

39. Lucinda hears about the common practice among Nordic parents of leaving babies in their strollers outside of restaurants and shops. Although this is an accepted practice in Nordic society, Lucinda concludes that Nordic parents are neglectful and that this behavior should lead to arrest. Lucinda is engaging in a. ethnocentrism. c. cultural relativism. b. multiculturalism. d. assimilation.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Cultural Identity and Ethnocentrism (II.D.ii)

40. Which pair of concepts consists of two direct opposites?

a. b. c. d.

ethnocentrism and cultural relativism semiotics and signifiers norms and values culture and cultural universals

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Cultural Identity and Ethnocentrism (II.D.ii) | InQuizitive MSC: Understanding 41. According to the textbook, two cultural universals particularly stand out in human societies. They are _______ and _______. a. ways of expressing meaning; material goods b. material goods; money c. competition; ways of expressing meaning d. competition; money ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Cultural Universals (II.E)

42. According to the textbook, marriage is a cultural universal, which means that a. norms that relate to marriage are the same across all cultures. b. due to globalization, divorces in Western societies will inevitably spread and influence the rest of the world. c. marriage always involves one man and one woman even through marriage ceremonies across cultures. d. marriage is present in all societies even though the norms related to marriage may differ.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: Cultural Universals (II.E)

43. Michelle claims that all human cultures are different and cannot be compared. How might sociologists critique her claim? a. They would not. All cultures are different and cannot be meaningfully compared. b. Sociologists would respond that we cannot talk about human culture because it is not separate from our natural environment. c. They would criticize it because it focuses on something as vague as human culture instead of our institutions. d. Sociologists would point out that there are cultural universals that all human cultures seem to share.

ANS: D MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Moderate

REF: Cultural Universals (II.E)

44. Ana is studying the ways different societies socially sanction and formally approve of certain sexual relationships. As she studies this in each society, she will come across a. countercultures. c. marriage. b. industrialization. d. cultural appropriation.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Cultural Universals (II.E)

45. Which of the following statements concerning writing is the most accurate? a. Writing has had little impact on culture. b. For most of human history, humans communicated by writing. c. The development of writing made possible different forms of social organization than those

that had previously existed. d. Writing has not changed over the last fifty years.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Culture and Social Development (II.F)

46. Hector is doing research on a tribe called the Malagasians. This group organizes itself in highly participatory ways, moves around frequently, and affords older people respect within the group. This group could be described as a. pastoral. c. industrial. b. agrarian. d. hunter-gatherer.

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: The Earliest Societies: Hunters and Gatherers (III.A)

MSC: Applying

47. According to the chapter, compared with larger societies—particularly modern societies, such as the United States—most hunting and gathering groups are a. egalitarian. c. competitive. b. materialistic. d. authoritarian.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: The Earliest Societies: Hunters and Gatherers (III.A)

MSC: Remembering

48. Societies whose subsistence derives from the rearing of domesticated animals are called ________ societies. a. agrarian c. hunting and gathering b. industrialized d. pastoral ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Pastoral and Agrarian Societies (III.B)

49. Societies whose means of subsistence are based on agricultural production (crop growing) are called ______ societies. a. pastoral c. agrarian b. hunting and gathering d. industrialized ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Pastoral and Agrarian Societies (III.B)

50. Rosa notes in her comparative historical research that one group she studied was sedentary but was not fully industrialized and relied primarily on crops as its means of livelihood. This group would best be classified as a. pastoral. c. industrial. b. agrarian. d. hunter-gatherer.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: Pastoral and Agrarian Societies (III.B)

51. What is the key difference between pastoral and agrarian societies? a. Pastoral societies have gender equality, while agrarian societies are male-dominated. b. Agrarian societies grow crops for food, while pastoral societies raise livestock. c. Pastoral societies combine government and religion, while agrarian societies keep them separate. d. Agrarian societies have well-defined territorial borders, while pastoral societies do not.

ANS: B

DIF: Easy

REF: Pastoral and Agrarian Societies (III.B) | InQuizitive

MSC: Understanding

52. Medina is looking at the historical period in which smaller groupings of humans developed into much larger societies, often ruled by kings, queens, and emperors, with the creation of cities and increasing inequality. She is studying the birth of what most sociologists call a. civilization. c. nation-states. b. religion. d. society.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: Traditional Societies or Civilizations (III.C)

53. The textbook refers to the emergence of machine production based on the use of inanimate power resources (such as steam or electricity) as a. capitalism. c. globalization. b. civilization. d. industrialization.

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: How Has Industrialization Shaped Modern Society? (IV) MSC: Remembering 54. Frank notices that at some point in relatively recent times humans in some places began using machines powered by nonhuman means, such as water and steam. Frank is noting what process? a. nationalism c. industrialization b. civilization d. globalization ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: The Industrialized Societies (IV.A)

55. Chen studies the process through which Brazil is shifting from workers mostly working in fields and living in rural villages to people living in cities and working in factories, offices, and the like. He is noting how Brazil is becoming a(n) ______ society. a. pastoral c. industrial b. agrarian d. postmodern ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: The Industrialized Societies (IV.A)

56. The process whereby Western nations established their rule in parts of the world away from their home territories is called a. assimilation. c. industrialization. b. cultural appropriation. d. colonialism.

ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Global Development (IV.B)

57. Sweta studies how Britain came to control large parts of India before the Indian independence movement. It could be said that she is studying a. emerging economies. c. industrialization. b. nationalism. d. colonialism.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: Global Development (IV.B)

58. Sociologists often refer to less-developed societies, in which industrial production is either virtually nonexistent or developed only to a limited degree, as a. the developing world. c. emerging economies. b. industrialized societies. d. the Global North.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Global Development (IV.B)

59. Jia Yin notes that in many countries, industrial development is, more or less, nonexistent. She is taking note of the a. urban core. c. industrializing of countries. b. emerging of society. d. developing world.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: Global Development (IV.B)

60. Colonialism may involve either large-scale immigration and settlement by the colonizing population or only a small-scale influx of administrators who govern the native population for the benefit of the colonizing power. Historically, what has been the relation between the type of colonialism and the eventual industrialization of the colonized nation? a. Colonization by large-scale settlement leads to greater industrialization. b. Colonization by a small cadre of administrators leads to greater industrialization. c. Neither type tends to lead to industrialization. d. Both types tend to lead to industrialization within a century or so.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Global Development (IV.B) | InQuizitive

61. Most nations in the Global South became independent states a. immediately after World War I. b. immediately after the fall of communism. c. with the aid of China. d. since World War II, often following bloody anticolonial struggles.

ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: The Global South (IV.B.i)

62. Although the majority of developing countries lag behind industrialized societies, some have now successfully embarked on a process of industrialization. These are sometimes referred to as a. emerging economies. c. industrialized societies. b. the Global North. d. colonies.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: The Emerging Economies (IV.B.ii)

63. Deric studies Singapore and the process through which it has begun developing a strong industrial base.

It might be said that he is studying a. an emerging economy. b. a colony. c. a postmodern society. d. a Western society.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: The Emerging Economies (IV.B.ii)

64. Why might sociologists criticize the idea that the world is made up of many isolated cultures? a. The idea assumes that we can provide a reasonably coherent definition of culture. b. Sociologists might note the rise of the Internet and globalization as features of different cultures being connected. c. Sociologists would likely criticize the idea because of its underlying multiculturalism.

d. The idea suggests that human communities actually have different cultures when we have shown that culture is the same everywhere.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: How Does Globalization Affect Contemporary Culture? (V) MSC: Analyzing 65. Identify which of the following contributes to the globalization of culture. a. national policies such as the ―Great Firewall of China‖ b. the increasing economic clout of small-scale producers, such as microbreweries c. the proliferation of international organizations, such as the United Nations d. growing respect and recognition for regional dialects and languages ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: How Does Globalization Affect Contemporary Culture? (V) | InQuizitive MSC: Understanding 66. Which language is the main language for the plurality of Internet users? a. English b. Chinese c. Spanish d. Hindi ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Does the Internet Promote a Global Culture? (V.A)

67. What is a characteristic of social media in Saudi Arabia? a. Criticism of the royal family is widespread on messaging apps like Telegram and WhatsApp. b. The FaceTime app on iPhones is used by the Saudi government to disseminate official propaganda. c. Twitter is banned in Saudi Arabia. d. Women in Saudi Arabia are able to engage in Internet discussions that would be forbidden in public.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: Does the Internet Promote a Global Culture? (V.A)

68. ______ is a sense of identification with one's people that is expressed through a common set of strongly held beliefs. a. Ethnocentrism c. Symbolic interactionism b. Nationalism d. Ideology ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Globalization and Local Cultures (V.B)

69. In Ireland, the number of Irish speakers significantly decreased during British Colonialism. Now, although most Irish people speak English, they are required to learn Irish in schools and Irish is the country's first official language. What does the push to reintroduce Irish as the country's predominant language reflect? a. nationalism c. linguistic relativity b. racism d. globalization ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Globalization and Local Cultures (V.B)

70. The Taliban enforced strict, traditional rules about modest dress and the prohibition of alcohol, in part to resist the spreading influence of Western culture. This response at the local cultural level is an example of a. democratization. c. nationalism. b. colonialism. d. assimilation.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: Globalization and Local Cultures (V.B)

SHORT ANSWER 1. What is cultural appropriation? Provide examples. Do you believe that it is harmful? Why or why not?

Your answer should be one paragraph in length.

ANS: Cultural appropriation occurs when members of one cultural group borrow elements of another’s culture, such as when a non-Indian person dons a sari or a non-Japanese person wears a kimono. The reason it is harmful is because sometimes cultural appropriation can reduce an entire way of life to a demeaning stereotype that exacerbates historically unequal power relations. Students might also mention the Halloween controversy at Yale where students were sent an email asking them to consider the following questions: (1) For a funny costume, is the humor based on ―making fun‖ of real people, human traits, or cultures? (2) For a historical costume, does it further historical inaccuracies or misinformation? (3) For a cultural costume, does it reduce cultural differences to stereotypes or jokes?

(4) For a religious costume, does it mock or belittle someone’s deeply held faith tradition?

DIF: Difficult

REF: What is Culture? (I)

MSC: Evaluating

2. In a short paragraph, please define culture and give one example of how it affects your daily life.

ANS: Culture refers to the values, norms, and material goods characteristic of a given group. Students might write about the guiding norms and values of a given society. They might write about material culture in the form of art, clothing, food, and the like. They might refer to culture as a sort of tool kit or design for living that can be juxtaposed to instinct. The best responses will combine all of these functions and highlight that culture gives us symbolic representations to communicate, to guide us in our lives, and to express both similarities (with other people and groups) and differences in terms of how we live our lives and how we think about ourselves and our relationships with each other and the world around us.

DIF: Easy

REF: What is Culture? (I)

MSC: Understanding

3. In a couple of sentences, please describe the difference between values and norms. What are some examples of each?

ANS: The textbook answers this directly. Students should highlight that values are abstract ideals that are widely held by people in a given social grouping. Norms, on the other hand, are the agreed-upon dos and don'ts of behavior in such groupings. Examples of values, then, might include such abstract principles as monogamy, industriousness, a strong work ethic, an aversion to violence, and so on. Norms would focus on specific behaviors. For example, people should not cheat on their spouses, lie on their tax returns, punch someone for no reason, and so on. It should be noted that, depending on the cultural context, these values and norms might be reversed.

DIF: Easy

REF: Values and Norms (I.A.i)

MSC: Analyzing

4. How does instinct differ from culture, and why is the distinction important to sociologists? Please answer in three to five sentences.

ANS: Instinct is genetic and is a fixed pattern that all normal members of a given species exhibit. Culture, however, is learned and typically differs widely between human communities. The distinction is important to sociologists for two main reasons: (1) studying what might be instinct gives sociologists—particularly those interested in sociobiology—an idea of what might be human nature; (2) sociologists use it to construct debates referred to as nature vs. nurture in attempts at mapping the social from the biological.

DIF: Moderate MSC: Evaluating

REF: How Nature and Nurture Interact (II.C)

5. In three to five sentences, please define subcultures and explain why they are important for sociological studies. Please include at least one or two examples of subcultures in your answer.

ANS: Students might mention that smaller societies tend to be culturally uniform, whereas larger societies, particularly industrial societies, are composites of many cultures. Subcultures, then, are those composites that are different from what a given society's mainstream culture is. Sociologists believe that subcultures are important for study because they are a constituent part of our larger societies. Further, studies of subcultures can show us where social antagonisms might arise (the textbook mentions, for example, colonization and immigration). Similarly, studies of subcultures allow us to investigate processes such as assimilation or resistance strategies that some subcultures might deploy.

DIF: Moderate

REF: Subcultures (II.D.i)

MSC: Evaluating

6. In a couple of sentences, please explain the concept of multiculturalism and why it matters for sociology as a study of social groups.

ANS: The text defines multiculturalism as the viewpoint according to which ethnic groups can exist separately and share equally in economic and political life. The textbook does not offer a lot of information on why it is important, but students should be able to think about this sociologically in their responses.

Sociologically, multiculturalism is often used as a way of intervening in research that is ethnocentric or as a tool for self-reflection to make sure one does not allow ethnocentric views to cloud one's analysis.

DIF: Difficult

REF: Subcultures (II.D.i)

MSC: Evaluating

7. In a couple of sentences, please explain the concept of cultural relativism and some possible benefits and pitfalls of it.

ANS: The book defines cultural relativism as judging a culture's practices by its own standards. Student responses to benefits and pitfalls will likely center on two main themes. First, the main benefit of cultural relativism is the ability to avoid bias in analysis—particularly bias that comes from a person in a position of privilege. The book uses the example of clitoridectomies to show how cultural frames of genital mutilation are used to analyze and talk about the practice and often refer to it as barbaric, backward, and the like. This example also shows a possible pitfall to cultural relativism—that is, critics of cultural relativism often argue that it can hide practices that are harmful and are, perhaps, better made visible by outsiders. Students may use similar examples, but the larger frame stands as a tension between avoiding bias and having clear standards for human behavior.

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: Cultural Identity and Ethnocentrism (II.D.ii)

8. In two to three sentences, please define the concept of cultural universals and describe what they can tell us about human societies.

ANS: Student responses should highlight cultural features of all human societies. The book lists many of them, including language, marriage, religious rituals, and property rights. Responses about what they tell us about human societies will likely differ depending on the answers given, but students should note that because these are cultural universals, they show some of the things that define us as human beings.

DIF: Moderate

REF: Cultural Universals (II.E)

MSC: Creating

9. In a couple of sentences, please compare hunting and gathering societies to civilizations. In your answer, discuss power and wealth differences.

ANS: Students should note that there was little difference in power and wealth in hunting and gathering societies compared with civilizations. Hunting and gathering societies were usually participatory rather than competitive. Also, there was little difference among members of the society in the number or kinds of material possessions; there were no divisions of rich and poor. Furthermore, hunters and gatherers had little interest in developing material wealth beyond what was necessary for their basic needs. In civilizations, there were pronounced inequalities of wealth and power, and kings or emperors ruled.

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: Traditional Societies or Civilizations (III.C)

10. In a couple of sentences, please answer the following question: Are developing countries merely societies that have lagged behind the more industrialized areas? In your answer, talk about colonialism and the impact of the globalized economy on developing nations.

ANS: Students should mention the role of colonialism in shaping the relationship between the former colonial powers and the colonized. Developing countries are not merely societies that have lagged behind the more industrialized areas. They have been created largely by contact with Western industrialism, which has undermined the earlier, more traditional systems that were in place.

DIF: Difficult

REF: Global Development (IV.B)

MSC: Analyzing

11. In a short paragraph, please explain the role that globalization has played in the transformation of our world. Has it resulted in the homogenization of the world's diverse cultures, the flourishing of many individual cultures, or both? Give concrete examples, making sure to cite examples from the textbook.

ANS: Students should mention the role of technology in both homogenizing the world and supporting individual cultures. With respect to supporting local cultures, the Internet enables them to communicate with others who share their cultural identity, even when they are dispersed around the world. For example, dancehall, like reggae, which originated as part of a youth culture in Jamaica’s poor neighborhoods, today has spread to the United States, Europe, and anywhere there has been a large Caribbean migration. With respect to supporting homogenization, students might mention the dominance of the English language and Western values on the Internet. Any well-reasoned argument for either position is acceptable.

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: How Does Globalization Affect Contemporary Culture? (V)

CHAPTER 3 Socialization, the Life Course, and Aging CONCEPT MAP VI.

VII.

VIII.

IX.

How Are Children Socialized?

A. Theories of Child Development i. G. H. Mead and the Development of Self ii. Charles Horton Cooley and the Looking-Glass Self iii. Jean Piaget and the Stages of Cognitive Development B. Agents of Socialization i. Families ii. Schools iii. Peer Relationships iv. The Mass Media v. Work C. Social Roles D. Identity E. Gender Socialization i. Reactions of Parents and Adults ii. Gender Learning iii. Race Socialization What Are the Five Major Stages of the Life Course?

A. Childhood B. The Teenager C. Young Adulthood D. Midlife or ―Middle Age‖ E. Later Life How Do People Age? A. The Meanings of ―Age‖ B. Growing Old: Trends and Competing Sociological Explanations i. The First Generation of Theories: Functionalism ii. The Second Generation of Theories: Social Conflict iii. The Third Generation of Theories: Life Course Perspectives What Are the Challenges of Aging in the U.S.?

A. Health Problems B. Elder Abuse C. Social Isolation D. Prejudice

MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Someone claims that socialization only takes place during infancy; a sociologist would counter this by saying socialization takes place a. in adulthood. c. during young adulthood. b. in childhood. d. throughout our entire lives.

ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: How Are Children Socialized? (I)

2. Adam’s dad reminds him to sneeze into his sleeve the next time he sneezes. Adam’s dad is engaging in the process of a. ageism. c. life course development. b. socialization. d. resocialization.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: How Are Children Socialized? (I)

3. Brian, a four-year-old boy, was observed by his preschool teacher grabbing toys away from other children. His teacher approached Brian and discussed with him why this behavior was inappropriate.

What process was occurring during this discussion between Brian and his teacher? a. ageism c. life course development b. socialization d. resocialization ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: How Are Children Socialized? (I)

4. The stories of Caitlyn Jenner and Coy Mathis in the textbook illustrate the importance of a. understanding that our lives are a product of both individual biographies and sociohistorical context. b. proper medical treatment. c. peers to emulate and learn from. d. access to schooling and formal education.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: How Are Children Socialized? (I)

5. Sixty-six-year-old Caitlyn Jenner had to relearn how to walk, dress, and interact with others in her new role as a woman. This process is known as a. social dominance. c. social reproduction. b. resocialization. d. socialization.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: How Are Children Socialized? (I)

6. During socialization, children learn the ways of their parents and ancestors, thereby allowing the society to _______ over time. a. socially reproduce itself c. have conflict among the generations b. drastically change itself d. biologically reproduce itself ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: How Are Children Socialized? (I)

7. Sociologists who study child socialization emphasize a. that socialization occurs between the ages of five and fourteen. b. the significance of brain development. c. the role of genetics. d. the importance of human contact.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: How Are Children Socialized? (I)

8. One of the most distinctive features of human beings compared with other animals is a. our self-awareness, or the sense that one has an identity distinct and separate from others. b. the short time that we raise our children. c. how much we socialize with other members of our species.

d. our ability to live in isolation.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: How Are Children Socialized? (I)

9. Identify the scenario that represents successful social reproduction. a. A community of immigrants relinquishes its ethnic past and assimilates into its new local culture. b. Before dying out, a civilization leaves behind detailed written records of its history. c. At a utopian commune, the whole group, not organized into nuclear families, raises children. d. A revolutionary movement seizes power and institutes a series of dramatic political and cultural reforms.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: How Are Children Socialized? (I) | InQuizitive

10. Which theorist would be MOST interested in how children learn math? a. Jean Piaget b. George Herbert Mead c. Charles Horton Cooley d. Janice McCabe ANS: A MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Difficult

REF: Theories of Child Development (I.A)

11. According to George Herbert Mead, children develop as social beings by imitating the actions of those around them. Which example would he most likely use to elaborate this point? a. Fatima, learning at school c. Marcus, reading a book b. Connie, playing piano d. Jamel, playing with friends ANS: D MSC: Evaluating

DIF: Easy

REF: G. H. Mead and the Development of Self (I.A.i)

12. Celine likes to pretend she is a mechanic. She uses her father’s screwdriver to repair her toy cars. George Herbert Mead would say she is a. developing a self-consciousness. c. being egocentric. b. taking on the role of the other. d. developing a social self.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: G. H. Mead and the Development of Self (I.A.i)

13. According to George Herbert Mead, young children develop a sense of self by a. going through distinct stages of sensorimotor development. b. going to school and learning to read. c. going to church and gaining a soul. d. imitating the actions of those around them.

ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: G. H. Mead and the Development of Self (I.A.i)

14. Susan wore girl’s clothes, as she usually does, to school on the first day of kindergarten. Her teacher and fellow students treated her as a girl, as she is usually treated. According to George Herbert Mead's theory of socialization, Susan sees herself through the eyes of others who treat her as a girl. In other words, Susan has developed a. an "I." c. a social self.

b. her concrete operational stage.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

d. an ego.

REF: G. H. Mead and the Development of Self (I.A.i)

15. According to George Herbert Mead's theory of socialization, children develop _______ by coming to see themselves as others see them. a. a soul c. self-consciousness b. intelligence d. an ego ANS: C DIF: Difficult MSC: Remembering

REF: G. H. Mead and the Development of Self (I.A.i)

16. At nine years old, Arjun began playing organized sports, learning that teams are supposed to play by the rules of the game. According to George Herbert Mead, Arjun is developing an understanding of a. the "I." c. the generalized other. b. the "me." d. socialization.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: G. H. Mead and the Development of Self (I.A.i)

17. Which theorist would be most interested in how we feel and think about ourselves when others insult us? a. Jean Piaget b. George Herbert Mead c. Charles Horton Cooley d. Janice McCabe ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Charles Horton Cooley and the Looking-Glass Self (I.A.ii) MSC: Analyzing 18. What is one criticism that can be made of Charles Horton Cooley’s theory of the looking-glass self? a. Individuals seldom take action to bring others around to their own views of themselves. b. Individuals do not passively accept what others think of them. c. Individuals rarely consider how others see them. d. Individuals develop a sense of self that is not affected by how others react to them.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Charles Horton Cooley and the Looking-Glass Self (I.A.ii) MSC: Analyzing 19. What would sociologists conclude is one difficulty that arises when applying Jean Piaget's approach to the study of child development to all children across all societies and cultures? a. In American culture, the family is far more important than any other agent of socialization. b. Schooling is far more important than the family in the concrete operational stage. c. Piaget underestimated the role of the ego in children. d. The development of formal operational thought depends in part on one’s education.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: Jean Piaget and the Stages of Cognitive Development (I.A.iii) MSC: Evaluating 20. David likes to talk with others, but what he says is more or less unrelated to what the other speaker said.

Piaget would argue that David is in which stage of cognitive development? a. egocentric stage c. sensorimotor stage b. preoperational stage d. concrete operational stage

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Jean Piaget and the Stages of Cognitive Development (I.A.iii) MSC: Applying 21. At age three Emily was beginning to master her spoken language, but she was also able to use her hands to speak some words in sign language. According to Jean Piaget, what stage of cognitive development was Emily in? a. concrete operational c. formal operational b. preoperational d. egocentric ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Jean Piaget and the Stages of Cognitive Development (I.A.iii) MSC: Applying 22. Eleven-year-old Evan was asked by his math teacher, "If Adam is older than Bill and Bill is older than Cathy, who is the oldest?" This question was too abstract for Evan, and he was unable to answer. This shows that Evan is in which stage of development? a. the egocentric stage c. the concrete operational stage b. the formal operational stage d. the preoperational stage ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Jean Piaget and the Stages of Cognitive Development (I.A.iii) MSC: Analyzing 23. In second grade, Reina was earning A's on her math tests, which included multiplication and division.

According to Jean Piaget, what stage of cognitive development is Reina in? a. the preoperational stage c. the formal operational stage b. the concrete operational stage d. the generalized other stage ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Jean Piaget and the Stages of Cognitive Development (I.A.iii) MSC: Applying 24. In which exchange is the child’s speech egocentric? a. Adult: ―I like hot dogs.‖ Child: ―I’ll trade you my hot dog for your cookie.‖ b. Adult: ―I like hot dogs.‖ Child: ―I like hamburgers better.‖ c. Adult: ―I like hot dogs.‖ Child: ―I like real dogs better.‖ d. Adult: ―I like hot dogs.‖ Child: ―I like fire engines.‖ ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Jean Piaget and the Stages of Cognitive Development (I.A.iii) | InQuizitive MSC: Applying 25. Groups or social contexts in which significant processes of socialization occur are known as a. agents of socialization. b. social roles. c. social gerontologists. d. generalized others.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Agents of Socialization (I.B)

26. In which context is primary socialization MOST likely to occur? a. families b. schools

c. peer groups d. workplaces ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Agents of Socialization (I.B)

27. Growing up in rural Idaho, there are many agents of socialization for Albert, but _______ is/are the most significant agent(s) of his socialization. a. television and magazines c. friends b. family d. teachers ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: Families (I.B.i)

28. For most individuals in modern society, ________ is/are the agent(s) of socialization that is/are most responsible for their early childhood development. a. their preschool c. the television b. their friends at school d. the family ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Families (I.B.i)

29. Devonte and Michelle have one child. This social formation is known as a. a nuclear family. c. a secondary group. b. a normal family. d. a peer group.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: Families (I.B.i)

30. A mechanism through which schools socialize children is the hidden curriculum. Which of the following is an example of the hidden curriculum in schools? a. teaching students proper English b. the subtle ways that boys and girls are exposed to different messages and curricular materials from their teachers c. teaching students the importance of math d. making certain that students learn proper use of the comma ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Schools (I.B.ii)

31. According to the textbook, peer groups can be defined as social groups in which members a. grew up in the same household. b. have the same hair color. c. are of similar age and have common interests. d. were born in the same country.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Peer Relationships (I.B.iii)

32. Given the high proportion of women now in the workforce whose young children play together in day-care centers and preschool, _______ is/are more important than ever before. a. the extended family b. the nuclear family c. the peer group d. babysitters

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Peer Relationships (I.B.iii)

33. Chelsea started playing video games for three hours a day and her mother is scared of the impact video games might have on Chelsea. Should Chelsea's mother be worried? a. Yes. Chelsea plays nonviolent rapid-action games, and even games with no violent imagery can desensitize players to violence. b. No. Even though Chelsea plays rapid-action games with very violent imagery, there is no evidence that suggests that these types of games desensitize players to violence. c. Yes. All fast-paced video games harm children’s cognitive development. d. It depends. Research has shown both positive and negative correlations between video games and school performance.

ANS: D MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Moderate

REF: The Mass Media (I.B.iv)

34. Jesse, a server at a large chain restaurant, feels exhausted after trying to keep customers happy all day.

What sociological pattern does Jesse's experience fit into? a. the need to raise the minimum wage for food service workers b. the difficulty of men asserting their emotions c. the many workers who must learn how to "feel" on the job d. the need for the social role of service workers to garner more respect ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

35. Functionalists argue that social roles a. change every few generations. b. are related to social power.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Work (I.B.v)

c. are the same in all societies. d. remain relatively stable.

REF: Social Roles (I.C)

36. As a doctor, Ivan is expected to follow certain standards, such as keeping patient information confidential. What would a sociologist call these expectations? a. social outcomes c. social identities b. social roles d. social norms ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Social Roles (I.C)

37. According to sociologists, which of the following best describes the relationship between identity and socialization? a. Through socialization, individuals are robbed of their individuality and free will. b. Through socialization, we lose the identity we were born with. c. Through socialization, each person develops an identity and capacity for individual thought and action. d. After the age of twelve we have already been socialized into the identity that we will have for the rest of our lives.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Identity (I.D)

38. This term refers to the process of self-development through which we formulate a unique sense of ourselves and our relationship to the world around us.

a. individual identity b. generalized identity ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

c. social identity d. self-identity REF: Identity (I.D)

39. Sociologists argue that social and geographic mobility have affected our self-identities in which way? a. Our self-identities are more multifaceted. b. Our self-identities are more rigid and unchanging. c. We have a difficult time forming self-identities. d. Our social identities are overwhelming our self-identities.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Identity (I.D)

40. The learning of gender roles through social factors such as the family and the media is known as a. gender socialization. b. gender typing. c. gender fluidity. d. gender binary.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering 41. Gender socialization begins at a. infancy. b. toddlerhood.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Gender Socialization (I.E)

c. early adolescence. d. adolescence.

REF: Reactions of Parents and Adults (I.E.i)

42. Researchers examined the ways that boys and girls are portrayed in children’s programming on three networks. There was some evidence that characters were depicted behaving in stereotypical ways, where boys were more likely to be aggressive ―rescuers‖ and girls were more likely to show affection. What is the sociological implication of this research? a. Gender roles don't solidify until most people reach their teens. b. Girls probably don't enjoy aggressive activities as much as boys. c. Television programs teach important yet subtle lessons about gender. d. The entertainment industry is responsible for creating gender conflict in U.S. society.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Gender Learning (I.E.ii)

43. By what age do children generally have a partial understanding of what gender is? a. ten c. five b. at birth d. two ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Gender Learning (I.E.ii)

44. The verbal and nonverbal messages that older generations transmit to younger generations regarding the meaning and significance of race, racial stratification, intergroup relations, and personal identity is known as a. social reproduction. b. resocialization. c. the hidden curriculum.

d. race socialization.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Race Socialization (I.E.iii)

45. Although race socialization has historically focused on raising Black children to fit in and get ahead in a racist world, scholars today recognize that white children, too, should be socialized to a. learn to be proud of their white heritage. b. recognize and fight racism. c. recognize and fight reverse racism. d. become color blind.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Race Socialization (I.E.iii)

46. In modern societies, death is most commonly associated with old age, but a few hundred years ago, death was most commonly associated with infancy. How do sociologists understand this transformation? a. People are generally happier in contemporary society. b. The life course is influenced by cultural and material circumstances. c. Earlier societies had an inaccurate understanding of death. d. Modern societies have higher health disparities across race.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: What Are the Five Major Stages of the Life Course? (II)

MSC: Understanding

47. At the age of eight, Ricky is in school and is not required to have a job. Would expectations likely have been similar for Ricky's great-great-grandfather? a. Yes, as long as Ricky and his great-great-grandfather were brought up in similar socioeconomic backgrounds. b. Yes, childhood has been a distinct life stage for at least 500 years. c. No, because the quality of education was not as good in the past. d. No, because childhood only became a distinct stage of the life course in contemporary society.

ANS: D MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Difficult

REF: Childhood (II.A)

48. Pointing to medieval paintings in which children were portrayed with mature faces and participating in the same work and play activities as adults, French historian Philippe Aries made the argument that a. children were considered nuisances. b. childhood did not exist in medieval times. c. children had the same rights as adults. d. children often married very young.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Childhood (II.A)

49. Why, according to some researchers, is the nature of childhood as a distinct stage of life diminishing in modern societies? a. Children are entering the workforce sooner than a few decades ago. b. Children are in greater danger of becoming crime victims. c. Medications prescribed for children are causing earlier onset of puberty. d. Children are consuming the same entertainment as adults.

ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Childhood (II.A) | InQuizitive

50. Which statement best characterizes what it is like to be a teenager today? a. The idea of the teenager is becoming less relevant today. b. The process of psychosexual development is easier to negotiate than in the past. c. The process of unlearning childish pursuits is much less jarring than in the past. d. Teenagers today are betwixt and between, navigating the often-complicated space between childhood and adulthood.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: The Teenager (II.B)

51. Which stage of the life course is best characterized as a psychological turning point where men and women may assess their past choices and accomplishments and make new choices that prepare them for the second half of life? a. teenager b. young adulthood c. midlife d. later life ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Midlife or ―Middle Age‖ (II.D)

52. What is one conclusion that sociologists can draw from comparing thirty-year-olds in 1975 and 2015? a. Thirty-year-olds are meeting more markers of adulthood than they did in 1975. b. Thirty-year-olds in 1975 had better job opportunities. c. Thirty-year-olds are not meeting as many of the markers of adulthood as they did in 1975. d. Career took a backseat to family for thirty-year-olds in 1975.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Young Adulthood (II.C)

53. Why are older adults of great interest to policymakers? a. Older adults tend to have a lot of money. b. Older adults are less likely to vote. c. Older adults are the life stage group seeing the greatest growth. d. Policymakers are more likely to be older themselves.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Later Life (II.E)

54. According to your textbook, which of the following is a reason that the meaning of the term aging is changing today? a. People are not living as long as they used to. b. Medicare and Social Security are expanding to include younger adults. c. There are more social programs for older people. d. Advances in nutrition and health have enabled people to live longer.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: The Meanings of ―Age‖ (III.A)

55. The discipline concerned with the study of the social aspects of aging is known as a. social gerontology. c. age studies. b. social chronology. d. elder studies.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Growing Old: Trends and Competing Sociological Explanations (III.B)

MSC: Remembering 56. According to 1950s functionalist theorist Talcott Parsons, failure to find adequate roles for the elderly in U.S. society will cause them to a. be alienated from society. b. organize social movements to struggle for more social programs. c. retire to other countries. d. move in with their adult children.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: The First Generation of Theories: Functionalism (III.B.i)

MSC: Understanding

57. Which of the following best summarizes how disengagement theory views the elderly? a. As people age, they are more interested in watching TV than interacting with others. b. As people age, they no longer want to participate fully in society. c. As people age, they need to be removed from their traditional roles in order to free up those roles for the younger generation. d. As people age, they are not given the same respect as the younger generation.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: The First Generation of Theories: Functionalism (III.B.i)

MSC: Applying

58. Critics of functionalist theories of aging argue that these theories a. place too much emphasis on the importance of the elderly in modern societies. b. emphasize the need for the elderly to adjust to existing societal conditions rather than participate in changing them. c. give too much agency to the elderly in defining their own role in society. d. focus too little on racial inequalities affecting the elderly.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: The First Generation of Theories: Functionalism (III.B.i)

MSC: Analyzing

59. According to activity theory, both the elderly and society can benefit a. if the elderly retire from their jobs so that the younger generation can fill them. b. if the elderly remain physically active but refrain from too much social activity. c. if the elderly remain socially active but do not tax themselves physically. d. if the elderly remain actively engaged in work and other social roles as long as they can.

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: The First Generation of Theories: Functionalism (III.B.i)

MSC: Understanding

60. Both activity and continuity theory suggest that remaining active and engaged as we age is a good thing, but they differ primarily in what way? a. the kind of activities that the elderly participate in b. the willingness of the elderly to maintain the exact same activities as they grow older c. the extent to which the elderly are isolated as they grow old d. the extent to which the elderly are able to adapt to new activities ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: The First Generation of Theories: Functionalism (III.B.i) | InQuizitive MSC: Understanding 61. According to ________ theories of aging, social institutions that favor those who have the most economic power are the source of many of the problems of aging. a. social conflict c. social psychological

b. functionalist

d. life course

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: The Second Generation of Theories: Social Conflict (III.B.ii) MSC: Remembering 62. A key difference between conflict and functionalist theoretical perspectives on aging is that a. functionalist theory tends to see the elderly as victims of the stratification system that denies them opportunities. b. conflict theory attributes the participation of the elderly in satisfying activities to individual willpower and personalities. c. conflict theory emphasizes the role of social structures in shaping the opportunities available to older adults. d. functionalist theory stresses that older people can be productive to society as long as they pursue activities that are consistent with their personalities and lifestyle choices.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: The Second Generation of Theories: Social Conflict (III.B.ii) MSC: Analyzing 63. What statistical reality about older people today tends to support the perspective promoted by conflict theory in the 1980s? a. Low poverty rates among the elderly are a fact today. b. There are high poverty rates among black and Hispanic unmarried older women. c. Social conflict between the elderly and other age groups has lessened considerably. d. The elderly have increasing opportunity to remain active members of society.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: The Second Generation of Theories: Social Conflict (III.B.ii) | InQuizitive MSC: Remembering 64. Which perspective would most carefully consider how the smartphone has shaped the aging process? a. disengagement theory b. continuity theory c. conflict theory d. life course theory ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: The Third Generation of Theories: Life Course Perspectives (III.B.iii) MSC: Analyzing 65. Most individuals over 65 years of age a. lead active, independent lives. b. suffer from mental disabilities. c. are foreign-born. d. suffer from arthritis.

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: What Are the Challenges of Aging in the U.S.? (IV)

MSC: Remembering

66. Among the elderly, which group is most likely to be independent, healthy, and actively engaged? a. young old c. middle old b. old old d. oldest old ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: What Are the Challenges of Aging in the U.S.? (IV)

MSC: Remembering

67. Compared to the old old and the oldest old, the young old are most likely to be economically independent, healthy, and active. These differences are not only due to the effects of aging, but they also reflect the fact that a. the young old came of age during the post–World War II period of strong economic growth. b. the young old grew up with social norms that emphasized independence and hard work. c. the young old have better health care and nutrition. d. the young old are more politically active.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: What Are the Challenges of Aging in the U.S.? (IV)

MSC: Understanding

68. Among the elderly, which group is most likely to experience poor health, isolation, and economic insecurity? a. young old c. middle old b. old old d. oldest old ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: What Are the Challenges of Aging in the U.S.? (IV)

MSC: Remembering

69. A seventy-seven-year-old woman is currently struggling with foreclosure, living on a ―patchwork of welfare,‖ and coping with a system of institutions that seem to make her life difficult. Her experience with aging has been shaped by her earlier life, as well as by social and historical contexts. This is consistent with which theoretical perspective? a. social conflict b. life course c. continuity d. disengagement ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: What Are the Challenges of Aging in the U.S.? (IV) | InQuizitive MSC: Understanding 70. Despite having access to Medicare, the elderly spend about _______ of their income on health care. a. 13 percent c. 33 percent b. 50 percent d. 1 percent ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Health Problems (IV.A)

71. Elder abuse is present when an elderly person experiences which of the following? a. a nutritious diet c. difficulty accessing health care b. poverty d. neglect and abandonment ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Elder Abuse (IV.B)

72. Elderly people in the United States are likely to be stereotyped as a. lonely. c. aggressive. b. intelligent. d. financially savvy.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Social Isolation (IV.C)

73. Emma was asked to volunteer at the senior center after school a few times a week. She was reluctant to do so because even though she loves seeing her own grandparents, she views the elderly as old-fashioned, senile, and embittered. Emma's stereotypes of the elderly were most likely learned from a. mass media and popular entertainment. b. her parents. c. her grandparents. d. the elderly she meets on the street.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Prejudice (IV.D)

SHORT ANSWER 1. Which theorist do you believe provides a more accurate explanation of child development today: George Herbert Mead or Jean Piaget? Explain in three to four sentences.

ANS: The student must explain which theory he or she believes is the most accurate and why. Mead views child development as a process that happens through social interaction with others. Children develop a social self by responding to the reactions of others, and they achieve self-consciousness by becoming aware of this social identity as well as the generalized other (i.e., the shared norms and expectations of society). Although Piaget also views child development as a series of stages, he focused much less on social interaction in his analysis. Piaget argued that children go through four stages of cognitive development where they learn about the environment around them and become able to engage in abstract, logical thought. Mead believed that as children become adults they move through all stages of development and come to see themselves as others see them. Piaget, on the other hand, argued that not all children will reach the last stage of development, and thus some adults will be incapable of abstract, hypothetical thought.

DIF: Moderate MSC: Evaluating

REF: Theories of Child Development (I.A)

2. Pick a game you played as a child and use it to explain, in three to four sentences, George Herbert Mead's theory of the development of the self and the process children go through to acquire self-consciousness.

ANS: To answer this question, the student must explain how, according to George Herbert Mead, children become socialized. The student must pick a game that allows him or her to explain the main concepts used by Mead: social self, self-consciousness, and the generalized other. The social self is the identity conferred on an individual by the reactions of others. A person achieves self-consciousness by becoming aware of this social identity. The generalized other is the shared norms and expectations of society. An example of a childhood game might be Little League baseball. In the game of baseball, a child must learn the different positions on the team, what is expected of each position, and how each position on the team relates to the others.

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: G. H. Mead and the Development of Self (I.A.i)

3. According to Piaget, the first three stages of cognitive development (sensorimotor, preoperational, and concrete operational) are universal, but some adults never reach the fourth stage (formal operational).

According to the text, "The development of formal operational thoughts depends in part on one's education, which may foster abstract reasoning." In three to four sentences, hypothesize why you think that might be.

ANS: The development of formal operational thought depends in part on processes of schooling. Adults of limited educational attainment tend to continue to think in more concrete terms and retain large traces of egocentrism. Students should offer an explanation of some mechanisms of schooling that might facilitate this pattern.

DIF: Difficult MSC: Evaluating

REF: Jean Piaget and the Stages of Cognitive Development (I.A.iii)

4. Imagine that you and your family want to raise a child in a gender-neutral way. In three to four sentences, compare how agents of socialization other than your own family would affect the process of gender-neutral socialization as your child grows into a young adult.

ANS: To answer this question, the student must explain how agents of socialization play an important role in gender socialization, the learning of gender roles through social factors. To begin, the student should explain that the family plays the primary role in socializing children into the social world, yet many other agents of socialization have a significant impact on gender socialization. To explain the difficulties of raising a child in a gender-neutral way, the student could examine how other agents of socialization, such as mass media, peer groups, work, or school communicate gender norms and identities to children and adults alike. An examination of at least one of these agents should demonstrate how gender socialization is very powerful and how gender-typed expectations are fulfilled and reproduced in everyday life.

DIF: Difficult

REF: Agents of Socialization (I.B)

MSC: Analyzing

5. Your textbook begins chapter 3 with the example of six-year-old Coy and her use of the girls' bathroom.

In three to four sentences, explain how Coy's self-identity may have been shaped by this situation and the role that different agents of socialization played in this process. Which agent of socialization do you think would have the greatest impact on Coy's self-identity? Explain.

ANS: To answer this question, the student must explain the role of various agents of socialization in shaping our social identities. Using Coy's story, the student should explain the process of socialization as one in which a child becomes self-aware and forms a social identity. In the example of Coy using the girls' bathroom, the agents of socialization that are involved are her family, her classmates and peers, and the school officials. Coy's self-identity is shaped by all these agents of socialization and their conflicting ideas of appropriate gender roles for a six-year-old.

DIF: Difficult

REF: Agents of Socialization (I.B)

MSC: Analyzing

6. Pick one agent of socialization other than your family and, in three to four sentences, explain the role it played in your socialization as a child.

ANS: To answer this question, the student must explain socialization as the process by which we learn a self-identity as well as develop the social skills to get along in society. The student should pick an example of one of the following agents of socialization: work, peer groups, media, or schools. One example that a student could pick is a peer group in high school. In this example, the student might explain how through interaction with friends in school, he or she learned what was expected as a young man or woman, what was considered appropriate dress, how to interact with members of the opposite sex, and so on. The student should explain how these interactions affected his or her self-identity, the role the student played in the peer group, and the expectations of the student based on this role.

DIF: Moderate

REF: Agents of Socialization (I.B)

MSC: Applying

7. A person can have several social identities at one time, and these social identities can have a profound impact on the person's self-identity. Using yourself as an example, name three social identities you have and, in one sentence each, explain how they influence your self-identity.

ANS: People's identities are largely informed by their membership in broad social groups, but at the same time, people are unique individuals. The student should explain the relationship between these two identities through a personal example. A personal example might include a student who is a woman, a volleyball player, a daughter, a girlfriend, and a Muslim. Her self-identity is shaped by the intersection of these different social identities: she may see herself as caring, intelligent, hardworking, and spiritual.

DIF: Difficult

REF: Identity (I.D)

MSC: Applying

8. Choose one of the five stages of the life course—childhood, teenager, young adulthood, middle age, and old age—and explain in a few sentences how the stage you chose is different in modern societies compared with more traditional societies.

ANS: To people living in modern societies, childhood is a clear and distinct stage of life. Children are different from babies or toddlers; childhood is the stage between infancy and adolescence. In earlier societies, the young moved directly from a lengthy infancy into working roles within the community. The idea of the teenager is a much more recent idea. The biological changes involved in puberty (the point at which a person becomes capable of adult sexual activity and reproduction) are universal, yet in many cultures, these physical changes do not produce the degree of emotional turmoil and uncertainty often found among teens in modern societies. Young adulthood as a stage of personal and sexual development is unique to modern societies. Middle age is also significantly different in modern societies. Most people do not expect to be doing the same thing all their lives, as was the case for the majority in traditional cultures. Midlife is a turning point where men and women often make choices that prepare them for the second half of life. Finally, the last stage is old age. In traditional societies, older people were normally accorded a great deal of respect. In some cultures, elders usually had a say in matters of importance to the community. Within families, the authority of both men and women typically increased with age. In industrialized societies, by contrast, older people tend to lack authority within both the family and the wider social community. Surviving until the life course stage of elder in a traditional culture often marked the pinnacle of the status an individual could achieve. In modern societies, old age tends to bring the opposite consequences.

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: What Are the Five Major Stages of the Life Course? (II)

9. Given the elderly people you know, distinguish which theory of aging (activity theory, disengagement theory, or conflict theory) you think best explains the situation of most elderly people in today's society.

Explain your answer in three to four sentences.

ANS:

According to disengagement theory, it is functional for society to remove people from their traditional roles when they become older, thereby freeing up those roles for others. Given the increasing frailty, illness, and dependency of older people, it becomes increasingly dysfunctional for them to occupy traditional social roles they are no longer capable of adequately fulfilling. Older adults, therefore, should retire from their jobs, pull back from civic life, and eventually withdraw from other activities as well.

Disengagement is assumed to be functional for the larger society because it opens up roles older individuals formerly filled for younger people, who presumably will carry them out with fresh energy and new skills. Disengagement is also assumed to be functional for older people because it enables them to avoid taxing roles. Activity theory, however, argues that people who are busy leading fulfilling and productive lives can be functional for society. The guiding assumption is that an active individual is much more likely to remain healthy, alert, and socially useful. In this view, people should remain engaged in their work and other social roles as they age. Conflict theorists criticize these theories of aging and argue that these theories emphasize the need for the elderly to adapt to existing conditions, either by disengaging from socially useful roles or by actively pursuing them, instead of questioning whether the circumstances the elderly face are just. These theorists stress the ways in which the larger social structure helps shape the opportunities available to the elderly; unequal opportunities are seen as creating the potential for conflict. Using personal experiences of elderly people the student knows, he or she needs to explain which of these theories best explains their situations.

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: Growing Old: Trends and Competing Sociological Explanations (III.B)

10. List at least three of the physical, emotional, and financial challenges facing older adults in the United States. Decide which one of these challenges you think you will face when you are elderly; explain why in a couple of sentences.

ANS: To answer this question, the student must list four problems affecting the elderly: health problems, social isolation, elder abuse, and prejudice. The elderly are affected by many health problems because older people suffer from more health problems than younger people. Some of the social issues regarding health involve access to adequate health care. The elderly are also more likely to experience social isolation. Future generations may suffer more from social isolation than older people do today.

Changing patterns of family structure, including increases in divorce and a decline in remarriage, may mean that an increasing proportion of older people will live alone. A majority of such people will likely be women, given the fact that women on average outlive men. Another problem is elder abuse, which may take many forms: physical, sexual, emotional, or financial abuse, neglect, or abandonment. The elderly are most likely to be abused by someone other than a spouse or child. Finally, the elderly are likely to experience prejudice in the form of ageism. Prejudice or discrimination based on age, like all prejudices, is fueled in part by stereotypes. Older adults are frequently seen as perpetually lonely, sad, infirm, forgetful, dependent, senile, old-fashioned, inflexible, and embittered. After listing at least three issues, the student should explain which challenges he or she is likely to face and why.

DIF: Difficult MSC: Evaluating

REF: What Are the Challenges of Aging in the U.S.? (IV)

CHAPTER 4 Social Interaction and Everyday Life in the Age of the Internet CONCEPT MAP I.

What Is Social Interaction and Why Study It? A. Focused and Unfocused Interaction B. Nonverbal Communication i. Face, Gestures, and Emotion ii. Nonverbal Communication in the Digital Age

II.

III.

IV.

V.

C. Nonhumans in Social Interaction How Do We Manage Impressions in Daily Life?

A. Social Roles B. Front and Back Regions C. Impression Management What Rules Guide How We Communicate with Others?

A. Ethnomethodology B. Interactional Vandalism C. Response Cries D. Personal Space E. Eye Contact How Do Time and Space Affect Our Interactions?

A. Clock Time B. The Compulsion of Proximity How Do the Rules of Social Interaction Affect Your Life?

A. Women and Men in Public i. Interaction on the ―Digital Street‖ B. Race and the Public Sphere

MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The sociologist who contributed to the field of microsociology and emphasized the importance of understanding the seemingly trivial aspects of everyday social behavior was a. Erving Goffman. c. Émile Durkheim. b. Elijah Anderson. d. Karl Marx.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: What Is Social Interaction and Why Study It? (I)

2. According to Erving Goffman, reality is neither fixed nor static but created through a. mass media. c. human interactions. b. human ideas. d. human mistakes.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: What Is Social Interaction and Why Study It? (I)

3. According to Erving Goffman, one of the reasons it is important to study subtle day-to-day interactions is because a. they reveal how humans are like other primates. b. they can be used to measure a person's intelligence. c. we can learn a great deal about ourselves as social beings. d. they can inform us about political and military strategy.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: What Is Social Interaction and Why Study It? (I)

4. Two people are standing together in an elevator, but they do not speak to each other or look each other in the eye. Erving Goffman called this type of interaction a. focused interaction. c. civil inattention. b. interactional vandalism. d. compulsion of proximity.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

5. Civil inattention is defined as

REF: What Is Social Interaction and Why Study It? (I)

a. b. c. d.

acknowledging the presence of others but avoiding interaction. totally ignoring the presence of others. acting rude and inappropriate. pretending you do not know someone whom you have met before.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: What Is Social Interaction and Why Study It? (I)

6. What is the definition of agency? a. having responsibility for someone else’s welfare b. the ability to think, act, and make independent choices c. being part of a formal, institutionalized social structure d. the capacity to perceive reality and form opinions ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: What Is Social Interaction and Why Study It? (I) | InQuizitive MSC: Remembering 7. Unfocused interaction is when people a. ignore each other completely in a small space. b. exhibit mutual awareness but do not engage in face-to-face interaction. c. demonstrate how they perceive others through body language. d. communicate over email or text message.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Focused and Unfocused Interaction (I.A)

8. Trevor takes the subway to and from work. He usually wears his headphones and listens to his music on the subway. He is careful not to bump shoulders with the passengers next to him when he is standing on the crowded train. Trevor engages in ______ on the subway. a. social positioning c. impression management b. focused interaction d. unfocused interaction ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Focused and Unfocused Interaction (I.A)

9. When Jane arrived at the party, her friend Alyssa came over immediately to say hello. According to Erving Goffman, this is an example of a. controlled alertness. c. unfocused interaction. b. focused interaction. d. interactional vandalism.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: Focused and Unfocused Interaction (I.A)

10. How does our current age of Internet communication complicate Goffman's concepts of focused and unfocused interaction? a. In online interactions, people generally have more control over how they are perceived than people engaging in face-to-face interactions. b. In online interactions, people are constantly sharing their feelings and have less control over how they are perceived than those engaging in face-to-face interactions. c. Online interactions allow for more focused interactions than face-to-face social encounters. d. The clever and funny use of emojis makes it much easier to express one's feelings online than in face-to-face interactions.

ANS: A MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Difficult

REF: Focused and Unfocused Interaction (I.A)

11. Encounters always need _______, which indicates that civil inattention is being discarded and focused interaction will begin. a. impression management c. an opening b. audience segregation d. controlled alertness ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Focused and Unfocused Interaction (I.A)

12. Identify which of the following social interactions is focused. a. A seated bus rider moves his feet so a rider who is carrying luggage can pass. b. Someone repairing a machine gives instructions to an assistant. c. A surfer riding a wave steers to avoid hitting another surfer. d. A woman rolls her eyes and sighs when a man shoves her on the train.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Focused and Unfocused Interaction (I.A) | InQuizitive

MSC: Applying

13. The exchange of information about human emotion through facial expressions, gestures, and movements of the body is called a. nonverbal communication. c. agency. b. response cries. d. projection.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Nonverbal Communication (I.B)

14. Gestures and body postures that are an important part of nonverbal communication are a. universal and the same in all cultures. b. neither universal nor the same in all cultures. c. unique to each person. d. embedded in our DNA. ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Face, Gestures, and Emotion (I.B.i)

15. According to the research by Paul Ekman and W. V. Friesen, who developed the Facial Action Coding System, the modes of human emotional expression a. vary across cultures. c. are similar across cultures. b. change as we grow older. d. are the same among almost all mammals.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Face, Gestures, and Emotion (I.B.i)

16. According to Charles Darwin, basic human emotional expressions a. are exactly the same as the basic emotional expressions of other primates. b. are the same in all human beings. c. vary widely, depending on the culture one is in. d. are learned and vary among cultures.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Face, Gestures, and Emotion (I.B.i)

17. If one wanted to show that the relationship between emotions and facial expressions has nothing to do with culture, which research technique would make the most sense? a. Observe the facial expressions of children who were born blind. b. Ask children how they learned to frown when angry, and so on.

c. Ask children to draw pictures of a sad person, a surprised person, and so on. d. Observe the facial expressions children make when they don’t know they’re being watched.

ANS: A MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Moderate

REF: Face, Gestures, and Emotion (I.B.i) | InQuizitive

18. Katrina, who is sixteen years old, would consider it rude for someone to read a book during a conversation. However, she thinks that someone reading and responding to messages on his or her phone is socially acceptable. One reason that young people may find nothing wrong with answering texts during a conversation is that a. they believe online interaction can enhance face-to-face interaction, especially if one is looking up information relevant to the conversation. b. they believe online communication is more important than face-to-face communication. c. people can use nonverbal communication in face-to-face interactions. d. there is an expectation to keep up with the latest technology and applications.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Nonverbal Communication in the Digital Age (I.B.ii)

MSC: Applying

19. Jane sent her boss an email suggesting that they have a performance review to see whether she was ready for a raise. Her boss replied in an email that Jane was out of line and that she would give her a performance review at the same time as other employees. Face-to-face communication may have helped Jane avoid upsetting her boss by a. allowing her to pressure her boss by looking her straight in the eye. b. allowing her to respond to her boss's anger in real time. c. allowing Jane to claim gender discrimination without putting it in writing. d. allowing her to evaluate her boss's body language before suggesting she was ready for a raise.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: Nonverbal Communication in the Digital Age (I.B.ii)

MSC: Applying

20. An example of ______ is when humans endow nonhumans with human capacities, making them viable others in social interaction. a. projection b. microanalysis c. ethnos d. a cosmopolitan canopy ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Nonhumans in Social Interaction (I.C)

21. Alexa, a virtual personal assistant, is an example of a. how artificial intelligence has allowed human–nonhuman interaction to become more and more sophisticated. b. how nonhumans cannot be viable others in social interaction. c. how nonhumans cannot evoke human empathy and feelings of companionship. d. how Erving Goffman’s predictions of human–nonhuman interaction has come true.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Nonhumans in Social Interaction (I.C)

22. According to Erving Goffman, social interaction is like a. playing basketball in a gym. c. swimming in a pool. b. playing baseball in a stadium. d. performing a play in a theater.

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: How Do We Manage Impressions in Daily Life? (II)

MSC: Remembering

23. You may be a sibling, a spouse, a student, an employee, and a parent. These are called a. background expectancies. c. occupations. b. stereotypes. d. social positions.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

24. Another term for status is a. structure. b. agency.

ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Social Roles (II.A)

c. saving face. d. social position.

REF: Social Roles (II.A)

25. Socially defined expectations of a person in a given social position are referred to as a. social facts. c. values. b. social roles. d. background expectancies.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Social Roles (II.A)

26. Arrive to class on time, raise your hand before speaking, turn in assignments on time—these expectations are part of the ______ of students. a. back region c. background expectancies b. social role d. values ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: Social Roles (II.A)

27. What do sociologists call the social prestige (high or low) that society accords to a group of people? a. status c. front region b. agency d. structure ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Social Roles (II.A)

28. As a medical doctor, Enrique has the privilege of being called Dr. Chavez. This is because our society gives high ______ to medical doctors. a. agency c. status b. wages d. expectations ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Social Roles (II.A)

29. Social positions can be both general and specific. Which of the following is an example of a general social position in American society? a. politician c. woman b. doctor d. basketball player ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Social Roles (II.A)

30. Social positions can be both general and specific. Which of the following is an example of a specific social position in American society? a. Asian American c. man b. doctor d. lesbian ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Social Roles (II.A)

31. The social positions that a person occupies determine that person's a. social roles. c. gender. b. ideas. d. agency.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Social Roles (II.A)

32. A teacher might be quite formal in the classroom but use profanity or substandard speech in the teacher’s lounge. According to Erving Goffman, if students are the ―audience,‖ then the teacher’s lounge would be the teacher’s a. front region. b. back region. c. neutral space. d. ―extended‖ personal space.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Front and Back Regions (II.B)

33. A student might sit upright in the classroom but engage in ―sloppy sitting‖ in the cafeteria at lunch time.

According to Erving Goffman, if the ―audience‖ is the teacher, then the classroom would be the student’s a. front region. b. back region. c. neutral space. d. ―extended‖ personal space.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Front and Back Regions (II.B)

34. If a CEO wears a suit and tie to a board meeting and later in the day changes into jeans and a T-shirt to attend a football event with friends, he is engaging in a. saving face. c. controlled alertness. b. impression management. d. ethnomethodology.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Impression Management (II.C)

35. Wearing a new dress on a first date is an example of a. nonverbal communication. c. impression management. b. controlled alertness. d. compulsion of proximity.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Impression Management (II.C)

36. Maria's friend posted an unflattering and unprofessional picture of her on Facebook. Maria was embarrassed and quickly took it down because she is friends with many of her coworkers on Facebook.

This is an example of a. impression management. c. controlled alertness.

b. regionalization.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

d. interactional vandalism.

DIF: Moderate

REF: Impression Management (II.C)

37. People engage in _______ to reconcile their role in one part of life with their role in another part of their social world. a. social distance c. zoning b. audience segregation d. regionalization ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Impression Management (II.C)

38. An example of audience segregation is a. a student asking their parent not to chaperone on a class trip. b. inviting the families of both spouses over for a holiday, even though they are uncomfortable around each other. c. a woman texting with her friend while sitting with her family. d. taking a friend to a concert to introduce her to music she has never heard before.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Impression Management (II.C)

39. While grocery shopping, you run into your sociology professor. This creates an awkward interaction because you are not used to seeing her outside of class and you are not sure how to behave. The interaction is awkward because it violated (your) a. audience segregation. c. sense of agency. b. status. d. social position.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Impression Management (II.C)

40. To understand a conversation, we need to understand _______, which is why electronic communication, such as email or text messaging, can lead to miscommunication. a. the social context c. search procedures b. personal space d. emoticons ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: What Rules Guide How We Communicate with Others? (III) MSC: Understanding 41. Ethnomethodology is the study of a. how people make sense of what others say and do in social interactions. b. how people learn language. c. the methods sociologists use. d. extraordinary social events that occur over space and time.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Ethnomethodology (III.A)

42. According to Harold Garfinkel, people use ______ to organize everyday conversations. a. controlled alertness c. massive ―search procedures‖ b. background expectancies d. time space ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Ethnomethodology (III.A)

43. Harold Garfinkel asked his students to engage a friend or relative in conversation and to insist that casual remarks or general comments be actively pursued to make their meaning precise. The students were asked to engage in what Garfinkel calls a. a search procedure. b. a response cry. c. catfishing. d. compulsion of proximity.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Ethnomethodology (III.A)

44. Which expression comes closest to being a synonym for ―ethnomethodology‖? a. conversational norms b. commonsense psychology c. the study of race d. macrosociology ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Ethnomethodology (III.A) | InQuizitive

45. Suppose an employee of a large corporation feels that she is being treated unfairly by the firm but needs the income and does not want her supervisors to be angry with her. To draw negative attention to the firm without risking her own job, she writes a weekly blog harshly criticizing her employers and revealing unflattering information about the firm. This is an example of a. response cries. c. audience segregation. b. interactional vandalism. d. impression management.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Interactional Vandalism (III.B)

46. An example of interactional vandalism in an online setting can be a. users who rely on profanity to get their message across. b. users who intentionally post inappropriate comments to provoke an emotional response. c. bosses who prohibit their employees from posting on social media. d. employees who post pictures of themselves on social media enjoying their day off.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Interactional Vandalism (III.B)

47. Interactional vandalism is defined as a. a subordinate person breaking the tacit rules of interaction. b. a high-status person refusing to interact. c. two people having a miscommunication. d. social avoidance.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Interactional Vandalism (III.B)

48. According to the textbook, interactional vandalism is likely to have the effect of a. challenging status positions. c. leaving victims disoriented. b. encouraging violence. d. breaking down audience segregation.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Interactional Vandalism (III.B)

49. According to the definition in your textbook, identify the scenario that would be considered trolling. a. posting complaints about your coworkers on a gripe message board b. constantly interrupting your professor with questions about the lecture c. passing an untrue rumor along to a fellow student via a handwritten note d. a visitor to a Mac users online technical support forum intentionally posting wrong answers to other users’ questions ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Interactional Vandalism (III.B) | InQuizitive

50. During a dinner at a fancy restaurant, a young woman knocks over a glass of water as she reaches for the salt. As the water soaks the tablecloth she exclaims, "Oops, sorry!" This is an example of a. a response cry. c. a status marker. b. interactional vandalism. d. nonverbal communication.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: Response Cries (III.C)

51. Edward T. Hall identifies how many zones for personal space? a. one c. three b. two d. four ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Personal Space (III.D)

52. According to Edward T. Hall, which zone of personal space is only acceptable during an encounter with your spouse or romantic partner? a. personal distance c. social distance b. public distance d. intimate distance ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Personal Space (III.D)

53. One difficulty with applying Edward T. Hall's theories of nonverbal communication, including his definition of personal space, is a. that the theory was written so long ago it is no longer applicable to our current moment. b. that most nonverbal communication now takes place in an online setting. c. that cultural differences play a major role in defining nonverbal communication like personal space. d. that the theory was written from a male perspective and does not take into account women's experiences.

ANS: C MSC: Evaluating

DIF: Moderate

REF: Personal Space (III.D)

54. Whites in the United States have been known to look intently at Black people walking past. This staring behavior is most likely a. an attempt to conform to the norm that strangers or chance acquaintances should look intently at the other. b. an indication of hostile intent. c. an attempt to appear likable. d. a sign of trust.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Eye Contact (III.E)

55. According to research cited in your textbook, Asians are more likely than persons from Europe or the United States to regard a person who makes eye contact as a. angry or unapproachable. b. likable or pleasant. c. intelligent or credible. d. confident or polite.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Eye Contact (III.E)

56. Erving Goffman noted that people can present themselves as more tidy and formal by keeping front and guest-accessible rooms clean and nicely furnished. Today, people can use privacy settings on social media sites to limit who can see their posted content. People may also use social media to maintain close friendships with people in other parts of the world. All three of these are examples of a. regionalization. c. civil inattention. b. personal space. d. nonverbal communication.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: How Do Time and Space Affect Our Interactions? (IV)

MSC: Applying

57. Before the Internet and smartphones became standard features of most people's lives in the United States, people mainly relied on phone calls or letters to exchange information with friends, dating partners, and business associates. This earlier context of communication lacked a. time-space. c. instantaneousness. b. clock time. d. proximity.

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: How Do Time and Space Affect Our Interactions? (IV)

MSC: Understanding

58. Throughout our day we alternate our activities and where they take place according to what sociologists call a. time-space. c. social distance. b. personal space. d. social expectations.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: How Do Time and Space Affect Our Interactions? (IV)

MSC: Remembering

59. Our actions throughout the day are generally organized according to both the time of day and a. information. c. mood. b. other people. d. space.

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: How Do Time and Space Affect Our Interactions? (IV)

MSC: Understanding

60. A young woman sleeps from midnight to 5 AM in her apartment bedroom, eats breakfast in her kitchen from 6 to 6:30 AM, works in her law office from 8:30 AM to 5 PM, has dinner with her friends from 5:30 to 7:30 PM, and then returns to her apartment to watch TV. This scenario illustrates the sociological concept of a. personal space. c. social distance. b. regionalization. d. ethnomethodology.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: How Do Time and Space Affect Our Interactions? (IV)

MSC: Applying

61. Social life is divided into different settings or zones. These social zones, such as a kitchen and a bedroom, are separated physically but also by

a. time. b. income.

c. modern architectural design. d. interior design principles.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: How Do Time and Space Affect Our Interactions? (IV)

MSC: Understanding

62. In modern societies, large-scale social institutions are organized by timing of activities. a. clock time c. the ―digital street‖ b. search procedures d. ethnos ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

, which allows for the precise

REF: Clock Time (IV.A)

63. For what social function are clocks essential? a. ensuring that laborers perform enough work to earn their wages b. coordinating the activities of workers over time and across large distances c. predicting natural disasters, such as storms and earthquakes d. governing society by the principle of representative democracy ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Clock Time (IV.A) | InQuizitive

64. Sociologists Deirdre Boden and Harvey Molotch argue that even with the growth of electronic communication, such as text messaging and email, people have a strong need to interact in each other's presence. They call this concept a. focused interaction. c. impression management. b. compulsion of proximity. d. status.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: The Compulsion of Proximity (IV.B)

65. Lenhart's 2015 study showed that the majority of teens had made new friends through online communication. This ability to establish new relationships without the benefit of face-to-face interaction challenges what Boden and Molotch (1994) called a. the importance of nonverbal communication. b. the compulsion of proximity. c. unfocused interaction. d. focused interaction.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: The Compulsion of Proximity (IV.B)

66. Which of the following is an example of the compulsion of proximity? a. John and Irma went to high school together and reconnected on Facebook. b. Maria and Thomas met online and communicated using email, text messages, and the phone regularly, but they did not feel a real connection until they met in person for the first time over coffee. c. Trevor and Alyssa broke up, and now they dislike having to see each other in their sociology class. d. Travis and Alma do not know each other, but the bus they are on is very crowded, which forces them to rub shoulders.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: The Compulsion of Proximity (IV.B)

67. Sociologist Carol Brooks Gardner linked the face-to-face interactions of women being harassed by men to the larger social system of male privilege in public spaces, women's physical vulnerability, and the omnipresent threat of rape. Her analysis of these interactions shows the importance of linking _______ and _______ to understand social interaction. a. gender; class c. norms; actions b. harassment; violence d. microsociology; macrosociology ANS: D DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: Women and Men in Public (V.A)

68. How do microanalysis and microanalysis intersect when male construction workers direct catcalls at female pedestrians passing a job site? a. Verbal interaction is a micro-level event, but when more than two people are involved, it is a macro-level interaction. b. Women tend to focus on the unique details of a situation (microlevel), while men think in broad generalities (macrolevel). c. The conversation is a micro-level event, but the gender dynamic is a macro-level phenomenon. d. The men are acting as if this event is a micro-level interaction, but their actions will have consequences for their employers on a macro-level.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Women and Men in Public (V.A) | InQuizitive

69. According to urban sociologist Jeffrey Lane in The Digital Street, what was problematic about the use of social media among teenagers in Harlem? a. Girls and boys felt they were more in danger when using social media. b. Girls and boys felt they needed to live out in-person the identities they created online. c. Boys messaging girls online rather than approaching them face-to-face made it more likely that if their advances went unmet, their rejection would be publicly known. d. The possibility of a fake page created trust issues among boys and girls.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Interaction on the ―Digital Street‖ (V.A.i)

70. According to urban sociologist Jeffrey Lane’s The Digital Street, in Harlem, girls were a. more visible and acted more dominant toward boys on the sidewalk than online. b. more visible and in control online than boys. c. more likely to respond positively to a million messages rather than liking one photo and then leaving the girl to make the next move. d. less likely to feel pressure to objectify their bodies online than boys.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Interaction on the ―Digital Street‖ (V.A.i)

71. Elijah Anderson observed and described places where people from different backgrounds got along, as opposed to places where they experienced tense or uncomfortable interactions. As a result of these observations, Anderson coined the term a. cosmopolitan canopy. c. regionalization. b. focused interaction. d. unfocused interaction.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Race and the Public Sphere (V.B)

72. According to Elijah Anderson, Reading Terminal is a place where diverse groups can come together peacefully because the people who go there are "cosmos" (shorthand for cosmopolitan). According to his observations and interpretations, the dynamic that is largely missing from Reading Terminal is a. status. c. ethnocentrism. b. regionalization. d. audience segregation.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: Race and the Public Sphere (V.B)

73. In the book Streetwise: Race, Class, and Change in an Urban Community (1990), Elijah Anderson noted that studying everyday life sheds light on how social order is created by the building blocks of a. macro-level institutions. c. impression management. b. prejudice and racism. d. micro-level interactions.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: Race and the Public Sphere (V.B)

74. Dr. Williams studies police and community relations in New York City. She concludes that negative police interactions with black youth are an expression of institutional and structural racism. Which type of analysis did Dr. Williams use? a. macro-level analysis b. micro-level and macro-level analysis c. micro-level analysis d. social media coverage of police brutality ANS: B MSC: Evaluating

DIF: Difficult

REF: Race and the Public Sphere (V.B)

SHORT ANSWER 1. Define civil inattention. Using the example of a crowded public bus, explain how individuals on the bus might engage in civil inattention.

ANS: To answer this question, students must define civil inattention as behavior in which an individual indicates recognition of another person's presence but avoids any gesture that might be taken as too intrusive. Students must then describe a situation on a bus in which individuals are placed in proximity to one another and acknowledge the presence of others but do not engage with the people on the bus.

Students can pick any number of scenarios.

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: What Is Social Interaction and Why Study It? (I)

2. Describe a set of hypothetical interactions between two people in a dating relationship, comparing and contrasting the likely interactional components of: (a) a face-to-face conversation; (b) a phone call; (c) a text message exchange. Be sure your answer addresses the role of nonverbal communication, the expression of emotions, and the length and complexity of each interaction. Your answer should be one paragraph in length.

ANS:

The answer should include a discussion of how nonverbal communication is only present in face-to-face interaction, and emotional expression will be most possible in the face-to-face interaction and most limited in the text exchange. It should also give some examples of how these differences could make the topic, tone, and clarity of understanding different for in-person, phone, and text communication. Phone calls and texts that attempt to cover the same issue or topic of communication should require longer exchanges than face-to-face interactions.

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: What Is Social Interaction and Why Study It? (I)

3. Using the example of fans watching a football game at your college stadium, explain how individuals would be engaged in both unfocused and focused interaction with others. Please discuss the appropriate terms Erving Goffman and other sociologists used to analyze such situations.

ANS: To answer this question, students must define focused attention as interaction in which individuals are engaged in direct interaction with each other and unfocused attention as interaction in which individuals are aware of each other but not engaged in direct communication. Several examples can be used at a football game but should include the football players, referees, fans, cheerleaders, coaches, and so on.

One example could be that the football players are aware of the fans but are not directly interacting with them, while the players are in direct interaction with the other players through eye contact, conversation, and physical contact.

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: Focused and Unfocused Interaction (I.A)

4. In three to five sentences, explain how technology has altered some of the ways in which individuals communicate their emotions to each other.

ANS: To answer this question, students must define nonverbal communication as communication through facial expression and body language. This requires face-to-face contact. Technologies such as email and text messaging have altered the ability to communicate nonverbally by taking away the face-to-face interaction that makes nonverbal communication possible. Students can discuss the ways in which individuals try to communicate body language, such as through emoticons.

DIF: Difficult MSC: Evaluating

REF: Nonverbal Communication in the Digital Age (I.B.ii)

5. What is impression management? Give an example of how a college student engages in impression management when interacting with professors.

ANS: To answer this question, students must define impression management as how we present compliance with our social role so as to compel others to react the way we want them to. A college student will be expected to perform the role of student in relation to the role of professor. In this sense, students will manage their behavior to show that they respect the status of their professor by arriving to class on time, sitting quietly while the professor lectures, raising their hands to ask questions, and calling the professor "Professor" or "Doctor."

DIF: Moderate

REF: Impression Management (II.C)

MSC: Creating

6. Define interactional vandalism and give an example. Why does interactional vandalism create problems in everyday interaction and conversation?

ANS: To answer this question, students must define interactional vandalism as the subversion of the tacit rules of conversation. Students can pick any number of scenarios to use as an example. The example must demonstrate the power differences among participants and how one participant violates shared understandings for behavior and interaction in the situation. Students should conclude with a discussion of how interactional vandalism makes participants disoriented and unable to make sense of the situation.

DIF: Moderate

REF: Interactional Vandalism (III.B)

MSC: Analyzing

7. Using the concept of regionalization, explain how time and space have shaped your social activities and interactions in the past twenty-four hours.

ANS: To answer this question, students must define regionalization as the division of social life into different regional settings or zones. Students will be expected to use examples from the past twenty-four hours of life that illustrate how both space and time shape how we interact, whom we interact with, and where we interact. Students should employ concepts such as clock-time, social roles, status positions, audience segregation, and impression management in their answers.

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: How Do Time and Space Affect Our Interactions? (IV)

8. Define compulsion of proximity. Explain how the increase in electronic communication affects the compulsion of proximity. Use examples.

ANS: To answer this question, students must define compulsion of proximity as the need to interact in the presence of others. Using examples of email, Internet sites such as Facebook, text messaging, or the telephone, students will explain the increase in the use of these forms of communication as well as the fact that they have not erased our desire to interact with each other face-to-face.

DIF: Moderate MSC: Evaluating

REF: The Compulsion of Proximity (IV.B)

9. Using an example from your own experience, please explain how our day-to-day social interactions are shaped by gender and racial hierarchies and reinforce those same hierarchies.

ANS: To answer this question, students must demonstrate an understanding of the linkages between macro-level social interactions and the larger macro-level social structures that are shaped by and shape those social interactions. A possible example could be one in which a student discusses a time in which she had to walk home late at night from a study session. As she walked across campus, she avoided a group of young men she saw across the quad by walking in a different direction and thereby adding five minutes to her trip to her dorm. This example illustrates the way in which male privilege, gender inequality, and the fear of sexual violence that women face in our society shape their interactions with others and reinforce gender inequality.

DIF: Difficult MSC: Creating

REF: How Do the Rules of Social Interaction Affect Your Life? (V)

10. How has the proliferation of smartphones and the rise of social media changed how boys and girls in low-income urban areas interact? What does the research conducted by urban sociologist Jeffrey Lane suggest?

ANS: Lane found that whereas boys were more visible and acted more dominant toward girls on the sidewalk, girls gained visibility and control online. Lane also found that messaging girls in private rather than approaching them face-to-face on the sidewalk shielded boys from public rejection in front of their friends when advances went unmet. Lane further argued that girls and boys were safer with social media because they could establish particular identities without the need to live those out in person. However, traditionally gendered norms of interaction and roles were carried forward. For instance, boys and girls alike articulated the pressure on young women to objectify their bodies online. Also, the possibility of a fake page created trust issues among boys and girls that were compounded by the fact that law enforcement used profiles designed to mimic girls in the neighborhood to monitor and gather intelligence on boys of interest.

DIF: Difficult REF: Interaction on the ―Digital Street‖ (V.A.i) MSC: Understanding

CHAPTER 5 Groups, Networks, and Organizations CONCEPT MAP VI.

VII. VIII.

IX.

X.

What Are Social Groups?

A. Groups: Variety and Characteristics i. In-groups and Out-groups ii. Primary and Secondary Groups iii. Reference Groups B. The Effects of Size i. Dyads ii. Triads iii. Larger Groups C. Types of Leadership D. Conformity i. Going Along with the Groups: Asch’s Research ii. Obedience to Authority: Milgram’s Research iii. Groupthink and Group Pressures to Conform: Janis’s Research How Do We Benefit from Social Networks?

A. The Internet as Social Network How Do Organizations Function?

A. Theories of Organizations i. Bureaucracy ii. Formal and Informal Relations within Bureaucracies iii. Bureaucracy and Democracy iv. Gender and Organizations Is Bureaucracy an Outdated Model?

A. The Transformation of Management B. Technology and Modern Organizations C. The ―McDonaldization‖ of Society How Do Organizations and Groups Affect Your Life?

A. Social Capital: The Ties That Bind

MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which of the following can be considered a social group as defined in your textbook? a. members of a sorority b. everyone in your sociology class who has blond hair

c. people waiting at Terminal C for Flight 181 d. passengers on a cruise ship ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: What Are Social Groups? (I)

2. Society is made up of numerous groups whose members come from diverse backgrounds. Such wide varieties of group types and our memberships in multiple groups reflect a. our need to follow influential transactional leaders. b. our desire to come together with others and belong. c. our decisions to separate ourselves from larger society and live in isolation. d. our natural tendency to always include everyone.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: What Are Social Groups? (I)

3. When a group of people shares a common identity and members regularly interact with one another, sociologists refer to this group as a a. social category. c. social group. b. social aggregate. d. social network.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: What Are Social Groups? (I)

4. The chapter opens with a discussion of Robert Champion’s hazing and death at the hands of his bandmates at Florida A&M University. What sociological or psychological research or experiment best exemplifies this type of experience? a. Max Weber’s research on bureaucracies b. Milgram’s electric shock experiment c. Asch’s line length experiment d. George Ritzer’s research on ―the McDonaldization‖ of society ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: What Are Social Groups? (I) | InQuizitive

5. Which of the following is a social aggregate? a. your family b. middle-class Asian American women c. people waiting at Terminal C for Flight 205 d. members of your Facebook friends list ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Groups: Variety and Characteristics (I.A)

6. People milling around in crowds, waiting for a bus, or strolling on a beach make up a a. social group. c. social triad. b. social aggregate. d. social category.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Groups: Variety and Characteristics (I.A)

7. Which of the following would be considered a social category? a. a platoon of veterans returning from war b. a neighborhood committee that hosts annual block parties c. two high school friends attending the same college d. members of the Catholic Church

ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Groups: Variety and Characteristics (I.A)

8. Which of the following is more likely to be an in-group? a. the audience at a concert c. the people in line at a supermarket b. a sociology class d. a family ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: In-groups and Out-groups (I.A.i)

9. During rush week, the brothers of the Alpha Gamma Gamma fraternity always make fun of their rival fraternity, Lambda Lambda Lambda. This teasing increases the bonding and sense of loyalty among Alpha Gamma Gamma members. Such camaraderie suggests they are members of a. a network. c. an in-group. b. an out-group. d. a social category.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: In-groups and Out-groups (I.A.i)

10. A new group has recently emerged, calling itself the ―True Americans.‖ The group's activities show the members’ disdain and prejudicial attitudes toward recent immigrants to the United States. ―True Americans‖ members would consider recent immigrants as a(n) a. dyad. c. in-group. b. triad. d. out-group.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: In-groups and Out-groups (I.A.i)

11. A brother and a sister enrolled in a large chemistry class would be considered a(n) a. triad. c. primary group. b. social category. d. secondary category.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Primary and Secondary Groups (I.A.ii)

12. Which of the following is an example of a primary group? a. three best friends in high school b. a tutor and her student c. a bus driver and a passenger d. two teachers in different parts of the country ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Primary and Secondary Groups (I.A.ii)

13. Which of the following would be an example of why a person would want to be part of a secondary group? a. to form close bonds and ties with everyone in the group b. to accomplish a specific goal, such as learning sociology c. to associate with people who care about the person and his or her future d. to have a sense of closeness and camaraderie ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Primary and Secondary Groups (I.A.ii)

14. Jamison spends most of his time at school and work, which leaves him with little time to socialize with family and friends. Lately, he has been feeling socially isolated because he a. has friends and family who do not understand his time commitments. b. is working too hard at school and his job. c. is interacting mostly with large and impersonal secondary groups. d. does not like the people at school and work.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Primary and Secondary Groups (I.A.ii)

15. The group a person uses to measure their individual social worth is called a. a social aggregate. c. a peer group. b. a reference group. d. a secondary group.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Reference Groups (I.A.iii)

16. Someone doesn’t need to belong to a group to for it to be a reference group for them. Why is this true? a. Reference groups must consist of at least ten people. b. People with weak ties are more likely to rely on reference groups. c. Reference groups provide a standard for judging one’s own attitudes or behaviors. d. Reference groups must remain independent to be valuable to the individual.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Reference Groups (I.A.iii)

17. Most recent advertisements try to associate a product with a specific reference group. For this marketing strategy to be effective, which of the following must be true? a. The person viewing the advertisement must identify with the person or people in the advertisement. b. The person viewing the advertisement must have interacted with the person or people in the advertisement. c. The product must be important to the person viewing the advertisement. d. The product must have a good price.

ANS: A MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Difficult

REF: Reference Groups (I.A.iii)

18. According to sociologists, what is the smallest size that can make up a social group? a. an ego and an alter ego c. a triad b. a dyad d. a family ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Dyads (I.B.i)

19. Margaret and Lilly got divorced after three years of marriage and both established new relationships.

Their divorce shows how fragile dyads are as social groups because a. they do not require individuals to stay in the relationship. b. the relationships are too intense. c. if one person leaves, the group disappears. d. one member can hurt the other.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Dyads (I.B.i)

20. Every Sunday, Janet, Laney, and Harris get together for lunch, and Janet usually decides which restaurant the group will eat at. However, one Sunday, Laney and Harris told Janet they wanted to try a new restaurant in town. Laney and Harris formed a a. coalition or alliance. c. secondary group. b. negative relationship. d. network.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Triads (I.B.ii)

21. Triads are usually more stable than dyads because a. the third person makes the relationship more intense. b. the third person can get jealous. c. three is always better than two. d. the third person relieves some of the pressures on the other two.

ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Triads (I.B.ii)

22. Which of the following is true regarding large groups? a. They tend to be more inclusive. b. They tend to be informal. c. They tend to be more stable. d. Relationships in the group are more intense.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Larger Groups (I.B.iii)

23. According to Georg Simmel, an important aspect of groups is a. as a group’s size decreases, its intensity and exclusivity decreases. b. as a group’ size increases, its stability and intensity increases. c. a group’s size has little impact on stability over time; what matters is the common goal of the group. d. as a group’s size increases, its intensity decreases, but its stability and exclusivity increases.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult MSC: Remembering

REF: Larger Groups (I.B.iii)

24. The members of the drama club at Suzie's high school had a disagreement over who should play the leads in the upcoming production of Romeo and Juliet. Five of the members quit the club as a result of the disagreement. However, this had little impact on the stability of the drama club. According to the textbook, the remaining twenty-five members of the club were able to go forward with the production because a. the loss of members from larger groups usually has little impact on the survival of the group. b. larger groups are less exclusive, and it was easy to get new members. c. the five members who left were bad actors. d. the drama club had a good leader who was able to address the instability in the group.

ANS: A MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Moderate

REF: Larger Groups (I.B.iii)

25. A ______ is a person who is able to influence the behavior of other group members. a. dominant member c. leader b. influential observer d. majority influencer ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Types of Leadership (I.C)

26. Which of the following is the best example of a transformational leader? a. a student government president who made sure the treasurer accounted for all the money spent by the student government at her college b. a student government president who motivated the students at her college to turn their campus into a green campus c. a student government president who single-handedly expanded the campus recycling program to include paper as well as metal d. a student government president whom most students really liked ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Types of Leadership (I.C)

27. Tanya has recently been appointed CEO of a corporation that specializes in computer software. The corporation has made a substantial profit since she joined due to her emphasizing the importance of deadlines and sales goals to her software design team. Tanya is best described as what type of leader? a. network c. transformational b. inspirational d. transactional ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Types of Leadership (I.C)

28. Solomon Asch’s and Stanley Milgram’s experiments outlined in the book illustrate that a. people get nervous around authority figures and large groups. b. conformity and authority have little influence on people when they are under pressure. c. it is easy to persuade people to inflict pain on others. d. conformity and authority are powerful factors affecting people's actions.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Conformity (I.D)

29. Why do sociologists think it is important to understand why people tend to conform to group pressure? a. Conformity can lead to destructive behavior. b. Conformity explains why different cultures have common features. c. Conformity gives rise to formal organizations. d. Conformity breeds social isolation.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Conformity (I.D) | InQuizitive

30. The research performed by Solomon Asch where he asked groups of participants to identify which lines were of equal length illustrated that a. people always stammer and fidget before speaking out against group consensus. b. even if it makes them feel uncomfortable, many people are willing to discount their own perceptions rather than go against group consensus. c. people can easily be bullied into changing their minds. d. the last person to answer did not feel the need to conform or bow to group pressure.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Going Along With the Group: Asch’s Research (I.D.i)

MSC: Understanding

31. Stanley Milgram’s research showed that people are often willing to obey authority a. only when they feel that the authority figure is part of their primary group. b. when the authority figure is part of their reference group. c. even if they might inflict pain on others.

d. if the orders do not have negative consequences for other people.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Obedience to Authority: Milgram’s Research (I.D.ii)

MSC: Understanding

32. How can Stanley Milgram's experiment help us better understand modern atrocities such as the Holocaust? a. People who commit atrocious acts view themselves as "just following orders." b. Everyday people are regularly subject to groupthink. c. Bureaucracy makes it difficult for people to dissent. d. Transformative leaders encourage atrocities to occur.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Obedience to Authority: Milgram’s Research (I.D.ii)

MSC: Applying

33. Groupthink takes place when a. group members work together to carefully weigh all the options presented to them. b. group members discuss strategies to increase group harmony. c. group members are all in agreement. d. group members ignore the actions, plans, or ideas that go against group consensus.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Groupthink and Group Pressures to Conform: Janis’s Research (I.D.iii) MSC: Remembering 34. In general, nonwhites tend to have _______ social and professional networks than whites. a. less familial c. less advantageous b. more familial d. more advantageous ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: How Do We Benefit from Social Networks? (II)

35. Jacob and Amara both graduated from college with high GPAs and good resumes in the field of accounting. A year after graduation, Jacob was working as a waiter, while Amara was working at an accounting firm headed by her father's best friend. Amara likely got this job because a. she had a better resume than Jacob. b. she had an advantage due to her father's social networks. c. her father's best friend thought she was pretty. d. Jacob was lazy and didn’t put enough effort into looking for a job in accounting.

ANS: B MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Easy

REF: How Do We Benefit from Social Networks? (II)

36. The Internet helps users start new relationships that are, oftentimes, free of the emotional and social baggage of face-to-face encounters because online relationships a. are often built on common interests rather than social characteristics. b. are lasting and enduring. c. are usually misleading and lead to hurt feelings. d. are based on being members of the same social category.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: The Internet as Social Network (II.A)

37. Which of the following best defines the concept of the digital divide, as outlined in your book? a. society’s increasing dependence on personal technology driving us apart from one another b. the gap between those who have Internet access and those who do not

c. differences in how young and old individuals use the Internet d. a technical term for how paywalls function to divide users between those who have paid for access and those who have not ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: The Internet as Social Network (II.A)

38. In the United States, young adults use the Internet at ______ rates than older Americans. a. higher c. lower b. similar d. indistinguishable ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: The Internet as Social Network (II.A)

39. Which statement best describes the character of the Internet in its earliest years? a. Only an elite few individuals with special skills and resources had access. b. Initially, the Internet had an unsavory reputation and was avoided by people in prestigious professions. c. From the very start, the Internet was a highly egalitarian environment. d. At first, the Internet appealed to only the socioeconomic middle class.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: The Internet as Social Network (II.A) | InQuizitive

40. A large group of people who engage in collective action to achieve a common purpose is called a. an oligarchy. c. a primary group. b. a peer group. d. an organization.

ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: How Do Organizations Function? (III)

41. People in modern societies depend on organizations to a. educate and employ them, but little else. b. take care of nearly all aspects of social life. c. make them feel connected to others. d. tell them how to act and behave.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: How Do Organizations Function? (III)

42. Max Weber was the first to develop a systematic interpretation of a. primary groups c. modern organizations. b. secondary groups. d. conformity.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Theories of Organizations (III.A)

43. One criticism of formal organizations is that they a. take away our sense of control by putting officials or experts in charge. b. have risen to prominence in modern societies largely because we do not spend much time with our families anymore. c. are often flexible in the application of their rules, regulations, and procedures due to their size. d. are organized in ways that allow power to be evenly distributed within them.

ANS: A

DIF: Moderate

REF: How Do Organizations Function? (III)

MSC: Understanding 44. Max Weber argued that ______ is necessary in modern societies. a. emotion c. surveillance b. tradition d. bureaucracy ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Bureaucracy (III.A.i)

45. Max Weber believed the more an organization approaches the ideal type of bureaucracy, the more effective it will be in pursuing the objectives for which it was established. However, he also recognized that bureaucracies can create some negatives, such as a. increasing employee salary costs. b. organizational tension between authority figures and subordinates over dissolving the organization. c. inefficiency because of the strict adherence to rules and regulations that makes it difficult to respond to new issues. d. numerous unofficial ways of doing things because of the lack of flexibility in completing tasks in a bureaucracy.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: Bureaucracy (III.A.i)

46. According to Max Weber's ideal type of bureaucracy a. ownership is in the hands of the workers. b. each job has a salary that is negotiable. c. there is a lot of room for innovation. d. a set of rules governs the conduct of officials at all levels.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Bureaucracy (III.A.i)

47. John Meyer and Brian Rowan's research outlining the informal networks that exist in all bureaucracies adds to Weber’s ideal type of bureaucracy by showing that informal relations a. are limited only to government agencies. b. are the ―unofficial ways‖ that bureaucracies are run. c. allow bureaucratic officials to ignore standard operating procedures without the risk of punishment. d. are more important than the formal rules governing the organization.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Formal and Informal Relations within Bureaucracies (III.A.ii) MSC: Analyzing 48. Members of organizations claim they follow the formal rules and procedures of their organization, despite acting at odds with such rules and procedures during their daily work lives. This contradictory use of rules in bureaucracy leads Meyer and Rowan to refer to them as a. false realities. c. myths. b. undocumented processes. d. shortcuts.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Formal and Informal Relations within Bureaucracies (III.A.ii) MSC: Understanding

49. After being hired by Digi-Corp, each employee received a manual outlining the rules about how employees and managers should work together and interact. These rules are referred to as the _______ between employee and manager. a. informal relations c. surveillance b. primary groups d. formal relations ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Formal and Informal Relations within Bureaucracies (III.A.ii) MSC: Applying 50. John Meyer and Brian Rowan argue that in organizations officially governed by formal rules and procedures, much of the work is usually done with minimal regard to the rules. What, then, is the role of rules in organizations, according to Meyer and Rowan? a. The rules provide the basis for rewards and reprimands. b. The rules describe the ideal processes that workers should seek to follow. c. The rules describe the ultimate goals of the organization. d. The rules serve to legitimize the work being done.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Formal and Informal Relations within Bureaucracies (III.A.ii) | InQuizitive MSC: Understanding 51. At the Symantec Corporation, the CEO, the president, and the vice president make a majority of company decisions. As such, little decision-making power is given to upper-level managers or other employees. This type of concentration of power among a few people in an organization is called a. oligarchy. c. corporate concentration. b. capitalism. d. anarchy.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Bureaucracy and Democracy (III.A.iii)

52. Robert Michels's concept of the "iron law of oligarchy" demonstrates a. that societies dominated by large-scale organizations will turn us all into machines. b. that power is concentrated at the bottom in large-scale organizations. c. that in large-scale organizations, power is inevitably concentrated at the top. d. that large-scale organizations will become more concentrated until there are only a few organizations.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Bureaucracy and Democracy (III.A.iii)

53. Which of the following best characterizes the gendered nature of bureaucratic organizations according to feminist scholars? a. Most women are in key decision-making roles. b. Women largely play supporting roles and perform routine tasks. c. Due to strict antidiscrimination rules and regulations, women and men are in equal positions. d. Women are encouraged to climb the corporate ladder.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Gender and Organizations (III.A.iv)

54. Until the late twentieth century, organizational studies largely ignored a. dysfunctions of bureaucracy. c. gender relations. b. organizational size. d. the physical setting of organizations.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Gender and Organizations (III.A.iv)

55. Rosabeth Moss Kanter’s work on the imbalance of gender roles within modern organizations suggests that a. men are better at following written rules and procedures. b. the difficulties facing female workers have convinced women to stay home. c. corporations have increased their profits by supporting universal family leave. d. organizations have developed in an unequal, gendered way.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Gender and Organizations (III.A.iv)

56. The proportion of female CEOs in corporate America has been increasing. What is one explanation for this change? a. Studies have shown that women are more likely to be transformational leaders than men. b. As more women move up into higher-level occupational positions, the resulting networks can foster further advancement for other women. c. Women have more social capital than men, making it easier for them to enter positions of leadership. d. Sexual harassment has substantially declined in recent years, allowing women to better climb the corporate ladder.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Gender and Organizations (III.A.iv)

57. One advantage that modern large organizations have over traditional formal bureaucracies is that a. modern organizations today are more flexible and decentralized. b. increased technology allows workers in modern organizations to work fewer hours. c. due to increasing use of technology, modern organizations are more hierarchical. d. their incorporation of information technology allows them to hire more workers.

ANS: A MSC: Evaluating

DIF: Difficult

REF: Is Bureaucracy an Outdated Model? (IV)

58. The New York Times recently noted that a number of contemporary organizations—such as Google—are discarding traditional bureaucratic organizations for ones that are looser and less hierarchical. Compared to the traditional forms, what is one benefit a looser system is likely to achieve? a. increased compliance to industry standards b. declined rationality in company policy c. increased response to market changes d. decline in weak ties ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Is Bureaucracy an Outdated Model? (IV)

59. The ―human resource management‖ type management theory regards a company's workforce as a. expensive compared to machines. b. easily replaced by cheaper labor abroad. c. naturally unmotivated without company rewards and events. d. vital to its economic competitiveness.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: The Transformation of Management (IV.A)

60. Every Friday, Google, Inc., encourages all of its employees to attend a speaker series in which authors, athletes, and other famous and inspiring people speak. This weekly corporate event geared toward building rituals and traditions unique to that company is an example of the development of a. socialism. c. employee perks. b. human resources management. d. corporate culture.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: The Transformation of Management (IV.A)

61. Which of the following technological developments has allowed for the increased popularity of telecommuting? a. the interstate highway system b. information technology c. public-owned mass transit systems d. office supplies made from recycled materials ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Technology and Modern Organizations (IV.B)

62. What may be one advantage of telecommuting for workers? a. It eliminates the time spent commuting to and from work. b. Less time is spent wasted on the casual interactions that occur around water coolers. c. Workers can cheat more easily on their time cards and say they worked more hours than they really did. d. It creates a two-strata employment system of technology experts and less autonomous clerical workers.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Technology and Modern Organizations (IV.B)

63. ______ is an example of how large organizations have become more decentralized. a. An increased emphasis on standard operating procedures b. The ―iron law of oligarchy‖ c. Telecommuting d. The rise of multinational corporations ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Technology and Modern Organizations (IV.B)

64. According to the textbook, the use of information and communications technology in corporations has reduced the rigid hierarchical structure of corporations, but at the same time it has created a. a three-strata employment system of powerful managers, autonomous technology experts, and less autonomous clerical workers. b. telecommuters who are totally disconnected from the corporate culture. c. a two-strata employment system of technology experts and less autonomous clerical workers. d. unhappiness and incompetence among employees who are telecommuters.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Technology and Modern Organizations (IV.B)

65. The ―McDonaldization‖ of society refers to a. the obesity epidemic in American society. b. the increased uniformity and rationality of society. c. the taking over of key authority positions by baby boomers.

d. the phenomenal success of franchise restaurants as models for other companies.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: The ―McDonaldization‖ of Society (IV.C)

66. A latte from Starbucks will taste the same whether one purchases it in New York City or Albuquerque, New Mexico. Which aspect of George Ritzer's theory of McDonaldization does this demonstrate? a. uniformity c. control b. calculability d. efficiency ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: The ―McDonaldization‖ of Society (IV.C)

67. The widespread participation of people from various backgrounds in the Black Lives Matter movement might challenge which idea of Robert Putnam’s discussion of the decline of social capital? a. Violence is increasing. b. Voter turnout is increasing. c. Attention span among young people is declining. d. Civic participation is declining.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Social Capital: The Ties That Bind (V.A)

68. Every day after school Maria goes to the local teen center, where she is a member of a student group organizing a multicultural festival for the community. This activity is likely to produce a. reference groups. c. bridging social capital. b. community banks. d. bonding social capital.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Social Capital: The Ties That Bind (V.A)

69. Identify which of the following examples illustrates bonding social capital. a. a neighborhood association b. the YMCA c. Habitat for Humanity d. a local Humane Society ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Social Capital: The Ties That Bind (V.A) | InQuizitive

MSC: Applying

SHORT ANSWER 1. Today more of our social relationships are dominated by secondary groups instead of primary groups.

Charles Horton Cooley worried about the loss of intimacy as secondary groups became more prominent and pervasive. Émile Durkheim and Georg Simmel saw some benefits of the development of more secondary groups. In three to five sentences, please explain what you think about the trend toward more secondary-group relationships in modern society, including its pros and cons.

ANS:

To answer this question, students should know the main differences between primary groups and secondary groups as well as the benefits and drawbacks of each type of social group. Primary groups are characterized by intense emotions, face-to-face interaction, intimacy, and a strong, enduring sense of commitment. Primary groups provide a sense of belonging and connection but can also stifle individuality and force conformity. According to Simmel, primary groups are more likely to be intense and unstable because there are fewer group members. Secondary groups are characterized by their large size and by impersonal, fleeting relationships. Secondary groups have less intense relationships and are more stable over time due to the larger number of members. Secondary groups are more likely to be oriented around a specific task and organized to achieve that task efficiently. Durkheim believed that large organizations, such as bureaucracies, are the best way to deal with the administrative underpinning of large-scale societies, yet Durkheim also felt that bureaucracies could quickly become inefficient and stifle creativity and innovation. Students will draw their own conclusions about whether they think secondary-group relationships are good or bad (or both) for society, but they need to substantiate their answers with knowledge of the concepts and trends.

DIF: Moderate MSC: Evaluating

REF: Primary and Secondary Groups (I.A.ii)

2. Give an example of a dyad, a triad, and a larger group. In which groups are the relationships more intense? In which are they more stable? Please explain your examples and reasoning in three to five sentences.

ANS: To answer this question, students should describe the types of social groups and give an example of each. They need to be able to describe the dynamics of each type of social group. An example of a dyad is a married couple with no children. In this example, the relationship is very intense but also very unstable, because if one member leaves, that group disappears. An example of a triad is three best friends. In this example, the relationships are still fairly intense, but they are more stable because one person can act as a mediator if conflict arises. However, alliances between two members can also surface and cause tensions. An example of a larger group would be an Introduction to Sociology class with fifty members. The relationships in this group have a very low level of intensity and are organized around achieving a goal. The relationships in this group are likely to be governed by formal rules and written procedures, which make the relationships more impersonal. These groups have a high level of stability because the loss of group members will not affect the overall structure or goal of the group.

DIF: Moderate

REF: The Effects of Size (I.B)

MSC: Analyzing

3. In three to five sentences, compare transformational leadership and transactional leadership. Give an example of each from your own experience or from your knowledge of history.

ANS: To answer this question, students should know the main differences between transformational leadership and transactional leadership. A transformational leader is able to instill in the members of a group a sense of mission or higher purpose, thereby changing the nature of the group itself. Good examples of transformational leaders are Martin Luther King Jr., Mahatma Gandhi, and Mother Teresa. A transactional leader is concerned with accomplishing the group's tasks, getting group members to do their jobs, and making certain that the group achieves its goals. Good examples of transactional leaders are CEOs, presidents, and professors. Students should provide clear examples and need to substantiate their answers with knowledge of the concepts.

DIF: Moderate

REF: Types of Leadership (I.C)

MSC: Analyzing

4. In three to five sentences, explain how the studies performed by Solomon Asch, Stanley Milgram, or Irving Janis help us understand conformity. How do you think you would have responded as a subject in the study?

ANS: To answer this question, students should demonstrate their knowledge of the study of their choosing and how it specifically helps us understand why people do or do not conform. Asch's experiments clearly showed that many people are willing to go along with the group consensus even if they believe it is incorrect. Milgram found that ordinary citizens will conform to orders given by someone in a position of power or authority—even if those orders have horrible consequences. Janis identified a phenomenon he called groupthink, a process by which the members of a group ignore ideas, suggestions, and plans of action that go against the group consensus. Students must describe how they would respond if put in the same situation as the participants in the study.

DIF: Moderate

REF: Conformity (I.D)

MSC: Creating

5. Please answer the following questions in three to five sentences. According to Irving Janis, what is groupthink? How and why can groupthink lead to bad decisions by otherwise smart and strong-willed individuals?

ANS: To answer this question, students should demonstrate their knowledge of the Janis study and the specifics of groupthink: a process by which the members of a group ignore ideas, suggestions, and plans of action that go against the group consensus. Janis engaged in historical research to see whether groupthink has characterized U.S. foreign policy decisions. Groupthink can lead to bad decisions because the consensus may be ill chosen and possibly dangerous.

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: Groupthink and Group Pressures to Conform: Janis’s Research (I.D.iii)

6. Social networks are beneficial to people, but those benefits are not equally available to everyone. In a couple of sentences, explain how existing levels of inequalities for marginalized groups (such as women, lower socioeconomic classes, and racial/ethnic minorities) are reproduced by a member’s social network. As part of your answer, provide an example of how such unequal situations are maintained.

ANS: To answer this question, students should first explain the benefits of social networks and then explain how not everyone has access to these benefits. Networks are beneficial because we are likely to rely on our networks for a broad range of contacts and resources. Most people rely on their personal networks to gain advantages, but not everyone has equal access to powerful networks. In general, whites and men have more advantageous social networks than do ethnic minorities and women. An example could be that as Internet-based social networks grow, they do so unevenly across the population because not everyone has equal access to the Internet. Lower-income people and ethnic minorities are less likely to have Internet access than wealthier people and whites.

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: How Do We Benefit from Social Networks? (II)

7. In three to five sentences, explain how the Internet can affect social relationships and social networks.

How can Internet access have both positive and negative impacts in our lives?

ANS:

Answers will vary. Students must first identify how the Internet changes our relationships and next explain the positives and negatives of these changes. For example, the Internet has increased our access to social networks, provides rapid communication with a global reach, and allows us to extend our personal networks around the world. The Internet allows for networking with like-minded people on specific issues, such as politics, business, hobbies, and romance. It also enables people who might otherwise lack contact with others due to their location or physical condition to be part of global networks. The Internet fosters the creation of new relationships, often without the emotional and social baggage or constraints that go along with face-to-face encounters. In the absence of the usual physical and social cues, such as skin color or residential address, people can get together electronically on the basis of shared interests, such as gaming, rather than similar social characteristics. Social networks and relationships can be established across borders that previously affected face-to-face relationships. These include social position, wealth, race, ethnicity, gender, and physical disability. However, not everyone has equal access to the Internet. Lower-income people and ethnic minorities are less likely to have Internet access than wealthier people and whites.

DIF: Moderate MSC: Evaluating 8.

REF: The Internet as Social Network (II.A)

In a couple of sentences, please list and explain the characteristics of the "ideal type of bureaucracy" that Max Weber described. How are those characteristics evident or not evident in your college or university?

ANS: To answer this question, students must first define bureaucracy and ideal type and then explain the characteristics of the ideal type bureaucracy that Weber outlines. Bureaucracy is a type of organization marked by a clear hierarchy of authority, the existence of written rules of procedure, and a staff of full-time, salaried officials. An ideal type is a "pure type," constructed by emphasizing certain traits of a social item that do not necessarily exist in reality. The characteristics of the ideal type of bureaucracy include: (1) a clear-cut hierarchy of authority such that tasks in the organization are distributed as official duties; (2) written rules that govern the conduct of officials at all levels of the organization; (3) officials who are full-time and salaried; (4) separation between the tasks of an official within the organization and his or her life outside; and (5) members of the organization do not own the material resources with which they operate. After identifying these characteristics, students should explain how they are evident or not evident in their college or university.

DIF: Difficult

REF: Bureaucracy (III.A.i)

MSC: Analyzing

9. Weber developed his theories on bureaucracy and the ideal type during the industrial revolution. As such, his analysis and predictions were dependent on the economy that existed during that time. Since then, the economies of the United States and other nations have changed significantly, and scholars have sought to explain how we interact with these new systems. One of these updates is found in Ritzer's theory of McDonaldization. In a few sentences, identify and summarize one of the guiding principles of McDonaldization and provide an example of the principle in practice. Why do we like that principle?

ANS: Students should, first, identify one of the four principles of McDonaldization: efficiency, calculability, uniformity, or control through automation. Student examples for each principle could come from fast food work, university practices, the health-care industry, or numerous other fields, but should include the following characteristics. For (1) efficiency, students should highlight that completing a task at a high speed is the goal within this new system (e.g., getting an item from Point A to Point B quickly, short time between ordering and receiving food). A (2) calculability example should highlight that our modern concerns value quantity of a given item over its quality (e.g., While fast food may not be the most nutritious food, you get a lot to eat for a small amount of money, which makes it "good.").

(3) Uniformity should focus on how consumers expect different locations of the same business to look (relatively) the same (e.g., Menus at chain restaurants in different parts of country should share the same items, and those items should look similar every time they order them; people like predictability and knowing what they'll get.). Finally, (4) control through automation minimizes variability in a product/service since it minimizes worker interaction with process (e.g., Machines automatically dispensing premeasured amounts of a food item for every order.).

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: The ―McDonaldization‖ of Society (IV.C)

10. In three to five sentences, please describe one organization that provides you with bridging social capital and explain why it does. In another couple of sentences, describe another organization that provides you with bonding social capital and explain why it does.

ANS: To answer this question, students need to understand social capital and distinguish between bridging social capital and bonding social capital. Social capital is the social knowledge and connections that enable people to accomplish their goals and extend their influence. Bridging social capital is outward looking and unifies people across social clefts. Bonding social capital is inclusive and inward looking, thereby reinforcing exclusive identities and homogenous groups. Examples of organizations that provide bridging social capital are interfaith or interracial groups. Examples of organizations that provide bonding social capital are ethnic fraternal organizations, fraternities, and sororities. Students must pick an organization they belong to and demonstrate the type of social capital it provides them and why.

DIF: Difficult MSC: Evaluating

REF: Social Capital: The Ties That Bind (V.A)

CHAPTER 6 Conformity, Deviance, and Crime CONCEPT MAP XI. XII.

XIII.

XIV.

XV.

What Is Deviance?

A. Norms and Sanctions Why Do People Commit Deviant Acts?

A. The Biological View of Deviance B. The Psychological View of Deviance C. Sociological Perspectives on Deviance i. Functionalist Theories ii. Interactionist Theories iii. Conflict Theory D. Theoretical Conclusions How Do We Document Crime?

A. The Great Crime Decline B. Criminal Victimization Who Are the Perpetrators?

A. Gender and Crime B. Youth and Crime C. Crimes of the Powerful i. Corporate Crime D. Organized Crime What Were the Causes and Costs of the Great Crime Decline?

A. Prisons i. The Mark of a Criminal Record

XVI.

B. The Death Penalty C. Policing i. Broken Windows Theory ii. Community Policing D. The Benefits of the Crime Decline How Do Crime and Deviance Affect Your Life?

A. The Costs of Crime B. The Functions of Deviance

MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The term used to describe modes of action that do not conform to the norms or values most members of a group or society hold is a. anomie. c. conformity. b. alienation. d. deviance.

ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: What Is Deviance? (I)

2. Which statement concerning deviance is most accurate? a. All lawbreakers are deviants. b. Everyone participates to some degree in the creation of rules. c. All deviant behaviors are illegal. d. Everyone commits deviant crimes sometimes.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: What Is Deviance? (I)

3. A subculture whose members hold values that differ substantially from those of the majority is called a. a social control group. c. an anomic subculture. b. a deviant subculture. d. a normative subculture.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: What Is Deviance? (I)

4. What do the Heaven's Gate cult and the computer hacker community have in common? a. Both are religious groups. b. Both groups are considered deviant subcultures. c. Both groups struggled financially. d. Both groups restricted their membership to men.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: What Is Deviance? (I)

5. The term that describes a rule or expectation for behavior is a a. value. c. sanction. b. ritual. d. norm.

ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: What Is Deviance? (I)

6. Which of the following statements most accurately compares a crime to a deviant act? a. A crime breaks a law and a deviant act does not. b. Deviant acts are more serious than crimes. c. A crime is a particular type of deviant act that breaks the law.

d. Deviant acts involve social situations and crimes do not.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: What Is Deviance? (I) | InQuizitive

7. A reward or punishment that reinforces socially expected behavior is called a a. folkway. c. sanction. b. more. d. norm.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Norms and Sanctions (I.A)

8. A veteran police officer's criticism of a rookie police officer for not acting aggressively enough during an altercation with a suspect is an example of a a. positive formal sanction. c. positive informal sanction. b. negative formal sanction. d. negative informal sanction.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: Norms and Sanctions (I.A)

9. _______ are norms governments define as principles that their citizens must follow; _______ are any type of behavior that violates these norms. a. Laws; crimes c. Primary deviations; secondary deviations b. Mores; folkways d. Ectomorphs; mesomorphs ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Norms and Sanctions (I.A)

10. What is the goal of a sanction? a. to punish noncomformists b. to demonstrate appropriate behavior c. to promote conformity to social norms and protect against nonconformity d. to prevent and punish illegal behavior ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Norms and Sanctions (I.A) | InQuizitive

11. Which of the following statements related to the biological view of deviance is true? a. Some of the first attempts to explain crime emphasized biological factors. b. Cesare Lombroso's claims have been supported by a large body of subsequent research. c. Nearly all studies claiming a relationship between body type and delinquency have used samples that are representative of the general population. d. A correlation between body type and delinquency shows that one's body type causes criminal behavior.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: The Biological View of Deviance (II.A)

12. Based on the recent New Zealand study that investigated whether a child's propensity for aggression was linked to biological factors present at birth, with which statement would researchers most likely agree? a. There is no such thing as a genetic predisposition. b. There are genetic predispositions, but they have no impact on human behavior. c. A baby with a genetic predisposition for alcoholism would not likely become a problem drinker if his or her social environment provided few opportunities to drink. d. There is a genetic predisposition for alcoholism that will cause those with that predisposition to become alcoholics, with little regard to their environment.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: The Biological View of Deviance (II.A)

13. Theorizing that terrorists have a certain personality profile is an example of which view of deviance? a. biological view c. sociological view b. psychological view d. evolutionary view ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: The Psychological View of Deviance (II.B)

14. Comparing biological and psychological approaches to criminality, a sociologist would argue that they both a. tend to focus more on violent crimes than any other type of crime. b. view crime and deviance as an individual, not societal, problem. c. are inadequate to explain deviance caused by mental illness. d. view crime and deviance as a result of societal forces.

ANS: B MSC: Evaluating

DIF: Moderate

REF: The Psychological View of Deviance (II.B)

15. What do contemporary sociological theories about crime emphasize in their definitions of conformity and deviance? a. Crime is a personal choice. b. Definitions of deviance vary based on social context. c. Crime depends on a genetic tendency toward violence. d. Crime results from untreated mental illness.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Sociological Perspectives on Deviance (II.C)

16. ______, a concept Émile Durkheim brought into wide usage in sociology, refers to a situation in which social norms lose their hold over individual behavior. a. Innovation c. Retreatism b. Ritualism d. Anomie ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Functionalist Theories (II.C.i)

17. Which of the following sociological theories views deviance as necessary for society and contributing to its overall stability? a. conflict theory c. interactionist theory b. functionalist theory d. control theory ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Functionalist Theories (II.C.i)

18. According to Robert Merton, at a time when society as a whole is becoming more affluent, why do crime rates continue to rise? a. a sense of relative deprivation among those at the bottom b. inadequate socialization of the poor c. the rise of deviant subcultures d. the ability of communities to afford more police officers ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Functionalist Theories (II.C.i)

19. In Robert Merton's typology, drug dealers would be considered a. conformists. c. ritualists. b. innovators. d. retreatists.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Functionalist Theories (II.C.i)

20. In Robert Merton's typology, the majority of people in society are a. conformists. c. ritualists. b. innovators. d. retreatists.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Functionalist Theories (II.C.i)

21. Which researcher found that boys in the lower working class who are frustrated with their positions in life often join delinquent subcultures that reject middle-class values and replace them with norms that celebrate defiance? a. Albert Cohen c. Émile Durkheim b. Robert Merton d. Kingsley Davis ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Functionalist Theories (II.C.i)

22. Boys who live in a disadvantaged community can become frustrated with their prospects for material success. Of the possible responses to this frustration that are listed below, which fits most closely with the work of Albert Cohen? a. They sever ties with delinquent peers to enhance their chances of economic achievement. b. They give up hope of achieving success but still value the idea of success. c. They find a way to move to a different community as soon as possible. d. They join deviant subcultures and adopt deviant norms instead of middle-class values.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: Functionalist Theories (II.C.i)

23. A survey of homeless youth in Canada shows a strong correlation between hunger, lack of shelter, and unemployment, on the one hand, and theft, prostitution, and even violent crime on the other. Whose theory of delinquency best explains this relationship? a. Howard Becker's b. Richard A. Cloward and Lloyd E. Ohlin's c. Edwin H. Sutherland's d. Travis Hirschi's ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: Functionalist Theories (II.C.i)

24. Émile Durkheim’s concept of anomie refers to the loss of traditional norms and standards in modern society. According to Durkheim, what is the main consequence of anomie? a. increased rates of violent crime b. decreased adherence to religious traditions c. increased adherence to religious traditions d. increased disposition toward suicide ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Functionalist Theories (II.C.i) | InQuizitive

25. Which theory proposes that we become deviant when exposed to a higher level of deviant people and influences, compared with conventional influences? a. labeling theory c. differential association theory b. strain theory d. control theory ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Interactionist Theories (II.C.ii)

26. According to differential association theory, who is more likely to be a delinquent? a. a poor person whose friends do not commit crime b. a middle-class person whose friends frequently commit crime c. a person with high aspirations but few opportunities d. a person with low aspirations but many opportunities ANS: B DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: Interactionist Theories (II.C.ii)

27. Which theory views crime as the outcome of an imbalance between impulses toward criminal activity and the social or physical controls that deter it? a. labeling theory c. differential association theory b. strain theory d. control theory ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Interactionist Theories (II.C.ii)

28. Joe is a straight-A student and wants to go to a four-year college after high school. When his friends encourage him to skip class and hang out with them, he refuses to do so because he doesn't want to jeopardize his GPA. This is an example of a. conflict theory. c. functionalist theory. b. control theory. d. strain theory.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: Interactionist Theories (II.C.ii)

29. From the perspective of labeling theory, deviance is seen as a. a process of interaction between deviants and nondeviants. b. a set of characteristics of individuals or groups. c. freely chosen. d. an act that is universally wrong.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Interactionist Theories (II.C.ii)

30. Two groups of boys, one working class and the other middle class, engage in equal amounts of delinquent activity. The members of one group are considered "boys being boys," and the members of the other are considered "troublemakers." Which of the following theories best explains this difference? a. strain theory c. control theory b. differential association theory d. labeling theory ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Interactionist Theories (II.C.ii)

31. Fifteen-year-old Diego is arrested and spends thirty days in juvenile detention. He begins to see himself as a delinquent while there. When he is released, he commits more crimes. Edwin Lemert would consider the crimes Diego commits after being released a. primary deviance. c. tertiary deviance.

b. secondary deviance.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

d. anomic deviance.

REF: Interactionist Theories (II.C.ii)

32. Which theory is closest to the arguments of Karl Marx? a. functionalist theory c. control theory b. differential association theory d. conflict theory ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Conflict Theory (II.C.iii)

33. Conflict theorists would argue that laws a. are neutral. b. are applied evenly across the population. c. are used by the powerful to maintain their own privileged positions. d. protect the working class from being exploited by the capitalist elite.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Conflict Theory (II.C.iii)

34. Even though the amount of money involved in white-collar crime in the United States is forty times greater than the amount involved in crimes against property, efforts to detect white-collar crime are ordinarily limited and most do not appear in official statistics at all. Which theoretical perspective would most likely examine this and draw a connection between criminal punishment and class? a. labeling theory c. differential association theory b. functionalist theory d. conflict theory ANS: D MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Moderate

REF: Conflict Theory (II.C.iii)

35. The way in which crime is understood directly affects the policies developed to combat it. If crime is seen as the product of deprivation or social disorganization, policies might be aimed at a. reducing poverty and strengthening social services. b. morality training for those in prison. c. developing interview skills for those on parole. d. developing high self-esteem for at-risk youth.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: Theoretical Conclusions (II.D)

36. What has happened to crime rates in the United States from 1997 to 2016? a. Both violent crime and property crime rates have decreased. b. Both violent crime and property crime rates have increased. c. Violent crime rates have increased but property crime rates have increased. d. Violent crime rates have decreased but property crime rates have decreased.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: How Do We Document Crime? (III)

37. Critics argue that one of the drawbacks of using the Uniform Crime Reports to measure crime is that a. the reports focus only on nonviolent "index" crimes. b. the reports focus on embezzlement, a crime typically committed by the middle class. c. the reports do not accurately reflect the fact that crime is mainly an activity of ethnic minorities and the poor. d. the reports do not accurately reflect crime rates because they include only those crimes

reported to law enforcement agencies.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: How Do We Document Crime? (III)

38. The National Crime Victimization Survey has found that crime rates are a. social constructions. b. actually higher than those reported by official agencies. c. actually lower than those reported by official agencies. d. about the same as those reported by official agencies, confirming the accuracy of those reports.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: How Do We Document Crime? (III)

39. Crime rates in the United States have been steadily declining over the past two decades. Identify which of the following crime rates is the highest in the 21st century. a. larceny-theft rate b. burglary rate c. murder and nonnegligent homicide rate d. robbery rate ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: How Do We Document Crime? (III) | InQuizitive

40. While the rate of violent crime has been declining in the United States since the 1990s, it is still relatively high in comparison to other industrialized countries, like Switzerland. What is one likely explanation for the relatively high violent crime rate? a. high rates of immigration b. availability of firearms c. the aging population d. changes in welfare laws ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: The Great Crime Decline (III.A)

41. Which of the following statements concerning victims and perpetrators of crime is true? a. Men are more likely to be victims and perpetrators of crime compared with women. b. Older people are more likely to be victims and perpetrators of crime compared with young people. c. Whites are more likely to be victims and perpetrators of crime compared with African Americans. d. Residents of the suburbs are more likely to be victims and perpetrators of crime compared with inner-city residents.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Criminal Victimization (III.B)

42. Since the 1970s, many important feminist works have drawn attention to a. the way in which criminal transgressions by women occur in the same contexts as those by men. b. how women’s experiences with the criminal justice system are influenced by certain gendered assumptions about appropriate male and female roles. c. the prevalence of violence against women in the home, but largely ignoring violence against women in public.

d. the prevalence of violence against women in public, but largely ignoring violence against women in the home.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Gender and Crime (IV.A)

43. In 2018, women made up ______ percent of the U.S. prison population. a. 7 b. 21 c. 35 d. 49 ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Gender and Crime (IV.A)

44. Which type of crime is LEAST typical of crimes committed by women? a. violent crime b. petty thefts c. public order offenses d. prostitution ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Gender and Crime (IV.A)

45. According to the textbook, at what age is a person most likely to be arrested for a crime? a. 13 c. 25 b. 18 d. 35 ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Youth and Crime (IV.B)

46. According to the textbook, why is there widespread panic about youth criminality? a. Youthful deviants usually go on to become career criminals. b. Young people are often taken as an indicator of the health and welfare of society. c. Youth criminality is a direct outcome of increasing drug use. d. Middle-class youth are the leading cause of increasing crime rates.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: Youth and Crime (IV.B)

47. Crime typically carried out by people in the more affluent sectors of society is called a. organized crime. c. ―traditional‖ crime. b. white-collar crime. d. index crime.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Crimes of the Powerful (IV.C)

48. Offenses committed by large corporations in society are called a. organized crime. c. corporate crime. b. ―traditional‖ crime. d. index crime.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Corporate Crime (IV.C.i)

49. A food manufacturer puts false nutrition information on its product labels. This is an example of a. organized crime. c. corporate crime.

b. ―male‖ crime.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

d. property crime.

DIF: Moderate

REF: Corporate Crime (IV.C.i)

50. Forms of activity that have some of the characteristics of orthodox businesses but are illegal are called a. white-collar crime. c. index crime. b. corporate crime. d. organized crime.

ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Organized Crime (IV.D)

51. Which of the following is an example of the organized crime Manuel Castells described? a. Bernard Madoff's Ponzi scheme b. heroin networks that stretch across Asia c. prison gangs d. inner-city youth gangs ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: Organized Crime (IV.D)

52. Which of the following countries has the highest incarceration rate? a. China c. France b. Brazil d. United States ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Prisons (V.A)

53. The New Jim Crow argues that a caste system that disproportionately disadvantages African Americans has been created by a. mass incarceration. b. rising poverty rates. c. housing discrimination. d. increased crime among African American youth.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Prisons (V.A)

54. According to Michelle Alexander, understanding mass incarceration requires understanding that a. African American inmates are treated worse than other inmates. b. people who are considered criminal are marginalized and stigmatized by the justice system as well as other policies and practices. c. the prison population cannot reenter society and must remain incarcerated for its own well-being. d. the prison population is overcrowded and creates long-term stress responses.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: Prisons (V.A)

55. In December 2016, more than ______ people were in state or federal prison and ______ people in local jails. a. 150,000; 74,070 b. 550,000; 350,700 c. 1.5 million; 740,700 d. 5.5 million; 3,507,000

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Prisons (V.A)

56. An experiment by sociologist Devah Pager showed that when applying for jobs, a black man with no criminal history had the same success as a. a white man with a felony conviction. c. a black man with a felony conviction. b. a white man with no criminal history. d. a white man with no work experience.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: The Mark of a Criminal Record (V.A.i)

57. Which of the following best describes Americans' beliefs about capital punishment? a. Support for capital punishment has been declining in the last two decades. b. The majority of Americans have always opposed capital punishment. c. A large majority (over 60 percent) of adults supported capital punishment in 2016. d. Most adults opposed capital punishment in 1994.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: The Death Penalty (V.B)

58. Which of the following statements concerning beliefs about capital punishment is true? a. In countries that have eliminated the death penalty, the majority tend to oppose it. b. Even in countries that have eliminated the death penalty, the majority tend to support it. c. The international political climate has increasingly supported the use of the death penalty. d. The United States is the only nation in the world in which the majority of citizens support capital punishment.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult MSC: Remembering

REF: The Death Penalty (V.B)

59. When laws allowing capital punishment are compared internationally, we can see that a. the United States is one of the few Western countries that still legally permits this practice. b. the majority of Western countries permit capital punishment. c. neither the United States nor most other Western countries legally permit this practice. d. in European countries, policies related to capital punishment are made on a state-by-state basis.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: The Death Penalty (V.B)

60. According to the textbook, a key reason that New York's "stop and frisk" policy was banned by a federal judge was that a. it was not being applied in the high crime neighborhoods for which it was intended. b. it was most often applied only to young men and was determined to be ageist. c. it was costing the city too much revenue in law suits. d. it violated citizens' rights against unreasonable searches and seizures.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Policing (V.C)

61. In Punished, what does Victor Rios note about policies like "stop and frisk"? a. They catch the most violent criminals, leaving their neighborhoods much safer. b. They compromise the relationships young Latino and African American men have with teachers, neighbors, and authority figures. c. They create advantages for young Latino and African American men by keeping them

motivated to avoid drugs and other criminal activities. d. Having regular interactions with policemen and authority figures helps young people feel safe.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: Policing (V.C)

62. What do your textbook authors believe is one of the biggest contributing factors in the decline of crime? a. growing police departments b. the prison boom c. the booming economy d. decreasing cocaine and illegal drug usage ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Policing (V.C)

63. Which theory served as the basis for new policing strategies in the late 1980s and 1990s that aggressively focused on minor crimes such as traffic violations and drinking or using drugs in public? a. control theory c. conflict theory b. broken windows theory d. differential association theory ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Broken Windows Theory (V.C.i)

64. Which theory best explains why a neighborhood that had only minor problems, such as abandoned cars and graffiti, began to see an increase in other more serious types of property crime? a. control theory c. conflict theory b. broken windows theory d. differential association theory ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Broken Windows Theory (V.C.i)

65. A renewed emphasis on crime prevention rather than law enforcement to reintegrate policing within the community is called a. ―stop and frisk.‖ c. community policing. b. the New Jim Crow. d. target hardening.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Community Policing (V.C.ii)

66. Which of the following best illustrates community policing? a. severely punishing even minor crimes, such as public drunkenness b. local organizations, government agencies, and businesses working together c. the installation of burglar alarms d. communal public shaming of offenders ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Community Policing (V.C.ii)

67. Why might community policing be an effective approach to reducing crime? a. Community policing increases the presence of police, who can crack down on crimes as they happen. b. Community policing can help improve social order, lowering incentives for crime. c. Community policing gets citizens involved in identifying and prosecuting law breakers. d. Community policing relies on citizens to make decisions about police protocol.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Community Policing (V.C.ii) | InQuizitive

68. Patrick Sharkey found that in communities where crime has gone down a. life expectancy increases for young black males; school performance of children worsens. b. life expectancy increases for young black males; school performance of children improves. c. life expectancy decreases for young black males; school performance of children worsens. d. life expectancy decreases for young black males; school performance of children improves.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: The Benefits of the Crime Decline (V.D)

69. Patrick Sharkey found that an average Black boy who was born in 2012 could expect to live three-quarters of a year longer than a Black boy who was born when crime was at its height, in 1991. He concludes that a. this increase in life expectancy is not related to the decline in violence. b. this increase in life expectancy is due to the fact that violence was taken seriously as a ―public health‖ problem. c. this increase in life expectancy is too small to matter. d. this increase in life expectancy is equivalent to what would happen if we were to eliminate the obesity epidemic altogether.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: The Benefits of the Crime Decline (V.D)

70. According to Patrick Sharkey, what happens to children after a violent shooting? a. Their cognitive performance improves. b. Their cognitive performance declines. c. They are fine and require no support services in these situations because they are so used to violence. d. They are provided excellent support services to meet their needs in these situations.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: The Benefits of the Crime Decline (V.D)

71. According to Sarah Brayne, what is a problem associated with police departments using big data? a. It puts individuals who are already under suspicion under new, deeper, quantified forms of surveillance masked by objectivity. b. Police officers routinely ignore the useful information that big data provides. c. Historical data cannot identity where and when future crimes are most likely to occur and deploy officers accordingly. d. Network models are ineffective in identifying people, places, and belongings related to a person of interest.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: The Costs of Crime (VI.A)

72. Assessing the overall impact of crime and incarceration in the United States, we can draw which of the following conclusions? a. The number of people behind bars has decreased in the past decade. b. Spending on corrections has risen dramatically over the past three decades. c. Few of us are affected by the high cost of crime. d. State governments are doing a good job of ensuring that inmates are housed, fed, and provided medical care.

ANS: B MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Difficult

REF: The Costs of Crime (VI.A)

73. Your friend gets a speeding ticket. What function would your textbook authors most likely say your friend getting a speeding ticket performs? a. You learn about the high cost of the speeding ticket and will not speed to avoid paying the high cost. b. You learn that speeding is dangerous. c. You realize that police officers are sexist. d. Your friend getting a speeding ticket performs no function.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: The Functions of Deviance (VI.B)

SHORT ANSWER 1. How is it possible that a person can be both a conformist and a deviant? Please explain your answer in two to three sentences.

ANS: To answer this question, the student must understand the meaning of deviance and how it is socially constructed. Deviance refers to the modes of action that do not conform to the norms or values most members of a group or society hold. However, what is regarded as deviant is as variable as the norms and values that distinguish different cultures and subcultures from one another. Therefore, actions that one group defines as deviant are seen as conforming by another group.

DIF: Difficult

REF: What Is Deviance? (I)

MSC: Creating

2. What is the biological view of deviance? What are some of the weaknesses of this approach? Please explain in three to four sentences.

ANS: To answer this question, the student must explain the biological view of deviance as well as mention its weaknesses. The biological view of deviance emphasizes biological factors in explaining crime—for example, skull or body shape. There are several weaknesses to this approach. The first is methodological. Even if there were a correlation between body type and delinquency, this would not necessarily reveal that someone's body type causes criminal behavior. Second, nearly all studies in this field have been restricted to delinquents in reform schools, and it may be that the tougher, athletic-looking delinquents are more liable to be sent to such schools than fragile-looking, skinny ones.

Third, social environment may strengthen or weaken the link between genetics and deviant behavior.

For instance, even if a baby were born with a genetic predisposition for alcoholism, that baby would not likely become a problem drinker if their social environment provided few opportunities to drink.

DIF: Moderate MSC: Evaluating

REF: The Biological View of Deviance (II.A)

3. In three to five sentences, explain how Robert Merton understood crime. How would Merton's strain theory explain the crimes committed in the inner city?

ANS:

To answer this question, the student must explain Merton's strain theory and apply it to the inner city.

According to Merton, in American society, generally held values emphasize material success, and the means of achieving success are supposed to be self-discipline and hard work. Accordingly, it is believed that people who work hard can succeed no matter what their starting point in life. This idea is not in fact valid, because most people in the inner city have very few conventional opportunities for advancement, such as high-quality education, yet those who do not "succeed" find themselves condemned for their apparent inability to make material progress. Therefore, in the inner city, there is great pressure to try to get ahead by any means, legitimate or illegitimate.

DIF: Moderate

REF: Functionalist Theories (II.C.i)

MSC: Applying

4. Compare and contrast differential association theory with control theory. Which theory do you think better explains crime? Please explain your answers in three to five sentences.

ANS: To answer this question, the student must first explain differential association theory and control theory.

Differential association theory argues that we learn deviant behavior in precisely the same way we learn about conventional behavior: from our contacts with primary groups, such as peers, family members, and coworkers. The term differential refers to the ratio of deviant to conventional social contacts. We become deviant when exposed to a higher level of deviant persons and influences compared with conventional influences. In a society that contains a variety of subcultures, some individuals have greater exposure to social environments that encourage illegal activities. Control theory argues that four types of bonds link people to society and law-abiding behavior: attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief. When sufficiently strong, these four elements help maintain social control and conformity by rendering people unable to break rules. If these bonds with society are weak, however, delinquency and deviance may result. The student should then point out that Edwin H. Sutherland's focus on differential association is similar to Travis Hirschi's focus on attachment to conventional others. For Sutherland, individuals are more likely to commit crime as they associate with criminals. For Hirschi, individuals are less likely to commit crime as they form attachments with conventional others. The student should also mention that Sutherland's focus on learning relates to Hirschi's focus on belief. For Sutherland, individuals are more likely to commit crime as they learn beliefs that tend them toward criminal behaviors. For Hirschi, individuals are less likely to commit crime as they learn beliefs that tend them toward conventional behaviors. The student can then argue which perspective better explains crime. The best answers will argue that which theory is best depends on the type of crime you are trying to understand. Answers will vary; however, research suggests that learning how to be a criminal is the critical intervening variable in predicting criminal behavior, which differential association theory emphasizes more.

DIF: Difficult

REF: Interactionist Theories (II.C.ii)

MSC: Evaluating

5. Compare and contrast labeling theory with the conflict perspective. Which theory do you think better explains crime? Please explain your answer in three to five sentences.

ANS:

To answer this question, the student should first explain labeling theory and the conflict approach.

Labeling theory begins from the assumption that no act is intrinsically deviant. Rather, to be deviant, one must be labeled as such. In the case of criminal activity, the powerful establish definitions of criminality through the formulation of laws and their interpretation by police, courts, and correctional institutions.

Conflict theorists frame their analysis of crime and deviance in terms of the structure of society and the preservation of power among the ruling class. They reject the idea that laws are neutral and are applied evenly across the population. Instead, they claim that as inequalities increase between the ruling class and the working class, law becomes an ever more important instrument for the powerful to maintain order. The powerful also break laws but are rarely caught. The student should mention that both theories focus on the role of the powerful. The student can then argue which perspective better explains crime.

The best answers will argue that which theory is best depends on the type of crime you are trying to understand.

DIF: Moderate

REF: Interactionist Theories (II.C.ii)

MSC: Applying

6. In two to three sentences, apply control theory to explain why people in their late teens are more likely to commit crime than older people.

ANS: Control theory has been used to explain this pattern, called the agecrime curve. As young people gradually transition into adulthood, they acquire those social attachments and commitments that make conventional behavior rewarding. As they marry, have children, find jobs, and set up their own homes, the cost of deviance is high; rational actors would not want to risk losing their families and homes and thus avoid deviant acts.

DIF: Moderate

REF: Interactionist Theories (II.C.ii)

MSC: Applying

7. Compare the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) with victimization surveys, such as the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS). Which method gives a better indication of the level of crime in the United States? Please explain in three to five sentences.

ANS: To answer this question, the student must explain how the UCR collects data and how the NCVS collects data. The UCR contains official data on crime that is reported to law enforcement agencies across the country, which then provide the data to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). The NCVS interviews households across the country to find out how many members were the victims of particular crimes during the previous six months. This procedure has confirmed that the overall rate of crime is higher than reported in the UCR. Thus, the NCVS gives a better indication of the level of crime in the United States.

DIF: Moderate MSC: Evaluating

REF: How Do We Document Crime? (III)

8. How important is the drug trade to organized crime groups? According to Manuel Castells, why might it be difficult to combat the global trade in illegal drugs?

ANS:

The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime estimates that the income from the global trade in illegal drugs is higher than the income from the annual global trade in coffee, grains, or meat. However, as organized crime groups grow increasingly agile in structure and diverse in the markets they rely on, the relative importance of drugs is declining. In End of Millennium, Manuel Castells argues that the coordination of criminal activities across borders—with the help of new information technologies—is becoming a central feature of the new global economy. Criminal groups are now operating in flexible international networks rather than within their own territorial realms, setting up strategic alliances with one another. The flexible nature of this networked crime makes it relatively easy for crime groups to evade the reach of law-enforcement initiatives.

DIF: Difficult

REF: Organized Crime (IV.D)

MSC: Analyzing

9. Describe a real or hypothetical scenario in which a "stop and frisk" approach is taken by police, including an account of the characteristics detainees are likely to have, according to your textbook.

Apply this scenario to a brief discussion of Michelle Alexander's book The New Jim Crow and Victor Rios's book Punished to examine why this policy has been so controversial.

ANS: The student should describe the practice of stop and frisk as well as its uneven application across ethnic groups. Some reference should be made to how policies like stop and frisk can increase the likelihood of arrests and imprisonment in some communities, thus making a connection with the structural and legal marginalization of African Americans. This uneven stop and frisk application can also be clearly linked to Rios's description of the pervasive daily police presence in the lives of Latino and African American boys. The textbook notes the negative impact described in both books; students should note those effects and link to stop and frisk.

DIF: Difficult

REF: Policing (V.C)

MSC: Creating

10. According to Patrick Sharkey, how have poor communities benefited from the great crime decline?

ANS: Patrick Sharkey addressed this question by looking at two areas of social life that were most likely influenced by lower crime rates: life expectancy and school performance. Sharkey found that in communities where crime has gone down, the amount of violence has also decreased. He found that an average Black boy who was born in 2012 could expect to live three-quarters of a year longer than a Black boy who was born when crime was at its height, in 1991. Sharkey also found that students suffer academically after a violent shooting: ―It was as if children who were [tested] right after a local homicide had missed the previous two years of schooling and regressed back to their level of cognitive performance from years earlier.‖ DIF: Moderate REF: The Benefits of the Crime Decline (V.D) MSC: Understanding 11. In three to five sentences, explain how deviance is functional and draw on at least two specific examples to illustrate your argument.

ANS:

To answer this question, the student must explain the various ways in which deviance is functional. First, deviance has an adaptive function. By introducing new ideas and challenges into society, deviance is an innovative force. It brings about change. Second, deviance clarifies social norms and helps us understand what is considered right and wrong among our peers, friends, and community members.

Third, deviance can contribute to the stability of society. The textbook gives the example of prostitution contributing to the stability of marriage by providing a sexual outlet that carries less risk of emotional entanglement. Fourth, deviance clarifies what the penalties are, and we conform to avoid the penalties.

Most of us know what the punishments are for even minor violations, such as speeding or running a red light. By learning about the fees and punishments levied on those who break the rules, most of us will behave in accordance with the law—to avoid a fate such as suspension of a driver's license or spending a night in jail. Fifth, deviants are often ostracized, and we conform to avoid the same fate. For example, most of us do not want to be ostracized, so we may choose clothes, hobbies, romantic partners, and even our future career paths so that we fit in with peers. To be considered deviant often means being treated as a social outcast. Sixth, when deviants are publicly punished, it makes us rethink whether it is worthwhile to try to get away with a crime. Examples students might give for public punishment could include locking horse thieves into stocks in town squares, making an adulteress wear a scarlet letter A around her neck in the colonial United States, or publicizing the names and addresses of registered sex offenders and televising "perp walks" in the contemporary United States.

DIF: Difficult

REF: The Functions of Deviance (VI.B)

MSC: Understanding

CHAPTER 7 Stratification, Class, and Inequality CONCEPT MAP XVII.

XVIII.

XIX.

XX.

What Is Social Stratification?

A. Slavery B. Caste Systems C. Class i. Are Class Boundaries Weakening?

D. Theories of Stratification in Modern Societies i. Marx: Means of Production and the Analysis of Class ii. Weber: Class, Status, and Power iii. Davis and Moore: The Functions of Stratification How Is Social Class Defined in the United States?

A. Income B. Wealth C. Education D. Occupation E. A Picture of the U.S. Class Structure i. The Upper Class ii. The Middle Class iii. The Working Class iv. The Lower Class v. The ―Underclass‖ What Are the Causes and Consequences of Social Inequality in the United States?

A. Ethnic Minorities versus White Americans B. Social Mobility i. Opportunities for Mobility: Who Gets Ahead? ii. Downward Mobility How Does Poverty Affect Individuals?

A. Measuring Poverty B. Who Are the Poor? i. The Working Poor

XXI.

ii. Poverty, Race, and Ethnicity iii. The Feminization of Poverty iv. Children in Poverty v. The Elderly in Poverty C. Explaining Poverty: The Sociological Debate D. Social Exclusion i. Homeless Persons How Does Social Inequality Affect Your Life?

MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. In systems of stratification, people are typically ranked by a. personality. c. intelligence. b. social categories. d. social capital.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: What Is Social Stratification? (I)

2. According to the textbook, what is one of the reasons that slavery does not exist in most societies around the world today? a. It is an inefficient economic system. b. Slaves are too expensive to buy. c. The Civil War outlawed it. d. Around the world, slavery has always been considered immoral.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Slavery (I.A)

3. Today people are taken against their will and forced to work as bricklayers in Pakistan or as sex workers in Thailand. According to the textbook, these examples are best described as a. modern-day slavery. b. a caste system based on occupation. c. cheap labor in a capitalist system. d. the worst occupations in a class system.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: Slavery (I.A)

4. A stratification system in which certain people are owned as property is known as a. capitalism. c. class. b. caste. d. slavery.

ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Slavery (I.A)

5. Which of the following is an example of a caste system? a. forcing rural women in Thailand into sex work b. the racial wealth gap in the United States c. forcing children to accept their parents' status as their own in India d. high rates of child poverty in Slovenia ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Caste Systems (I.B)

6. Caste systems like the one in India require that individuals marry within their social group. This is referred to as a. social reproduction. c. social exclusion. b. endogamy. d. monogamy.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Caste Systems (I.B)

7. We can conclude that one of the main differences between a society based on caste versus one based on class is that a. boundaries between groups are not prevalent in systems based on class. b. caste societies are spreading to countries around the world. c. social mobility is more prevalent in class-based societies. d. globalization will eventually do away with class positions.

ANS: C

DIF: Moderate

REF: Class (I.C)

MSC: Analyzing

8. Oprah Winfrey was born into poverty and raised by a single mother, yet today she is one of the richest women in America. According to the textbook, the social position we are born into affects our life chances, but our class position is also a. based on caste. c. in some part achieved. b. based on looks. d. determined by affirmative action.

ANS: C

DIF: Easy

REF: Class (I.C)

MSC: Applying

9. Scholars believe that ______ has encouraged a shift to class-based systems in countries such as India that have been traditionally caste-based systems. a. morality c. religion b. globalization d. a high divorce rate ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Are Class Boundaries Weakening? (I.C.i)

10. According to Karl Marx, the working class in industrialized countries would remain poor and live near subsistence level. Marx was right about the persistence of poverty in industrialized countries, but he was wrong in thinking that a. there would be very few poor people in most industrialized countries. b. most people would own the means of production collectively in capitalist countries. c. the income of most of the population would remain extremely low. d. industrial capitalism would decrease the wealth and income gap.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Marx: Means of Production and Analysis (I.D.i)

11. Karl Marx called those who own the means of production ______ and those who make their living by selling their own labor power for a wage ______. a. the bourgeoisie; the proletariat c. merchants; consumers b. producers; consumers d. the working class; capitalists ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Marx: Means of Production and Analysis (I.D.i)

12. Workers picking strawberries can pick 100 baskets an hour, but the value of 20 baskets is all it costs the employer to pay them their hourly wages. According to Karl Marx, the income the employer collects from the extra baskets is a. cultural capital. c. endogamy.

b. surplus value.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

d. wealth.

DIF: Moderate

REF: Marx: Means of Production and Analysis (I.D.i)

13. One of the main differences between Marx's and Weber's understanding of social class is that a. Marx emphasized one's life chances in his understanding of social class. b. Weber recognized that social classes also differ with respect to their power and status. c. Marx put more emphasis on how race and gender intersected with class. d. Weber argued that social discrimination can lead to class inequality.

ANS: B MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Moderate

REF: Weber: Class, Status, and Power (I.D.ii)

14. Andrew is a twenty-something, currently unemployed Jewish male from a wealthy background. Louis is a thirty-year-old Puerto Rican man who currently works in retail. In addition to class, which other difference might Max Weber point to in attempting to understand their respective social positions? a. status distinctions c. ethnic distinctions b. functionalist distinctions d. age distinctions ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: Weber: Class, Status, and Power (I.D.ii)

15. The social honor or prestige that other members of society accord to individuals is referred to as a. status. c. class. b. power. d. surplus value.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Weber: Class, Status, and Power (I.D.ii)

16. What does Max Weber mean by a ―pariah group‖? a. a group whose presence is a threat to the social order b. a group that is both admired and feared c. a negative-status group that suffers from loss of social opportunity d. a disadvantaged group that is pitted and afforded special opportunities ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Weber: Class, Status, and Power (I.D.ii) | InQuizitive

MSC: Remembering

17. Dr. Smith is an open-heart surgeon who was trained at a top-tier medical school. Which of the following theorists would be most likely to argue that Dr. Smith’s high pay reflects the needs of society for surgeons and that surgeons are less replaceable than many other lower-paying occupations? a. Kingsley Davis and Wilbert E. Moore c. Karl Marx b. Max Weber d. Charles Murray ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Davis and Moore: The Functions of Stratification (I.D.iii) MSC: Applying 18. Davis and Moore's explanation of class stratification differs from that of Marx and Weber because a. they tend to focus more on the role of inheritance in attaining social status. b. they argue that blue-collar occupations deserve more prestige in our society. c. they argue that rewards for one's social position are based upon the needs of society. d. they pay more attention to the need for the redistribution of resources to make society more equal and stable.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Davis and Moore: The Functions of Stratification (I.D.iii) MSC: Analyzing 19. What functionalist explanation for social stratification do Kingsley Davis and Wilbert E. Moore offer? a. Stratification has the benefit of matching the best-qualified workers to the most important jobs. b. Stratification is the inevitable result of allowing wealth to be transferred from parents to children. c. Stratification introduces the possibility of a conflict between the capitalists and the working class. d. Stratification is a natural side effect of the ebb and flow of human conflict and cooperation.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Davis and Moore: The Functions of Stratification (I.D.iii) | InQuizitive MSC: Understanding 20. From 1977 to 2016, the richest 20 percent saw its income rise ______, while the poorest 20 percent saw its income rise by ______. a. 67 percent; 8 percent c. 100 percent; 0 percent b. 15 percent; 60 percent d. 75 percent; 95 percent ANS: A DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: Income (II.A)

21. The money a person gets from a wage, salary, or investments is ______; the assets an individual owns are ______. a. wealth; property c. wealth; income b. income; wealth d. income; inherited ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Income (II.A)

22. Suheir Shedd is a university professor. Which of the following would constitute her wealth? a. the cultural capital in her network c. the money she makes in a year b. all the assets she owns d. the estimated earnings over her life ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Wealth (II.B)

23. Wealth and income are both important determinants of social class. Which of the following best characterizes the relationship between wealth and income in the United States? a. Income disparities between rich and poor have increased in the past three decades, whereas wealth disparities have decreased during the same time. b. Wealthy people almost always inherit their money; thus, there is no relationship between wealth and income. c. The same factors that limit people's incomes also limit their ability to accumulate wealth. d. While race, education, and age influence income, wealth is independent of these variables.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Wealth (II.B)

24. According to the textbook, what is one conclusion we can draw about how social class is defined in the United States? a. Racial disparities in wealth can be explained solely by family advantages.

b. Most American sociologists can agree on the boundaries between social classes. c. Famous people have the highest occupational prestige. d. One's educational attainment is one of the strongest predictors of one's occupation, income, and wealth later in life.

ANS: D MSC: Evaluating

DIF: Moderate

REF: Education (II.C)

25. According to the textbook, what has been the relationship between higher education and social stratification in recent years? a. College education has become much more difficult, causing students to drop out. b. College education has become more accessible, causing more students to enroll. c. The importance and value of a college education in the job market have increased. d. Colleges have become less selective.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Education (II.C)

26. Studies in which people are asked to rate jobs in terms of "prestige" show some differences in ratings by age. Which person would a millennial rate higher on occupational prestige than older Americans? a. Mary Dolan, a doctor c. Colin Kaepernick, a professional athlete b. June Brewer, a sociologist d. Jerry Valdez, a police officer ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Occupation (II.D)

27. Dr. Ramirez is a sociology professor, and while he makes much less money than doctors and lawyers, he is viewed as having relatively high prestige because of a. his professional clothing. c. his education. b. his work hours. d. his publications.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: Occupation (II.D)

28. Which of the following is a true statement about social class? a. In a single social class, lifestyles and personal characteristics are extremely similar. b. Social class is a problematic concept because members of even a single social class do not share distinctly similar, life-defining experiences. c. There are sharply defined boundaries between the classes. d. There is wide agreement among sociologists on exactly where the boundaries between classes should fall.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: A Picture of the U.S. Class Structure (II.E)

29. According to the textbook, one conclusion we can draw about the upper class in the United States is that a. it is made up of the wealthiest 20 percent of the population. b. it has a distinctive lifestyle and is politically influential. c. it does not include people who get their wealth from investments. d. it is easily accessible to all Americans with a college education.

ANS: B MSC: Evaluating

DIF: Difficult

REF: The Upper Class (II.E.i)

30. The super-rich in the United States were able to accumulate vast amounts of wealth partly because globalization enabled them to

a. b. c. d.

use low-wage labor in other countries. sell products to consumers in the United States. make investments locally. produce their products in one place.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: The Upper Class (II.E.i)

31. Among the superrich, some people are considered ―old money‖ and others are considered ―new wealth.‖ What is the difference? a. ―Old money‖ refers to people who made their fortunes in traditional manufacturing industries, while ―new wealth‖ refers to people who were information technology innovators. b. ―Old money‖ refers to people who are socially conservative and support conservative causes, while ―new wealth‖ refers to people who are socially progressive and support liberal causes. c. ―Old money‖ refers to people who come from families that have been in the United States for several generations, while ―new money‖ refers to people who are first- or second-generation immigrants. d. ―Old money‖ refers to people who own wealth passed down to them by earlier family generations, while ―new wealth‖ refers to people who made their money as entrepreneurs.

ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: The Upper Class (II.E.i) | InQuizitive

32. According to the textbook, members of the lower middle class today a. work at primarily blue-collar jobs. b. make up about 90 percent of American households. c. are rarely politically active beyond exercising their right to vote. d. make over $200,000 annually.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: The Middle Class (II.E.ii)

33. Which of the following individuals is most likely to identify as a member of the lower middle class? a. professor c. school teacher b. doctor d. upper-level manager ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: The Middle Class (II.E.ii)

34. Eddie is a factory worker. Eddie's husband, Dustin, works part time as a sales clerk. Their combined income is just enough to pay their mortgage and make ends meet. Eddie and Dustin are considered a. upper middle class. c. working class. b. lower middle class. d. lower class.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: The Working Class (II.E.iii)

35. People in blue-collar occupations, such as plumbers, and pink-collar occupations, such as hotel workers, make up the a. upper middle class. c. working class. b. lower middle class. d. lower class.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: The Working Class (II.E.iii)

36. Working-class children are most likely to do which of the following after graduating from high school? a. travel around Europe c. attend a two-year college b. attend a four-year college d. immediately start working ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: The Working Class (II.E.iii)

37. Identify which of the following is one of the main causes of the rising economic inequality in the United States over the past few decades. a. economic globalization b. high and rising inflation c. increased international conflict d. reduction in global trading ANS: A DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: The Working Class (II.E.iii) | InQuizitive

38. According to the textbook, members of the lower class today a. make up roughly 50 percent of American households. b. have household income typically lower than $20,000. c. own their own homes. d. are less likely to be nonwhite than other social classes.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: The Lower Class (II.E.iv)

39. According to the textbook, how active are members of the lower class in politics? a. They often have significant influence on American politics. b. They often are active in local politics. c. They are rarely politically active beyond exercising their right to vote. d. They do not participate in politics, and they seldom vote.

ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering 40.

REF: The Lower Class (II.E.iv)

In the U.S. class system, the poorest of the poor, who are structurally disadvantaged and are least likely to move out of their class position, are called the a. untouchables. c. Dalits. b. lower class. d. underclass.

ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: The ―Underclass‖ (II.E.v)

41. Today, the gap between rich and poor in the United States is the largest it has been since a. 1947, when the United States started to measure the gap. b. 1970, when the United States started to outsource jobs. c. 2000, after the economic boom of the 1990s. d. None of these choices are correct; the gap has been getting smaller.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: What Are the Causes and Consequences of Social Inequality in the United States? (III) MSC: Remembering 42. Which of the following best explains why Latino household income has recently worsened? a. The intensifying of the culture of poverty among Latinos discourages achievement and

saving money. b. Recent immigrants from Mexico and Central America are in low-wage jobs. c. The unemployment rate among Latinos is increasing. d. The divorce rate among Latinos is increasing.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Ethnic Minorities versus White Americans (III.A)

43. Which of the following is an example of social mobility? a. Jasper, who grew up in a lower-class neighborhood and became a wealthy doctor b. Antonio, who moved from New York City to a suburb c. Smita, who does not identify with her Brahmin caste background d. Tia, who was raised as a man but identifies as a woman ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: Social Mobility (III.B)

44. Intergenerational mobility is best described as when a. a person achieves a different class position than the one he or she thought they would have. b. a person maintains the same class position as his or her parents or grandparents. c. a person has a different class position from that of his or her parents or grandparents. d. a person achieves a different class position from his or her siblings.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Social Mobility (III.B)

45. When sociologists examine how far an individual moves up or down the socioeconomic scale in his or her lifetime, they are studying a. absolute poverty. c. life chances. b. social reproduction. d. intragenerational mobility.

ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Social Mobility (III.B)

46. According to Peter Blau and Otis Dudley Duncan, the key factor behind occupational status is a. ambition. b. genetics. c. education. d. luck.

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Opportunities for Mobility: Who Gets Ahead? (III.B.i)

MSC: Remembering

47. According to William Sewell and Robert Hauser, the key factor behind occupational status is a. educational and career aspirations. b. genetics. c. power. d. luck.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Opportunities for Mobility: Who Gets Ahead? (III.B.i)

MSC: Remembering

48. Which of the following is an example of what Pierre Bourdieu refers to as cultural capital? a. the ability to pay for cultural events and resources such as art museums, opera companies, and symphony orchestras b. parents paying for school tutoring

c. parents reading to their children and encouraging them to do well in school d. having an uncle who works for Goldman Sachs ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Opportunities for Mobility: Who Gets Ahead? (III.B.i)

MSC: Applying

49. According to Pierre Bourdieu, working-class parents are just as interested in their children's education as middle- and upper-class parents, but they lack the _______ to help their children experience social mobility. a. dependency culture c. surplus value b. cultural capital d. structural continuity ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Opportunities for Mobility: Who Gets Ahead? (III.B.i)

MSC: Understanding

50. French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu emphasizes the importance of ―cultural capital‖ in determining a child’s later social class. Identify the example of cultural capital. a. safe transportation to and from school b. adequate nutrition and rest c. social awareness and emotional support d. having parents who help with homework ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Opportunities for Mobility: Who Gets Ahead? (III.B.i) | InQuizitive MSC: Understanding 51. Which of the following is an example of downward mobility? a. Danisha, who was just hired at Wells Fargo bank b. George, who stopped receiving welfare payments because he had reached his lifetime limit c. Harel, who started to care for his ill parents d. Jane, who was raised in a middle-class professional household and now works as a clerk in a grocery store full time ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Downward Mobility (III.B.ii)

52. At the beginning of her sophomore year of high school, Janis's family cannot afford to buy her new clothes and shoes or enough supplies for school. Janis feels poor compared to her classmates who can afford these things. Janis is experiencing a. absolute poverty. c. downward mobility. b. relative poverty. d. upward mobility.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: How Does Poverty Affect Individuals? (IV)

53. When a person does not have adequate resources to maintain his or her health, such as enough food to eat, the person is said to be in a. absolute poverty. c. downward mobility. b. relative poverty. d. upward mobility.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: How Does Poverty Affect Individuals? (IV)

54. Absolute poverty means, essentially, not having enough to eat. What does relative poverty mean? a. being worse off than one was before b. lacking the means to improve one’s situation

c. lacking access to modern amenities d. being worse off than most people in one’s society ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: How Does Poverty Affect Individuals? (IV) | InQuizitive

MSC: Understanding

55. How does the government determine the poverty line? a. It calculates a strict, no-frills budget based on cost estimates for different family sizes. b. It multiplies the cost of an average household's rent by three. c. It calculates the average cost of living in each of four regions of the United States and divides that number by the average cost of rent in those places. d. Because the cost of living varies across the country, it calculates the cost of living in each region and determines a poverty line for each U.S. region.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Measuring Poverty (IV.A)

56. What is meant by the phrase feminization of poverty? a. the fact that women are more likely not to marry until they find a rich man b. an increase in the proportion of the poor who are female c. the notion that women are not as likely to pursue education or other skill development and end up in lower-paying jobs d. the idea that women do not work as hard as men and are therefore more likely to be poor ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: The Feminization of Poverty (IV.B.iii)

57. What is the single biggest reason why an increasing proportion of those in poverty are women? a. Single women are more likely to be raising small children than single men. b. Women are facing increasing discrimination in the job market. c. Fewer women than men have earned their high school diplomas. d. In many cultural groups within the United States, women are discouraged from seeking employment.

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: The Feminization of Poverty (IV.B.iii) | InQuizitive

MSC: Understanding

58. Which period saw increasing rates of child poverty? a. 1960s b. late 1970s and 1980s c. 1990s d. 2010 to 2016 ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Children in Poverty (IV.B.iv)

59. Although official estimates show that relatively few elderly people live in poverty, these statistics may be misleading because a. they do not consider the large number of elderly people who go hungry. b. they do not consider the large number of elderly people who are homeless. c. they do not consider the vast gender, race, and marital status differences of older adults. d. they do not consider the high cost of rent.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: The Elderly in Poverty (IV.B.v)

60. Social Security accounts for about ______ of the income of the typical retiree. a. 13 percent c. 53 percent b. 33 percent d. 73 percent ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: The Elderly in Poverty (IV.B.v)

61. Those who believe that poverty results from structural factors beyond the control of individuals would see which of the following as a source of poverty? a. unequal distribution of educational resources b. universal health care c. decreasing income inequality d. immorality of the poor ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Explaining Poverty: The Sociological Debate (IV.C)

MSC: Analyzing

62. Sarah believes her neighbors are poor because they have been socialized into a set of values, beliefs, and norms that result in behavior that leads to poverty. Sarah supports which of the following theories of poverty? a. culture of poverty c. blame the system b. structural poverty d. feminization of poverty ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Explaining Poverty: The Sociological Debate (IV.C)

MSC: Applying

63. The outcome of multiple deprivations that prevent individuals or groups from participating fully in the economic, social, and political life of the society in which they live is called a. social exclusion. c. culture of poverty. b. dependency culture. d. absolute poverty.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Social Exclusion (IV.D.i)

64. According to a Pew Research poll conducted in 2015, which household income category is MOST likely to answer that they had recovered ―hardly at all‖ from the economic recession that began in 2008? a. less than $30,000 b. $30,000–$74,999 c. $75,000–$99,000 d. $100,000 or more ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: How Does Social Inequality Affect Your Life? (V)

SHORT ANSWER 1. In two or three sentences, compare and contrast caste and class as systems of stratification.

ANS:

To answer this question, students should know how to describe each type of system of stratification. A caste system is a social system in which one's social status—based on race, parental religion, or caste—is given for life, and all individuals must remain at the social level of their birth throughout life.

In caste systems, there is no social mobility because intermarriage among castes is generally forbidden and castes are segregated from each other in social, economic, and political spheres. Class systems are fluid, and unlike the other types of strata, classes are not established by legal or religious provisions.

Class positions are in part achieved, although race and gender matter, and are often economically based.

There is a much greater chance for social mobility in class societies, but factors that individuals do not have control over, such as race and gender, can often impede their social mobility. The class system best describes the United States because there is social mobility within the United States. However, factors out of the control of individuals, such as race and class, often determine their access to economic resources, which are the foundation of social mobility in a class system.

DIF: Moderate

REF: What Is Social Stratification? (I)

MSC: Analyzing

2. According to the textbook, what three main characteristics do social systems of stratification share?

Provide an example of each. Your answer should be one paragraph in length.

ANS: To answer this question, students should know the characteristics common to all systems of social stratification. One is that the rankings apply to social categories of people who share a common characteristic, such as gender or ethnicity. An example is that women may be ranked differently from men, white people differently from black, and wealthy people differently from poor. The categories are the meaningful aspects of the ranking. Another characteristic is that people's life experiences and opportunities depend heavily on how their social category is ranked. For example, being male or female, black or white, and upper class or working class makes a big difference in terms of one's life chances—often as big a difference as personal effort or good fortune. The third characteristic is that the ranks of different social categories tend to change very slowly over time. In U.S. society, for example, only in the past forty years have women begun to achieve economic equality with men. Similarly, only since the 1970s have significant numbers of African Americans begun to obtain economic and political equality with whites—even though slavery was abolished nearly a century and a half ago and discrimination was declared illegal in the 1950s and 1960s. Specific examples for each characteristic can vary.

DIF: Moderate

REF: What Is Social Stratification? (I)

MSC: Analyzing

3. Whose explanation of social stratification do you think best describes the United States today: Karl Marx's, Max Weber's, or Kingsley Davis and Wilbert E. Moore's? Justify your answer in a short paragraph.

ANS:

For students to provide a convincing argument regarding why the United States fits into one of these models, they should be able to demonstrate an understanding of the theorist they chose. For Marx, the term class refers to people who stand in a common relationship to the means of production—the means by which they gain a livelihood. Marx believed there were two main classes: capitalists, or those who own the means of production, and those who earn their living by selling their labor to capitalists—the working class. The relationship between classes, according to Marx, is an exploitative one. Marx saw the economic system as the basis for stratification in society. Weber agreed that the economic system was important, but he felt that it was not only how people were related to the means of production that mattered but also the skills they had to market themselves. Weber also believed that noneconomic factors—such as status and prestige—mattered and could be positive or negative for a person. In other words, someone such as a movie actor could have a high economic class position but low social status. Both Marx and Weber recognized that the system of stratification, whether it was derived from economic or social status, was based on power relationships. Davis and Moore differed from Marx and Weber in that they argued that stratification has benefits for society. They claimed that certain positions or roles in society, such as brain surgeons, are functionally more important than others, and these positions require special skills for their performance. However, only a limited number of individuals in any society have the talents or experience appropriate to these positions. To attract the most qualified people, rewards such as money, power, and prestige need to be offered. Davis and Moore determined that because the benefits of different positions in any society must be unequal, all societies must be stratified.

DIF: Difficult MSC: Evaluating

REF: Theories of Stratification in Modern Societies (I.D)

4. Answer the following questions in a few sentences. What is the difference between income and wealth?

How are income and wealth related?

ANS: To answer these questions, students must begin by defining the terms income and wealth. Income refers to wages and salaries earned from paid occupations, plus unearned money (or interest) from investments. Wealth refers to all assets individuals own: cash; savings and checking accounts; investments in stocks, bonds, and real estate properties; and so on. While most people earn their income from their work, the wealthy often derive the bulk of theirs from interest on their investments, some of them inherited. Some scholars argue that wealth—not income—is the real indicator of social class.

Income can be based not only on one's earnings from work but also from wealth. Sociologists argue that wealth is more important than income in determining one's social position because wealth accumulates over generations and can become the starting point for the next generation. In fact, economists estimate that more than half of the wealth that a person accumulates in a lifetime can be traced to that person's progenitors.

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: How is Social Class Defined in the United States (II)

5. Answer the following question in three to five sentences. How has the distribution of income in the United States changed over the past thirty years? Apply one of the stratification theories discussed in the chapter to explain the reason for this change.

ANS:

Students should begin by explaining that income inequality reveals a clear case of the haves and have-nots. In 2016, the top 5 percent of all households in the United States received 22.5 percent of total income, the top 20 percent obtained 51.5 percent, and the bottom 20 percent received only 3.1 percent. Between 1977 and 2016, income inequality increased dramatically. The average household earnings (calculated in 2016 dollars)—meaning the combined incomes of all persons living in a single household—of the bottom 20 percent of people in the United States was essentially unchanged from $12,036 in 1977 to $12,943 in 2016. During the same period, the richest 20 percent saw their incomes grow by 67 percent, while for the richest 5 percent of the population, income rose by more than 91 percent. Students can apply any of the theories in the chapter to explain the inequality in income: Karl Marx, Max Weber, Kingsley Davis and Wilbert E. Moore, culture of poverty, or structural explanations.

DIF: Difficult

REF: Income (II.A)

MSC: Applying

6. In three to four sentences, why do you think when Americans are asked to identify their social class the majority claim to be middle class?

ANS: Answers will vary but students should mention that the reason is partly the American cultural belief that the United States is relatively free of class distinctions. Also, few people want to be identified as being too rich or too poor. Further, most Americans seem to think that others are not very different from their immediate family, friends, and coworkers. Because people rarely interact with those outside of their social class, they tend to see themselves as like ―most other people,‖ whom they then regard as being ―middle class.‖ DIF: Moderate

REF: The Middle Class (II.E.ii)

MSC: Understanding

7. In a short paragraph, answer the following questions: What are the differences in average income and wealth between whites, African Americans, and Latinos? What are the sociological explanations for why these gaps exist?

ANS: To answer this question, students should begin by explaining the differences and then a few of the reasons that these differences exist. According to the textbook, there are substantial differences in income based on race and ethnicity. Black and Latino household income, for example, averages between 60 and 70 percent that of whites. Since 1972, the Black–white income ratio has remained essentially unchanged, while the income of Hispanics has fallen relative to whites. One of the main reasons for the inequality is that minorities in the United States are more likely to hold the lowest-paying jobs. For Latinos, however, the inequality has worsened, because recent immigrants from rural areas in Mexico and Central America find themselves working at low-wage jobs. For blacks, there is a slight improvement over previous years because a growing number of blacks have gone to college and moved into middle-class occupations. However, the wealth gap between blacks and whites is even greater than the income gap. In 2016, white families had a median net worth of $171,000—nearly ten times the median net worth of Black families. One explanation for this is that blacks in the United States have encountered many barriers to acquiring wealth throughout history. After the Civil War ended slavery in 1865, legal discrimination (such as mandatory segregation in the South and separate schools) tied the majority of blacks to the lowest rungs of the economic ladder. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 made racial discrimination illegal; nonetheless, discrimination has remained, and although some blacks have moved into middle-class occupations, many have remained poor or in low-wage jobs where the opportunities for accumulating wealth are nonexistent. Students' answers will vary but should include a discussion of occupational segregation and discrimination.

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: Ethnic Minorities versus White Americans (III.A)

8. Do you think you will experience intragenerational mobility in your lifetime? In two to four sentences, consider why or why not. Be sure to mention at least one sociological explanation of mobility in your answer.

ANS: Students might mention the two studies on the relationship between parents' background and an individual's social mobility. The first one, by Peter Blau and Otis Dudley Duncan, argues that a child's educational attainment is influenced by family social status, and this, in turn, affects the child's social position later in life. Second, Pierre Bourdieu's study emphasizes the importance of family background to social status, but his emphasis is on the cultural advantages that parents can provide to their children.

Bourdieu argued that among the factors responsible for social status, the most important is the transmission of cultural capital, or the cultural advantages that coming from a good home confer.

Wealthier families are able to afford to send their children to better schools, an economic advantage that benefits the children's social status as adults. Parents from the upper and middle classes are mostly highly educated themselves and tend to be more involved in their children's education—reading to them, helping with homework, purchasing books and learning materials, and encouraging their progress.

Bourdieu noted that working-class parents are concerned about their children's education, but they lack the economic and cultural capital to make a difference. After explaining these studies, students should explain how they think their own parents' educational backgrounds will affect their social mobility.

DIF: Difficult

REF: Social Mobility (III.B)

MSC: Evaluating

9. In one to two sentences, explain how the official definition of poverty is calculated. Based on what you read in the text, what are some of the problems with this way of calculating poverty today?

ANS: The U.S. government calculates the poverty level based on cost estimates for a strict, no-frills budget for families of different sizes. Some critics believe it overestimates the amount of poverty. They point out that the current standard fails to take into account noncash forms of income available to the poor, such as food stamps, Medicare, Medicaid, and public housing subsidies, as well as under-the-table pay that is obtained from work at odd jobs and is concealed from the government. Other critics counter that the government's formula greatly underestimates the amount of poverty because it overemphasizes the proportion of a family budget spent on food and severely underestimates the share spent on housing.

According to some estimates, approximately 70 percent of U.S. families whose income is less than $15,000 a year (about what would be earned under the federal minimum wage) are spending more than half of their income on housing. Still others observe that this formula dramatically underestimates the proportion of older adults (age sixty-five and older) who live in poverty, because they spend a relatively small proportion of their income on food but face high health-care costs.

DIF: Moderate

REF: Measuring Poverty (IV.A)

MSC: Analyzing

10. In two to three sentences, describe the working poor. Using the discussion in your textbook, what is one explanation for why those who are working are still in poverty?

ANS:

To answer this question, students must start by explaining who the working poor are. The working poor are people who work at least twenty-seven weeks a year but whose earnings are not high enough to lift them above poverty. Most poor people, contrary to popular belief, do not receive welfare payments, because they earn too much to qualify. Only 5 percent of all low-income families with a full-time, full-year worker receive welfare benefits, and over half rely on public health insurance rather than employer-sponsored insurance. The working poor are disproportionately nonwhite and immigrant. One of the explanations for why those who are working may still remain in poverty is the federal minimum wage. Set on July 24, 2009, the federal minimum wage is currently $7.25 per hour, although individual states can set higher minimum wages than the federal standard. Although the federal minimum wage has increased over the years since it was created in 1965, it has failed to keep up with inflation. This means that people who work may not earn enough to take care of their basic needs.

DIF: Difficult

REF: The Working Poor (IV.B.i)

MSC: Analyzing

11. In three to four sentences, consider why sociologists say we are seeing the feminization of poverty.

ANS: Students may start by defining the feminization of poverty, which describes an increase in the proportion of the poor who are female. Growing rates of divorce, separation, and single-parent families have placed women at a particular disadvantage because it is extremely difficult for unskilled or semiskilled, low-income, poorly educated women to raise children by themselves while they hold jobs that could raise them out of poverty. As a result, in 2016, 36 percent of all single-parent families with children headed by women were poor, compared with only 7 percent of married couples with children. The feminization of poverty is particularly acute among families headed by Hispanic women. Forty-one percent of all female-headed Hispanic families with children lived in poverty in 2016. A similar proportion—39 percent—of female-headed African American families with children also live in poverty, both considerably higher than either white (30 percent) or Asian (30 percent) female-headed households. One of the reasons that there is a high rate of poverty among single mothers is that a single woman attempting to raise children alone is caught in a vicious cycle. If she has a job, she must find someone to take care of her children because she cannot afford to hire a babysitter or pay for day care.

From her standpoint, she will take in more money if she accepts welfare payments from the government and tries to find illegal part-time jobs that pay cash not reported to the government rather than find a regular full-time job paying minimum wage. Even though welfare will not get her out of poverty, a regular job means she will lose her welfare, and she and her family may be even worse off economically.

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: The Feminization of Poverty (IV.B.iii)

CHAPTER 8 Global Inequality CONCEPT MAP XXII.

XXIII.

XXIV. XXV.

What Is Global Inequality?

A. High-Income Countries B. Middle-Income Countries C. Low-Income Countries What Is Daily Life Like in Rich versus Poor Countries?

A. Health B. Hunger and Malnutrition C. Education and Literacy D. Child Labor Can Poor Countries Become Rich?

How Do Sociological Theories Explain Global Inequality?

A. Market-Oriented Theories

XXVI.

B. Dependency Theories C. World-Systems Theory D. Global Capitalism Theory E. Evaluating Global Theories of Inequality What Does Rapid Globalization Mean for the Future of Global Inequality?

MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Your textbook defines globalization as a. the increased separation between upper income and lower income countries. b. a cosmopolitan outlook where policymakers attempt to bring groups together. c. the increased economic, political, and social interconnectedness of the world. d. cooperation between the economics of high-income countries.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: What Is Global Inequality? (I)

2. Google Inc. has its world headquarters in the state of California and numerous branches in other parts of the United States, South America, Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Middle East. The ability for all of these offices to coordinate toward shared business goals and the worldwide spread of the company are examples of a. localization. c. globalization. b. world-systems theory. d. the rise of competitive technologies.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: What Is Global Inequality? (I)

3. The World Bank classifies nations as low income, lower middle income, upper middle income, or high income based on gross national income (GNI) that reflects the average annual per-person income in those nations. Why might sociologists find this form of classification problematic? a. The number is an average of incomes in a country, and it can mask inequality within a specific nation. b. Making cross-national comparisons of income ignores the role of culture in making some groups used to poverty. c. Too many people lie about their incomes to make the number useful. d. Global economic comparisons need to take into account the mode of production in every given nation.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: What Is Global Inequality? (I)

4. James has been working at a restaurant for a couple years. During this time, he has received numerous positive reviews from customers and his coworkers know they can depend on him during busy periods.

However, despite his hard work he is still earning the same hourly wage he was when he was first hired.

This wage is so low that James is struggling to pay his bills and afford an apartment. While he is experiencing this financial struggle, he sees many customers drive nice cars to the restaurant and hears stories about how many of his coworkers are taking vacations. James’s dissatisfaction with his standard of living is best described as a. absolute poverty. c. structural discrimination. b. relative poverty. d. anomie.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: What Is Global Inequality? (I)

5. Systematic differences in wealth and power that have resulted from globalization are known as

a. global transitivity. b. transnational inequality.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

c. global inequality. d. cosmopolitanism.

REF: What Is Global Inequality? (I)

6. ______ poverty is when someone can’t get enough to eat, while ______ poverty is when someone’s considered poor compared to the local standards of living. a. Absolute; relative c. Structural; constructed b. Relative; absolute d. Absolute; structural ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: What Is Global Inequality? (I)

7. As an example of the progress humanity has made, your roommate Sandra notes that the average income in the world has gone up over the past few decades. What evidence might a sociologist give to contradict her? a. The average income has actually declined. b. Despite a rise in average global income, there is still huge inequality between people in high-income nations and the rest of the world. c. Despite a recent rise in average global income, the average income has fluctuated consistently over the years. d. Despite an earlier rise in average global income, the average income has stagnated for the past three decades.

ANS: B MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Moderate

REF: What Is Global Inequality? (I)

8. As described in the introduction to this chapter, Haiti ranks near the bottom on the 2015 United Nations Human Development Index. If a sociologist suggests that Haiti’s lack of economic development and world status is due to historic exploitation by France and Spain, with which theory is this thinking most closely aligned? a. dependency theory b. modernization theory c. market-oriented theory d. neoliberalist theory ANS: A MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Moderate

REF: What Is Global Inequality? (I) | InQuizitive

9. Global inequality refers to the systematic differences in wealth and power that exist among countries.

The World Bank uses per person gross national income (GNI) to classify countries into four economic classes: low income, lower middle income, upper middle income, and high income. If a country’s life expectancy at birth is 68 years, in which economic class would this country MOST likely belong? a. high income b. upper middle income c. lower middle income d. low income ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: What Is Global Inequality? (I) | InQuizitive

10. According to the textbook, high-income countries are generally those countries that a. were colonized by other nations. b. skipped the feudal stage of development.

c. were the first to industrialize. d. are largely based on socialist economic policies.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: High-Income Countries (I.A)

11. Mary studies countries that were among the first to industrialize. It is likely she is studying _______ countries. a. socialist c. middle-income b. low-income d. high-income ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: High-Income Countries (I.A)

12. Liu lives in a country where most people have adequate housing, food, and access to drinkable water. It is likely that he lives in a _______ country. a. low-income c. high-income b. middle-income d. Communist ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: High-Income Countries (I.A)

13. Jennifer lives in a country that consumes a large percentage of the world's resources, despite having a relatively small population. Her home is, probably, in which type of country? a. socialist c. middle-income b. low-income d. high-income ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: High-Income Countries (I.A)

14. According to the textbook, the middle-income countries are primarily located in a. sub-Saharan Africa. c. Europe. b. East and Southeast Asia. d. North America.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Middle-Income Countries (I.B)

15. Countries that make up the former Soviet Union are considered which type of country? a. middle-income c. high-income b. low-income d. European ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Middle-Income Countries (I.B)

16. Tiffany studies countries that are located in East and Southeast Asia, the oil-rich countries of the Middle East and North Africa, and the once-communist republics of the former Soviet Union and its Eastern European allies. Her research focuses on ______ countries. a. low-income c. middle-income b. high-income d. Asian ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: Middle-Income Countries (I.B)

17. The higher fertility rates experienced by low-income countries are partially explained by the fact low-income countries a. are more industrialized than middle-income countries, so they need more wage earners.

b. have more crowded urban centers than high-income countries. c. are more likely to send children to school for longer periods of time. d. have more agricultural than industrial economies, making children important sources of labor.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Low-Income Countries (I.C)

18. According to your textbook, which type of country has seen the fastest growth in population? a. low-income countries c. high-income countries b. middle-income countries d. upper-middle-income countries ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Low-Income Countries (I.C)

19. How have residency patterns changed in low-income countries? a. Large segments of these populations now have air-conditioned homes. b. Hundreds of millions of people are moving into huge, densely populated cities. c. Masses of people are beginning to own homes solely for themselves. d. People are leaving cities to dwell on farmland.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Low-Income Countries (I.C)

20. According to the textbook, low-income countries tend to have ______ economies. a. industrialized c. agricultural b. highly egalitarian d. developed but highly unequal ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Low-Income Countries (I.C)

21. James lives in a country that has a mostly agricultural economy and has only recently begun to industrialize. He lives in a ______ country. a. low-income c. high-income b. middle-income d. delayed ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: Low-Income Countries (I.C)

22. What is the relationship between a country's income level and its population growth rate? a. Low-income countries tend to have the lowest fertility rates due to fears of infectious diseases. b. Middle-income countries have the lowest fertility rates because of their investment in birth control options, including condoms. c. High-income countries tend to have higher fertility rates than low-income countries. d. Low-income countries tend to have higher fertility rates than high-income countries.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Low-Income Countries (I.C)

23. Over the past thirty years, the global standard of living has a. slowly increased. c. slowly decreased. b. rapidly increased. d. rapidly decreased.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult MSC: Remembering

REF: Low-Income Countries (I.C)

24. As of 2018, a majority of the world’s population lived in a. rural environments. c. cities. b. suburban towns. d. communes.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: What Is Daily Life Like in Rich versus Poor Countries? (II) MSC: Remembering 25. Stefano suggests that it is problematic to analyze poverty in developing countries from the perspective of dominant racial, ethnic, and religious groups while ignoring subordinate racial, ethnic, and religious groups. Why might he hold this position? a. Sociological studies are almost never done from the perspective of dominant groups. b. Focusing on subordinate groups yields more accurate results in sociological studies. c. All groups are subordinate in low-income countries. d. Poverty is often at least a partial result of belonging to subordinate racial, ethnic, and religious groups facing discrimination in these countries.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: What Is Daily Life Like in Rich versus Poor Countries? (II) MSC: Applying 26. People living in low-income countries tend to be ______ than those living in high-income countries. a. healthier c. more independent b. less healthy d. more dependent on welfare systems ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Health (II.A)

27. Illness and disease among low-income countries are often a result of poor sanitation, polluted water, and susceptibility to disease brought on by famine and malnutrition. This illustrates the fact that most serious illnesses and diseases in low-income countries are a. degenerative disorders, like heart disease. b. infectious diseases. c. the same as the most common diseases in high-income countries, but with higher frequency. d. less likely to result in death than in middle-income countries.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Health (II.A)

28. Outbreaks of Ebola and other highly-contagious diseases often become epidemics in low-income countries because a. residents live too close to one another. b. there is a lack of financial support from the international community. c. local elites hoard health resources. d. there is a lack of health-care facilities prepared to deal with the number of patients.

ANS: D MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Difficult

REF: Health (II.A)

29. Between 1990 and 2016, the infant mortality rate in low-income countries a. decreased. c. went unmeasured. b. increased. d. ceased to be a problem.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Health (II.A)

30. The Food and Agriculture Organization’s estimates of the number of people suffering from chronic hunger worldwide ______ in 2017. a. went unchanged c. went up b. went down d. was unknown ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Hunger and Malnutrition (II.B)

31. According to your textbook, most hunger is the result of a. natural and social forces. c. individual laziness. b. too few farms in low-income countries. d. local dependence on fast food.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Hunger and Malnutrition (II.B)

32. Low-income countries are often affected by famine and starvation because a. local government officials use hunger to control the population. b. they are often too poor to pay for new technologies that would help increase food production. c. farmers have decided to not sell their crops to local markets. d. local cooking practices are unable to process new types of foods.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Hunger and Malnutrition (II.B)

33. Pepe believes that we need to consider forces beyond natural disasters and other natural forces when we talk about global inequality. Which answer BEST explains why he might feel this way? a. Social forces also play a factor in large groups of people going without food. b. Considering only natural forces does not take into account individual perceptions of control over resources and access to opportunity. c. Pepe is a Marxist because Marxists try to catalog factors for inequality that are not naturally occurring. d. Pepe understands that natural forces do not affect global hunger.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Hunger and Malnutrition (II.B)

34. According to the textbook, the combination of drought and internal warfare are the primary explanations for a. the spread of the AIDS epidemic in low-income countries. b. the average per-person income differences between low-income and middle-income countries. c. political conflict between low-income and middle-income countries. d. high rates of undernourishment in low-income countries.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Hunger and Malnutrition (II.B)

35. Sanjay studies global hunger, particularly in Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Indonesia, Afghanistan, Sierra Leone, Guinea, and Tajikistan. Why might he focus specifically on these countries? a. Hunger does not affect other countries significantly. b. These countries have the same cultural practices around food. c. The combination of drought and internal warfare has wrecked food production in these countries.

d. Foreign aid to these countries has all but stopped.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Hunger and Malnutrition (II.B)

36. Your textbook identifies three important ways education addresses global inequality, one of which is its contribution to economic growth. Education helps economic growth because a. it decreases infant mortality, leaving more family members to contribute to the family economy. b. it helps people understand the importance of adopting modern culture for economic advancement. c. it may offer hope for escaping the cycle of harsh working conditions and poverty. d. it helps young adults live apart from their parents, thus growing community development.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: Education and Literacy (II.C)

37. Sociologists are interested in how fertility rates in low-income countries may contribute to higher poverty rates in the long term. They would argue that education affects global poverty by a. increasing high-wage industries. b. decreasing population growth. c. reducing harsh working conditions. d. decreasing marriage rates among more educated people.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Education and Literacy (II.C)

38. Virtually all high-school-age males and females attend secondary school in a. high-income countries. c. high-, middle-, and low-income countries. b. high- and middle-income countries. d. low-income countries.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Education and Literacy (II.C)

39. Child labor most commonly occurs in a. high-, middle-, and low-income countries. c. low-income countries. b. middle-income countries. d. high-, middle-, and low-income countries.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Child Labor (II.D)

40. Family poverty, lack of education, and traditional indifference among some people often leads to a. famine. c. underemployment. b. migration. d. child labor.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Child Labor (II.D)

41. How would a sociologist explain the recent economic advances of the East Asian emerging economies? a. Economic growth in this region took off when Russia provided generous economic aid that fueled the development of local industries. b. Most were part of colonial situations that imposed many hardships but also helped pave the way for economic growth. c. Dictatorial controls allowed for smoothly run, centrally planned economies that eschewed democratic planning as well as market mechanisms. d. Many of the East Asian governments shared a Buddhist philosophy of meditation that

contributed to their economic advances.

ANS: B MSC: Evaluating

DIF: Difficult

REF: Can Poor Countries Become Rich? (III)

42. The textbook notes that cultural traditions, such as Confucian philosophy—with its emphasis on respect for elders, frugality, and hard work—may explain some of the economic advances in East Asia. This assertion is similar to Weber's argument that capitalism in Europe was influenced by a. Protestantism. c. Evangelicalism. b. Catholicism. d. Agnosticism.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Can Poor Countries Become Rich? (III)

43. Jian Mei argues that philosophy led to the economic development in many of East Asia's newly industrializing economies. She is likely referring to a. the enforced atheism of communist China and its stress on the importance of money. b. the ways that Zen stresses letting go of emotion. c. how Christianity spread to East Asia through European missionaries. d. the role of Confucianism in encouraging obedience, loyalty, and thrift.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Can Poor Countries Become Rich? (III)

44. What is one shortcoming of all four theories (market-oriented, dependency, world-systems, and global commodity chains) of global inequality? a. The theories underemphasize the role of women in economic development. b. The theories underestimate the role of more developed countries on the economic development of poor countries. c. The theories overestimate the role of more developed countries on the economic development of poor countries. d. The theories overestimate the role of women in economic development.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: How Do Sociological Theories Explain Global Inequality? (IV) | InQuizitive MSC: Understanding 45. According to the textbook, market-oriented theories of global inequality assume that the best possible economic consequences will result if a. competent politicians carefully regulate markets. b. cooperative enterprises replace privately owned businesses to create egalitarian markets. c. individuals are uninhibited by any form of governmental constraint to make their own economic decisions. d. the public is provided with free access to public education.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Market-Oriented Theories (IV.A)

46. Salvatore studies the debate around universal health care in the United States. He usually uses economic theories that suggest the best possible outcomes in health care happen when the government does not interfere in economic decisions. Lorenzo prefers what type of theory or set of theories? a. dependency theories c. world-systems theory b. market-oriented theories d. state-centered theories ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Market-Oriented Theories (IV.A)

47. Keynesian economists begin with the assumption that the state should regulate economic policy for everyone's benefit. Why might sociologists who use market-oriented theories be critical of this idea? a. They believe that markets should be abolished in favor of a planned economy. b. Market-oriented theorists think that the state should control all markets. c. They think that higher taxation rates for the poor are the best way to curb welfare provisions. d. They believe that markets without state interference lead to the best economic outcomes.

ANS: D MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Difficult

REF: Market-Oriented Theories (IV.A)

48. Modernization theory argues that a. state-run economies are most efficient for creating modernized countries. b. low-income countries must preserve their traditional cultures to develop. c. low-income societies can develop economically only if they give up their traditional ways and adopt modern economic institutions, technologies, and cultural values that emphasize savings and productive investment. d. high-income countries have a responsibility to give free resources to low-income countries.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Market-Oriented Theories (IV.A)

49. Alyssa is an advocate for indigenous rights and ways of life. Why might she be critical of the modernization theory of development? a. Modernization theory treats indigenous people like noble savages who have all the correct answers to life's problems. b. Modernization theory suggests that the state should run the economy, which leaves no place for indigenous involvement. c. Modernization theory typically suggests that traditional societies must abandon their traditional ways and embrace modern economic institutions. d. Modernization theory focuses too much on the role of women in economic development, and indigenous communities already have prescribed roles for women.

ANS: C MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Difficult

REF: Market-Oriented Theories (IV.A)

50. Ida studies the economic landscape of Bolivia. Her research has led her to believe that Bolivia will fail to develop until it abandons its traditional culture and instead focuses on productive investment. What theory or set of theories best describes her view? a. modernization theory c. world-systems theory b. state-centered theories d. dependency theories ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: Market-Oriented Theories (IV.A)

51. Neoliberalism asserts that a. economic development can occur only if accompanied by liberal social values, such as securing a woman's right to abortion and supporting same-sex marriage. b. free-market forces, achieved by eliminating governmental restrictions on business, provide the only route to economic growth. c. state involvement in the economy should be relatively high, even at times running entire industries. d. social democratic programs, such as generous welfare policies and free education provided by the state, are the bedrock of economic growth.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Market-Oriented Theories (IV.A)

52. Lloyd has been studying Uganda for decades. Based on his research, he believes that barriers to trade, minimum wage laws, and environmental regulations are getting in the way of economic development and should be minimized or eliminated. His view is best described as a. Marxism. c. anarchism. b. social democracy. d. neoliberalism.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Market-Oriented Theories (IV.A)

53. According to dependency theorists, what keeps low-income countries poor? a. Poor countries have a culture of poverty that makes them dependent on wealthy counties. b. Women have a low status in low-income countries. c. Global capitalism locks poor countries in a downward spiral of exploitation and poverty. d. Poor countries have a rigid caste system that prevents economic advancement.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Dependency Theories (IV.B)

54. Why might dependency theorists criticize modernization theory? a. They would point out that traditional societies are typically low income because of a history of colonialism and oppression. b. They would argue that modernization theory ignores the fact that markets, if freed from state intervention, will develop any society. c. They would point out that the only way for traditional societies to develop is to shed their traditional ways. d. They would suggest that in recent history, historically exploited nations have actually become the new exploiters through global welfare schemes.

ANS: A MSC: Evaluating

DIF: Difficult

REF: Dependency Theories (IV.B)

55. Dependency theories can be described as a. structural theories that show how people on welfare and other forms of social assistance become dependent on it and are thus unable to develop economically. b. explanations for how families with many dependents force countries into economic downturns. c. cultural theories that suggest that some cultures are simply not fit for economic development. d. Marxist theories of economic development arguing that the poverty of low-income countries stems directly from their exploitation by wealthy countries and the multinational corporations that are based in wealthy countries.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Dependency Theories (IV.B)

56. The doctrine of neoliberalism asserts that underdeveloped countries can develop by freeing up markets and allowing foreign corporations to operate within their borders. Why might dependency theorists critique this idea? a. Dependency theorists would argue that the only way for underdeveloped nations to develop is to borrow from foreign banks and not rely on corporations. b. Dependency theorists would respond that low-income nations need revolutionary changes that would push out, rather than welcome, foreign corporations.

c. Dependency theorists would argue that foreign states provide a much more stable source for income for underdeveloped nations. d. Dependency theorists would argue that the legacy of colonialism has already led to positive forms of development in low-income countries.

ANS: B MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Difficult

REF: Dependency Theories (IV.B)

57. Alejandra believes that poverty in Colombia is due largely to exploitation by the United States and multinational corporations originating in the United States. Her view is best described as corresponding to what theory or set of theories? a. state-centered theories c. dependency theories b. neoliberalism d. modernization theory ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: Dependency Theories (IV.B)

58. The process whereby Western nations established their rule in other parts of the world is called a. socialism. c. Manifest Destiny. b. colonialism. d. Southern hegemony.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Dependency Theories (IV.B)

59. Aneesh studies mid-twentieth-century India. In his studies, he notes how Great Britain established direct rule over India for profit. He is taking note of what process? a. communization c. assembly making b. participatory planning d. colonialism ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: Dependency Theories (IV.B)

60. According to dependency theories, why is colonialism in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries important for understanding global inequality today? a. Poor nations continue to rely on wealthier nations for aid and resources. b. Poor nations rose up to defeat colonizers. In doing so, they improved their own economic and technological infrastructure. c. Wealth and power built through colonialism was used to help corporations continue to exploit these countries’ workers and natural resources. d. The history of colonialism prevents previously colonizing countries from interacting with their former colonies.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Dependency Theories (IV.B) | InQuizitive

61. Morgan argues that economics must be viewed as independent nations engaged in diplomatic and economic relations with one another. How would world-systems theorists critique this idea? a. World-systems theorists would assert that the world capitalist system is not merely a collection of independent nations but must be understood as a single-world system. b. World-systems theorists would suggest that Morgan's view runs the risk of delegitimizing the neoliberal project of creating world market systems that could develop the entire globe. c. World-systems theorists would argue that we must not view the world as independent nations but rather as continents of nations that compete for continental dominance of the market in the world system. d. World-systems theorists would argue that the world system should actually be analyzed by

looking at global finance as a competition between independent cities, with London and New York City as the world's centers of international finance.

ANS: A MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Difficult

REF: World-Systems Theory (IV.C)

62. ______ asserts that the world capitalist economic system is not merely a collection of independent countries engaged in diplomatic and economic relations with one another, but rather must be understood as a single unit. a. World-systems theory c. Structuration theory b. Postmodernism d. Neoliberalism ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: World-Systems Theory (IV.C)

63. After studying the political economy of modern Germany, Helge concludes that we must consider the world capitalist economy as a single unit instead of looking at individual countries. His view is best described by what theory or set of theories? a. dependency theories c. state-centered theories b. world-systems theory d. modernization theory ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: World-Systems Theory (IV.C)

64. The United States would be considered one of the ______ countries in world-systems theory. a. peripheral c. semiperipheral b. core d. subordinate ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: World-Systems Theory (IV.C)

65. Mustafa is a world-systems theorist who studies the world's most powerful countries and outlines how those nations take the largest shares of the world's wealth. His research focuses on what type of countries? a. futuristic c. semiperipheral b. peripheral d. core ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: World-Systems Theory (IV.C)

66. Carolina is using world-systems theory to research resource-rich countries that tend to send resources to the wealthiest nations, which then sell them back to those countries for a profit. She is studying what kind of countries? a. core c. semiperipheral b. futuristic d. peripheral ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: World-Systems Theory (IV.C)

67. World-systems theory argues that natural resources flow from ______ to ______. a. periphery; core c. semiperiphery; periphery b. north; south d. core; periphery ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: World-Systems Theory (IV.C)

68. The approach that examines how networks of labor, production, and consumption span the entire world is called a. McDonaldization. c. global commodity chains. b. national franchising. d. industrialization.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: World-Systems Theory (IV.C)

69. Which of the following descriptions would best fit global commodity chains theory? a. People in low-income countries do not value health and education as much as people in high-income countries do. b. Governments in high-income countries protect pharmaceutical companies that charge high prices for medication and try to block attempts to sell generic drugs at a lower cost. c. Economic relations between higher-income and lower-income countries contribute to poverty in low-income nations. This poverty is particularly deep in nations without strong governments. d. Low-wage workers in low-income countries do not have the money to invest in health, thus contributing to health inequality.

ANS: D MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Difficult

REF: World-Systems Theory (IV.C) | InQuizitive

70. The rise of a transnational capitalist class, transnational state, rising global police state, and globalized production and financial system are traits of a. world-systems theory. c. global commodity chains. b. global capitalism theory. d. dependency theories.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Global Capitalism Theory (IV.D)

71. In Robinson’s theory of global capitalism, _______ have shared global economic interests with limited-to-no state loyalties. a. consumers c. nation-states b. market proponents d. stateless corporations ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Global Capitalism Theory (IV.D)

72. In world-systems theory, the state is seen as the actor promoting the interests of its national business class. In contrast, _______ argues that stateless corporations are the main actors in the global economy. a. global capitalism theory c. dependency theory b. market-oriented theories d. neoliberalism ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Global Capitalism Theory (IV.D)

73. How is the ―technology gap‖ related to global inequality? a. The technology gap is a consequence of inequality because countries that make technological products are barred from buying them. b. The technological gap is mostly unrelated to inequality. c. The technology gap is both a consequence of inequality and serves to reinforce it. d. Most nations have access to sophisticated technology, but differences in education create disparities in their ability to use technology.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: What Does Rapid Globalization Mean for the Future of Global Inequality? (V) | InQuizitive

MSC: Understanding SHORT ANSWER 1. In a few sentences, explain how the World Bank measures global inequality. What are some of the problems with measuring inequality in this way?

ANS: The gross national income (GNI) per capita is a measure of a country's yearly output of goods and services per person. Because GNI figures are overall averages, they hide the substantial differences between countries. This means that the increasing gap between poor and rich countries is hidden when the GNI is used to measure global inequality. Also, the GNI includes only goods and services that are produced for cash sale. This excludes people who work and trade in the informal economy. The statistics used in the GNI do not account for these types of transactions. More generally, this measurement assumes a country's worth based solely on the economy and ignores noneconomic indicators. Students might also mention that this measure can also hide inequalities between people within the countries it is measuring.

DIF: Moderate

REF: What Is Global Inequality? (I)

MSC: Evaluating

2. Famine and hunger are caused by both natural and social forces. In a few sentences, explain some of the social forces that can cause hunger, malnutrition, and starvation.

ANS: The text highlights that conflict and warfare are major causes of starvation and food shortages. The AIDS epidemic has caused the death of millions of working-age men and women. Without this labor force, food production decreases, which leaves the elderly and young without enough food to properly nourish themselves. There is more than enough food to feed everyone adequately, but food is not distributed in a way that takes care of everyone's needs. This leaves an overproduction of food while people are starving. Students might also point to the institutional pressures that lead to hunger—particularly the global economy.

DIF: Moderate

REF: Hunger and Malnutrition (II.B)

MSC: Analyzing

3. Identify and discuss the three key ways that education can reduce global poverty, as outlined in your textbook, and give an example of each. In your answer, link the effect of education on global poverty, fertility rates, and child labor in low-income countries.

ANS: Students should note the importance of education for growing economies through: (a) the increase in highly skilled workers and high-wage occupations; (b) reducing harsh working conditions and poverty of workers; and (c) lower fertility of more highly educated people, which decreases population growth.

Students can give any number of examples that illustrate these mechanisms between education and global poverty. Their examples should include reference to the high rates of fertility and child labor in low-income countries, which may compete with educational efforts; this may, in turn, be a proxy for lower levels of industrial development, which might also be affected by increases in education.

DIF: Moderate

REF: Education and Literacy (II.C)

MSC: Understanding

4. Many countries are considered emerging economies, including a handful in eastern Asia whose growth is considered extraordinary compared to other similar locations. Briefly, explain some of the problems that have accompanied emerging economies in this part of the world.

ANS: Students should point out social problems that have accompanied emerging economies, including the prevalent and violent repression of labor and civil rights, terrible factory conditions, the exploitation of an increasingly female workforce, the exploitation of immigrant workers from impoverished neighboring countries, and widespread environmental degradation. These are all specifically mentioned in the textbook. Students might also think creatively and add other potential problems associated with rapid industrialization and economic expansion.

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: Can Poor Countries Become Rich? (III)

5. In a few sentences, compare and contrast the strengths and weaknesses of the four competing sociological theories explaining global inequality.

ANS: Market-oriented theories recommend the adoption of modern capitalist institutions to promote economic development. They further argue that countries can develop economically only if they open their borders to trade. But market-oriented theories have been criticized for failing to take into account the various economic ties between poor countries and wealthy ones—ties that can impede economic growth under some conditions and enhance it under others. They tend to blame low-income countries themselves for their poverty rather than looking to the influence of outside factors, such as the business operations of more powerful nations. Dependency theories address the market-oriented theories' neglect in considering poor countries' ties with wealthy countries by focusing on how wealthy nations have economically exploited poor ones. However, they are unable to explain the occasional success stories among such low-income countries as Brazil, Argentina, and Mexico, or the rapidly expanding economies of East Asia. World-systems theory seeks to overcome the shortcomings of both market-oriented and dependency theories by analyzing the world economy as a whole. Within the world-systems framework, the concept of global commodity chains focuses on global businesses and their activities rather than relationships between countries. World-systems theory is thus well suited to understanding the global economy at a time when businesses are increasingly free to set up operations anywhere, which results in economic importance that rivals that of many countries. Yet this is also a weakness of the commodity chains approach: It tends to emphasize the importance of business decisions over other factors, such as the roles that both workers and governments play in shaping a country's economy. State-centered theories stress the governmental role in fostering economic growth. They thus offer a useful alternative to both the prevailing market-oriented theories, with their emphasis on states as economic hindrances, and dependency theories, which view states as allies of global business elites in exploiting poor countries. When combined with the other theories—particularly world-systems theory—state-centered theories can explain the radical changes now transforming the world economy.

DIF: Difficult MSC: Evaluating

REF: How Do Sociological Theories Explain Global Inequality? (IV)

6. Briefly describe how state-centered theories explain global inequality?

ANS: Some of the most recent explanations of successful economic development emphasize the role of state policy in promoting growth. Differing sharply from market-oriented theories, state-centered theories argue that appropriate government policies do not interfere with economic development but rather can play a key role in bringing it about. Thus, students should focus on the positive role the state might play in development and economic policy when explaining state-centered theories.

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: How Do Sociological Theories Explain Global Inequality? (IV)

7. In two to three sentences, describe how market-oriented theories explain global inequality.

ANS: Market-oriented theories suggest that unbridled capitalism will allow for the highest economic growth.

They suggest that the best economic possibilities will result from individuals being free and unencumbered by governmental restraint. Students might also mention that these ideas can be found in modernization theory and neoliberalism and were predominantly argued for by theorists in the United States.

DIF: Moderate

REF: Market-Oriented Theories (IV.A)

MSC: Analyzing

8. In a couple sentences, describe how dependency theorists explain global inequality.

ANS: Dependency theories are Marxist theories of economic development that argue that the poverty of low-income countries stems directly from their exploitation by wealthy countries and the multinational corporations (MNCs) that are based in wealthy countries. They argue that this exploitation began with colonialism, a political-economic system under which powerful countries establish, for their own profit, rule over weaker peoples or countries. These theories are typically argued for by sociologists and economists from the low-income countries of Latin America and Africa who reject the idea that their countries' economic underdevelopment is due to their own cultural or institutional failings. Because dependency theorists believe exploitation has kept their countries from achieving economic growth, they typically call for revolutionary changes that would push foreign corporations out of their countries altogether.

DIF: Moderate

REF: Dependency Theories (IV.B)

MSC: Analyzing

9. In a few sentences, describe how world-systems theory explains global inequality.

ANS: World-systems theory, pioneered by Immanuel Wallerstein, argues that the world capitalist economic system is not merely a collection of independent countries engaged in diplomatic and economic relations with one another but rather must also be understood as a single unit. World-systems theory carves up the world into three unequal economic zones, with the wealthier zones exploiting the poorer ones.

World-systems theorists term these three zones core, periphery, and semiperiphery. All countries in the world system are said to fall into one of the three categories. The major point students should focus on here, however, is that the world economic system must be understood as a single unit—and analyzed as such. So, poverty is not a result of the bad decisions of individual nations. Rather, it must be analyzed in the context of the global economy.

DIF: Difficult

REF: World-Systems Theory (IV.C)

MSC: Analyzing

10. What role does technology play in deepening existing global inequalities? Please explain your thoughts in about a paragraph.

ANS: The technology gap that divides rich and poor countries, which today appears to be widening, makes it even more difficult for poor countries to catch up. This gap is a result of the disparity in wealth between nations, but it also reinforces those disparities and widens the gap between rich and poor countries. Poor countries cannot easily afford modern technology, yet in the absence of modern technology, they face major barriers to overcoming poverty. They are caught in a downward spiral from which it is difficult to escape.

DIF: Moderate

REF: What Does Rapid Globalization Mean for the Future of Global Inequality? (V) MSC: Evaluating

CHAPTER 9 Gender Inequality CONCEPT MAP XXVII.

XXVIII.

XXIX.

XXX.

XXXI.

Are Gender Differences Due to Nature, Nurture, or Both?

A. The Role of Biology B. Gender Socialization C. The Social Construction of Gender i. Doing Gender D. Cross-Cultural and Historical Findings i. New Guinea ii. The !Kung iii. The Bacha Posh in Afghanistan iv. Blurring the Boundaries between the Genders How Do Gender Inequalities Play Out in Social Institutions?

A. Education i. Unequal Treatment in the Classroom ii. The Gendering of College Majors B. Women and the Workplace i. Inequalities at Work ii. The Glass Ceiling iii. Sexual Harassment in the Workplace iv. Economic Inequality in Global Perspective C. The Family and Gender Issues i. The ―Motherhood Penalty‖ ii. Housework and the Second Shift D. Gender Inequality in Politics i. Gender and Politics: Global Perspective Why Are Women the Target of Violence?

A. Rape B. Sexual Violence against Women: Evidence of ―Rape Culture‖?

How Does Social Theory Explain Gender Inequality?

A. Functionalist Approaches B. Feminist Approaches i. Liberal Feminism ii. Radical Feminism iii. Black Feminism and Transnational Feminism How Can We Reduce Gender-Based Aggression?

MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. _______ refers to physical differences of the body between males and females. a. Sex c. Gender binary b. Gender d. Intersex ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Are Gender Differences Due to Nature, Nurture, or Both? (I) MSC: Remembering 2. ______ refers to the psychological, social, and cultural differences between women and men. a. Sex c. Nonbinary

b. Gender

d. Intersectionality

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Are Gender Differences Due to Nature, Nurture, or Both? (I) MSC: Remembering 3. Young Hee does not identity as male or female. Young Hee would most likely identify as a. nonbinary. b. transgender. c. lesbian. d. gay.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Are Gender Differences Due to Nature, Nurture, or Both? (I) MSC: Applying 4. Hilda is a British sociologist who studies gender. She researches the day-to-day lives of female garment workers in Cambodia and concludes that the challenges facing working-class Cambodian women are very different from the challenges facing women in wealthy Western nations. Hilda's research underscores the importance of a. white supremacy. c. liberal feminism. b. intersectionality. d. biological essentialism.

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Are Gender Differences Due to Nature, Nurture, or Both? (I) MSC: Applying 5. According to your textbook, why are sociologists interested in understanding gender from an intersectional perspective? a. Sociologists understand that gender does not shape everyone's experiences. b. Intersectional research tends to receive more funding. c. Women of color are more interesting research subjects. d. Sociologists recognize that gender alone does not shape our experiences.

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Are Gender Differences Due to Nature, Nurture, or Both? (I) MSC: Understanding 6. Some critics argue that women are not fit to be in leadership positions because of their gender. Which perspective are these critics exemplifying? a. biological essentialism c. liberal feminism b. intersectionality d. gender socialization ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: The Role of Biology (I.A)

7. Which of the following is an example of aggression that is consistent with female gender role socialization? a. headlocks c. threatening gun violence b. perpetuating malicious gossip d. fist fighting ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: The Role of Biology (I.A)

8. Theories of natural difference are often grounded in a. animal behavior evidence. c. historical evidence.

b. anthropological evidence.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

d. social psychological evidence.

REF: The Role of Biology (I.A)

9. Which of the following statements best explains the role of biology in describing the behavior patterns of men and women? a. Biological differences are almost always exacerbated or fostered by social contexts and norms. b. There is abundant evidence that supports the position that biology primarily determines the behavior patterns in men and women. c. The biological evidence shows that gender is the single most important factor in determining an individual's behavior patterns. d. The biological evidence shows that social interaction has little to do with shaping the behavior patterns of men and women.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: The Role of Biology (I.A)

10. How does evidence about aggression and testosterone in males contradict the idea that biology alone defines the difference between male and female? a. Surgical intervention performed to reduce testosterone results in lower levels of aggression. b. Aggressive behavior may increase testosterone levels. c. Hormone levels are fixed at birth and are the reason for aggressive behavior in males. d. Behavioral evidence in higher primates clearly shows that males are more aggressive than females.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: The Role of Biology (I.A) | InQuizitive

11. Researchers have found that boys are responded to positively when they act in masculine ways, but when they act in feminine ways they are either admonished or ignored. This finding provides the most support for which approach to gender? a. the biological approach c. the functionalist approach b. the gender socialization approach d. the social position approach ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: Gender Socialization (I.B)

12. Kai, a boy born in Louisiana, is likely to be treated a specific way because of his gender starting at what age? a. from the moment he is born c. at the onset of puberty b. when he begins kindergarten d. when he enters the labor force ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: Gender Socialization (I.B)

13. Theorists who believe in the social construction of gender a. argue that only gender is socially constructed; sex is clearly biological. b. argue that both gender and sex are socially constructed. c. argue that neither gender nor sex is socially constructed. d. accept that there are some gender differences that are biological.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult MSC: Remembering

REF: The Social Construction of Gender (I.C)

14. How does the idea of "doing gender" differ from biological essentialism? a. Doing gender focuses on how gender is a role that people perform, while biological essentialism sees gender as innate. b. Biological essentialism is more intersectional than "doing gender." c. Radical feminists prefer "doing gender" while liberal feminists prefer biological essentialism. d. Biological essentialism sees gender as changing across time and space; "doing gender" stays the same.

ANS: A MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Moderate

REF: Doing Gender (I.C.i)

15. Which of the following best exemplifies "doing gender"? a. going through puberty c. getting a spray tan b. choosing to wear a dress d. taking medication for a headache ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Doing Gender (I.C.i)

16. What did Margaret Mead find in her study of three New Guinea societies described in Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies? a. In all three societies, males and females generally exhibited behaviors typically associated with the Western female role. b. In all three societies, males and females generally exhibited behaviors typically associated with the Western male role. c. Gender roles did not vary between tribes. d. Gender roles varied widely between tribes.

ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: New Guinea (I.D.i)

17. Which of the following statements best describes the daily lives of !Kung of the Kalahari Desert? a. !Kung men engage in child care. b. !Kung women are aggressive. c. !Kung women hunt. d. !Kung men provide the majority of the food.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: The !Kung (I.D.ii)

18. Which of the following statements concerning Afghanistan and the bacha posh, daughters transformed into sons, is true? a. Families with only sons often experience shame and pity. b. Most of the time, a bacha posh returns to womanhood when the child enters puberty. c. Parents of bacha posh consider transforming their girls into boys to be cruel. d. Girls are highly prized.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: The Bacha Posh in Afghanistan (I.D.iii)

19. What do the bacha posh in Afghanistan help sociologists better understand about gender? a. how gender in various societies is socially constructed b. that girls and boys are treated very differently in that country c. the importance of boys in Afghan life d. how deeply Afghans value education for girls

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: The Bacha Posh in Afghanistan (I.D.iii) | InQuizitive

MSC: Understanding

20. According to the textbook, in Navajo culture, the nadleehi, male-bodied people with feminine natures a. are considered especially honorable. b. are devalued. c. cross-dress because they consider cross-dressing erotic. d. were banned from Navajo society.

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Blurring the Boundaries between the Genders (I.D.iv)

MSC: Remembering

21. Variations in gender roles across cultures demonstrate that a. gender roles are biologically determined. b. gender roles are not biologically determined. c. Western social scientists have a bias that distorts their understanding of gender roles. d. gender roles are essentially the same everywhere, with only minor variations.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Blurring the Boundaries between the Genders (I.D.iv)

MSC: Understanding

22. Kheim was born a male and identifies as a male. Kheim would be considered a. transgender. b. cisgender. c. intersex. d. genderfluid.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Blurring the Boundaries between the Genders (I.D.iv)

MSC: Applying

23. How does patriarchy, or male dominance in society, take shape across the world? a. Men are favored in most societies, but the degree of patriarchy varies. b. Men are favored in most societies, and patriarchy is strong throughout. c. Men are not favored in most societies, but the degree of patriarchy varies. d. Men are not favored in most societies, and patriarchy is weak in most countries.

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: How Do Gender Inequalities Play Out in Social Institutions? (II) MSC: Understanding 24. In the United States, men generally have more status, power, and prestige than women. This is an example of a. gender conformity. c. gender binary. b. matriarchy. d. gender inequality.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: How Do Gender Inequalities Play Out in Social Institutions? (II) MSC: Remembering 25. How would a sociologist explain the existence of gender inequality in modern society? a. Men and women generally do different kinds of work. b. Women are responsible for childrearing. c. Work done by men requires more skill and education. d. The activities of men and women are valued differently by society.

ANS: D

DIF: Difficult

REF: How Do Gender Inequalities Play Out in Social Institutions? (II) MSC: Understanding 26. What is a characteristic of the gender gap on college campuses today? a. Men significantly outnumber women. b. Men slightly outnumber women. c. The gender gap is larger among whites than Blacks and Latinos. d. The gender gap is larger among Blacks and Latinos than whites.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Education (II.A)

27. Juli is a sixteen-year-old female high school student. Which of the following scenarios most likely describes her experience in school? a. Juli interacts more with her teachers than her male peers do. b. Juli and her girlfriends are more often scolded and punished than boys. c. During class, teachers are more likely to solicit information from boys than from Juli. d. Juli is more likely to call out answers in class than her male peers.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Unequal Treatment in the Classroom (II.A.i)

28. Because of differential treatment in schools, Jasmine, a twelve-year-old girl, will likely be socialized to be a. quiet. c. outspoken. b. inquisitive. d. an active problem solver.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: Unequal Treatment in the Classroom (II.A.i)

29. Of the majors listed below, which major has the lowest proportion of women? a. early childhood education b. school counseling c. library science d. engineering ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: The Gendering of College Majors (II.A.ii)

30. What is more characteristic of majors dominated by women than majors dominated by men? a. They tend to be associated with caring and nurturing. b. They tend to emphasize logic and analysis. c. They garner the highest earnings after graduation. d. They tend to be in technological fields.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: The Gendering of College Majors (II.A.ii)

31. According to your textbook, over the past fifty years women's participation in the paid labor force has a. risen continuously. b. dropped continuously. c. remained the same. d. gone up and down with no clear pattern.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Women and the Workplace (II.B)

32. One reason for the increase in female labor force participation over the past fifty years is that a. there has been an increase in the demand for blue-collar work. b. many women now postpone family formation to complete their education and establish themselves in the labor force. c. there has been no increase. d. men have significantly reduced their labor force participation to engage in caregiving, so women have had to significantly increase their participation to compensate.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Women and the Workplace (II.B)

33. Child-care work is considered "women's work," and construction work is considered "men's work."

Child-care workers generally make less than construction workers. This situation exemplifies a. the motherhood penalty. c. gender typing. b. the glass escalator. d. the glass ceiling.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Inequalities at Work (II.B.i)

34. According to your textbook, in 2017 the ratio of women's to men's earnings among full-time, year-round workers was a. 52 percent. c. 72 percent. b. 62 percent. d. 82 percent.

ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Inequalities at Work (II.B.i)

35. Which of the following statements regarding gender and work is most accurate? a. Women now have equal opportunity in all job occupations. b. Women tend to hold different jobs than men, and typically work in women-dominated fields. c. Sex segregation has very little effect on the gender gap in earnings. d. Women are biologically hardwired to be teachers.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Inequalities at Work (II.B.i)

36. John is an elementary school teacher who is encouraged by management to apply for the vacant principal position at his school. Even though there are equally qualified or more qualified female teachers, he is told he will get excellent recommendations. In this example, John is likely a. hitting the glass ceiling. c. experiencing gender typing. b. riding the glass escalator. d. benefiting from sex segregation.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: The Glass Ceiling (II.B.ii)

37. Judy Calibuso and her coworkers brought a case against Merrill Lynch, charging them with workplace practices related to gender inequality. What relevant sociological phenomenon was most specifically at play in the charges against Merrill Lynch? a. gender inequality b. gender socialization c. glass ceiling d. intersectionality ANS: C

DIF: Moderate

REF: The Glass Ceiling (II.B.ii) | InQuizitive

MSC: Remembering 38. Karen made an unwanted sexual advance on her date Sarah, persisting even though it was clear that Sarah was resistant. How would sociologists characterize this interaction? a. hegemonic masculinity c. sexual harassment b. gender typing d. toxic femininity ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: Sexual Harassment in the Workplace (II.B.iii)

39. Which of the following is an example of quid pro quo sexual harassment? a. sexual language, usually by managers or supervisors b. lewd posters posted around the office c. sexual advances that make a worker uncomfortable d. a supervisor demanding sexual acts from a worker in return for a pay raise or promotion ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Sexual Harassment in the Workplace (II.B.iii)

40. Judy and her female colleagues are financial advisers at a bank. Their employer gave higher-profile and more profitable clients to male colleagues, leading to bigger annual bonuses and more rapid ascents up the corporate ladder. What is the most likely explanation for why women such as Judy and her colleagues hit a glass ceiling? a. Women lack basic qualifications. b. Women lack the sponsorship of well-placed, powerful senior colleagues. c. Women have less valuable ideas than men. d. Women have less innate inability.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: The Glass Ceiling (II.B.iv)

41. Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies the concept of the motherhood penalty? a. Joyce is a psychologist who chose not to have children to focus on her career. b. Bernette is a dentist and mother of two who gets paid less than her childless female counterpart. c. Haley is given a heavier load at her job as a banker because she's a mother. d. Simone is a mother of three who is currently in med school and working full time.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: The ―Motherhood Penalty‖ (II.C.i)

42. Stanford University sociologist Shelley Correll and her colleagues’ research on the motherhood penalty found that a. mothers are less likely to be hired than childless women who have the same work experience and qualifications, and mothers are offered significantly lower starting pay than equally qualified childless women for the same job. b. mothers are less likely to be hired than childless women who have the same work experience and qualifications; however, mothers are offered significantly higher starting pay than equally qualified childless women for the same job. c. mothers are more likely to be hired than childless women who have the same work experience and qualifications, and mothers are offered significantly higher starting pay than equally qualified childless women for the same job. d. mothers are more likely to be hired than childless women who have the same work experience and qualifications; however, mothers are offered significantly lower starting pay than equally qualified childless women for the same job.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: The ―Motherhood Penalty‖ (II.C.i)

43. Of the following individuals, who most likely does the most housework? a. Evelyn, an unmarried childless woman. b. Joan, a married childless woman. c. Tanya, a married woman with four children. d. Tyrone, a married man with four children.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: Housework and the Second Shift (II.C.ii)

44. Straight couples tend to revert to traditional gender roles, with women as lower earners, bearing the brunt of stereotypical female chores. How do same-sex couples tend to compare? a. They tend to reverse gender roles. b. Couples assign chores based on personal preference. c. Lesbian couples tend to equally split chores, while gay couples do not. d. Gay couples are more likely to split chores based on income.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Housework and the Second Shift (II.C.ii)

45. Josiah is a wealthy twenty-six-year-old black male. He says that he aspires to a romantic relationship in which he could share earnings and household responsibilities equally with his partner. What might sociologists say explains his point of view? a. his race c. his gender b. his socioeconomic status d. his age ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: Housework and the Second Shift (II.C.ii)

46. What do sociologists mean by the term ―second shift‖? a. This refers to women who perform housework and child care at the end of the paid work day. b. This refers to women who work from 4 p.m. to midnight, or overnight. c. This refers to women who take a second job in order to make ends meet. d. This refers to women who are consistently put on double shifts by their employers.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Housework and the Second Shift (II.C.ii) | InQuizitive

MSC: Remembering

47. Janice Hernandez is running for reelection at her political office. Based on what you know about gender and electoral politics, which office or party is she most likely to be running for reelection? a. Republican party c. U.S. Senate b. local office d. U.S. House of Representatives ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Gender Inequality in Politics (II.D)

48. A political office is more likely to be considered "man's work" if the position a. is part time. b. is often held by a Democrat. c. is based in politics further from home (state or federal). d. is based in local town politics.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Gender Inequality in Politics (II.D)

49. Which of the following countries has the highest percentage of female members in its national legislature? a. The United States c. Iran b. Sweden d. Rwanda ANS: D DIF: Difficult MSC: Remembering

REF: Gender and Politics: Global Perspective (II.D.i)

50. Of the 192 countries that belong to the United Nations, how many were headed by women in January 2017? a. 17 b. 37 c. 67 d. 107 ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Gender and Politics: Global Perspective (II.D.i)

51. The United Nations ranks countries according to a measure of gender inequality called the Gender Inequality Index. Of the countries listed below, which country ranked the worst in 2015? a. The United States b. Canada c. The United Kingdom d. China ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Gender and Politics: Global Perspective (II.D.i)

52. Which of the following methodological approaches to a research project on sexual assault is an ethnography? a. A researcher distributes paper questionnaires to women on college campuses who have been sexually assaulted. b. A researcher sends two sets of undergraduates out to interact with others and find out how people stigmatize one of two conditions: a student who has been sexually assaulted or a student who is homeless. c. A researcher conducts a series of interviews with women on college campuses who have been sexually assaulted. d. A researcher examines the differences in the prevalence of sexual assault on college campuses in the United States vs. Canada.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Why Are Women the Target of Violence? (III) | InQuizitive MSC: Applying 53. Which of the following is an accurate statement about rape? a. Most rapes are committed by strangers the victim does not know. b. Most rapes are committed by men against women. c. Most rapes are reported, documented, and handled by the justice system. d. The total number of sexual assaults, attempted rapes, and rapes has increased steadily over the past two decades.

ANS: B

DIF: Easy

REF: Rape (III.A)

MSC: Remembering

54. Joe hangs out with men who discuss women as if they were sexual objects. This makes him insensitive to the difference between consensual and nonconsensual sex. Which concept best explains this situation? a. rape culture c. gender inequality b. quid pro quo sexual harassment d. sex segregation ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Sexual Violence against Women: Evidence of ―Rape Culture‖? (III.B) MSC: Applying 55. Why did Columbia University student Emma Sulkowicz carry her mattress around with her across campus? a. She was calling attention to the crisis of rape on campus. b. Her mattress revealed the unsanitary living conditions of female students. c. She was demonstrating the power of white privilege. d. Her strength showed the potential of female bodybuilding.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Sexual Violence against Women: Evidence of ―Rape Culture‖? (III.B) MSC: Applying 56. According to the textbook, which answer best explains why women are so often the target of sexual violence? a. Women rarely fight back. b. Women wear revealing clothing to provoke men. c. The entertainment media produces and distributes highly sexualized content that causes men to become violent. d. Many men believe that they are entitled to have sexual access if they already know the women.

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Sexual Violence against Women: Evidence of ―Rape Culture‖? (III.B) MSC: Understanding 57. Domination, the devaluation of women, homophobia, and wanton violence best characterize a. toxic masculinity. b. quid pro quo sexual harassment. c. the gender binary. d. the nadleehi.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Sexual Violence against Women: Evidence of ―Rape Culture‖? (III.B) MSC: Understanding 58. The functionalist sociologist Talcott Parsons used the term ______ to refer to providing care and security to children and offering them emotional support. a. expressive role c. gendered role b. instrumental role d. sex-segregated role ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Functionalist Approaches (IV.A)

59. George is the breadwinner for his family. According to the functionalist sociologist Talcott Parsons, George is filling which role? a. expressive role c. gendered role

b. instrumental role ANS: B MSC: Applying

d. nonbinary role DIF: Easy

REF: Functionalist Approaches (IV.A)

60. Don and Juanita, a married couple, split their housework equally. According to the functionalist sociologist Talcott Parsons, why would this behavior be considered inefficient? a. The family is most efficient when it operates with a clear sexual division of labor. b. Don, like most men, dislikes housework. c. A high-functioning family has servants to complete tasks such as housework. d. Men should actually do more housework than women.

ANS: A MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Moderate

REF: Functionalist Approaches (IV.A)

61. What is a criticism of the functionalist approach to the family expressed by sociologist Talcott Parsons? a. The approach condones the subordination of women. b. Families have to be supportive to socialize children successfully. c. The approach promulgates a Marxist view of the social world. d. The allocation of tasks in society is natural and inevitable.

ANS: A MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Difficult

REF: Functionalist Approaches (IV.A)

62. Which statement best describes the functionalist perspective on gender? a. Gender inequality is the result of unequal access to civil rights and social resources. b. Gender inequality is rooted in male domination of society. c. Gender differences are heavily influenced by global processes such as colonialism and racism. d. Gender differences contribute to social stability and integration.

ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Functionalist Approaches (IV.A) | InQuizitive

63. A sociological perspective that emphasizes the centrality of gender in analyzing the social world and particularly the uniqueness of women is known as a. feminist theory. c. queer theory. b. functionalist theory. d. postmodern theory.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Feminist Approaches (IV.B)

64. Which of the following positions do all schools of feminist thought share? a. Women have an unequal position in society. b. Gender has little influence on social life. c. Gender inequality can never be eradicated. d. Gender inequality is not a social construction.

ANS: A MSC: Evaluating

DIF: Difficult

REF: Feminist Approaches (IV.B)

65. Which form of feminist theory believes that unequal access to civil rights and certain social resources produces gender inequality? a. liberal feminism c. functionalist feminism b. radical feminism d. transnational feminism

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Liberal Feminism (IV.B.i)

66. Which reform strategy would liberal feminists encourage to promote gender equality? a. the abolition of marriage b. a revolution against capitalist economies c. abolish affirmative action policies d. institute family-friendly policies in the workplace ANS: D MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Difficult

REF: Liberal Feminism (IV.B.i)

67. Which perspective argues that gender inequality is the result of male domination in all aspects of social and economic life? a. liberal feminism c. black feminism b. radical feminism d. transnational feminism ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Radical Feminism (IV.B.ii)

68. Which feminist would most likely advocate for the overthrowing of the patriarchal order? a. Jacqui, a liberal feminist c. Pathi, a symbolic interactionist b. Loren, a radical feminist d. Shawna, a Parsonian functionalist ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Radical Feminism (IV.B.ii)

69. Which perspective focuses on the interaction of race, class, and gender in the disadvantages women face? a. liberal feminism c. Marxism b. radical feminism d. black feminism ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Black Feminism and Transnational Feminism (IV.B.iii)

MSC: Remembering

70. Labor advocates have noted that the workers who died in the Rana Plaza factory collapse in Bangladesh were primarily women. Which sociological lens might be especially useful for understanding this tragedy? a. liberal feminism c. Marxism b. radical feminism d. transnational feminism ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Black Feminism and Transnational Feminism (IV.B.iii)

MSC: Applying

71. What can we conclude about the effectiveness of programs like the Green Dot Bystander Intervention program at the University of Kentucky in reducing gender-based violence on campus? a. Intervention programs have little effect on those that take the course. b. Intervention programs can reduce gender-based violence on campus by half for those who participate in the program. c. Intervention programs can decrease gender-based violence, but only in substance-free dorms. d. Without more evidence, we cannot know how effective these programs are.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: How Can We Reduce Gender-Based Aggression? (V)

MSC: Evaluating

SHORT ANSWER 1. In a short paragraph, discuss the influence of nature and nurture in the formation of gender identity. How do arguments that biology primarily influences gender differ from sociological views of gender socialization?

ANS: The differences between men and women are often assumed to be natural and the result of biological differences. Researchers, for example, have attempted to demonstrate that differences in behavior may be innate and the same across cultures. Yet, the argument that biology primarily shapes gender overlooks the role of social forces and influences. Here, for instance, students can offer examples of how aggression is not inherent in men; women also use strategies compatible with aggression, including "badmouthing" and gossiping. The more robust examination of gender difference is gender socialization, which argues that our gender roles are derived from the influence of social agents, institutions, and cultural norms. Students could give examples of the many ways in which we are socialized into particular gender roles, starting at birth (including dress, toys, expected behaviors, etc.).

DIF: Moderate

REF: The Role of Biology (I.A)

MSC: Analyzing

2. What does the story of identical twins raised as different genders suggest about the role of social interaction and social context in explaining gender differences? Explain your answer in three to five sentences.

ANS: In one particular case, one of a pair of identical male twins was seriously injured while being circumcised, and the decision was made to reconstruct his genitals to be female. He was thereafter raised as a girl. The twins at six years old demonstrated typical male and female traits as found in Western culture. For some time, this case was treated as a conclusive demonstration of the overriding influence of social learning on gender differences. However, when the girl was a teenager, she was interviewed during a television program, and the interview showed that she felt some unease about her gender identity, even perhaps that she was really a boy after all. She had by then learned of her unusual background, and this knowledge may very well have been responsible for this altered perception of herself. The experience of identical twins raised as different genders suggests that although biology may play a role in gender differences in behavior, social interaction and social context can override the influence of biology.

DIF: Moderate

REF: The Role of Biology (I.A)

MSC: Understanding

3. Using the !Kung of the Kalahari Desert, the bacha posh in Afghanistan, and the nadleehi in Navajo culture as support, discuss in a short paragraph how gender can be seen as a social construction.

ANS:

To answer this question, the student must describe the gender roles of the !Kung, the bacha posh, and the nadleehi. It is very common for both !Kung men and women to engage in child care. Children of the !Kung, who oppose violent conflict and physical punishment, learn that neither men nor women will tolerate aggressive behavior. Although the !Kung abide by the seemingly traditional arrangement in which men hunt and women gather, the vast majority of their food actually comes from the gathering activities of women. In contemporary Afghanistan, boys are so highly prized that families with only daughters often experience shame and pity; as a result, some transform one young daughter into a son.

These children are called bacha posh. In most cases, a return to womanhood takes place when the child enters puberty, and this is a decision almost always made by her parents. The term nadleehi refers to a male-bodied person with a feminine nature—a special gift, according to Navajo culture. In American society, feminine men are usually devalued rather than considered a special gift. In each of these three examples, gender is understood in ways very different from each other and very different from the way we understand gender. This wide variation suggests that gender is a social construction.

DIF: Moderate REF: Cross-Cultural and Historical Findings (I.D) MSC: Understanding 4. Answer the following questions in a short paragraph. In what ways are boys and girls treated differently at school, according to your textbook? What are some consequences of this differential treatment?

ANS: To answer this question, the student must describe how boys and girls are treated differently in school and then discuss the effect of this differential treatment. Studies document that teachers interact differently—and often inequitably—with their male and female students. One study showed that regardless of the sex of the teacher, male students interacted more with their teachers than female students did. Boys received more teacher attention and instructional time than girls did. Another study reported that boys were eight times more likely to call out answers in class, thus grabbing their teachers' attention. This research also showed that even when boys did not voluntarily participate in class, teachers were more likely to solicit information from them than from girls. However, when girls tried to bring attention to themselves by calling out in class without raising their hands, they were reprimanded.

Boys were also disadvantaged in several ways, however. Because of their rowdy behavior, they were more often scolded and punished than girl students. Moreover, boys outnumber girls in special education programs by startling percentages. This differential treatment of boys and girls perpetuates stereotypic gender role behavior. Girls are trained to be quiet and well behaved and to turn to others for answers, yet boys are encouraged to be inquisitive, outspoken, and active problem solvers.

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: Unequal Treatment in the Classroom (II.A.i)

5. In one to two sentences, describe female labor-force participation patterns over the past fifty years. In two to three more sentences describe how this pattern can be explained.

ANS: To answer this question, the student should first describe the pattern, then give explanations for the pattern. Since the turn of the twentieth century, women's participation in the paid labor force has risen more or less continuously, especially in the past fifty years. There are several reasons for this. One force behind women's increased entry into the labor force was the increase in demand, since 1940, for clerical and service workers as the U.S. economy expanded and changed. Also, from 1940 until the mid- to late 1960s, labor force activity increased among women who were past their prime childrearing years.

Furthermore, during the 1970s and 1980s, as the marriage age rose, birth rates declined, and women's educational attainment increased, the growth in labor force participation spread to younger women. In addition, many women now postpone family formation to complete their education and establish themselves in the labor force. Also, despite family obligations, today a majority of women of all educational levels work outside the home during their childrearing years.

DIF: Moderate

REF: Women and the Workplace (II.B)

MSC: Analyzing

6. How do gender, marital status, and parental status interact in time spent doing housework? Answer in two to five sentences.

ANS: The intersection of gender, marital status, and parental status powerfully shapes housework. A recent study shows that whereas women save their husbands an hour of housework a week, husbands create an additional seven hours of housework for wives every week. Childless women do an average of ten hours of housework a week before marriage and seventeen hours after marriage. Childless men, by contrast, do eight hours before marriage and seven hours afterward. Married women with more than three children are the most overworked and report an average of about twenty-eight hours, yet married men with more than three children logged only ten hours of housework a week.

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: Housework and the Second Shift (II.C.ii)

7. In two to three sentences, please explain why, according to your textbook, women are so often the target of sexual violence.

ANS: Some radical feminist scholars claim that men are socialized to regard women as sex objects, to feel a sense of sexual entitlement, and to instill fear in women by dominating them. This socialization context, described by Susan Brownmiller as a "rape culture," may make men insensitive to the difference between consensual and nonconsensual sex and thus contribute to the high levels of victimization of women. Rape culture is closely tied to the concept of toxic masculinity, or a cluster of potentially destructive values or behaviors that have historically been a part of boys’ socialization, including ―domination, the devaluation of women, homophobia, and wanton violence.‖ The fact that acquaintance rapes occur suggests that at least some men are likely to feel entitled to sexual access if they already know the woman. When a man goes out on a date with sexual conquest on his mind, he may force his attentions on an unwilling partner and overcome her resistance using alcohol, persistence, or both.

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: Sexual Violence against Women: Evidence of ―Rape Culture‖? (III.B)

8. In a short paragraph discuss Talcott Parsons's view of the family. Do you agree with his analysis? Why or why not? Please explain.

ANS: To answer this question, students must first present Parsons's perspective on the family, then discuss the criticisms. In Parsons's view, the family operates most efficiently with a clear-cut sexual division of labor in which females act in expressive roles, providing care and security to children and offering them emotional support, and men perform instrumental roles—namely, being the breadwinner in the family.

This complementary division of labor, springing from a biological distinction between the sexes, would ensure the solidarity of the family. Feminists argue that women are not prevented from pursuing occupations on the basis of any biological features; rather, humans are socialized into roles that are culturally expected of them. Also, there is no basis to the belief that the expressive female is necessary for the smooth operation of the family; rather, it is a role that is promoted largely for the convenience of men. In addition, cross-cultural and historical studies show that the degree to which societies differentiate tasks as exclusively male or female can vary greatly across time and place. Thus, gender inequalities do not seem to be fixed or static.

DIF: Moderate

REF: Functionalist Approaches (IV.A)

MSC: Evaluating

9. Compare and contrast liberal feminism with radical feminism. Which perspective do you believe best explains gender inequality today? Please explain your answer in a short paragraph.

ANS: Unlike radical feminists, liberal feminists do not see women's subordination as part of a larger system or structure. Instead, they draw attention to many separate factors that contribute to inequalities between men and women. For example, liberal feminists are concerned with sexism and discrimination against women in the workplace, educational institutions, and the media. Liberal feminists seek to work through the existing system to bring about reforms in a gradual way. In this respect, they are more moderate in their aims and methods than radical feminists, who call for an overthrow of the existing system.

Regarding the best perspective on gender inequality, students might mention that removing many of the structural barriers that women faced in the past has made it possible for them to make important advances in the workplace. This supports the liberal feminist perspective. The fact that removing structural barriers has not completely created gender equality suggests that a more radical approach is necessary. Answers will vary. Any carefully considered answer is acceptable.

DIF: Difficult

REF: Feminist Approaches (IV.B)

MSC: Evaluating

10. In two to four sentences, explain what criticisms black feminists make about liberal feminist theory.

ANS: Black feminists claim that it is not valid to generalize theories about women's subordination, as a whole, from the experience of a specific group of women—middle-class white women. The writings of African American feminists emphasize the influence of the powerful legacy of slavery, segregation, and the civil rights movement on gender inequalities in the black community. Black feminists contend that any theory of gender equality that does not consider racism cannot be expected to explain black women's oppression adequately. Some also argue that black women are multiply disadvantaged based on their color, their sex, and their class position. When these three factors interact, they reinforce and intensify each other.

DIF: Moderate MSC: Evaluating

REF: Black Feminism and Transnational Feminism (IV.B.iii)

11. In a paragraph, discuss how we can reduce gender-based aggression following the discussion in the textbook. Provide examples.

ANS: Answers will vary. One strategy is to create an environment in which those who have been victimized or exploited feel empowered to speak up, know that their words will be heeded, and receive support from their employers and industries. For example, the Time’s Up movement set up a legal defense fund to support those who have been victimized by workplace sexual harassment. Another example is the Green Dot Bystander program at the University of Kentucky. This program shows students how to intervene and defuse the situation if they see an uncomfortable or potentially violent interaction on campus.

Another strategy is to change male students’ beliefs about sexual violence and entitlement. For instance, Saint Anselm College in Manchester, New Hampshire, enlisted former NFL player and Heisman Trophy runner-up Don McPherson to talk to campus football players about sexual and domestic violence.

Another example is the NCAA (National Collegiate Athletic Association) implementation of policy requiring coaches and student-athletes to undergo annual training in sexual violence prevention.

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: How Can We Reduce Gender-Based Aggression? (V)

CHAPTER 10 Race, Ethnicity, and Racism

CONCEPT MAP XXXII.

XXXIII.

XXXIV.

XXXV.

XXXVI.

XXXVII.

What Are Race and Ethnicity?

A. Race B. Ethnicity C. Minority Groups Why Do Racial and Ethnic Antagonism Exist?

A. Psychological Theories i. Prejudice and Discrimination ii. The Authoritarian Personality B. Sociological Interpretations i. Ethnocentrism, Group Closure, and Resource Allocation C. Ethnic Antagonism: A Historical Perspective i. Forms of Ethnic Conflict D. Models of Ethnic Integration How Does Racism Operate in American Society Today?

A. Institutional Racism B. Interpersonal Racism i. Overt Racism: Racism with Racists ii. Color-Blind Racism: Racism without Racists What Are the Origins and Nature of Ethnic Diversity in the United States?

A. Early Colonization B. Immigrant America in the Twentieth and Twenty-First Centuries C. Blacks in the United States i. Internal Migration from South to North D. Hispanics and Latinos in the United States i. Mexican Americans ii. Puerto Ricans iii. Cubans E. The Asian Connection How Do Race and Ethnicity Affect the Life Chances of Different Groups?

A. Educational Attainment B. Employment and Income C. Health D. Residential Segregation E. Political Power F. Gender and Race G. Divergent Fortunes i. The Economic Divide within the African American Community ii. The Asian Success Story iii. Latinos: The Debate about Mexican Americans How Do Sociologists Explain Racial Inequality?

A. IQ-Based Explanations B. Cultural Explanations C. Economic Explanations D. Racial Discrimination-Based Explanations

MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. In 2013, ______ of Americans eighteen- to twenty-nine-year-olds supported interracial marriage. a. 15 percent b. 36 percent c. 68 percent

d. 96 percent ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: What Are Race and Ethnicity? (I)

2. Which of the following statements best represents variation in racial and ethnic identification across countries? a. Countries mostly categorize race and ethnicity in the same way. b. Countries base racial and ethnic categorization on different traits, including skin color, cultural group membership, regional origin, and religion. c. Countries vary widely in how they categorize racial and ethnic groups, although very few use skin color as a criterion. d. Smaller nations tend to use skin color as a guide to categorizing racial and ethnic groups, whereas larger nations are more likely to define race and ethnicity based on religion or culture.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: What Are Race and Ethnicity? (I) | InQuizitive

3. ______ is a socially constructed category based on the belief in fundamental human differences associated with physical characteristics and ancestry. a. Ethnicity c. Race b. Ethnocentrism d. Racism ANS: C

DIF: Moderate

REF: Race (I.A)

MSC: Understanding

4. Which of the following minority groups is the largest? a. African Americans c. Asian Americans b. Hispanic Americans d. American Indians ANS: B

DIF: Moderate

REF: Race (I.A)

MSC: Remembering

5. Which statement is an accurate characterization of the concept of race? a. The concept of race plays an important role in the reproduction of patterns of power and inequality. b. The concept of race is primarily based on cultural differences between groups. c. The genetic diversity between races is greater than the genetic diversity within them. d. The concept of race is no longer important.

ANS: A

DIF: Easy

REF: Race (I.A)

MSC: Understanding

6. ______ refers to a type of social identity related to ancestry (perceived or real) and cultural differences which become effective or active in certain contexts. a. Ethnicity c. Race b. Ethnocentrism d. Racism ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Ethnicity (I.B)

7. Ethan is a white man who has Scottish ancestry and wore a kilt to his wedding. In most aspects of his life, however, being Scottish American has no meaningful impact on his day-to-day life. This example illustrates that a. ethnicity has become less important in the United States. b. tension between racial and ethnic groups has declined over time. c. ethnicity is a choice for whites in the United States. d. pluralism is growing in the United States.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: Ethnicity (I.B)

8. A disadvantaged group that is separated from the dominant group by their distinct physical or cultural characteristics is known as a. an ethnic group. c. a minority group. b. a racial group. d. scapegoats.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Minority Groups (I.C)

9. Which of the following statements concerning minority groups is true? a. Any group that is less than 50 percent of the population is considered a minority group. b. All members of the group share the same physical features. c. The term refers to political power and is not simply a numerical distinction. d. The idea of a minority group was more confusing in the past than today.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Minority Groups (I.C)

10. Prejudice based on socially significant physical distinctions is known as a. racism. c. relativism. b. antiracism. d. nativism.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Prejudice and Discrimination (II.A.i)

11. Steve believes that immigrants are more likely to be criminal than native-born Americans. He continues to hold this belief even though he learned in school that native-born Americans are more likely to commit crime than immigrants. Steve’s attitude is an example of a. prejudice. c. segregation. b. discrimination. d. institutional racism.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Prejudice and Discrimination (II.A.i)

12. Although Anthony, an African American, was more productive at work than Francisco, a Hispanic American, Anthony was given a raise but not Francisco because the owner believed that Hispanic Americans are better workers than African Americans. Denying Francisco a raise is an example of a. prejudice. c. projection. b. discrimination. d. institutional racism.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Prejudice and Discrimination (II.A.i)

13. Sarah is a college admissions officer who does not hold prejudicial attitudes about Hispanic people. She negatively evaluates a Hispanic applicant because she has ―no cultural flavor‖ in her application. This shows that a. only prejudiced people will discriminate. b. discrimination is unavoidable, but prejudicial attitudes are not. c. patterns of discrimination are easily fixed by individuals. d. people who are not prejudiced can discriminate.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: Prejudice and Discrimination (II.A.i)

14. Thinking in terms of fixed and inflexible categories, such as believing that all French people like to wear striped shirts, is best described as a. stereotyping. c. racializing. b. discriminating. d. projecting.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: Prejudice and Discrimination (II.A.i)

15. Feelings of hostility or anger directed against objects that are not the real origin of those anxieties is called a. transference. c. discrimination. b. stereotyping. d. displacement.

ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Prejudice and Discrimination (II.A.i)

16. Immigrants are sometimes blamed for low wages. Immigrants in this example can be considered a a. stereotype. c. victim. b. scapegoat. d. minority group.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Prejudice and Discrimination (II.A.i)

17. A white man places a rental property he owns on Craigslist to rent it out for the next year. He receives two very promising applications from individuals who both are college educated and hold well-paying jobs. He decides not to rent his house to the first applicant simply because he is Arab American and rents it to the second applicant, who is white. What is this scenario an example of? a. racism b. prejudice c. antimiscegenation d. discrimination ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Prejudice and Discrimination (II.A.i) | InQuizitive

18. A white applicant who was rejected by a prestigious university argues that she was not admitted because racial minorities were given special advantages in the application process. What term would be used to characterize her argument? a. displacement b. prejudice c. scapegoating d. discrimination ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Prejudice and Discrimination (II.A.i) | InQuizitive

19. Which statement about Theodor Adorno’s research would Adorno most agree with? a. Authoritarianism is not a characteristic of personality but reflects the values and norms of particular subcultures within the wider society. b. Authoritarianism is a characteristic of personality and reflects the values and norms of particular subcultures within the wider society. c. Authoritarianism reflects patterns of thought in general rather than a particular personality type. d. Authoritarianism reflects patterns of thought in general as well as the values and norms of

particular subcultures within the wider society.

ANS: B MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Difficult

REF: The Authoritarian Personality (II.A.ii)

20. The 1964 Civil Rights Act accomplished what? a. It outlawed the racial segregation of lunch counters and other public places. b. De facto segregation, or segregation ―in fact,‖ was completely eliminated. c. It outlawed discriminatory voting practices. d. It outlawed discrimination in the rental or purchase of homes.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Ethnocentrism, Group Closure, and Resource Allocation (II.B.i) MSC: Understanding 21. In 1735, Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus published a modern classification scheme of human populations. Linnaeus assumed that each subgroup a. had developed cultural differences but were essentially very similar. b. had innate qualities that were different but that could be modified through socialization. c. had different cultural practices that eventually produced physical differences. d. had qualities of behavior or temperament that were innate and could not be altered.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: Ethnic Antagonism: A Historical Perspective (II.C)

22. For most of the period of European expansion, Europeans believed themselves to be superior to the people they colonized and conquered. This fits most closely with which of the following statements about racism? a. Racism is a form of prejudice focusing on cultural differences between people. b. Racist views distinguishing the descendants of Europeans from those of Africans became central to European racist attitudes. c. Racist attitudes are found in all human societies because humans are designed to notice and dislike people who are different. d. Racism resides in the individual conscience only.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Ethnic Antagonism: A Historical Perspective (II.C)

23. Chul Soo is Korean and currently lives in Seoul. He wants to move to Canada and become a permanent citizen. This is an example of a. immigration. c. assimilation. b. emigration. d. racialization.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Ethnic Antagonism: A Historical Perspective (II.C)

24. Between 1915 and 1923, more than a million Armenians were killed by the Ottoman Turkish government. This is an example of a. genocide. c. segregation. b. assimilation. d. pluralism.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: Forms of Ethnic Conflict (II.C.i)

25. In apartheid-era South Africa, laws forced Blacks to live separately from whites and forbade sexual relations between races. This is an example of

a. multiculturalism. b. assimilation.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

c. segregation. d. pluralism.

DIF: Easy

REF: Forms of Ethnic Conflict (II.C.i)

26. Assimilation is when a. new immigrant groups assume the attitudes and language of the dominant community. b. ethnic differences are combined to create new patterns of behavior drawing on diverse cultural sources. c. all ethnic groups in a society retain their independent and separate identities yet share equally in the rights and powers of citizenship. d. ethnic groups exist separately and share equally in economic and political life.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Models of Ethnic Integration (II.D)

27. ______ is the model of ethnic integration that exists in Switzerland. a. Assimilation c. Segregation b. Melting pot d. Multiculturalism ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: Models of Ethnic Integration (II.D)

28. Which of the following methodological approaches to a research project on assimilation is a survey? a. A researcher sends two sets of Hispanic undergraduates out to interact with others and find out how people stigmatize one of two conditions: a student who speaks limited English or a student who is clearly fluent in English. b. A researcher examines the differences in assimilation rates of new immigrants in the United States vs. Europe. c. A researcher conducts a series of interviews with new immigrants to the United States who came from Central America. d. A researcher distributes paper questionnaires to new immigrant children in high school.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Models of Ethnic Integration (II.D) | InQuizitive

29. Black drivers are more than twice as likely as white drivers to be searched during a vehicle stop (even after controlling for variables such as the reason the car was stopped), but they are found in possession of contraband 26 percent less often than white drivers. This difference is an example of a. interpersonal racism. c. racialization. b. institutional racism. d. ethnicity.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: Institutional Racism (III.A)

30. When speeding charges are made, Blacks fare much worse when citations are issued on the basis of the officer’s visual assessment rather than radar or laser. This is an example of a. interpersonal racism. c. multiculturalism. b. institutional racism. d. scapegoating.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Institutional Racism (III.A)

31. Which statement best characterizes the textbook's assessment of the Trump presidency? a. Donald Trump is the least racist president ever.

b. Donald Trump expresses the kind of racism that is typical in contemporary American politics. c. Donald Trump’s presidency is seen as a new era of covert racism. d. Donald Trump’s presidency is seen as a new era of overt racism.

ANS: D MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Difficult

REF: Overt Racism: Racism with Racists (III.B.i)

32. Sociologist Eduardo Bonilla-Silva argues that a. color blindness is a means of maintaining racial equality. b. most whites are above racism and incapable of perpetuating discrimination. c. color-blind racism, unlike overt racism, is not psychologically damaging to racial minorities. d. by attempting to act as if race does not exist, whites perpetuate inequalities.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: Color-Blind Racism: Racism without Racists (III.B.ii)

MSC: Understanding

33. What is a characteristic of white privilege? a. Whites acknowledge they have privilege. b. Whites have earned the privilege. c. Few whites benefit from white privilege. d. Whites may often benefit from it without even realizing it.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: Color-Blind Racism: Racism without Racists (III.B.ii)

MSC: Analyzing

34. When a minority member experiences a microaggression, they a. often misunderstand what was really an innocent comment. b. often get angry, making a mountain out of a molehill. c. often respond with silence, though they experience the interaction as an insult. d. often understand it as a compliment, since it is often meant as a compliment.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Color-Blind Racism: Racism without Racists (III.B.ii)

MSC: Analyzing

35. A white person tells an Asian American person that they ―speak good English.‖ This interaction best illustrates which of the following statements? a. Whites regularly engage in overt racism against Asian Americans. b. Well-meaning comments are never insulting. c. There is no such thing as racial microaggressions. d. Whites sometimes assume that the Asian American person they are speaking to is an immigrant.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: Color-Blind Racism: Racism without Racists (III.B.ii)

MSC: Applying

36. More than 99 percent of the people in the United States are descended from a. immigrants. c. Africans. b. Europeans. d. Native Americans.

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: What Are the Origins and Nature of Ethnic Diversity in the United States? (IV) MSC: Remembering 37. Immigrants to the United States from 1820 to 1880 were mostly from

a. Northwestern Europe. b. Eastern Europe.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

c. Southern Europe. d. Latin America.

REF: Early Colonization (IV.A)

38. As a result of successive potato famines that produced widespread starvation, 1.5 million people migrated to the United States from ______ in the nineteenth century and settled mostly in ______ areas. a. Germany; rural c. Ireland; rural b. Germany; urban d. Ireland; urban ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Early Colonization (IV.A)

39. More than three-quarters of the nearly 59 million immigrants admitted to the United States since 1965 have been from a. Northwestern Europe. c. Africa. b. Southern and Eastern Europe. d. Latin America or Asia.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Immigrant America in the Twentieth and Twenty-First Centuries (IV.B) MSC: Remembering 40. What were the ―black codes‖? a. laws limiting the rights of blacks in the South after the Civil War b. laws limiting the rights of blacks in the South during the Civil War c. laws limiting the rights of blacks in South Africa under apartheid d. laws granting relief from discrimination and segregation, beginning in the 1950s ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Blacks in the United States (IV.C) | InQuizitive

41. Industrial development in the North of the United States, combined with the mechanization of agriculture in the South, produced a progressive movement of _______ northward starting at the beginning of the twentieth century. a. whites c. Latin Americans b. African Americans d. Native Americans ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Internal Migration from South to North (IV.C.i)

42. Which group has lived in the United States longer than all other immigrant groups besides Anglo-Saxons, yet faces the segregation and poverty that was only a transitional phase for the other groups? a. Eastern European Americans c. Irish Americans b. Southern European Americans d. African Americans ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Internal Migration from South to North (IV.C.i)

43. Which of the following Hispanic groups is the largest? a. Mexican Americans c. Cuban Americans b. Puerto Rican Americans d. El Salvadoran Americans ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Hispanics and Latinos in the United States (IV.D)

44. During which period were Mexican workers admitted without much restriction? a. in the post–World War II period up to the early 1960s b. from the middle 1960s to 1986 c. from 1986 to 2008 d. from 2008 to today ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Mexican Americans (IV.D.i)

45. Of the choices listed, which is a commonwealth of the United States? a. Puerto Rico b. Mexico c. Cuba d. El Salvador ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Puerto Ricans (IV.D.ii)

46. Unlike other Latino immigrants, these immigrants were mainly educated people from white-collar and professional backgrounds. a. Mexicans c. Cubans b. Puerto Ricans d. El Salvadorians ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Cubans (IV.D.iii)

47. During World War II, _______ were made to report to ―relocation centers,‖ which were effectively concentration camps. a. German Americans c. Japanese Americans b. Americans d. Mexican Americans ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: The Asian Connection (IV.E)

48. Which of the following was a consequence of the U.S. policy of forcing Japanese families into ―relocation centers‖ during World War II? a. After the war, Japanese families joined many Chinese immigrants in segregated Chinatowns. b. Children of Japanese immigrants were unable to learn English, putting them at an educational disadvantage. c. Many Japanese immigrants went on to become activists in the desegregation movement. d. The Japanese families’ assimilation into U.S. society accelerated after the war.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: The Asian Connection (IV.E) | InQuizitive

49. Are Hispanics white or nonwhite? a. All Hispanics are white. b. All Hispanics are nonwhite. c. Some Hispanics are white and some Hispanics are nonwhite. d. Hispanics are neither white nor nonwhite.

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: How Do Race and Ethnicity Affect the Life Chances of Different Groups? (V) MSC: Remembering

50. According to the U.S. Census, are people with origins in the Middle East and North Africa white? a. Both Middle Easterners and North Africans are nonwhite. b. Both Middle Easterners and North Africans are white. c. Middle Easterners are white and North Africans are nonwhite. d. Middle Easterners are nonwhite and North Africans are white.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: How Do Race and Ethnicity Affect the Life Chances of Different Groups? (V) MSC: Remembering 51. Which group of Americans has the highest college graduation rate? a. non-Hispanic whites c. Asian Americans b. African Americans d. Hispanics ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Educational Attainment (V.A)

52. Which group of Americans has the highest median household income? a. whites c. Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders b. African Americans d. Hispanics ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Employment and Income (V.B)

53. Which group of Americans has the lowest median household income? a. whites c. Hispanics b. African Americans d. Asian Americans ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Employment and Income (V.B)

54. Alarming disparities in health and health care still exist among U.S. racial and ethnic groups. Which group has the highest rate of hypertension? a. white men and women c. Asian women b. Hispanic men d. Black men and women ANS: D DIF: Difficult MSC: Remembering

REF: Health (V.C)

55. In understanding the racial disparity in maternal health care between Black and white women, what factor is most directly associated with the cumulative effects of institutional and everyday racial discrimination that Black women face? a. stress b. higher rates of known health risks c. poverty d. poor diet ANS: A MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Difficult

REF: Health (V.C)

56. According to the textbook, what can we conclude about the patterns of segregation in the United States? a. Neighborhood segregation has declined significantly over the past quarter century. b. Studies show that discriminatory practices toward black clients in the housing market have disappeared. c. Black children and white children still attend separate schools in most rural areas of the

South. d. Neighborhood segregation remains especially high in metropolitan areas.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: Residential Segregation (V.D)

57. Over the past half-century, the South has lost all gains in desegregation made since 1954—the year of the ______ decision. a. Dred Scott v. Sandford b. The State of Tennessee v. John Thomas Scopes c. Brown v. Board of Education d. Roe v. Wade ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Residential Segregation (V.D)

58. In American Apartheid (1993), Douglas Massey and Nancy A. Denton argue that _______ is/are responsible for the perpetuation of black poverty and the continued polarization of black and white people. a. the history of racial segregation c. the biological inferiority of blacks b. impersonal market forces d. the cultural inferiority of blacks ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Residential Segregation (V.D)

59. In 2017, among full-time workers, which group has the lowest weekly earnings? a. Latina women c. Black men b. white women d. white men ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Gender and Race (V.F)

60. In 2016, what percent of families headed by Latina women lived in poverty? a. 12 percent b. 25 percent c. 41 percent d. 75 percent ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Gender and Race (V.F)

61. Blacks account for roughly ______ of the U.S. population and ______ of chief executives. a. 13 percent; 3 percent b. 26 percent; 6 percent c. 13 percent; 9 percent d. 26 percent; 18 percent ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: The Economic Divide within the African American Community 65 (V.G.i) MSC: Remembering 62. Those who view the Mexican American population as stagnating argue that Mexicans are going through a process called a. aggregation. c. racialization. b. eugenics. d. generalization.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Latinos: The Debate about Mexican Americans (V.G.iii)

MSC: Applying

63. Mexicans in cities like Los Angeles and San Antonio end up living in segregated, high-poverty communities in which institutions, such as schools, have inferior resources and foster low expectations of their students; this situation may facilitate the categorization of Mexicans as a race. This process of categorization is known as a. racialization. c. ethnicity. b. nationalism. d. prejudice.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Latinos: The Debate about Mexican Americans (V.G.iii)

MSC: Applying

64. Which factor is LEAST likely to explain IQ differences between Blacks and whites? a. genetic factors b. cultural factors c. economic factors d. discrimination ANS: A MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Moderate

REF: IQ-Based Explanations (VI.A)

65. Who would MOST likely believe that strengthening the Black family is the solution to racial inequality? a. Daniel Patrick Moynihan b. Martin Luther King Jr. c. William Julius Wilson d. Jennifer Lee ANS: A MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Moderate

REF: Cultural Explanations (VI.B)

66. Who argued that by the 1980s the economic conditions of Blacks had become central to their life chances? a. Lawrence Bobo c. William Julius Wilson b. Joe Feagin d. Elijah Anderson ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Economic Explanations (VI.C)

67. William Julius Wilson has argued that for the United States to bridge the Black–white gap in inequality, the federal government would need to a. create massive numbers of jobs. c. increase tax breaks to Black churches. b. require welfare recipients to work. d. integrate schools.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Economic Explanations (VI.C)

68. Which statement is most consistent with the textbook's conclusions about race? a. Racism is no longer a significant problem for Blacks. b. In explaining racial inequality between Blacks and whites, gender disadvantages are more significant than racism. c. In explaining racial inequality between Blacks and whites, class disadvantages are more significant than racism. d. Perhaps the single most significant race-based explanation of Black–white inequality is the restriction or segregation of Blacks in physical space known as the ghetto.

ANS: D MSC: Evaluating

DIF: Difficult

REF: Racial Discrimination-Based Explanations (VI.D)

SHORT ANSWER 1. Over the history of the census, how have racial categories changed? Provide examples. What does this suggest about the socially constructed nature of race? Your answer should be three to five sentences in length.

ANS: Over the history of the census, the specific racial categories used have undergone major changes, illustrating that categories we take to be natural in one era are actually socially constructed. People from South Asia were long classified as white in the census, for example, but by the 1980s were reclassified as Asian. Mexicans were classified as white in the nineteenth century, as nonwhite in the 1930s, again as white in the 1940s, and then as Hispanic in the 1970s.

DIF: Moderate

REF: Race (I.A)

MSC: Analyzing

2. What is a minority group and what are the key characteristics that define a minority group in the field of social science? Why might the term minority cause confusion? Your answer should be one paragraph in length.

ANS: To answer this question, the student should first define minority group. In sociology, members of a minority group are disadvantaged as compared with members of the dominant group (a group possessing more wealth, power, and prestige) and have some sense of group solidarity. The student should then mention sources of confusion. First, minority group in the sociological sense does not refer to numerical minority. There are many minorities in a statistical sense, such as people having red hair or weighing more than 250 pounds, but these are not minorities, according to the sociological concept. Another possible area of confusion is that some groups once clearly identified as minorities, such as Asians and Jews, now have more resources, intermarry at greater rates, and experience less discrimination than they did when they were originally conceived of as minority groups.

DIF: Moderate

REF: Minority Groups (I.C)

MSC: Evaluating

3. What is group closure? Using an example from history or current times, describe how group closure is used to maintain racial inequality. Your answer should be one paragraph in length.

ANS: The term closure means the process whereby groups maintain boundaries separating themselves from others. Such devices include limiting or prohibiting intermarriage between the groups, restrictions on social contact or economic relationships like trading, and the physical separation of groups from one another (as in the case of racial ghettos). The concept of ethnic-group closure helps us understand both the dramatic and the more insidious differences that separate communities or categories of people from one another—not just why the members of some groups get shot, lynched, beaten up, or harassed, but also why they don’t get good jobs, a good education, or a desirable place to live. Examples from history or current times will vary.

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: Ethnocentrism, Group Closure, and Resource Allocation (II.B.i)

4. In a short paragraph, please explain the four models of ethnic integration mentioned in your textbook: assimilation, melting pot, pluralism, and multiculturalism. What model (or models) characterize ethnic integration in the United States, past and present?

ANS: The student should first describe the four models. Assimilation meant that new immigrant groups would assume the attitudes and language of the dominant white community. The idea of the melting pot was different: it meant merging different cultures and outlooks by stirring them all together. A newer model of ethnic relations is pluralism, in which ethnic cultures maintain their unique practices and communities yet participate in the larger society's economic and political life. A recent outgrowth of pluralism is multiculturalism, in which ethnic groups exist separately and equally. It does seem at least possible to create a society in which ethnic groups are separate but equal, as is demonstrated by Switzerland, where French, German, and Italian groups coexist in the same society. Any well-reasoned answer to the second part of the question is acceptable. The student may notice that assimilation into Anglo society has been the dominant model. However, there has been a certain degree of melting as well. Furthermore, historically and in the present, minority groups, although required to assimilate culturally, have difficulty assimilating economically.

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: Models of Ethnic Integration (II.D)

5. Your textbook notes that racial discrimination can occur at the individual behavioral level but also at the institutional/societal level. One context in which both forms of racial discrimination might occur is in hiring for employment. Consider a scenario in which two job candidates are being considered for a position and the racial and/or ethnic identity of each candidate is known. Construct a hypothetical scenario in which racism is occurring at the individual level and at the institutional level (institutional racism), giving specific examples of each type of racism. Explain how each example of racism illustrates either individual or institutional racism. Your answer should be one paragraph in length.

ANS: Suggested answer: The manager in charge of hiring sees that one candidate is Latino and the other is white. All information on the two candidates' credentials suggests that they are equally qualified for the position. Although the firm has clear rules against racial discrimination in hiring, the manager decides that the Latino person will be less reliable and also prefers to work with white people whenever possible.

As a result, the manager informs his firm that he would like to hire the white candidate. In addition to this, the firm—whose managers are all white—relies on references in the initial phase of selecting job candidates for consideration. Although all professional references are considered, the firm has an informal practice of relying more heavily on references that they know personally, most of whom are also white (and who are more likely to know the white candidate than the Latino candidate due to residential, educational, and occupational segregation). As a result of these practices, the white candidate is hired. Individual racism is when an individual's own prejudice and discrimination introduce racism into that person's interactions and behaviors. Because the manager is allowing his own prejudices (thinking Latinos are less reliable) and his own personal preferences (he feels more comfortable around whites) to shape his hiring decisions, his individual racism is in play here. Institutional racism is when the routine practices of an institution or units within an institution create a pattern of racism, even if there are no individually racist actions and attitudes present. In the example above, the managers are all white, racial segregation exists, and racially homogenous groups are used for references, even though the firm has a policy against racial discrimination in hiring. These factors made it less likely that the Latino candidate would get the job. All of these are all examples of racial discrimination that occurred above and beyond the racism of any one individual in the firm.

DIF: Difficult MSC: Creating

REF: How Does Racism Operate in American Society Today? (III)

6. In a couple of sentences, please define institutional racism and explain how it differs from racial discrimination at the individual level. Give examples of each (individual and institutional racism), specifying how your examples illustrate the difference between individual-level and institutional racism.

ANS: To answer this question, the student must first define institutional racism. Institutional racism refers to patterns of discrimination based on ethnicity that have become structured into existing social institutions. The student should give examples. One might be that institutional racism in Hollywood films and television broadcasting is seen in the negative or limited portrayals of racial and ethnic minorities in programming. Another example from the international modeling industry is the industry-wide bias against fashion models who appear to be of non-European ancestry or mixed race.

The student should also define individual racism as a behavior that an individual engages in due to adherence to stereotypes or prejudicial attitudes about a racial-ethnic group or groups, which might also be accompanied by hostility or negativity toward a group. An example could be not inviting a family to the neighborhood picnic because they belong to a racial-ethnic group that is being stereotyped.

DIF: Moderate

REF: Institutional Racism (III.A)

MSC: Creating

7. Using examples, compare overt racism with colorblind racism. Which do you think is more prevalent today? Which do you think is more damaging? Your answer should be one paragraph in length.

ANS: Answers will vary but should include a description of overt racism and color-blind racism. In everyday life, racism can be expressed in the ideas held by bigoted individuals. It is expressed overtly through individual attitudes, perceptions, and beliefs and is sustained by the ideologically racist statements of political leaders. Sociologist Eduardo Bonilla-Silva (2006) defines color blindness as a means of maintaining racial inequality without appearing racist. First, many whites believe that they are above racism and incapable of perpetuating discrimination. They are thus unaware of the ways in which their insensitivity is psychologically damaging to racial minorities. Second, by attempting to act as if race does not exist, they perpetuate inequalities that can only be addressed by giving explicit attention to racial differences. Third, many whites who do make subtle or even explicitly racial distinctions have become quite adept at maintaining an appearance of neutrality. In all these ways, much of racial inequality is maintained through the appearance of color-blind processes.

DIF: Difficult

REF: Interpersonal Racism (III.B)

MSC: Analyzing

8. According to the textbook, Cuban Americans are relatively more successful than Mexican Americans.

How can this difference be explained sociologically? Please answer in a few sentences.

ANS: The majority of Mexican immigrants have come to the United States to work at low-paying jobs. On the other hand, half a million Cubans fled communism following the rise of Fidel Castro in 1959. Unlike Mexican immigrants, they were mainly educated people from white-collar and professional backgrounds. They have managed to thrive within the United States; many have found positions comparable to those they abandoned in Cuba. Another wave of Cuban immigrants, from less affluent origins, arrived in 1980. Lacking the qualifications the first wave held, these people tend to live in circumstances closer to those of Mexican Americans.

DIF: Moderate

REF: Cubans (IV.D.iii)

MSC: Analyzing

9. Discuss Douglas Massey and Nancy A. Denton’s perspective on racial and ethnic inequality in the United States. What is your assessment of their explanation for the persistence of racial inequality? Your answer should be one paragraph in length.

ANS: Douglas Massey and Nancy A. Denton argue that the history of racial segregation and its specific urban form, the black ghetto, are responsible for the perpetuation of black poverty and the continued polarization of black and white. The persistence of segregation, they say, is not because of impersonal market forces. The black ghetto, the authors conclude, was constructed through a series of well-defined institutional practices of racial discrimination—both private behavior and public policies by which whites sought to contain growing urban black populations. For the second part of the question, answers will vary. The student might discuss other perspectives on racial inequality such as cultural and economic explanations.

DIF: Difficult

REF: Residential Segregation (V.D)

MSC: Evaluating

CHAPTER 11 Families and Intimate Relationships CONCEPT MAP XXXVIII.

XXXIX.

XL.

XLI.

XLII.

How Do Sociological Theories Characterize Families?

A. Functionalism B. Symbolic Interactionist Approaches C. Feminist Approaches How Have Families Changed over Time?

A. ―The Way We Never Were‖: Myths of the Traditional Family B. Changes in Family: Patterns Worldwide i. Directions of Change What Do Marriage and Family in the United States Look Like Today?

A. Race, Ethnicity, and American Families i. Native American Families ii. Latino Families iii. African American Families iv. Asian American Families B. Social Class and the American Family C. Divorce and Separation i. Reasons for Divorce ii. Divorce and Children D. Remarriage and Stepparenting E. Single-Parent Households Why Does Family Violence Happen?

A. Child Abuse B. Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) How Do New Family Forms Affect Your Life?

A. Cohabitation i. Does Living Together Help Reduce the Changes for Divorce?

B. Same-Sex-Parent Families C. Being Single D. Being Child-Free

MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. A _____ is a group in which the individuals are related to one another by blood ties, marriage, or adoption and form an economic unit in which the adult members are responsible for the upbringing of children. a. family c. kinship network b. household d. village

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: How Do Sociological Theories Characterize Families? (I) MSC: Remembering 2. Members of the Native American Standing Rock Sioux tribe share history and bonds based on a common lineage of blood relatives. This form of relationship is also known as a. cohabitation. c. kinship. b. a household. d. a village.

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: How Do Sociological Theories Characterize Families? (I) MSC: Applying 3. A socially and legally acknowledged and approved sexual union between two adult individuals is called a. cohabitation. c. kinship. b. a marriage. d. a family.

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: How Do Sociological Theories Characterize Families? (I) MSC: Remembering 4. Jim and Joan are two adults who live together in a household with their two biological children and one adopted child. This kind of group is an example of a(n) a. nuclear family. c. nonfamily household. b. extended family. d. skip-generation family.

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: How Do Sociological Theories Characterize Families? (I) MSC: Applying 5. Vincent lives with his parents and both sets of grandparents in the same house. His uncle's family lives next door. The members of his house and his uncle's family have a close and continuous relationship with one another. This type of arrangement is an example of a(n) a. nuclear family. c. nonfamily household. b. extended family. d. conventional family.

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: How Do Sociological Theories Characterize Families? (I) MSC: Applying 6. Amir has two biological brothers that he grew up with. His two brothers are members of his a. family of orientation. c. chosen family. b. family of procreation. d. adopted family.

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: How Do Sociological Theories Characterize Families? (I) MSC: Applying 7. Suzanne has two biological sons that she raised from birth. Her two sons are members of her a. family of orientation. c. chosen family. b. family of procreation. d. adopted family.

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: How Do Sociological Theories Characterize Families? (I) MSC: Applying

8. A form of marriage in which each married partner is allowed only one spouse at any given time is called a. monogamy. c. polygyny. b. polygamy. d. polyandry.

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: How Do Sociological Theories Characterize Families? (I) MSC: Remembering 9. It was common in Ladakhi society for brothers to share one wife. This type of marriage is an example of a. monogamy. c. polyandry. b. polygyny. d. hypergamy.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: How Do Sociological Theories Characterize Families? (I) MSC: Applying 10. _____ has grown less common over time, due to multiple social and economic conditions, including increasing levels of democracy, a declining acceptance of arranged marriage, an increase in marriages based on a desire for love and companionship, and strides in the education and human rights protections afforded to women. a. Polygyny c. Polyandry b. Belief in romantic love d. Monogamy ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: How Do Sociological Theories Characterize Families? (I) MSC: Understanding 11. Which sociological perspective sees the family as performing important tasks that contribute to society's basic needs and helping to perpetuate the existence of major social institutions and practices? a. functionalism c. symbolic interactionism b. Marxism d. feminism ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Functionalism (I.A)

12. Alisha learns the American norms of politeness from her parents. This learning is associated with which function of the family discussed by Talcott Parsons? a. primary socialization c. affective function b. personality stabilization d. instrumental function ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Functionalism (I.A)

13. Which type of society would Talcott Parsons consider the conventional family most suitable for? a. hunting and gathering c. postmodern b. agrarian d. industrial ANS: D MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Difficult

REF: Functionalism (I.A)

14. Which of the following terms refers to the family’s role in raising a child, according to the functionalist perspective? a. primary socialization b. personality stabilization c. instrumental role d. affective role

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Functionalism (I.A) | InQuizitive

15. According to the functionalist perspective, identify which of the following is an example of personality stabilization. a. A mother reminds her child to say ―thank you‖ after receiving a present. b. A husband comforts his wife after she loses her job. c. A married partner is restrained from cheating on her spouse because of marriage vows. d. A father goes to work despite feeling sick to pay for his child’s tuition fees.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Functionalism (I.A) | InQuizitive

16. According to Willard Waller, who has the most power in a romantic relationship? a. the woman b. the man c. the person with the highest income d. the partner who is least committed to the romantic relationship ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Symbolic Interactionist Approaches (I.B)

17. Emslie and colleagues (2009) studied colorectal cancer patients. They found that a. colorectal cancer patients could no longer maintain their gendered identities. b. colorectal cancer patients did gender even though they could no longer carry out the gender-typed household roles. c. female colorectal cancer patients no longer concerned themselves with the housework and child care. d. male colorectal cancer patients became increasingly concerned with the housework and child care.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Symbolic Interactionist Approaches (I.B)

18. In studies of immigrant families, researchers found that a. the parent–child relationship pattern typical of the country of origin became the default pattern in unfamiliar contexts. b. parents and children often must renegotiate their roles in unfamiliar contexts. c. children continue to have lower status than their parents, even if they have a better understanding of the language and practices in the United States. d. schoolteachers and health-care providers almost never allow children to serve as the family’s liaison.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Symbolic Interactionist Approaches (I.B)

19. What is a criticism of the symbolic interactionist approach? a. It places too much emphasis on cooperation and consensus. b. It focuses too much on deeply embedded gender differences in social and interpersonal power. c. It focuses too much on social structure. d. It tells us why something is happening, but it does not tell us how.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Symbolic Interactionist Approaches (I.B)

20. During the 1970s and 1980s, feminist perspectives dominated most debates and research on families.

According to the textbook, on what did they largely focus? a. family structures b. historical development of the nuclear and extended family c. the importance of kinship ties d. the experiences of women in the domestic sphere ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Feminist Approaches (I.C)

21. Which of the following statements best represents a feminist understanding of the family? a. Men continue to bear the main responsibility for domestic tasks. b. The best way to structure a family is to have one parent responsible for the nurturing duties and another responsible for providing for the family economically. c. Women invest large amounts of emotional labor in maintaining personal relationships. d. Jobs that involve caring, such as child-care worker, nanny, or elderly companion, are among the highest paid of all occupations.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Feminist Approaches (I.C)

22. Which theoretical perspective is most likely to agree with the following statement: "Contemporary couples are seeking to be more symmetrical, but in reality men do not perform their share of the housework." a. functionalism c. feminism b. postmodernism d. symbolic interactionism ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: Feminist Approaches (I.C)

23. Which general perspective has been most concerned with the domestic division of labor, unequal power relationships, and caring activities in the family? a. functionalism c. feminism b. Marxism d. symbolic interactionism ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Feminist Approaches (I.C)

24. Which of the following statements below best characterizes American households? a. The number of Americans living in multigenerational households has been declining for several decades. b. Young college graduates are moving back into their parents’ homes in unprecedented numbers, as they face bleak job prospects. c. The declining immigrant population has contributed to the decline in multigenerational households. d. The number of grandparents living with and raising their grandchildren has declined steadily since the 1990s.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: How Have Families Changed over Time? (II)

25. Betty Friedan, in her widely read book, The Feminine Mystique, refers to "the problem with no name."

What is this phrase referring to? a. the oppressive nature of a domestic life bound up with child care and domestic drudgery

b. the fear of divorce, especially after couples have been together for more than five years c. adultery, which is especially common among closeted homosexuals d. domestic abuse, which usually goes unreported ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: ―The Way We Never Were‖: Myths of the Traditional Family (II.A) MSC: Understanding 26. Which of the following best describes the changes in household size throughout the history of the United States? a. Family size has shrunk dramatically from the early farming years to the current urban setting. b. The family in the United States today consists predominantly of small nuclear families; for the first two hundred years of U.S. history, the family was a large extended family. c. The proportion of people living alone has gradually decreased. d. The nuclear family seems to have long been preeminent, with household sizes shrinking only modestly over the past few centuries.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: ―The Way We Never Were‖: Myths of the Traditional Family (II.A) MSC: Understanding 27. Which of the following statements best describes American families in the colonial era? a. Compared with contemporary standards, the average duration of marriages was much longer. b. More than half of all children saw the death of at least one parent by the time they were twenty-one years old. c. The way in which authority was exercised would be considered exceedingly permissive by today’s standards. d. The colonial family was peaceful and harmonious, unlike most contemporary families.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: ―The Way We Never Were‖: Myths of the Traditional Family (II.A) MSC: Understanding 28. According to Stephanie Coontz, why isn’t the colonial family as idyllic as often portrayed? a. Wives were confined to the home. b. Women often felt trapped in their domestic role. c. Divorce rates were high. d. High death rates meant there was a great deal of family instability.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: ―The Way We Never Were‖: Myths of the Traditional Family (II.A) | InQuizitive MSC: Understanding 29. Which of the following is a change related to the creation of a worldwide movement toward the predominance of the nuclear family and the breakdown of extended-family systems and other types of kinship groups? a. the spread of the idea of romantic love b. the power and influence of the antiabortion movement c. large-scale migration from urban to rural areas d. the development of autonomous local governments in areas previously controlled by centralized governments ANS: A

DIF: Difficult

REF: Changes in Family: Patterns Worldwide (II.B)

MSC: Understanding 30. Which of the following statements best describes the changes that are occurring in the family globally? a. Clans and other kin groups are increasing in influence. b. Religious backlash has resulted in more restrictions on sexuality. c. Women's and children's rights are more widely recognized. d. Birth rates are increasing.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Directions of Change (II.B.i)

31. About what percent of American adults in their mid-fifties are or have previously been married? a. 35 percent c. 65 percent b. 51 percent d. 90 percent ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: What Do Marriage and Family in the United States Look Like Today? (III) MSC: Remembering 32. Which of the following best explains the global trend toward later marriages in the last several decades? a. the resurgence of social conservatism b. increases in postsecondary school enrollment c. increased economic standing of men since the late 1980s d. the continuing stigma of cohabitation ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: What Do Marriage and Family in the United States Look Like Today? (III) MSC: Analyzing 33. Which of the following statements best characterizes American families today? a. The percentage of Americans who live alone has decreased over the last fifty years. b. One-fifth of U.S. households today are made up of a married couple and their children. c. Three-fifths of U.S. households today are made up of a married couple and their children. d. Men outearn their wives in roughly one in two households today.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: What Do Marriage and Family in the United States Look Like Today? (III) MSC: Remembering 34. Which of the follow statements would family sociologists studying racial and ethnic differences most agree with? a. The most striking differences in family structure are between the family lives of whites and Asian Americans. b. Racial and ethnic differences in family structure are almost completely explained by cultural differences. c. Racial and ethnic differences in family structure are almost completely explained by economic differences. d. Ethnicity and socioeconomic status are so closely intertwined in the United States that it is difficult to distinguish effects of one over the other.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: Race, Ethnicity, and American Families (III.A)

35. Which group has the highest rate of intermarriage? a. Asian Americans c. Hispanic Americans

b. Native Americans

d. African Americans

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Native American Families (III.A.i)

36. From which country can Hispanics easily enter the United States because it is a commonwealth of the United States? a. Mexico c. Cuba b. Puerto Rico d. El Salvador ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Latino Families (III.A.ii)

37. Among the Hispanic groups listed below, which is the most prosperous? a. Mexican Americans c. Cuban Americans b. Puerto Rican Americans d. Dominican Americans ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Latino Families (III.A.ii)

38. Which of the following statements concerning black and white families is true? a. Blacks have lower rates of childbearing outside of marriage than whites. b. Blacks are less likely ever to marry than whites. c. Blacks are more likely to marry after having a nonmarital birth than whites. d. Black families with children are less likely than white families with children to be female headed.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: African American Families (III.A.iii)

39. How does the ―marriageable men hypothesis‖ explain rates of marriage among African Americans? a. Marriage rates among blacks are relatively high because black women seek men who match them on both religious and economic characteristics. b. Marriage rates among blacks are relatively low, even after a nonmarital birth, because black men are less likely to earn a living wage. c. Marriage rates among blacks are relatively low, even after a nonmarital birth, because black women are pickier than other racial/ethnic groups about the men they will marry. d. Marriage rates among blacks are relatively high because black women are less concerned with men’s economic standing compared to other racial/ethnic groups.

ANS: B MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Moderate

REF: African American Families (III.A.iii) | InQuizitive

40. Asian American families historically have been characterized by an interdependence among members of the extended family. Some sociologists attribute this to a. cultural beliefs related to filial piety that exist in Asian American families. b. the prevalence of hypergamy in Asian American families. c. the prevalence of skip-generation households in Asian American families. d. the ―tangle of pathology‖ that exists among Asian American families.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Asian American Families (III.A.iv)

41. Which of the statements below best characterizes Asian American families? a. Asian American family and friend networks often pool money to help their members start a business or buy a house.

b. The median family income for Asian Americans is lower than most other racial groups. c. Asians are more likely than other racial groups to marry within their race. d. Compared to other races, Asian Americans have high levels of divorce.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Asian American Families (III.A.iv)

42. Which group among those listed below has the highest level of nonmarital fertility in the United States? a. Chinese c. Filipino b. Japanese d. non-Hispanic whites ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Asian American Families (III.A.iv)

43. One conclusion we can draw from recent research on online dating is that a. black women receive the most initial messages. b. white men receive the fewest initial messages. c. users tend to show the greatest interest in those of their same ethnic background. d. hypergamy is more typical of men than women.

ANS: C MSC: Evaluating

DIF: Moderate

REF: Social Class and the American Family (III.B)

44. Which of the following statements concerning divorce is true? a. About one-half of children born in 1980 became members of a one-parent family. b. Most men and women who are divorced never remarry. c. Most children are traumatized by divorce even decades after their parents separate. d. The economic well-being of women increases after divorce due to liberal alimony laws.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Divorce and Separation (III.C)

45. What is the relationship between living standards and postdivorce situations? a. Both men's and women's living standards tend to increase in the first year following the divorce settlement. b. Men's living standards tend to decrease, while women's living standards tend to increase in the first year following the divorce settlement. c. Men who were contributing more than 80 percent to family income prior to divorce tend to experience an improvement in their living standards after divorce. d. Men who were contributing less than 80 percent to family income prior to divorce tend to experience an improvement in their living standards after divorce.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Divorce and Separation (III.C)

46. Which of the following factors decreases the likelihood that a person will get a divorce? a. being married at a young age b. divorced parents c. having low income d. being childless before marrying ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Divorce and Separation (III.C)

47. Which of the following is a factor in explaining why divorce rates increased so steeply in the 1960s and 1970s?

a. b. c. d.

Changes in the law made getting a divorce easier.

Personal satisfaction became less important.

Adults became less concerned about the welfare of their children.

The stigma of divorce increased.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult MSC: Remembering

REF: Reasons for Divorce (III.C.i)

48. What is the main reason why children raised by one parent do not do as well as children raised by two parents, on average? a. Parents who divorce do not devote enough time and attention to parenting and do a worse job monitoring their children than families with two parents. b. Children suffer irreparable emotional trauma from divorce. c. The drop in economic well-being following a divorce appears to explain the majority of the ―effect‖ of divorce on child outcomes. d. Children face social stigma from classmates, teachers, and kin due to their parents’ divorce.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Divorce and Children (III.C.ii) | InQuizitive

49. Which of the following is a finding from the research of Judith Wallerstein and colleagues on children of divorced parents? a. Few children experienced intense emotional disturbance at the time of the divorce. b. There was little evidence of short- or long-term deleterious consequences of parental divorce. c. As they entered adulthood, almost all were optimistic, high achieving, and confident. d. Ten or fifteen years later, nearly half the then-young-adult children reported difficulties in their romantic relationships, compromised self-esteem, and a sense of underachievement.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Divorce and Children (III.C.ii)

50. Recent studies on children of divorce derived from population-based samples find that a. most people with divorced parents have serious mental health problems. b. few children experience an initial period of intense emotional upset after their parents separate. c. most children adjust without serious problems within two years of the separation. d. most children experience some long-term problems as a result of the breakup that may persist into adulthood.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Divorce and Children (III.C.ii)

51. What is the main reason why children raised by one parent do not do as well as children raised by two parents, on average? a. Parents who divorce do not devote enough time and attention to parenting and do a worse job monitoring their children than families with two parents. b. Children suffer irreparable emotional trauma from divorce. c. The drop in economic well-being following a divorce appears to explain the majority of the ―effect‖ of divorce on child outcomes. d. Children face social stigma from classmates, teachers, and kin due to their parents’ divorce.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Divorce and Children (III.C.ii) | InQuizitive

52. Erica recently married Jermain. Jermain has a seventeen-year-old daughter named Arabia from a previous marriage. Erica considers herself progressive while Arabia considers herself conservative, and they often disagree over politics. How might a sociologist understand this dynamic? a. Women of different ages have a difficult time getting along. b. Liberal-identifying women are statistically more likely to have a difficult time with stepchildren because they care less about family values. c. Erica is violating the social role of stepmother, therefore causing the conflict. d. Most stepchildren belong to two households, so the possibilities of ideological clashes are considerable.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Remarriage and Stepparenting (III.D)

53. A family in which at least one partner has children from a previous marriage is known as a a. nuclear family. c. conventional family. b. stepfamily. d. extended family.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Remarriage and Stepparenting (III.D)

54. Which of the following statements concerning single-parent households is true? a. Most single-parent households are male headed. b. For most single mothers, being a single mother was their first choice. c. There is a high correlation between births outside marriage and indicators of poverty. d. African American families have a low proportion of single-parent households.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Single-Parent Households (III.E)

55. The majority of nonmarital births a. are to women in cohabiting relationships. b. are to women ages thirty-five and older. c. are to ―single mothers by choice.‖ d. are to middle-class women with strong support networks or extended family ties.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Single-Parent Households (III.E)

56. Which of the following statements concerning child abuse is true? a. The most common form of child abuse is sexual abuse. b. Almost all child deaths from abuse or neglect are recorded. c. Less than half of victims were maltreated by their parents. d. African American children suffered a higher rate of abuse than white and Hispanic children.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Child Abuse (IV.A)

57. A 1985 study by Murray Straus and his colleagues found that _____ percent of married people reported at least one incident of intimate partner violence at some point in their marriage. a. 5 c. 56 b. 28 d. 81 ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) (IV.B)

58. Joan shoved her husband Jack during a heated argument about buying a new car. The argument was not rooted in power or control. Michael Johnson would call this type of intimate partner violence a. patriarchal terrorism. c. common couple violence. b. feminist terrorism. d. severe violence.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) (IV.B)

59. According to the textbook, the term used to describe two persons living together in a sexual relationship of some permanence, without being married to one another, is a. living apart together. c. engagement. b. going steady. d. cohabitation.

ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Cohabitation (V.A)

60. The proportion of young couples who cohabit today is roughly a. 10 percent. c. 50 percent. b. 30 percent. d. 70 percent.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Cohabitation (V.A)

61. Mary and John have been in a cohabiting relationship for a year. Based on what you read in the textbook, which of the following statements is most likely to be true? a. Both Mary and John are cohabiting to ensure compatibility before marriage. b. Both Mary and John want to keep their expenses separate while cohabiting. c. Mary is more likely to worry about the loss of freedom that marriage would entail than John. d. John is more likely to worry that cohabitation would further delay marriage than Mary.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Cohabitation (V.A)

62. Based on what you've read about cohabitation in this chapter, why might longtime cohabiters with no plans to marry prefer cohabitation? a. They do not want to commit to their partner. b. They consider cohabitation to be edgy and boundary-breaking. c. They have unease about the meanings associated with marriage. d. They think that marriage will have no impact on their relationship.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: Cohabitation (V.A)

63. Which of the following is a trend related to cohabiting? a. Decreasing numbers of people are cohabiting. b. Most cohabiters eventually marry the partner they are cohabiting with. c. There has been an increase in the rate at which unmarried women begin cohabiting with their partners once they find out they are pregnant. d. Cohabitation as an alternative to marriage is a trend unique to the United States.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: Cohabitation (V.A)

64. In what year did the Supreme Court guarantee the right to marriage for all, including same-sex couples? a. 1968 c. 2001 b. 1984 d. 2015

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Same-Sex-Parent Families (V.B)

65. In 2016, a New York family court guaranteed married lesbian couples the right to participate in second-parent adoptions. What does this mean? a. One parent adopts a child and the partner applies to be second or co-parent. b. Adopted children can have two sets of parents: birth parents and adoptive parents. c. Lesbian couples can apply to have a man legally serve as father to their adopted child. d. Children are able to choose if they want one or two adoptive parents, regardless of the parent's sexual orientation.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: Same-Sex-Parent Families (V.B)

66. Which of the following methodological approaches to a research project on same-sex parent families would be an experiment? a. A researcher conducts a series of interviews with same-sex and heterosexual families to understand choices surrounding insemination, surrogates, and adoption. b. A researcher distributes paper questionnaires to same-sex families asking them about their household and children. c. A researcher examines the differences in same-sex couples’ adoption practices in the United States vs. Europe. d. A researcher sends two sets of parents out to interact with others in a coffee shop and find out how people respond to one of two conditions: a gay couple with a crying male baby, and a heterosexual couple with a crying male baby.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Same-Sex-Parent Families (V.B) | InQuizitive

67. Nellie was worried about her mother living on her own after she divorced Nellie's father. How might Eric Klinenberg's research help assuage Nellie's fears? a. He found that people living alone actually have more, rather than less, social interaction than their married counterparts. b. Klinenberg's respondents reported higher-than-average IQs, possibly because people who live alone spend more time reading. c. People who live alone reported experiencing moderate anxiety, but that feeling dissipated within one year. d. People who live alone tend to be more financially stable than those who live with someone else.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: Being Single (V.C)

68. Among the categories listed below, which group would sociologists predict is the most likely to get married at least once in their lifetime? a. college-educated black women b. poor black men c. people born before 1980 d. Millennials ANS: C MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Difficult

REF: Being Single (V.C)

69. Which of the following statements is true regarding being single?

a. b. c. d.

The number of people classified as single has declined in recent decades.

Fewer people are living on their own after their marriages end.

Few people want to stay single because of the stigma attached to it.

Research shows that people who live alone (by choice) are no better or worse off than their partnered peers.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Being Single (V.C)

70. What does Eric Klinenberg conclude from his research on people who live alone? a. Living alone can be a positive experience for the young and old. b. Living alone is correlated with higher rates of depression and social isolation. c. Living alone has some positive benefits after a relationship break up but is detrimental in the long term. d. Young people who live alone report feeling happy and free to pursue their interests, but old people living alone did not report these experiences.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Being Single (V.C) | InQuizitive

71. What might be one reason why researchers have difficulty calculating the rate of childlessness? a. Blended families make it more difficult to discern who is a parent and who isn't. b. People whose children have grown into adults sometimes consider themselves childless, which may inaccurately alter statistics. c. Childlessness is highly stigmatized, so people are likely to misreport their status to survey researchers. d. Women are having their first child at an older average age, making it difficult to decide at what point someone is childless.

ANS: D MSC: Evaluating

DIF: Difficult

72. Who is MOST likely to be child-free? a. white women b. black women ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Being Child-Free (V.D)

c. Asian women d. Hispanic women REF: Being Child-Free (V.D)

SHORT ANSWER 1. Describe Talcott Parsons's view of the family in one to three sentences. What are two criticisms of his approach?

ANS:

The student should first present Parsons's view of the family. According to Talcott Parsons, the family's two main functions are primary socialization and personality stabilization. Primary socialization is the process by which young children learn the cultural norms of the society into which they are born.

Personality stabilization refers to the role that families play in assisting adult family members emotionally. In industrial society, the role of the family in stabilizing adult personalities is said to be critical. This is because the nuclear family is often distanced from its extended kin and is unable to draw on larger kinship ties as families could before industrialization. Parsons regarded the nuclear family as the unit best equipped to handle the demands of industrial society. In the conventional family, one adult can work outside the home while the second adult cares for the home and children. In practical terms, this specialization of roles within the nuclear family involved the husband adopting the instrumental role as breadwinner and the wife assuming the affective, emotional role in domestic settings.

Second, the student should discuss at least two criticisms of Parsons's approach. Functionalist theories of families, including the work of Parsons, have come under heavy criticism for justifying the domestic division of labor between men and women as something natural and unproblematic. Also, in emphasizing the importance of families in performing certain functions, Parsons and other functionalist theorists neglect the role that other social institutions—such as government, media, and schools—play in socializing children. Functionalist theories also neglect variations in family forms that do not correspond to the model of the nuclear family. Families that did not conform to the white, suburban, middle-class "ideal" were seen as deviant.

DIF: Moderate

REF: Functionalism (I.A)

MSC: Analyzing

2. In a short paragraph, describe the symbolic interactionist approach to the study of the family. Use the studies mentioned in the textbook to illustrate your points. Discuss the approach’s weakness and potential blind spots when it comes to studying the family.

ANS: Symbolic interactionism emphasizes the contextual, subjective, and even ephemeral nature of family relationships. For example, Willard Waller (1938) developed the principle of least interest to show that the partner who is least committed to, or interested in, the romantic relationship has more power and might exploit that power. More contemporary work emphasizes the ways that family members continually negotiate, define, and redefine their roles. For example, Emslie and colleagues (2009) studied the ways that colorectal cancer patients did gender when their illness prevented them from carrying out the gender-typed household roles they previously performed. Symbolic interactionist studies find that children often shape, influence, and guide their parents. Several studies of immigrant families, for instance, show that parents and children often must renegotiate their roles when they inhabit unfamiliar contexts. Symbolic interactionism is critiqued for placing too much emphasis on cooperation and consensus and for being an overly descriptive approach. Some scholars, especially those working in the feminist tradition, find fault with the perspective’s lack of attention to social structure and deeply embedded gender differences in social and interpersonal power.

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: Symbolic Interactionist Approaches (I.B)

3. In a short paragraph, explain the feminist critique of the "conventional" family.

ANS:

Answers may vary. The student should be able to argue that the feminist perspective allows us to dispel the conventional notion of the family as idyllic and harmonious. Instead, feminist critique explores the family as a complex institution and most importantly a site of exploitation and inequality. Feminist critique of the family centers around three key points: domestic division of labor ensures that even women who work outside of the home shoulder most of the burden of domestic work, including raising children and providing emotional support; unequal power relationships within the family continue to oppress women and may even lead to physical abuse; and lastly, women invest more emotional labor in maintaining personal relationships than men.

DIF: Moderate

REF: Feminist Approaches (I.C)

MSC: Understanding

4. In the 2012 summer issue of Atlantic magazine, Anne-Marie Slaughter, who was the first female director of policy planning at the State Department, wrote an article titled "Why Women Still Can't Have It All." In the article, she argues that women today still struggle to balance a family and their career. In a couple of sentences, please explain how a feminist perspective on the family may help shed light on this issue.

ANS: Answers may vary. Students should be able to put forth the argument that feminist perspective allows us to examine how domestic division of labor in the family ensures that women continue to shoulder most of the burden of housework, childrearing, and emotional labor and support. Even though women are no longer confined to the domestic sphere as they were when Betty Friedan penned her infamous book, women who want to pursue a career are still affected by a domestic division of labor that expects them to do most of the household work, even if they have supporting partners.

DIF: Moderate

REF: Feminist Approaches (I.C)

MSC: Applying

5. Sociologists have identified seven important changes that characterize transformations in the global family structure over the past half century. In three to five sentences, name two of those changes that you find the most compelling and explain why.

ANS: Answers will vary. The seven important changes sociologists have identified are: (1) Clans, or small family groups based on shared heredity, and other types of kin groups are declining in their influence.

(2) There is a general trend toward the free choice of a spouse.

(3) The rights of women are becoming more widely recognized, in respect to both the initiation of marriage and decision making within families.

(4) Kin marriages are becoming less common.

(5) Higher levels of sexual freedom are developing in societies that were very restrictive.

(6) Birth rates are declining, which means that women are giving birth to fewer babies.

(7) There is a general trend toward the extension of children's rights.

DIF: Moderate

REF: Directions of Change (II.B.i)

MSC: Evaluating

6. List at least three explanations that account for the trend toward later marriages in the United States in recent decades. In a few sentences, explain which you find most compelling and why.

ANS:

There are several explanations for this trend in the past several decades. First, increases in cohabitation among younger people account for the decreases (or delays) in marriage. Young people are cohabiting before or instead of marrying. Second, increases in postsecondary school enrollment, especially among women, are partially responsible for delays in marriage. Third, women's increased participation in the labor force often leads to delays in marriage as women work to establish their careers before marrying and starting a family. Labor force participation also increases economic independence among women.

By earning their own income, many women no longer need a male breadwinner in their home. The flip side of the economic independence argument is the idea that the deterioration of men's economic position since the late 1980s has made them less attractive mates and less ready to marry. Some researchers have used this idea—the marriageable men hypothesis—to explain the especially low marriage rates among blacks; because black men have suffered the worst economic conditions in the past few decades, black women might view them as particularly poor marriage candidates. Finally, some researchers believe that modernization, changing gender roles, and a shift in attitude that promote individualism make marriage less important than it once was.

DIF: Moderate REF: What Do Marriage and Family in the United States Look Like Today? (III) MSC: Analyzing 7. In a short paragraph, please discuss the differences in family patterns between white and black families.

ANS: White and black family patterns differ dramatically. Blacks have higher rates of childbearing outside of marriage, they are less likely ever to marry, and they are less likely to marry after having a nonmarital birth. One social condition of the current era that has exacerbated this situation is a shortage of "marriageable" black men.

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: African American Families (III.A.iii)

8. Isabelle and Antonio's parents divorced two years ago, and while Isabelle is generally happy and well adjusted, Antonio is having a harder time and often cannot concentrate in school. Do both of these children fit the norm for children of divorced parents? Please explain your answer in two to four sentences.

ANS: The textbook discusses three common consequences of divorce for children: • Almost all children experience an initial period of intense emotional upset after their parents separate.

• Most adjust without serious problems within about two years of the separation.

• A minority of children experience some long-term problems that may persist into adulthood.

While answers may vary, one could argue that both children fit within the pattern described in the textbook. Since it has only been two years since their parents divorced, it is normal that the children may still be having difficulty adjusting.

DIF: Moderate

REF: Divorce and Children (III.C.ii)

MSC: Analyzing

9. Does cohabitation lead to divorce? What explanations have been proposed to understand the relationship between cohabitation and divorce? Please answer in a paragraph, using research from the textbook.

ANS:

Some studies suggest that those who live with their partners before marrying them are slightly more likely to divorce than are individuals who do not cohabit with their partners before marriage.

Sociologists offer two explanations for this pattern: the selection explanation and the experience-of-living-together explanation. The selection explanation proposes that people who would choose to cohabit differ from those who do not, and the traits that distinguish the two groups are associated with their chances of divorcing. For example, people who cohabit are less religious than those people who refuse to cohabit. People who are less religious would be less likely to stay married in any event, whereas people who are more religious would be more likely to stay married. The experience-of-living-together explanation proposes that living together is the kind of experience that erodes belief in the permanence of marriage. As people go through their twenties living with various partners, they develop a sense that relationships can be started and ended easily and that they have many options for intimate relations outside of marriage. Which explanation is right? Recently, evidence of selection effects has virtually disappeared. Also, sociologists today generally agree that there is little evidence that living together ―causes‖ divorce.

DIF: Difficult MSC: Evaluating

REF: Does Living Together Help Reduce the Changes for Divorce? (V.A.i)

CHAPTER 12 Education and Religion CONCEPT MAP XLIII.

XLIV.

XLV.

XLVI.

XLVII.

Why Are Education and Literacy So Important?

A. Education and Industrialization B. Sociological Theories of Education i. Functionalism ii. Symbolic Interactionism iii. Conflict Theory C. Education and Literacy in the Developing World What Is the Link between Education and Inequality?

A. ―Fire in the Ashes‖ B. Coleman’s Study of ―Between-School Effects‖ in American Education C. The Resegregation of American Schools?

D. Tracking and ―Within-School Effects‖ E. The Social Reproduction of Inequality F. Intelligence and Inequality G. Educational Reform in the United States How Do Sociologists Think about Religion?

A. Theories of Religion i. Marx: Religion and Inequality ii. Durkheim: Religion and Functionalism iii. Weber: The World Religions and Social Change iv. Critical Assessment of the Classical View v. Contemporary Approaches: ―Religious Economy‖ How Does Religion Affect Life throughout the World?

A. Types of Religious Organizations i. Churches and Sects ii. Denominations and Cults B. Globalization and Religion i. The Global Rise of Religious Nationalism ii. Activist Religion and Social Change throughout the World How Does Religion Affect Your Life in the United States?

A. Trends in Religious Affiliation

i. Protestants: The Strength of Conservative Denominations ii. Catholicism iii. Other Religious Groups B. Religious Affiliation and Socioeconomic Status MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The term school has its origins in a Greek word meaning a. "leisure" or "recreation." c. "craftsmanship" or "hard work." b. "mastery." d. "accounting."

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Why Are Education and Literacy So Important? (I)

2. Primary schools began to be built in Europe and the United States a. in the seventeenth century. c. in the nineteenth century. b. in the eighteenth century. d. in the twentieth century.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Why Are Education and Literacy So Important? (I)

3. Daniel’s mother worries about the environment at the local public school, so she teaches him at their house. This is an example of a. feminist pedagogy. c. home schooling. b. complimentary holism. d. the Marxist method.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: Education and Industrialization (I.A)

4. Until the first few decades of the nineteenth century, most of the world's population had no schooling whatsoever. According to the textbook, why did universal education develop? a. The church, then a powerful political institution, demanded public education as a means to transmit religious values. b. As the industrial economy rapidly expanded, there was a great demand for specialized schooling that could produce an educated, capable workforce. c. The demands of the peasantry for education could no longer be ignored because they challenged the hegemony of the nobility over education. d. Enlightenment values dictated that the populace at large must be educated.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Education and Industrialization (I.A)

5. As the industrial economy rapidly expanded, why was it impossible for work skills to be passed on directly from parents to children? a. general knowledge of physical, social, and economic environments became less important b. industrial work became more dangerous c. occupations became more specialized d. abstract learning became less important ANS: C DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: Education and Industrialization (I.A)

6. What is a latent function of school? a. socializing children into a society’s norms and values b. providing the knowledge and skills deemed to be culturally important

c. teaching students to sit quietly for long hours and to respect authority d. developing a sense of national identity ANS: C DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: Functionalism (I.B.i)

7. Identify the statement about education that aligns with functionalist theory. a. Education must teach the citizens of a nation the common tools necessary to succeed in that nation, such as language, literacy, and math. b. Educational requirements of employers are often about weeding out applicants rather than the necessary skills of the job. c. Schools that serve low-income students often focus on discipline and following instructions while schools that serve middle- and high-income students focus on creativity and critical thinking. d. Education allows students to develop a sense of self based on how their peers view them.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Functionalism (I.B.i) | InQuizitive

8. From the findings of Robert Rosenthal and Lenore Jacobson’s research, we can conclude that a. teachers interact with students who are expected to perform well in ways that put added stress on the student. b. students who are expected to perform well receive less attention from their teachers. c. students who are expected to perform well tend to live up to their teachers’ expectations. d. students who are expected to perform well tend to develop a heightened sense of themselves as failures.

ANS: C MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Moderate

REF: Symbolic Interactionism (I.B.ii)

9. One detailed review of nearly three dozen studies of student–teacher interactions found that a. teachers initiated more interactions with female students than with male students. b. teachers initiated interactions with female and male students at the same rate. c. interactions with male students were more likely to be negative than those with female students. d. interactions with male students were more likely to be positive than those with female students.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Symbolic Interactionism (I.B.ii)

10. According to Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis (1976), what brought about the expansion of education? a. Working people fought for universal education to improve their conditions. b. Employers needed certain personality characteristics in their workers—self-discipline, dependability, punctuality, obedience, and the like—which are all taught in schools. c. The state came to compete with the church as the agent of education. d. Enlightenment values demanded equal access to a good and stable education.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Conflict Theory (I.B.iii)

11. Tatsuki is applying for a job that requires a bachelor’s degree that thirty years ago required only a high school diploma. This example illustrates the growing impact of a. credentialism. c. universal education.

b. professional socialization.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

d. status reinforcement.

REF: Conflict Theory (I.B.iii)

12. Which theory of education argues that a high school diploma or college degree becomes a signaling device that matters more for predicting later attainment than what the student learned in school? a. functionalist theory b. hidden curriculum c. credentialism theory d. cultural capital ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Conflict Theory (I.B.iii) | InQuizitive

13. Today, _____ of the population ages fifteen and older in the least-developed countries are illiterate. a. 3 percent c. 37 percent b. 17 percent d. 63 percent ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Education and Literacy in the Developing World (I.C)

MSC: Remembering

14. Journalist Jonathan Kozol notes in his 2012 book Fire in the Ashes that a. public school systems ensure equal access to educational opportunities. b. U.S. public schools have the best mathematics programs in the world. c. public schools overemphasize philosophy at the expense of more useful disciplines. d. schools that are just a few miles apart geographically offer vastly different educational opportunities.

ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: ―Fire in the Ashes‖ (II.A)

15. Lukas believes that large differences in school funding leads to vastly different educational opportunities and outcomes. His view most closely mirrors which of the following studies? a. sociological studies of tracking and "within school effects" b. Jonathan Kozol's Savage Inequalities c. James Coleman's studies on "between school effects" d. Randall Collins's studies of credentialism ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: ―Fire in the Ashes‖ (II.A)

16. What is a reason why many sociologists argued that Kozol’s book Fire in the Ashes provides an inaccurate and incomplete view of educational inequality? a. Schools are not integral to the functioning of society and are therefore not worthy of empirical study. b. Young students cannot be trusted as respondents for sociological studies. c. Poor students are likely to lie about their educational experiences to fit into normative constructions of what it means to be educated. d. He had no systematic way in which he chose the schools he studied, which allowed for selection bias.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding 17. "Between-school effects" refers to

REF:

―Fire in the Ashes‖ (II.A)

a. b. c. d.

how schools differ from one another. the effects of nighttime activities on learning. a comparison of wealthy and poor children and their educational opportunities. that crucial summer between high school and college.

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Coleman's Study of ―Between-School Effects‖ in American Education (II.B) MSC: Remembering 18. Sofia believes that differences in achievement test scores reflect the children’s backgrounds, not the material resources provided in schools. Her view most closely resembles the conclusions of which of the following studies? a. sociological studies of tracking and "within school effects" b. Jonathan Kozol's Savage Inequalities c. James Coleman's studies on "between school effects" d. Randall Collins's studies of credentialism ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Coleman's Study of ―Between-School Effects‖ in American Education (II.B) MSC: Applying 19. What has happened in recent years with respect to school segregation? a. Court decisions have strengthened the ability of schools to bus students. b. For Hispanics, there has been an increase in school segregation. c. Black and white students are no more likely to be in the same classrooms than they were decades ago. d. Racial segregation between school districts (as opposed to within districts) has decreased.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: The Resegregation of American Schools? (II.C)

20. Tracking is the practice of a. dividing students into groups that receive different instruction on the basis of perceived ability. b. keeping tabs on students who have had run-ins with the law. c. cataloging where children are from and their immigration status. d. keeping a running account of the differences between boys and girls in core subjects, such as math and English.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Tracking and ―Within-School Effects‖ (II.D)

21. Amina believes that bright children learn more quickly and effectively in a group of others who are equally able and that clever students are held back if placed in mixed groups. Her view most closely resembles which of the following studies? a. sociological studies of tracking and "within school effects" b. Jonathan Kozol's Savage Inequalities c. James Coleman's studies on "between school effects" d. Randall Collins's studies of credentialism ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Tracking and ―Within-School Effects‖ (II.D)

22. Some sociologists are critical of tracking in schools because a. tracking tends to reproduce existing inequalities, including poverty.

b. tracking is usually done inefficiently by contemporary schools. c. tracking creates hierarchies, which sociologists uniformly reject. d. tracking artificially inflates the middle class.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: Tracking and ―Within-School Effects‖ (II.D)

23. A number of sociologists have argued that the hidden curriculum is the mechanism through which _____ occurs. a. informal learning c. social reproduction b. specialized learning d. tracking ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: The Social Reproduction of Inequality (II.E)

24. Fatima thinks that much of what is learned in school has nothing directly to do with the formal content of lessons. Children spend long hours in school and get an early taste of what the world of work will be like, learning that they are expected to be punctual and apply themselves diligently to the tasks that those in authority set for them. Sociologists call this a. the three Rs. c. critical-thinking lessons. b. the school of hard knocks. d. the hidden curriculum.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: The Social Reproduction of Inequality (II.E)

25. Sociologists have observed that authority relations in school are hierarchical and place strong emphasis on obedience. This is an example of a. the hidden curriculum. c. tracking. b. gender proximity. d. between-school effects.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: The Social Reproduction of Inequality (II.E)

26. The average lower IQ score of African Americans in the United States is remarkably similar to that of deprived ethnic minorities in other countries. This suggests that a. there are genetically driven intelligence differences between the groups. b. social, cultural, and economic factors explain variations in IQ. c. IQ tests do not really measure anything meaningful. d. IQ differences cannot really be changed.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: Intelligence and Inequality (II.F)

27. Why do researchers find it difficult to measure intelligence? a. Intelligence changes as young people and adults age. b. Intelligence is correlated with other characteristics. c. Tests are not sophisticated enough to measure unobservable characteristics. d. There are different forms of intelligence.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Intelligence and Inequality (II.F) | InQuizitive

28. President Donald Trump’s goal, spearheaded by Education Secretary Betsy DeVos, is to greatly expand _____: the ability of parents to use public funds, in the form of vouchers or tax credits, to enroll their children in various alternatives to public schools. a. socialization c. strong unions

b. New Age techniques ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

d. school choice REF: Educational Reform in the United States (II.G)

29. Mia is able to do simple addition. She is demonstrating a. prose literacy. c. basic literacy. b. quantitative literacy. d. document literacy.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: Educational Reform in the United States (II.G)

30. The United States has a level of functional literacy that a. lags behind most other industrial countries. b. is above most other industrial countries. c. is equal to that of most other industrial countries. d. is not internationally comparable.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Educational Reform in the United States (II.G)

31. According to many sociological studies of educational inequality, what else must occur in order for educational reforms to be successful? a. teacher training reforms b. reforms focused on literacy c. economic reforms d. immigration reform ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Educational Reform in the United States (II.G) | InQuizitive MSC: Understanding 32. _____ is one of the oldest human institutions. a. School b. The nation-state ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

c. Large-scale private property d. Religion

REF: How Do Sociologists Think About Religion? (III)

33. Sociologists define religion as a. belief in one or more supernatural deities that provides a sense of meaning and purpose by creating an idea of reality that is sacred, all-encompassing, and supernatural. b. a set of beliefs adhered to by the members of a community, incorporating symbols regarded with a sense of awe or wonder together with ritual practices. c. an institution defined by a common mythology and an expectation of faith in one or more deities. d. a deeply ingrained connection with the divine.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: How Do Sociologists Think About Religion? (III)

34. Belief in one or more supernatural deities is known as a. supernatural belief. c. spiritual connection. b. theism. d. illusion.

ANS: B

DIF: Easy

REF: How Do Sociologists Think About Religion? (III)

MSC: Remembering 35. Why are sociologists so concerned with the social organization of religion? a. Religion is the primary source of the development of the economy, which sociologists consider the most important building block of any society. b. Religion is among the most important institutions in society and is a primary source of the deepest-seated norms and values. c. Sociologists view religion as a repressive force, and sociologists value open societies. d. Religion is the institution that determines our basic understandings of ourselves, such as gender, race, nationality, and other markers of identity.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: How Do Sociologists Think About Religion? (III)

36. Alienation can be described as a. the ways that humans relate to foreign and unfamiliar ideas, such that the foreign seems at odds with the familiar. b. the patterns of behavior that societies use to distinguish themselves from outsiders. c. the sense that our abilities as human beings are enhanced by God. d. the human tendency to attribute our own culturally created values and norms to divine forces or gods because we do not understand our own history.

ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Marx: Religion and Inequality (III.A.i)

37. Karl Marx considered religion to be a. a force for human liberation. b. the primary means of organizing revolution. c. an incubator for new ideas. d. the "opium of the people."

ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Marx: Religion and Inequality (III.A.i)

38. Yong believes that the story of the Ten Commandments that God gave to Moses is a mythical version of the origins of the moral precepts that govern the lives of Jewish and Christian believers. Yong would most likely call this process a. globalization. c. alienation. b. canonization. d. communization.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Marx: Religion and Inequality (III.A.i)

39. Ali believes that religion diverts attention from injustices in this world by the promise of what is to come in the afterlife. His views most closely resemble those of a. Émile Durkheim. c. Karl Marx. b. Wade Clark Roof. d. Max Weber.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF:

Marx: Religion and Inequality (III.A.i)

40. Oliver thinks that religion provides justification for those in power to remain in power. His view most closely resembles that of a. Émile Durkheim. c. Karl Marx. b. Wade Clark Roof. d. Max Weber.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: Marx: Religion and Inequality (III.A.i)

41. Why was Karl Marx critical of religion? a. Marx felt that religions explained existence but provided no explanations for societal advancement. b. Marx believed that the world's economies were mere reflections of their respective religions. c. Marx thought that religion influenced humans to think more in terms of philosophy instead of hard science. d. Marx thought that religion represented human self-alienation.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: Marx: Religion and Inequality (III.A.i)

42. Religion has the function of uniting a society by ensuring that people meet regularly to affirm common beliefs and values. This is most closely connected to the work of a. Émile Durkheim. c. Karl Marx. b. Max Weber. d. Wade Clark Roof.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Durkheim: Religion and Functionalism (III.A.ii)

43. Émile Durkheim defined religion in terms of a distinction between the _____ and the _____. a. clean; unclean c. sacred; profane b. lord; citizen d. prayerful; silent ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Durkheim: Religion and Functionalism (III.A.ii)

44. Émile Durkheim's theory of religion is a good example of the _____ tradition in sociology. a. conflict theory c. interactionist b. feminist d. functionalist ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Durkheim: Religion and Functionalism (III.A.ii)

45. Emma believes religious ceremonies and rituals are essential to unifying the members of groups. Her view most closely resembles that of a. Émile Durkheim. c. Karl Marx. b. Wade Clark Roof. d. Max Weber.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Durkheim: Religion and Functionalism (III.A.ii)

46. Adhira thinks that religion serves a function in society by cohering social groups under some common ideas and morals. Her views most closely resemble those of a. Émile Durkheim. c. Karl Marx. b. Wade Clark Roof. d. Max Weber.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Durkheim: Religion and Functionalism (III.A.ii)

47. Joe’s family has a candle that they light for particular religious ceremonies. It is seen as a special object, apart from everyday life, that is to be treated with special respect. Émile Durkheim would refer to this object as

a. religious economy. b. sacred.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

c. profane. d. preliterate.

REF: Durkheim: Religion and Functionalism (III.A.ii)

48. In Connie’s family, bowls are just routine, everyday parts of life. Émile Durkheim would refer to these objects as a. religious economy. c. profane. b. sacred. d. preliterate.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: Durkheim: Religion and Functionalism (III.A.ii)

49. Why did Émile Durkheim believe that religion was useful for human societies? a. Durkheim felt that religions allowed our desires to be expressed in totems and repressed our baser instincts. b. Durkheim held that religion can be an agent of social change. c. Durkheim argued that religion has the function of cohering a society by ensuring that people meet regularly to affirm common beliefs and values. d. Religion, according to Durkheim, allows the strong to assert ideological power over the weak, which leads to societal advancement and evolution.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: Durkheim: Religion and Functionalism (III.A.ii)

50. Max Weber believed that _____ was the source of the capitalistic outlook found in the modern West. a. Buddhism c. materialism b. Protestantism d. Confucianism ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Weber: The World Religions and Social Change (III.A.iii) MSC: Understanding 51. Hugo notes in his research that religiously inspired movements have often produced dramatic social transformations. His views most closely resemble those of a. Émile Durkheim. c. Karl Marx. b. Wade Clark Roof. d. Max Weber.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Weber: The World Religions and Social Change (III.A.iii) MSC: Applying 52. Omar thinks that Christianity demands a constant struggle against sin and so can stimulate revolt against the existing order. His views most closely resemble those of a. Émile Durkheim. c. Karl Marx. b. Peter Berger. d. Max Weber.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Weber: The World Religions and Social Change (III.A.iii) MSC: Applying 53. The theorist who saw religion as having the potential to bring social change was a. Émile Durkheim. c. Karl Marx. b. Max Weber. d. Wade Clark Roof.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Weber: The World Religions and Social Change (III.A.iii) MSC: Understanding 54. Why did Max Weber largely disagree with Karl Marx's ideas on religion? a. Weber argued that religion was not necessarily a conservative force; rather, religiously inspired movements have often produced dramatic social transformations. b. Weber held that religion, rather than being the "opium of the people," actually had the much more sinister effect of teaching the populace basic lessons about the repression of desire. c. Weber thought that Marx looked too much at society's structures when it came to religion and failed to account for daily life. d. Weber knew that religion was embedded in human culture and that it could not be reduced to the workings of the state.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Weber: The World Religions and Social Change (III.A.iii) MSC: Understanding 55. Why did Max Weber believe Christianity contained possibilities for social change that Eastern religions did not? a. Weber thought Eastern religions were too focused on sin and salvation instead of experiencing the divine. b. Weber thought Christianity represented the top of the religious evolutionary chain and beat other religions because of its usefulness to human progress. c. Weber believed the religions of the East cultivated an attitude of passivity or acceptance within the believer, whereas Christianity demanded a constant struggle against sin and so could stimulate revolt against the existing order. d. Weber thought Christianity, with its focus on inner development, love, and acceptance of everyone, was suited for multicultural development.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Weber: The World Religions and Social Change (III.A.iii) MSC: Understanding 56. The owner of a small but thriving software company decides to sell her business and devote herself to meditation and spiritual awakening. According to Weber’s theory of religion and commerce, which religious tradition does this decision represent? a. Confucianism b. Hinduism c. Protestantism d. Calvinism ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Weber: The World Religions and Social Change (III.A.iii) | InQuizitive MSC: Applying 57. Ella thinks that the rise in science, technology, and rational thought threatens religion. Some sociologists refer to this as a. religiosity. c. stoicism. b. secular thinking. d. theological thinking.

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Critical Assessment of the Classical View (III.A.iv)

MSC: Applying

58. Hassan's research shows a decline in religious belief and involvement among young people, weakening the social and political power of religious organizations. Sociologists refer to this process as a. secularization. c. socialization. b. fundamentalism. d. religious economy.

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Critical Assessment of the Classical View (III.A.iv)

MSC: Applying

59. The term religious economy refers to a. a theoretical framework within the sociology of religion that argues that religions can be fruitfully understood as organizations with a top-down management style. b. a set of sociological theories focusing on the role that economics plays in the development of world religions. c. the ways that religious institutions collect money, often through charity and tithes. d. an approach that sees religions as organizations in competition with one another for followers.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Contemporary Approaches: ―Religious Economy‖ (III.A.v) MSC: Remembering 60. Stephen thinks that the presence of numerous religions means that there is likely to be something for just about everyone. This view reflects the idea of a. dialectical materialism. c. religious economy. b. idealism. d. sectarianism.

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Contemporary Approaches: ―Religious Economy‖ (III.A.v) MSC: Applying 61. Why do religious economists believe that competition among secular viewpoints and many religions leads to increased participation in religion in modern societies? a. Competition makes each religious group try harder to win followers, and the presence of numerous religions means that there is likely to be something for just about everyone. b. Competition against secularism has shown that religious viewpoints have better explanatory power for life's basic problems. c. Religions that see themselves as in competition with one another are more likely to evolve into secular-style beliefs. d. Modern societies need multiple religions competing for the economy to function, providing untaxed incentives for belief.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Contemporary Approaches: ―Religious Economy‖ (III.A.v) MSC: Understanding 62. Why are some sociologists critical of the religious economy approach to looking at religious involvement? a. Sociologists think that economics is not a useful field to draw from. b. The approach assumes that people are largely forced into their religious beliefs and does not account for human choice and diversity. c. It overestimates the extent to which people rationally choose among different religions, as if they were shopping for a new car or a pair of shoes. d. Most sociologists think that economists should focus on hard economic data instead of human social behaviors.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Contemporary Approaches: ―Religious Economy‖ (III.A.v) MSC: Understanding 63. Which of the following findings, if discovered, would lend support for the religious economy perspective? a. A higher degree of secularization among the population leads to a greater degree of religiosity among those remaining, non-secular citizens. b. Religions with greater economic support, either from the state or its congregants, are better able to encourage religiosity among its followers. c. Countries with a single or small number of religions represented among its population also have populations with a higher average religiosity. d. Countries that contain a greater number of religions represented among its population also have populations with a higher average religiosity.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: Contemporary Approaches: ―Religious Economy‖ (III.A.v) | InQuizitive MSC: Analyzing 64. Megan belongs to a small transient religious group that rejects the values of her sprawling city.

Sociologists would likely refer to this as a a. church. c. denomination. b. sect. d. cult.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Denominations and Cults (IV.A.ii)

65. The linking of strongly held religious convictions with beliefs about a people's social and political destiny is called a. evangelicalism. c. fundamentalism. b. religious nationalism. d. ecumenicalism.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: The Global Rise of Religious Nationalism (IV.B.i)

66. Jennifer believes that as a Christian she belongs to a group of people who are destined to bring the United States under God's rule as a Christian country. Her ideas are a form of a. secularism. c. religious nationalism. b. humanism. d. Marxism.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: The Global Rise of Religious Nationalism (IV.B.i)

67. Which event is an example of religious nationalism? a. the recent election of President Rouhani in Iran b. Europe’s colonization of much of North Africa c. the rule of caliphs over the land stretching through Spain, North Africa, and the Middle East d. Iran’s Islamic Revolution ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: The Global Rise of Religious Nationalism (IV.B.i) | InQuizitive MSC: Applying 68. _____ describes an activist Catholic religious movement that combines Catholic beliefs with a passion for social justice for the poor.

a. Liberation theology b. Monasticism

c. Agnosticism d. Asceticism

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Activist Religion and Social Change throughout the World (IV.B.ii) MSC: Understanding 69. Fernando believes it is the responsibility of Christians and the Catholic Church to be activists and advocates for the poor. This idea is referred to as a. Christian fundamentalism. c. religious nationalism. b. humanism. d. liberation theology.

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Activist Religion and Social Change throughout the World (IV.B.ii) MSC: Applying 70. According to the textbook, the increase in the number of adults who report no religious affiliation ("the rise of the nones") is largely explained by a. a lack of diversity in choices of religions. b. generational replacement, since more millennials are religiously unaffiliated. c. an overabundance of religious choices, which decreases the sacred quality of religion. d. a response to the rise in religious nationalism.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Trends in Religious Affiliation (V.A)

71. In an article describing religiosity among Americans, what is the meaning of the ―rise of the nones‖? a. the increase in the proportion of Americans who say religion is not very important in their lives b. the increase in the proportion of Americans who say they are unaffiliated with any religion c. the increase in the proportion of middle-aged Americans who are nonreligious and do not have children d. the increase in the proportion of Americans who say they do not believe in God ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Trends in Religious Affiliation (V.A) | InQuizitive

72. In an article describing religiosity among Americans, what is the meaning of the ―rise of the nones‖? a. the increase in the proportion of Americans who say religion is not very important in their lives b. the increase in the proportion of Americans who say they are unaffiliated with any religion c. the increase in the proportion of middle-aged Americans who are nonreligious and do not have children d. the increase in the proportion of Americans who say they do not believe in God ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Trends in Religious Affiliation (V.A) | InQuizitive

73. According to the Pew Research Center’s 2014 U.S. Religious Landscape Study, the largest number of Protestant households were a. Baptists. b. Methodists. c. Lutherans. d. Presbyterians.

ANS: A

DIF: Easy

REF: Protestants: The Strength of Conservative Denominations (V.A.i) MSC: Understanding 74. Which group is MOST likely to adopt a more flexible, humanistic approach to religious practice? a. Pentecostals b. Evangelicals c. Baptists d. Methodists ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Protestants: The Strength of Conservative Denominations (V.A.i) MSC: Understanding 75. Which group is MOST likely to vote for Trump? a. Mainline Protestants b. Evangelical Protestants c. Jews d. Catholics ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Protestants: The Strength of Conservative Denominations (V.A.i) MSC: Understanding 76. What is a trend that is occurring in the Catholic Church? a. The percent of Millennials that are Catholic is increasing. b. The percent of Catholics in the United States that are Hispanic is growing. c. More people are joining the Catholic Church than are leaving. d. Since 1975, more people are attending Mass every week.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Catholicism (V.A.ii)

77. This version of Judaism rejects most traditional practices and is progressive in its ritual practices. a. Orthodox Judaism b. Conservative Judaism c. Reform Judaism d. Judaism that rejects traditional practices cannot be called Judaism.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Other Religious Groups (V.A.iii)

78. In 2014, 1.9 percent of the U.S. population identified as Jewish. Why might this statistic be misleading? a. Surveys count everyone who has a Jewish mother—even if they have never practiced their religion. b. Surveys count only those that actively are participating in the religion. c. Surveys count everyone that is ―culturally Jewish.‖ d. There are multiple reasons why someone might identify or not identify as Jewish.

ANS: D MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Difficult

REF: Other Religious Groups (V.A.iii)

SHORT ANSWER 1. What are the connections between education and employment? Please explain your answer in three to five sentences.

ANS: The textbook handles this question in a few ways, and student responses will likely echo that. First, schools and universities broaden people's minds and perspectives and prepare new generations of citizens for participation in economic life. Second, students may also mention that schools and universities strive for a balance between a generalist education and specific work skills, which transition students from school to work. In response, policymakers and employers are concerned with ensuring that education and training programs produce a stream of graduates who can meet a country's employment demands. As industry changes and advances occur, different skills will be necessary to produce workers for new and changing industries, and the education system needs to keep up.

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: Education and Industrialization (I.A)

2. What are some of the reasons there are high rates of illiteracy in the developing world? Please explain your answer in three to five sentences.

ANS: Although countries have instituted literacy programs, they have made only modest strides in raising the literacy rate. During the period of colonialism, colonial governments regarded education with some trepidation due to racism and the fear of educated locals revolting against them. Until the twentieth century, most believed indigenous populations were too primitive to be worth educating, but eventually education was seen as a way of making local elites responsive to European ways of life. Partly because of the legacy of colonial education, which was not directed toward the majority of the population, higher education is disproportionately developed, relative to primary and secondary education. In recent years, some developing countries have tried to redirect their educational programs toward the rural poor. They have had limited success because usually there is insufficient funding to pay for the scale of the necessary innovations.

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: Education and Literacy in the Developing World (I.C)

3. Explain in three to five sentences what is meant by tracking in education, and explain how it is connected to the process of social reproduction. How does this relate to the idea that education is the great equalizer?

ANS: Students should state that tracking is sorting students into educational groups based on perceptions or assumptions about their abilities and aptitudes. Students should also note that social reproduction is the process by which social and economic inequalities are perpetuated intergenerationally, and that tracking, in concert with the hidden curriculum, tends to group children and youth along socioeconomic and racial or ethnic lines, thus reproducing the larger inequalities among these groups. This can reduce the hope of education equalizing existing social inequalities and instead makes education likely to perpetuate inequality.

DIF: Moderate MSC: Evaluating

REF: Tracking and ―Within-School Effects‖ (II.D)

4. How is the educational system connected to the reproduction of inequality? Please explain your answer in a short paragraph.

ANS:

In the context of education, the social reproduction of inequality refers to the ways in which schools help perpetuate social and economic inequalities across the generations. It also directs our attention to the means whereby schools influence the learning of values, attitudes, and habits via the hidden curriculum.

Children spend long hours in school and get an early taste of what the world of work will be like; they learn that they are expected to be punctual and apply themselves diligently to the tasks that those in authority set for them. The textbook takes some time discussing the hidden curriculum, so students should mention the idea of it even if they might not mention it by name. Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis introduced another influential theory on the question of how schools reproduce social inequality.

Modern education, they propose, is a response to the economic needs of industrial capitalism. Authority relations in school, which are hierarchical and place strong emphasis on obedience, directly parallel those dominating the workplace. Schooling has not become the great equalizer. Rather, schools merely produce for many the feelings of powerlessness that continue throughout their experience in industrial settings. Students might also mention that if there were greater democracy in the workplace and more equality in society at large (as Bowles and Gintis argue), a system of education could be developed that would provide for greater individual fulfillment.

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: The Social Reproduction of Inequality (II.E)

5. In two to three sentences, describe education reform under President Trump. In two to five sentences, discuss the pros and cons of school choice.

ANS: In March 2017, President Trump signed bills that weakened federal regulation of local schools. The clearly stated goal of educational reform under Trump is to greatly expand ―school choice‖: the ability of parents to use public funds, in the form of vouchers or tax credits, to enroll their children in various alternatives to public schools. Such alternatives might include private schools, charter schools (public schools run by private companies), Catholic schools, or, ideally, any educational environment of their choice. Proponents of such reforms argue that this will enable parents, especially parents of low-income children, to get their children into far better schools than the ones they currently attend; they also argue that public schools will improve if forced to compete with alternatives. Opponents claim that it will greatly weaken the public school system by redirecting public funds to private schools and is far more likely to benefit middle- or upper-income families than poor families because vouchers will be insufficient to make alternative schools affordable to the poor.

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: Educational Reform in the United States (II.G)

6. Briefly explain Karl Marx's, Émile Durkheim's, and Max Weber's theories of religion. Please explain each theory in two to five sentences.

ANS: Karl Marx's thinking on religion was derived mostly from the writings of Ludwig Feuerbach, who believed that, through a process he called alienation, human beings tend to attribute their own culturally created values and norms to divine forces or gods because they do not understand their own history.

Marx accepted the view that religion represents human self-alienation. In a famous phrase, Marx declared that religion was the "opium of the people." Religion defers happiness and rewards to the afterlife, he said, and teaches the resigned acceptance of existing conditions in the earthly life.

Attention is thus diverted from injustices in this world by the promise of what is to come in the next.

Religious belief also can provide justifications for those in power. Émile Durkheim connected religion not with social inequalities or power but with the overall nature of the institutions of a society.

Durkheim defined religion in terms of a distinction between the sacred and the profane. Sacred objects and symbols are treated as apart from the routine aspects of day-to-day existence—the realm of the profane. Ceremonies and rituals are essential to unifying the members of groups. According to Durkheim, religion has the function of cohering a society by ensuring that people meet regularly to affirm common beliefs and values. Protestantism, particularly Puritanism, according to Max Weber, was the source of the capitalistic outlook found in the modern West. The early entrepreneurs were mostly Calvinists. Their drive to succeed, which helped initiate Western economic development, was originally prompted by a desire to serve God, and material success was a sign of divine favor. Weber's discussion of Protestantism's impact on the development of the West was connected to a comprehensive attempt to understand the influence of religion on social and economic life in various cultures. After analyzing Eastern religions, Weber concluded that they provided barriers to the development of industrial capitalism that took place in the West. He observed that Eastern civilizations were oriented toward different values, such as escape from the toils of the material world.

DIF: Difficult

REF: Theories of Religion (III.A)

MSC: Evaluating

7. What is the theory of religious economy? Please explain your answer in three to five sentences.

ANS: The religious economy theory approach argues that religions can be thought of as organizations in competition with each other for followers, and competition is preferable to monopoly when it comes to ensuring religious vitality. This position is opposite that of the classical theorists. Karl Marx, Émile Durkheim, and Max Weber assumed that religion weakens when challenged by different religious or secular viewpoints, whereas religious economists argue that competition increases the overall level of religious involvement in modern society. Religious economists believe this is true for two reasons.

First, competition makes each religious group try harder to win followers. Second, the presence of numerous religions means that there is likely to be something for just about everyone.

DIF: Easy MSC: Evaluating

REF: Contemporary Approaches: ―Religious Economy‖ (III.A.v)

8. Compare and contrast the four types of religious organizations outlined in the textbook. Please explain in two to three sentences for each.

ANS: The textbook mentions churches, sects, denominations, and cults, so students should focus on those.

Churches are large established religious bodies (e.g., the Roman Catholic Church). They normally have a formal, bureaucratic structure with a hierarchy of religious officials. Churches often represent a traditional face of religion because they are integrated within the existing institutional order. Sects are smaller, less highly organized groups of committed believers, usually set up in protest against an established church. Sects aim to discover or follow the "true way" and either try to change the surrounding society or withdraw from it into communities of their own, a process known as revival.

Many sects have few or no officials, and all members are regarded as equal participants. A denomination is a sect that has cooled and become an institutionalized body rather than an activist protest group. Sects that survive over any period inevitably become denominations. Denominations are recognized as legitimate by churches and exist alongside them, often cooperating harmoniously with them. Cults are the most loosely knit and transient of all religious organizations. They are composed of individuals who reject what they see as the values of the outside society. They are a form of religious innovation, rather than revival. Their focus is on individual experience, and they bring like-minded people together.

DIF: Moderate MSC: Evaluating

REF: Types of Religious Organizations (IV.A)

9. What is religious nationalism? Please explain your answer in a short paragraph.

ANS: Religious nationalism is the linking of strongly held religious convictions with beliefs about a people's social and political destiny. Religious nationalist movements reject the notion that religion, government, and politics should be separate and call instead for a revival of traditional religious beliefs that are directly embodied in the nation and its leadership. Many religious nationalists oppose what they see as the destructive aspects of Western influence on local culture and religion. Nationalist movements do not simply revive ancient religious beliefs. Rather, nationalist movements partly invent the past, selectively draw on different traditions, and reinterpret past events to serve their current beliefs and interests.

Violent conflicts between religious groups sometimes result from their competing interpretations of the same historical event.

DIF: Easy MSC: Evaluating

REF: The Global Rise of Religious Nationalism (IV.B.i)

10. According to the textbook, what are some of the reasons Americans are so religiously affiliated? Please explain your answer in a short paragraph.

ANS: One reason so many Americans are religiously affiliated is that religious organizations are an important source of social ties and friendship networks. Churches, synagogues, and mosques are communities of people who share the same beliefs and values and who support one another during times of need.

Religious communities thus often play a family-like role; they offer to help in times of emergency as well as with more routine assistance, such as child care. Another reason so many people belong to religious organizations is simply that the country has an enormous number of such organizations a person can belong to. The United States is the most religiously diverse country in the world, with more than 1,500 distinct religions, yet the majority of people belong to a relatively small number of religious denominations. Fifty-one percent of Americans identify themselves as Protestants, 24 percent as Catholics, 1.7 percent as Jews, and 3 percent as "other," a category that includes Mormons, Seventh-Day Adventists, Buddhists, Hindus, Muslims, and others. That is a wealth of organizations for people to involve themselves in. Sixteen percent say they have no religious affiliation at all.

DIF: Easy MSC: Analyzing

REF:

Trends in Religious Affiliation (V.A)

11. According to the textbook, how do religious groups in the United States vary by region and socioeconomic status? Please explain your answer in a short paragraph.

ANS: Liberal Protestants tend to be well educated and have jobs and incomes that would classify them as middle or upper class. They are concentrated in the northeastern states, and, to a small extent, in the West. Moderate Protestants fall at a somewhat lower level than liberal Protestants in terms of education and income. They tend to live in the Midwest, and, to some extent, in the West. Black Protestants are, on average, the least educated and poorest of any of the religious groups. Conservative Protestants have a similar profile, although they fall at a marginally higher level on all these measures. Catholics strongly resemble moderate Protestants in terms of their socioeconomic profile. They are largely concentrated in the Northeast, although many live in the West and the Southwest as well. Jews historically have had the most successful socioeconomic profile. Jews tend to be college graduates in middle- or upper-income categories. While the large majority of Jews once lived in the northeastern states, today only half do, many have moved throughout the United States. There are political differences across religious groups as well. Jews tend to be the most heavily Democratic of any major religious group, and fundamentalist and evangelical Christians tend to be the most Republican. The more moderate Protestant denominations are somewhere in between.

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: Religious Affiliation and Socioeconomic Status (V.B)

12. How do religion and education act as socializing agents? Please explain your answer in three to five sentences.

ANS: Education and religion are two social institutions that are powerful socializing agents. Young people learn the skills and beliefs that are essential parts of their culture. However, the two institutions differ in a critical way: education is intended to be universalistic and to expose all children to similar messages, whereas religious institutions vary widely in the values, beliefs, and practices they impart. In recent years, however, some observers have noted that several educational trends—such as the use of vouchers to send economically disadvantaged children to religious-affiliated schools and the use of homeschooling as a way to impart religious values—are creating a context in which the boundaries between education and religion are blurring.

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: Religious Affiliation and Socioeconomic Status (V.B)

CHAPTER 13 Politics and Economic Life CONCEPT MAP XLVIII.

XLIX.

L.

LI.

How Did the State Develop?

A. Characteristics of the State i. Sovereignty ii. Citizenship iii. Nationalism iv. Citizenship Rights How Do Democracies Function?

A. Participatory Democracy B. Monarchies and Liberal Democracies C. The Spread of Liberal Democracy i. The Internet and Democratization D. Populist Authoritarianism E. Democracy in the United States i. Political Parties ii. Politics and Voting iii. Interest Groups F. The Political Participation of Women G. Who Rules? Theories of Democracy i. Democratic Elitism ii. Pluralist Theories iii. The Power Elite iv. The Role of the Military H. Democracy in Trouble?

What Is the Social Significance of Work?

A. The Importance of Paid and Unpaid Work B. The Importance of the Division of Labor C. Industrial Work i. Work and Alienation ii. Industrial Conflict iii. Labor Unions What Are Key Elements of the Modern Economy?

LII.

A. Corporations and Corporate Power i. Types of Corporate Capitalism ii. Transnational Corporations How Does Work Affect Everyday Life Today?

A. Work and Technology i. Automation and the Skill Debate ii. Global Production B. Trends in the Occupational Structure i. The Knowledge Economy ii. The Contingent Workforce C. Unemployment D. The Future of Work

MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which group is most likely to make less than $15 an hour? a. workers between the ages of thirty-five and c. black workers forty-nine b. Facebook workers d. Latino workers ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: How Did the State Develop? (I)

2. What term is used to describe the notion that a government possesses authority over an area with clear-cut borders, within which it is the supreme power? a. capitalist state structuralism c. sovereignty b. nationalism d. territorialism ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Sovereignty (I.A.i)

3. What is a characteristic of citizens in modern societies? a. showing little awareness of, or interest in, those who govern them b. feeling little sense of belonging to an overall political community c. having no common rights and duties d. seeing themselves as a member of a definite national political community ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Citizenship (I.A.ii)

4. Juan lives in Mexico City, Mexico. He loves to watch the World Cup. He is especially pleased when Mexico wins, and the Mexican flag is waved. He feels pride in his country and in its heritage. What term would sociologists probably employ to explain his reactions? a. sovereignty c. alienation b. nationalism d. citizenship ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: Nationalism (I.A.iii)

5. Pierre is a Canadian who lives in Quebec. Pierre feels more loyalty to his province, Quebec, than to his country, Canada. He prefers to speak the official language of Quebec, French, although he speaks English equally well. Pierre’s feelings for Quebec are an example of a. sovereignty. c. civil rights. b. citizenship. d. local nationalism.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: Nationalism (I.A.iii)

6. When was the welfare state firmly established in most Western societies? a. since the Civil War c. since World War II b. since World War I d. since the end of the Cold War ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Citizenship Rights (I.A.iv)

7. At the turn of the nineteenth century in the United States, Joan’s great-great-grandmother could not own property. The ability of Joan to own property today demonstrates the achievement of a. a civil right. c. a social right. b. a political right. d. a cultural right.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Citizenship Rights (I.A.iv)

8. Jesse’s grandfather worked hard to gain passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which outlawed discriminatory voting practices. What kind of right was Jesse’s grandfather fighting for? a. a civil right c. a social right b. a political right d. a cultural right ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: Citizenship Rights (I.A.iv)

9. Betty went on strike on April 15, 2015 to raise the minimum wage to $15 an hour. What kind of right was Betty fighting for? a. a civil right c. a social right b. a political right d. a cultural right ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: Citizenship Rights (I.A.iv)

10. Identify which of the following rights is a social right. a. the right to earn a minimum wage b. the right to own property c. the right to run for public office d. the right to equal justice ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Citizenship Rights (I.A.iv) | InQuizitive

11. David lives in a small town in Maine where all members of the community come together annually to legislate policy and budgets. This kind of political system can best be described as what? a. an absolute monarchy c. a liberal democracy b. a constitutional monarchy d. a participatory democracy ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: Participatory Democracy (II.A)

12. Countries in which voters can choose between two or more political parties, and the majority of the adult population has the right to vote, are usually called a. absolute monarchies. c. liberal democracies. b. participatory democracies. d. communist democracies.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Monarchies and Liberal Democracies (II.B)

13. Edward lives in the United Kingdom where the queen of England lives in a palace and carries out certain ceremonial functions. However, the queen of England has no real political power. Instead, a parliament of elected officials makes all the important political decisions. What kind of political system does Edward live in? a. a republic c. a socialist state b. a participatory democracy d. a constitutional monarchy ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: Monarchies and Liberal Democracies (II.B)

14. Over the past decade, what has happened to political rights and civil liberties in the world? a. They have declined in most countries, including the United States. b. They have declined in most countries, but not in the United States. c. They have increased in most countries, but not in the United States. d. They have increased in most countries, including in the United States.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: The Spread of Liberal Democracy (II.C)

15. Which of the following statements best reflects the relationship between the Internet and democratization in the United States? a. The Internet has led to much greater open-mindedness, dramatically increasing the free exchange of ideas. b. Most people get their news and information from Internet sources that reinforce their beliefs. c. The Internet, especially social media, proved to be a more important source of information than television in the 2016 presidential election. d. Few adults get their news on social media.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: The Internet and Democratization (II.C.i)

16. In recent years, there has been a turn toward what has been described as ―populist authoritarianism‖ in many countries, including European countries and the United States. What is a characteristic of populist authoritarianism? a. value of civil liberties over security against threats from outsiders b. multicultural, pro-immigrant, and pro-globalization c. belief in popular sovereignty and direct democracy at any cost d. creation of greater democracy ANS: C DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: Populist Authoritarianism (II.D)

17. What is one advantage of proportional representation over winner-take-all electoral processes? a. Minority political parties have a say. b. There are fewer options for voters. c. Parties do not need to form coalitions. d. There are formal restrictions on the number of political parties.

ANS: A MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Easy

REF: Political Parties (II.E.i)

18. In a political system based on proportional representation, a. there is a greater concentration of political ideas on the middle ground than in two-party systems. b. when a single party lacks an overall majority, a government by coalition can lead to indecision and stalemate. c. legal restrictions are placed on the number of political parties. d. there is a closer resemblance between the various political parties than in two-party systems.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Political Parties (II.E.i)

19. Which of the following statements helps explain why so many people decide not to vote in the United States? a. Countries with high literacy rates tend to have lower voter turnout. b. Relatively high incomes in the United States compared with other countries means that potential voters have less incentive to cast their vote. c. Since winner-take-all elections discourage the formation of third parties, voters may sometimes feel that they lack viable choices. d. The existence of well-established political freedoms and civil liberties gives voters less incentive to go to the polls.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Politics and Voting (II.E.ii)

20. Which group was most likely to vote for Donald Trump in the 2016 presidential election? a. White b. Black c. Hispanic d. Asian ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Politics and Voting (II.E.ii)

21. According to the textbook, which of the following statements is true about political action committees (PACs)? a. They are committees made up of senators who work together on financial issues that the president recommends. b. They have little influence on presidential elections. c. More than 40 percent of the funding in congressional elections comes from PACs. d. They are legally barred from giving political opinions publicly during the months leading up to an election.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Interest Groups (II.E.iii)

22. Teresa is a staunch believer in the right to own guns. She recently joined the National Rifle Association, a group that attempts to persuade legislators to pass laws that will protect Americans’ right to own guns.

What do sociologists call this kind of organization? a. a political action committee c. collective bargaining b. a women's group d. an interest group ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: Interest Groups (II.E.iii)

23. Alexandria is a Democrat running as an incumbent for a seat in the House of Representatives. According to the textbook, which of the following is the most likely scenario? a. Alexandria will win the election, but her Republican opponent will spend more money. b. Alexandria will win the election, and she will spend more money than her Republican opponent. c. Alexandria will lose the election, and her Republican opponent will spend more money. d. Alexandria will lose the election, and she will spend more money than her Republican opponent.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Interest Groups (II.E.iii)

24. In 1973, women achieved a legal victory when the Supreme Court ruled in Roe v. Wade that a. women had a legal right to abortion. b. federal money could not be used to subsidize facilities that carried out abortions. c. states could restrict abortions as they saw fit. d. women who could not afford an abortion had the right to receive subsidies.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: The Political Participation of Women (II.F)

25. Elizabeth is a member of the National Organization for Women (NOW). She would most likely try to lobby for which of the following issues? a. increasing the military budget b. a constitutional amendment eliminating subsidized housing c. vouchers for parents who want to send their children to private religious schools d. gender equality in the workplace ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: The Political Participation of Women (II.F)

26. Identify which of the following descriptions BEST describes a direct democracy. a. Voters participate in decision making by voting for or against proposed policies, without meeting face-to-face with other voters. b. The people regularly assemble to make decisions about proposed policies. c. Voters participate in decision making by voting for a candidate who will best represent their opinions on policy decisions. d. The people vote for a political party in elections that best reflects their political stances.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Who Rules? Theories of Democracy (II.G) | InQuizitive

MSC: Understanding

27. Why did Max Weber assume that direct democracy is impossible as a means of regular government in large-scale societies? a. Direct democracies would be at a military disadvantage to other, more authoritarian societies. b. When Weber wrote, no direct democracies had yet existed. c. The costs of direct democratic rule in large-scale societies would be especially prohibitive. d. Running a complex society demands expertise.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: Democratic Elitism (II.G.i)

28. What did Max Weber value most about multiparty democracy? a. It made possible mass participation in politics.

b. It generated quality leadership. c. It made direct democracy possible. d. It made possible rule by ordinary citizens.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: Democratic Elitism (II.G.i)

29. Sophia subscribes to the theory that government policies in a democracy are influenced by the continual processes of bargaining among numerous groups representing different interests. Sophia’s ideas could best be described as a. libertarian communist. c. power elitist. b. pluralist. d. multicultural.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Pluralist Theories (II.G.ii)

30. What is the role of interest groups, according to pluralist theories of modern democracy? a. They collaborate with powerful people to control the government. b. They inform the bureaucracy about specialized issues. c. They represent the voice of the people. d. They establish a balance of power.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: Pluralist Theories (II.G.ii) | InQuizitive

31. Which of the following statements is true, according to C. Wright Mills in The Power Elite? a. The social backgrounds of those in leading positions in society are highly unrepresentative of the population as a whole. b. Those who are in the highest positions in politics, the economy, and the military are from the middle class. c. The consolidation of power in Western societies during the twentieth century led to the proliferation of democracy around the world through the projection of military, economic, and political power globally. d. The U.S. elite forces, especially the Army Rangers and Navy SEALs, constitute the most highly trained special operations forces in the world.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: The Power Elite (II.G.iii)

32. U.S. military spending a. today is lower than before 1989 because of the almost complete collapse of communism. b. continues to lag behind countries such as Russia and China. c. accounted for 35 percent of total world military spending in 2017. d. is some of the lowest in the world.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: The Role of the Military (II.G.iv)

33. President Dwight David Eisenhower, who had been supreme commander of the Allied forces in Europe in World War II, warned in his presidential farewell address a. of the dangers of what he termed the "military-industrial complex." b. that any decrease in military spending might put the United States "at risk of terrorism." c. that a two-party system was unsustainable in the long term. d. of the danger of Cuba falling to "communist insurgents."

ANS: A

DIF: Moderate

REF: The Role of the Military (II.G.iv)

MSC: Remembering 34. In a 2011 survey, the following question was asked: "What is more important—that everyone be free to pursue their life's goals without government interference, or that the state play an active role in guaranteeing that nobody else is in need?" What percentage of American respondents favored the first option? a. 18 percent b. 38 percent c. 58 percent d. 78 percent ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Democracy in Trouble? (II.H)

35. Many sociologists argue that large numbers of Americans are dissatisfied with the U.S. political system today because a. the capitalist economies have failed to generate sufficient wealth compared with other economic systems. b. the United States has a worse record of civil rights abuse than most underdeveloped states. c. even though capitalist economies have proved to generate more wealth than any other type of economic system, that wealth is unevenly distributed. d. more people are unemployed today than ever before in the United States.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Democracy in Trouble? (II.H)

36. At the end of 2017, what percentage of Americans said they could trust the government in Washington always or most of the time? a. 18 percent b. 38 percent c. 58 percent d. 78 percent ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Democracy in Trouble? (II.H)

37. Why do roughly half of all Americans believe that government is too large? a. It partially reflects Americans’ low level of trust in government. b. Because among the twenty-seven industrial democracies in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the United States ranks second in terms of federal, state, and local government spending as a proportion of its total economy. c. Because the United States spends more than half of their gross domestic product (GDP) on government at all levels. d. This statement is not true. The large majority of Americans believe that government is too small.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Democracy in Trouble? (II.H)

38. What term refers to carrying out tasks that require mental and physical effort, with the objective of the production of goods and services that cater to human needs? a. technology c. power b. work d. authority ANS: B

DIF: Easy

REF: What Is the Social Significance of Work? (III)

MSC: Remembering 39. Premodern systems of production were mainly based on a. agriculture. c. technology. b. heavy industry. d. communication technologies.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: What Is the Social Significance of Work? (III)

40. What term do sociologists use to describe the use of science and machinery to achieve greater productive efficiency? a. mathematics c. authority b. power d. technology ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: What Is the Social Significance of Work? (III)

41. Samantha is a researcher who studies economic change. Her work shows clearly how forces of worldwide economic competition are changing the nature of the work we do. What term do sociologists use to describe the process she studies? a. epistemology c. capitalism b. communism d. globalization ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: What Is the Social Significance of Work? (III)

42. What primary role does technology play in economic change and development? a. Technological innovations help companies produce more goods and services at a cheaper cost. b. Technology helps businesses communicate across the globe, building their networks. c. Technological inventions are sold faster and at higher prices than other kinds of goods. d. Technological innovations are particularly important for the move from agricultural to industrial societies, spurring initial economic growth.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: What Is the Social Significance of Work? (III) | InQuizitive MSC: Understanding 43. Wei babysits in exchange for a room in his friend’s house. What is the term that sociologists use to refer to this kind of transaction? a. informal economy c. dual goods exchange b. tax-evasion planning d. capitalism ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: The Importance of Paid and Unpaid Work (III.A)

44. Steve’s job is to install the left-side door handles as the car bodies move along the assembly line. What term would sociologists use to describe the specialization of Steve’s work tasks? a. globalization c. division of labor b. credentialism d. economic independence ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: The Importance of the Division of Labor (III.B)

45. Emma notices how people could not survive in the modern world by themselves because they simply do not have the knowledge to carry out certain basic tasks, such as growing food. The process that Emma notices is known to sociologists as a. class conflict. c. economic interdependence. b. scarcity society. d. informal economy.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: The Importance of the Division of Labor (III.B)

46. Who wrote the The Wealth of Nations, a book that opens with a description of the division of labor in a pin factory? a. Karl Marx c. Frederick Winslow Taylor b. Max Weber d. Adam Smith ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Industrial Work (III.C)

47. Who designed his first auto plant at Highland Park, Michigan, in 1908, where specialized tools and machinery were designed for speed, precision, and simplicity of operation? a. John Pierpont Morgan c. Henry Ford b. Lido Anthony "Lee" Iacocca d. John Davison Rockefeller ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Industrial Work (III.C)

48. Cathy works in a factory that manufactures hair dryers. She tightens four screws on each unit that passes on an assembly line belt. She performs this task on more than 1,500 hair dryers per day. Her work is an example of whose innovation in industry? a. Max Weber c. Joseph Schumpeter b. Karl Marx d. Henry Ford ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Industrial Work (III.C)

49. According to the theory of alienation, how does the division of labor alienate human beings from their work? a. by forcing many immigrant workers to become illegal aliens in other countries and to work without the basic protections offered to documented workers b. by dividing workers into separate industries and thus disallowing them from uniting in common causes c. by separating workers on the basis of racial, economic, and social differences into ghettos far from their places of work d. by giving workers little control over their jobs, only contributing a fraction to the creation of the overall product.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Work and Alienation (III.C.i)

50. Which of the following scenarios is the best example of worker alienation according to Marx’s view? a. Kim is a social worker in a large city and copes with feelings of stress about not being able to get all of her work done in a 40-hour work week. b. Andre feels angry about his inability to secure a full-time job. Despite a college degree, and some prior work experience, he has only been able to find part-time work in a small office. c. Sergio works in a warehouse pulling products people have ordered from an online merchant to be shipped to them the next day. His accuracy and speed are closely monitored by his

immediate supervisor, which he resents. d. Shawnda found, after completing law school and securing work at a midsized law firm, that she did not enjoy legal work. She is planning her next career move.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Work and Alienation (III.C.i) | InQuizitive

51. A temporary stoppage of work by a group of employees to express a grievance or to enforce a demand is known as a. alienation. c. a bargaining agreement. b. a strike. d. liberal democracy.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Industrial Conflict (III.C.ii)

52. Which of the following explanations would most likely explain the difficulties faced by labor unions since 1980? a. The loss of once-unionized manufacturing jobs to low-wage countries. b. There have been high levels of unemployment. c. The intensity of international competition has decreased. d. Trends toward less flexible production have begun.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Labor Unions (III.C.iii)

53. According to the textbook, why did labor unions develop? a. to ensure that business owners could control unruly workers b. to provide a pool of unskilled labor that business owners could draw on in times of economic depression c. to redress the imbalance of power between workers and employers d. to force politicians to invest heavily in certain strategic sectors ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Labor Unions (III.C.iii)

54. Why did state and local workers—ranging from firefighters to teachers—protest in Wisconsin and several other states? a. They were upset that the government was going to make unions illegal. b. They feared that the state would force them to join expensive, ineffective unions. c. They were upset that their jobs were being outsourced to other countries. d. They feared the loss of their pensions, a reduction in their health benefits, and a loss of their right to collective bargaining.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Labor Unions (III.C.iii)

55. According to the textbook, capitalism began to spread with the growth of the Industrial Revolution in the a. seventeenth century. c. nineteenth century. b. eighteenth century. d. twentieth century.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: What Are Key Elements of the Modern Economy? (IV)

MSC: Remembering

56. Capitalistic societies share which of the following traits? a. shared ownership of the means of production b. highly decentralized government decision making for all economic issues

c. profit as incentive d. social equality and very little division between different socioeconomic groups ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: What Are Key Elements of the Modern Economy? (IV)

MSC: Understanding

57. Since share ownership of corporations is so dispersed, actual control has passed into the hands of managers who run firms on a day-to-day basis. This statement echoes those of a. Adam Smith in The Wealth of Nations. b. Karl Marx in The Communist Manifesto. c. Adolf Berle and Gardiner Means in The Modern Corporation and Private Property. d. Wright Mills in The Power Elite.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Corporations and Corporate Power (IV.A)

58. In what chronological order did capitalism develop? a. managerial capitalism, family capitalism, and institutional capitalism b. institutional capitalism, managerial capitalism, and family capitalism c. family capitalism, institutional capitalism, and managerial capitalism d. family capitalism, managerial capitalism, and institutional capitalism ANS: D DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: Types of Corporate Capitalism (IV.A.i)

59. John Davison Rockefeller was an American industrialist who founded the Standard Oil Company in 1870. He later founded and bought several other companies and became the world's richest man. He also founded and donated large amounts of money to philanthropic organizations. Rockefeller's career is an excellent example of what the textbook refers to as a. welfare capitalism. c. family capitalism. b. managerial capitalism. d. institutional capitalism.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Types of Corporate Capitalism (IV.A.i)

60. What is one of the major outcomes of institutional directorates, or linkages among corporations created by individuals who sit on two or more corporate boards? a. They reverse the process of increasing managerial control. b. Instead of investing in a money market, people now directly buy business shares. c. Americans have renewed faith in pension funds following the most recent economic crisis. d. Blocks of shares owned by other corporations are dwarfed by manager shareholdings.

ANS: A MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Difficult

REF: Types of Corporate Capitalism (IV.A.i)

61. Corporations are increasingly stateless, loyal to no country. This is an element of a. the knowledge economy. c. global capitalism. b. freelance labor. d. communism.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Types of Corporate Capitalism (IV.A.i)

62. What change in investment strategies has contributed to our economic system evolving into institutional capitalism, according to some analysts? a. Investors are now able to invest directly into corporations, rather than going through intermediaries.

b. The rise of technology allows investors much more information, and therefore autonomy, in tracking stocks and predicting future sales. c. Investors now bundle money into grouped accounts, and this money is then used to invest in several corporations. d. The expansion of investing from the very wealthy to a large swatch of the population has made individuals much more tightly tied to the stock market than ever before.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Types of Corporate Capitalism (IV.A.i) | InQuizitive

MSC: Understanding

63. Which of the following methodological approaches to a research project on interlocking directorates and global capitalism would be comparative research? a. A researcher conducts a series of interviews with individuals on corporate boards to understand how business decisions for one firm may have to take into account the impact on other firms. b. A researcher asks individuals on the street their opinions about (randomly) only one of the two following conditions: corporate misconduct in a U.S.-based firm, or corporate misconduct in a transnational corporation. c. A researcher examines the differences in individuals’ multiple memberships on corporate boards in the United States vs. in Europe. d. A researcher distributes paper questionnaires to corporate board members at forty major transnational corporations asking them about their strategies to lower costs.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Types of Corporate Capitalism (IV.A.i) | InQuizitive

MSC: Applying

64. _______ entities roam freely around the planet in search of lower costs and higher profits, regardless of where they might be headquartered. a. Transnational c. Unionized b. Civil rights d. State-owned ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Transnational Corporations (IV.A.ii)

65. Jose has been working on an assembly line in a U.S. car-manufacturing factory for the past thirty years.

Which of the following trends is he most likely to have witnessed? a. An increasing number of the parts assembled at the plant are made in the United States. b. The factory has increased its production in the plant, which has required management to hire more blue-collar workers. c. Many of the activities that were formerly carried out in the plant have been outsourced to other countries. d. The new workers who are hired in the plant are more skilled than he was when he began.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Transnational Corporations (IV.A.ii)

66. Automation has led to a. many jobs being rendered obsolete. b. increased need for creative human input at all levels of work. c. most jobs having a high degree of flexibility and autonomy. d. a sharp decline in jobs lacking autonomy.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult MSC: Remembering

REF: Automation and the Skill Debate (V.A.i)

67. A global "race to the bottom" is when a. clothing retailers and manufacturers race to get out new products before anyone else. b. retailers and manufacturers go any place on earth to pay the lowest wages possible. c. competition for workers gradually bring wages up in the Southern Hemisphere. d. large northern retailers compete against southern manufacturers.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Global Production (V.A.ii)

68. In 1900, approximately three-quarters of the employed population was in manual work, either farming or blue-collar work such as manufacturing. In 2016, the manufacturing workforce was only 8 percent, while white-collar professional and service employment accounted for 80 percent. What is a reason for the transformation of the occupational structure in the United States? a. the introduction of labor-saving machinery b. the decline of white-collar professional and service employment in other parts of the world, primarily Asia c. the increase in full-time paid employment with the same employer over a long period of time d. the aging labor force ANS: A DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: Trends in the Occupational Structure (V.B)

69. The World Bank recently developed the Knowledge Economy Index (KEI), which rates countries based on their overall preparedness to compete in the knowledge economy. Which country ranked number one? a. The United States b. Sweden c. China d. Mexico ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: The Knowledge Economy (V.B.i)

70. Amal and Bridget both work in the same company; Amal is a full-time worker, and Bridget is a temporary worker. Based on this information, which of the following statements is most likely to be true? a. Bridget has a higher salary than Amal. b. Amal shirks her responsibilities more than Bridget. c. Bridget has more paid vacation time than Amal. d. Amal is covered by medical insurance from the company, but Bridget is not.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: The Contingent Workforce (V.B.ii)

71. Why are U.S. employers increasingly relying on part-time and temporary workers? a. Many workers are not interested in working as permanent, full-time employees. b. It offers workers additional benefits and protections. c. Corporations save money by using part-time and temporary workers. d. By using part-time and temporary workers, corporations are able to screen these employees for potential placement in longer-term positions.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: The Contingent Workforce (V.B.ii) | InQuizitive

72. Suppose a country spiraled into economic recession. What would John Maynard Keynes recommend to fight the recession? a. cut subsidies to agricultural businesses to encourage cheap imports b. invest in public infrastructure to create jobs c. slash welfare programs for the poor d. reduce government unemployment benefits ANS: B MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Difficult

REF: Unemployment (V.C)

73. Why did most countries largely abandon Keynesian policies in the 1970s and 1980s? a. In the face of economic globalization, governments lost the ability to control economic life as they once had. b. The publication of Adam Smith's The Wealth of Nations pushed governments toward more liberal economic policies. c. High rates of unemployment forced governments to admit that Keynesian policies had failed and to look for alternatives. d. The fall of the Berlin Wall demonstrated the failure of communist economic policies in general and Keynesian economics specifically.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Unemployment (V.C)

74. Which statement best characterizes the nature of work today? a. Over the past twenty years, in all the industrialized countries except the United States the average length of the working week has become longer. b. Most governments are removing limits on permissible working hours. c. In most countries, there is a general tendency toward lengthening the average working career. d. The reality for most is that regular paid work remains the key to day-to-day survival.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: The Future of Work (V.D)

SHORT ANSWER 1. According to the textbook, how are power and authority different? Explain your answer in two to three sentences.

ANS: Power is the ability of individuals or groups to make their own interests or concerns count, even when others resist. It sometimes involves the direct use of physical force, and at other times it involves the use of threats. Power is an element in almost all social relationships, such as that between employer and employee. Authority is a government's legitimate use of power: Those subject to a government's authority consent to it.

DIF: Moderate

REF: How Did the State Develop? (I)

MSC: Evaluating

2. What are the three main characteristics of the modern nation-state? Describe each in one sentence.

ANS: The book directly outlines this, and student responses should reflect that.

(1) Importantly, the nation-state is possessed of a government apparatus that is recognized to have

sovereign rights within the borders of a territorial area. It is able to back its claims to sovereignty by the control of military power, and many of its citizens have positive feelings of commitment to its national identity.

(2) Most people living within the borders of the political system are citizens who have common rights and duties and know themselves to be members of a national community. Although some people are political refugees or are stateless, almost everyone in the world today is a member of a definite national political order.

(3) Nation-states are associated with the rise of nationalism, which can be defined as a set of symbols and beliefs providing the sense of being part of a single political community. Nationalism made its appearance only with the development of the modern state.

DIF: Moderate

REF: Characteristics of the State (I.A)

MSC: Analyzing

3. According to the textbook, what are three types of rights associated with the growth of citizenship?

Explain each in one sentence.

ANS: (1) The first type of citizenship rights are civil rights, which refer to the rights of the individual by law.

Examples are the freedom of individuals to live where they choose, freedom of speech and religion, the right to own property, the right to marry legally, and the right to equal justice before the law.

(2) The second type of citizenship rights consist of political rights, especially the right to participate in elections and to run for public office.

(3) The third type are social rights—the rights of every individual to enjoy a certain minimum standard of economic welfare and security. Social rights include such entitlements as sickness benefits, benefits in case of unemployment, and the guarantee of minimum levels of wages.

DIF: Moderate

REF: Citizenship Rights (I.A.iv)

MSC: Analyzing

4. What is a welfare state? Can the United States be classified as a welfare state? Explain your answer in a short paragraph.

ANS: Welfare states exist where government organizations provide material benefits for those who are unable to support themselves adequately through paid employment-unemployed, sick, disabled, and elderly people. All Western countries today provide extensive welfare benefits. In many poorer countries, these benefits are virtually nonexistent. Although an extensive welfare state was seen as the culmination of the development of citizenship rights, in recent years welfare states have come under pressure from increasing global economic competition and the movement of people from poor, underdeveloped societies to richer, developed countries. As a result, the United States and some European countries have sought to reduce benefits to noncitizens and to prevent new immigrants from coming. For example, for many years the U.S. government has patrolled its border with Mexico and constructed walls of concrete and barbed wire in an attempt to keep illegal immigrants out of the country. Citizenship serves as a powerful instrument of social closure, whereby prosperous nation-states have attempted to exclude the migrant poor from the status and the benefits that citizenship confers.

DIF: Difficult

REF: Citizenship Rights (I.A.iv)

MSC: Evaluating

5. In a short paragraph, compare and contrast two of the three forms of democracy discussed in the text.

ANS:

Students explain and compare two of the three forms of democracy. The first type is participatory democracy. In participatory democracy (or direct democracy), decisions are made communally by those they affect. This was the original type of democracy practiced in ancient Athens. Those who were citizens, a small minority of Athenian society, regularly assembled to consider policies and make major decisions. Participatory democracy is of limited importance in modern societies, where the vast majority of the population has political rights and it would be impossible for everyone to participate actively in the making of all decisions that affect them. Yet some facets of participatory democracy do play a part in modern societies. The holding of a referendum, for example, whereby the majority express their views on a particular issue, is one form of participatory democracy.

The second form is the constitutional monarchy that practices democracy. Some modern states still have monarchs, but these are rare. Where traditional rulers of this sort are still found, their real power is usually limited or nonexistent. In a tiny number of countries, such as Saudi Arabia and Jordan, monarchs continue to hold some degree of control over government, but in most cases they are symbols of national identity rather than personages having any direct power in political life. Their real power is severely restricted by the constitution, which vests authority in the elected representatives of the people.

Most modern states are republican; there is no king or queen.

The third form is liberal democracy. In a liberal democracy, voters can choose between two or more political parties, and the majority of the adult population has the right to vote. The United States, western European countries, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand all fall into this category. Some developing countries, such as India, also have liberal democratic systems.

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: How Do Democracies Function? (II)

6. According to the textbook, why is voter turnout so low in the United States? Explain your answer in a short paragraph.

ANS: First, in the United States—unlike in many other countries—voter registration is not automatic. Many people find the process of registering to vote burdensome and so don’t bother. Another possible reason is that since winner-take-all elections discourage the formation of third parties, voters may sometimes feel that they lack viable choices when it comes time to vote. A large (and growing) number of people clearly feel that the current system is unresponsive to their needs. In many countries, including most European countries, some system of proportional representation is practiced, under which parties receive seats in proportion to the vote they get in electoral districts. Under this system, even small parties can often muster sufficient support to elect one or two representatives. When voters have a wider range of choices, they are more likely to vote.

DIF: Difficult

REF: Politics and Voting (II.E.ii)

MSC: Analyzing

7. In a short paragraph, compare and contrast pluralist theories of modern democracy and the power elite model.

ANS:

According to the pluralist view, continual processes of bargaining among numerous groups representing different interests influence government policies in a democracy. A democratic political order is one in which there is a balance among competing interests, with all having some impact on policy but none dominating the actual mechanisms of government. This situation also influences elections, for to achieve a broad enough base of support to lay claim to government, parties must be responsive to numerous diverse interest groups. The view C. Wright Mills suggested in The Power Elite (1956) is quite different from pluralist theories. Mills argues that during the course of the twentieth century, a process of institutional centralization occurred in the political order, the economy, and the sphere of the military.

These spheres became increasingly merged with one another to form a unified system of power. Those who are in the highest positions in all three institutional areas have come from similar social backgrounds, have parallel interests, and often know one another personally. By the mid-twentieth century, they had become a single-power elite that ran, and continues to run, the country—and, given the international position of the United States, also influences a great deal of the rest of the world. The power elite is composed mainly of White Anglo-Saxon Protestants (WASPs).

Many are from wealthy families, have attended the same prestigious universities, belong to the same clubs, and sit on government committees with one another. Business and political leaders work together, and both have close relationships with the military through weapons contracting and the supply of goods for the armed forces.

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: Who Rules? Theories of Democracy (II.G)

8. Using the concept of division of labor, describe two of the key differences in the nature of work in traditional versus modern societies.

ANS: The economic system of modern societies rests on a highly complex division of labor. Work is now divided into an enormous number of interdependent occupations in which people specialize. In traditional societies, nonagricultural work entailed the mastery of a specific skill. A worker typically learned craft skills through a lengthy period of apprenticeship and then carried out all aspects of the production process from beginning to end. With the rise of modern industrial production, most traditional crafts have disappeared altogether, and those skills have been replaced by skills that form part of more large-scale production processes.

DIF: Difficult MSC: Evaluating

REF: The Importance of the Division of Labor (III.B)

9. In a short paragraph, explain why unions in the United States have suffered from a decline in membership since the 1980s.

ANS: There are several widely accepted explanations for the difficulties confronted by unions since 1980. One major factor is the loss of once-unionized manufacturing jobs to low-wage countries around the world, particularly in East Asia and most notably China—a country where independent labor unions are illegal.

Such job loss, real or threatened, has greatly weakened the bargaining power of unions in the manufacturing sector and, as a result, has lowered their appeal to workers. Why join a union and pay union dues if the union cannot deliver wage increases or job security? Unionization efforts in the United States have also been hampered in recent years by decisions of the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB), the government agency responsible for protecting the right of workers to form unions and engage in collective bargaining. The NLRB has proved ineffective at protecting efforts to unionize workplaces, failing to take aggressive action when businesses harass or fire union organizers.

DIF: Difficult

REF: Labor Unions (III.C.iii)

MSC: Evaluating

10. What are the main features of capitalism? Answer in two to four sentences.

ANS: Capitalism is a way of organizing economic life that is distinguished by the following important features: private ownership of the means of production; profit as incentive; free competition for markets to sell goods, acquire cheap materials, and utilize cheap labor; and expansion and investment to accumulate capital. Capitalism, which began to spread with the growth of the Industrial Revolution in the early nineteenth century, is a vastly more dynamic economic system than any other that preceded it.

Although the system has had many critics, such as Karl Marx, it is now the most widespread form of economic organization in the world.

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: What Are Key Elements of the Modern Economy? (IV)

CHAPTER 14 The Sociology of the Body: Health, Illness, and Sexuality CONCEPT MAP LIII.

LIV.

LV.

LVI.

How Do Social Contexts Affect the Human Body?

A. Eating Disorders B. The Obesity Epidemic How Do Sociologists Understand Health and Illness?

A. The Sick Role i. Evaluation B. Illness as ―Lived Experience‖ C. Changing Conceptions of Health and Illness i. Complementary and Alternative Medicine How Do Social Factors Affect Health and Illness?

A. Social Class-Based Inequality in Health B. Race-Based Inequalities in Health i. Countering Racial Inequalities in Health C. Gender-Based Inequalities in Health D. Disparities in Infectious Diseases Worldwide i. Infectious Diseases Today ii. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDs) How Do Social Contexts Shape Sexual Behavior?

A. The Diversity of Human Sexuality B. Sexuality in Western Culture: A Historical Overview i. Sexual Behavior: Kinsey’s Study ii. Sexual Behavior since Kinsey iii. Is Sexual Orientation Inborn or Learned?

1. Homophobia and Heterosexism 2. The Movement for LGBTQ Civil Rights C. How Does the Social Context of Bodies, Sexuality, and Health Affect Your Life?

MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. How much more likely are Black mothers to die than their white counterparts? a. just as likely b. twice as likely c. three to four times as likely d. much more likely than expectant and new mothers in Mexico and Uzbekistan

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: How Do Social Contexts Affect the Human Body? (I)

MSC: Remembering

2. Dr. Irving (discussed in the textbook) and other African American women face multiple stressors throughout their lives that wear down their bodies and health, rendering them vulnerable to chronic diseases like diabetes and high blood pressure. The epidemiologist Arline Geronimus calls this process a. weathering. b. illness work. c. stigma. d. heteronormativity.

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: How Do Social Contexts Affect the Human Body? (I)

MSC: Remembering

3. What has been happening to the life expectancy of working-class whites throughout the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries? a. Their life expectancy is increasing. b. Their life expectancy is decreasing. c. Their life expectancy has remained the same. d. Their life expectancy has followed the trend of the American population in general.

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: How Do Social Contexts Affect the Human Body? (I)

MSC: Remembering

4. In which country does universal health coverage not exist? a. The United States b. Canada c. Japan d. Taiwan ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: How Do Social Contexts Affect the Human Body? (I)

MSC: Remembering

5. We have so much more control over our bodies compared to earlier times. This is because a. unlike in the past, we are now socialized to seek out natural remedies. b. what used to be "natural" has become social. c. unlike in the past, both nature and the environment now shape our socialization processes. d. unlike in the past, social attitudes about health are now shaped by biological factors.

ANS: B MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Difficult

REF: Eating Disorders (I.A)

6. What suggests that eating disorders and obesity reflect social factors more than biological factors? a. Max Weber clearly showed that their origins lie in the cult of beauty present in the Roman republic. b. If physical or biological factors were responsible, physicians would have found a cure for such important health issues. c. Only women suffer from these conditions. d. They are very recent health problems.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Eating Disorders (I.A)

7. What best characterizes when all foods are available all the time? a. We have much less control over our own bodies than before.

b. We can no longer decide what to eat because there are too many choices. c. This situation causes anxieties as well as positive possibilities. d. This situation causes new anxieties and problems that far outweigh any advantage.

ANS: C MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Difficult

REF: Eating Disorders (I.A)

8. Pat suffers from anorexia nervosa. Which of the following statements is true? a. Pat is more likely to be a man than a woman. b. Pat is most likely to be between that ages of twelve and twenty-six. c. Pat cannot also suffer from bulimia because bulimia involves bingeing and purging. d. Pat suffers from the psychological disorder that has the lowest mortality rate.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Eating Disorders (I.A)

9. For which group are eating disorders MOST likely the lowest? a. Fijian women before American television shows started to air there b. young, primarily affluent women of Hong Kong c. women in urban areas of Pakistan d. women of color in the United States ANS: A MSC: Evaluating

DIF: Difficult

REF: Eating Disorders (I.A)

10. Which health issues are associated with anorexia? a. high white blood cell counts and enlargement of the heart b. an increase in overall fitness and anemia c. high white blood cell counts and anemia d. a smaller heart muscle and a weakened immune system ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Eating Disorders (I.A) | InQuizitive

11. Kelly is an African American girl who suffers from obesity. She lives in a poor inner-city neighborhood characterized as a food desert. Which of the following factors is most likely to be a component causing her condition? a. failure to take a daily vitamin b. a dislike of healthy foods c. a lack of healthy food choices at school and home d. living in an impoverished society where food is scarce ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: The Obesity Epidemic (I.B)

12. Joe lives in a neighborhood where the grocery stores there rarely sell fresh or low-cost produce.

Neighborhoods like Joe’s are known as a. impoverished. c. nutritionally isolated. b. nutritionally challenged. d. food deserts.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: The Obesity Epidemic (I.B)

13. The communities that are most likely to be food deserts are a. mostly rural areas. b. both rural areas and poor urban neighborhoods.

c. mostly suburban areas. d. mostly inner-city neighborhoods and suburban areas.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: The Obesity Epidemic (I.B)

14. Most public health experts believe that obesity is a problem caused by a. obese individuals having more children than nonobese individuals. b. the obesogenic environment. c. the increase of eating disorders among small children. d. genetic problems leading to a person's inability to lose weight.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: The Obesity Epidemic (I.B)

15. Which of the following is a contributing factor to the increasing consumption of fast food? a. high traffic levels in inner-city neighborhoods b. decreased availability of in-school lunch programs c. increased crime rates in cities d. working parents ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: The Obesity Epidemic (I.B) | InQuizitive

16. Li is focusing her research on the way individuals define health rather than focusing on a standardized medical measurement of health. Which sociological perspective is Li using? a. the functionalist perspective b. the conflict perspective c. complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) d. the symbolic interactionist perspective ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: How Do Sociologists Understand Health and Illness? (II) MSC: Applying 17. Rafael is a sociologist who thinks that illness can disrupt the normal flow of society. What school of sociology does he probably belong to? a. symbolic interactionist c. functionalist b. structuralist d. postmodernist ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: The Sick Role (II.A)

18. According to Talcott Parsons, what is an expectation associated with the sick role? a. A sick person should not be personally blamed for being ill. b. A sick person should be isolated from society. c. A sick person should always tend to his or her work responsibilities while sick. d. A sick person should avoid modern medicine.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: The Sick Role (II.A)

19. According to functionalist theory, identify which of the following is a normative social expectation of the sick role. a. If you get sick, you should change your lifestyle to avoid getting sick in the future. b. If you are sick, you should still go to work. c. Sick people are not held responsible for being sick.

d. If you feel ill, the choice about whether or not to see a doctor is entirely your own.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: The Sick Role (II.A) | InQuizitive

20. Why have some sociologists criticized Talcott Parsons's notion of the sick role? a. Sociologists have done away with the theoretical use of the term role in analysis. b. The sick role can only be applied to the American context. c. Functionalist approaches are no longer studied in sociology. d. The sick role fails to explain illnesses that do not necessarily lead to a suspension of normal activity.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult MSC: Remembering

REF: Evaluation (II.A.i)

21. The leading causes of death today are heart disease and cancer, two diseases that are associated with unhealthy behaviors such as smoking, a high-fat diet, and a sedentary lifestyle. This evidence most clearly contradicts which perspective? a. Corbin and Strauss's illness work b. Erving Goffman's stigma c. Talcott Parsons's sick role d. complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) ANS: C MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Difficult

REF: Evaluation (II.A.i)

22. Which of Corbin and Strauss's types of work involves the process of incorporating an illness into one's life, making sense of it, and developing ways of explaining it to others? a. illness work c. everyday work b. biographical work d. adapting work ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Illness as ―Lived Experience‖ (II.B)

23. Novak is a researcher who addresses questions about the personal experience of illness: How does illness shape individuals’ daily lives? How does a chronic illness affect an individual’s self-identity?

What school of sociology mentioned in the textbook does he probably belong to? a. symbolic interactionist c. functionalist b. structuralist d. postmodernist ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Illness as ―Lived Experience‖ (II.B)

24. Angelique suffers from chronic neck pain. At times the pain is so debilitating that she takes strong painkillers just to be able to get out of bed in the morning. What type of work, as defined by Corbin and Strauss, is Angelique incorporating? a. illness work c. everyday work b. coping work d. adapting work ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Illness as ―Lived Experience‖ (II.B)

25. Rosie was diagnosed with chronic fatigue syndrome. She manages to keep up with her housework by dividing it into small tasks, resting between tasks. What type of work, as defined by Corbin and Strauss, is Rosie incorporating? a. illness work c. everyday work

b. coping work ANS: C MSC: Applying

d. adapting work DIF: Moderate

REF: Illness as ―Lived Experience‖ (II.B)

26. Paul has an enlarged prostate and is thus forced to go to the bathroom frequently. He is embarrassed by his condition and avoids telling others about his illness. When he goes out with his friends to dine and is asked why he leaves the table so often, he tells others that he is calling home to check on the children.

What type of work, as defined by Corbin and Strauss, is Paul incorporating? a. illness work c. everyday work b. coping work d. biographical work ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: Illness as ―Lived Experience‖ (II.B)

27. Michelle is obese. As something that is devalued and labeled by society as undesirable, what term would sociologists apply to her obesity? a. a disadvantage c. a dogma b. a stigma d. a sick role ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Illness as ―Lived Experience‖ (II.B)

28. Which of the following questions would a symbolic interactionist most likely ask? a. Why do some humans become ill whereas others do not? b. How do people put themselves at risk of contracting illness? c. How does illness become lucrative business for pharmaceutical companies? d. What does the way we define illness tell us about healthy practices?

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: Changing Conceptions of Health and Illness (II.C)

29. The process in which the problems of social life become defined and treated like medical conditions is called a. medicalization. c. socialization of nature. b. illness work. d. professionalization of medicine.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Changing Conceptions of Health and Illness (II.C)

30. Vanessa recently lost her father and also had a tough time finding work in the months prior to her father's death. She has been feeling very sad and is having a hard time accepting invitations or enjoying social activities. Her general practitioner referred her to a psychiatrist who suggested that Vanessa begin taking antidepressants. According to the textbook, Vanessa's situation is an example of a. the socialization of nature. c. stigma. b. medicalization. d. illness work.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Changing Conceptions of Health and Illness (II.C)

31. Most sociologists accept that most of what we currently recognize as medicine is a consequence of developments in Western society over the past three centuries. Sociologists would include which of the following items among these developments? a. a trend toward seeing the origins and treatments of disease as physical and explicable in scientific terms b. the rejection of the hospital as the setting within which to treat serious illnesses

c. the rapid increase in malpractice suits that question the expertise of the medical profession d. the inclusion of self-taught healers ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Changing Conceptions of Health and Illness (II.C)

32. Which of the following people would most likely practice alternative medicine? a. an oncologist c. a pediatrician b. a chiropractor d. a cardiologist ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Complementary and Alternative Medicine (II.C.i)

33. What term refers to the set of principles—underpinning Western medical systems and practices—that defines diseases objectively, in accordance with the presence of recognized symptoms, and holds that the healthy body can be restored through scientifically based medical treatment? a. the Western health-care model c. the biomedical model of health b. the scientific method of health d. the scientific health-care method ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Complementary and Alternative Medicine (II.C.i)

34. Yu spends most of his time in the countryside picking herbs to use in his place of work. He dries the herbs and makes teas for his customers who are cancer patients wanting to combat the side effects of the chemotherapy treatments they are receiving from their doctors. What term do sociologists use to describe what Yu offers? a. alternative medicine c. complementary medicine b. faith healing d. natural medicine ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Complementary and Alternative Medicine (II.C.i)

35. Sonia learned many techniques from a healer in her home country of Peru. After moving to the United States, Sonia decides to offer herbal remedies to people who distrust doctors and refuse Western medicine. What term do sociologists use to describe what Sonia offers? a. alternative medicine c. complementary medicine b. faith healing d. herbal remedy cures ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Complementary and Alternative Medicine (II.C.i)

36. Talia often consults health-related web pages for advice about diet, disease prevention, and treatment.

What trend are her activities an example of? a. a trend characterized by doctors who, lacking quality health-care training, must rely on the Internet for practical knowledge b. a trend characterized by young, uninsured individuals who must utilize the Internet in place of going to see physicians due to their economic circumstances c. a trend that sees individuals increasingly becoming health consumers and adopting an active stance toward their own health and well-being d. the Internet health-care shopper trend ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: Complementary and Alternative Medicine (II.C.i)

37. The twentieth century witnessed which of the following trends in industrialized societies? a. a significant increase in life expectancy

b. a rise in infant mortality rates c. a decrease in standards of health and well-being d. the virtual elimination of health inequalities ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: How Do Social Factors Affect Health and Illness? (III)

MSC: Remembering

38. Why might differences in occupational status lead to inequalities in health and illness even when medical care is evenly distributed? a. Hospitals are located closer to professionals and white-collar workers. b. Manual laborers often come from immigrant backgrounds and bring many health problems with them from their places of origin. c. Government health programs offer a wider variety of solutions to people from professional backgrounds. d. Those who work in offices or in domestic settings have less risk of injury or exposure to hazardous materials than some manual workers.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: Social Class-Based Inequalities in Health (III.A)

39. A reversal in life expectancy has become a reality in recent years for a. women with less education. b. men with more education. c. men and women with more education. d. women with more education.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult MSC: Remembering

REF: Social Class-Based Inequalities in Health (III.A)

40. Identify one of the major reasons why more educated people tend to be healthier and live longer than those who are less educated. a. reduced stress b. better eating habits c. reduced family size d. stronger sense of purpose ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Social Class-Based Inequalities in Health (III.A) | InQuizitive MSC: Understanding 41. How do some sociologists explain the fact that although Hispanics in the United States have fewer socioeconomic resources than whites, studies have shown that their health—and especially the health of their infants—is just as good as, if not better than, that of whites? a. Hispanics have more genetic resistance to many diseases than whites. b. Whites are more socially cohesive than Hispanics. c. Studies of the health of Hispanics in the United States focus on those who successfully migrated and who may be in better health than those who did not migrate. d. For cultural reasons, Hispanics are more devoted to healthy activities, such as playing sports, than whites.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: Race-Based Inequalities in Health (III.B)

42. Black and Hispanic populations have higher rates of mortality, unemployment, and levels of poverty.

Even so, Hispanics have better than expected health, and blacks have lower than expected rates of depression. Identify one of the psychosocial factors behind these paradoxes. a. overall lower levels of stress b. better health screening for immigrants c. better social cohesion d. improved housing and subsidies for housing ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Race-Based Inequalities in Health (III.B) | InQuizitive

MSC: Understanding

43. Which of the following statements accurately characterizes the health of Black Americans? a. By 2016, a greater percentage of white men smoked than Black men. b. In 2016, the percentage of Black adults between the ages of twenty and seventy-four who suffered from hypertension was the same as in the early 1970s. c. Patterns of physician visitation, hospitalization, and preventive medicine for Blacks have improved. d. Black women are now more likely than white women to receive mammograms.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Countering Racial Inequalities in Health (III.B.i)

44. According to the textbook, why are some men less likely to seek annual checkups? a. They are socialized to believe that men should be strong and self-sufficient. b. Because of their work, men generally have more responsibilities than women and thus have less time for regular medical checkups. c. Men are more likely to feel physically threatened by health-care personnel than women. d. Men become ill less often and therefore believe that they do not need checkups as often as women.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Gender-Based Inequalities in Health (III.C)

45. April is a woman, and Jack is a man. Which of the following statements is true? a. April is more likely to live longer than Jack is. b. Jack is more likely to suffer from acute conditions than April is. c. Jack is more likely to suffer from nonfatal chronic conditions than April is. d. Jack is more likely to spend any given day sick in bed than April is.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Gender-Based Inequalities in Health (III.C)

46. According to the textbook, why did diseases such as smallpox and measles produce epidemics that ravaged or completely wiped out native populations in the Americas after contact with Europeans in the late fifteenth century? a. Europeans refused to share their medicines with the native peoples. b. The native peoples lacked resistance to these diseases. c. Europeans forced the native peoples to relocate to massive urban centers, where the bacteria easily spread. d. Europeans forced the native peoples to abandon their traditional medicines, which had kept the diseases largely at bay before contact.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Infectious Diseases Today (III.D.i)

47. Why did the nutritional quality of native diets become substantially depressed in many parts of Africa? a. Changes introduced by European intruders caused the spread of the tsetse fly, which damaged native crops. b. The natives of the region practiced a scorched earth policy of defense against European intruders in which they burned their own fields. c. European farmers resented the cheap imports that flowed into the continent after colonization, and colonial administrators were pressured to destroy millions of acres of crops owned by natives. d. Cash-crop production supplanted the production of native foods.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult MSC: Remembering

REF: Infectious Diseases Today (III.D.i)

48. The most important example of a disease that has almost disappeared from the world in the past half century or so is a. malaria. c. influenza. b. measles. d. smallpox.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Infectious Diseases Today (III.D.i)

49. Most people infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) a. live outside of Africa. c. are intravenous drug users. b. are heterosexual. d. are hemophiliacs.

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) (III.D.ii) MSC: Remembering 50. One of the major barriers to the treatment of the HIV and AIDS epidemic worldwide is a. the increasing number of intravenous drug users. b. the increasing percentage of homosexuals who practice unsafe sex. c. the increasing percentage of heterosexuals who practice unsafe sex. d. discrimination against people living with these infections.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) (III.D.ii) MSC: Remembering 51. Akiki is a sixteen-year-old orphan girl from Uganda. What can be inferred from the textbook about her situation? a. She was probably orphaned because her parents died of AIDS. b. She will likely be placed into a state institution for orphaned children. c. Her parents were probably killed by government troops. d. Her parents were likely murdered by members of a gang.

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) (III.D.ii) MSC: Applying 52. What is one of the main reasons why African Americans suffer a significantly higher rate of HIV/AIDS infections than all other groups in the United States? a. Blacks are far less likely to have access to available antiretroviral treatments. b. African Americans are originally from Africa, which has higher rates of HIV/AIDS.

c. Blacks are unable to tolerate the needed medicines. d. Blacks are more likely to engage in same-sex behavior.

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) (III.D.ii) | InQuizitive MSC: Understanding 53. What term reflects one’s gender identity? a. transgender b. queer ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

c. gay d. bisexual REF: The Diversity of Human Sexuality (IV.A)

54. Jules challenges the gender binary of male–female, moving fluidly between the categories of male and female. According to the textbook, Jules is a. noncisgender. c. transgender. b. cisgender. d. bisexual.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: The Diversity of Human Sexuality (IV.A)

55. Tiffany is sexually attracted to both sexes. According to the textbook, because Tiffany is attracted to both sexes, she is considered a. bisexual. c. cisgender. b. transgender. d. queer.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: The Diversity of Human Sexuality (IV.A)

56. Sigmund Freud argued that a. humans are born without concrete sexual tastes and society teaches them what to like through the socialization process. b. human sexuality is usually determined at birth, although the socialization process does have a limited role in influencing people by adulthood. c. female and male sexual tastes are similar at birth but increasingly vary as adulthood approaches, largely due to hormonal differences between males and females. d. human sexual tastes vary widely at birth, and although they are curbed by society through socialization, they still remain significantly diverse through adulthood.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: The Diversity of Human Sexuality (IV.A)

57. Clellan Ford and Frank Beach, using anthropological evidence from more than two hundred societies, found that a. although only slight variations existed among societies regarding natural sexual behavior, norms of sexual attractiveness varied greatly. b. only slight variations existed among societies regarding natural sexual behavior, but norms of sexual attractiveness were largely universal. c. striking variations existed among societies in what was regarded as natural sexual behavior, but norms of sexual attractiveness were largely universal. d. striking variations existed among societies in what were regarded as natural sexual behavior and norms of sexual attractiveness.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: The Diversity of Human Sexuality (IV.A)

58. According to the textbook, which of the following terms is incorrectly used, is misleading, and should be avoided? a. sexual desire c. sexual preference b. sexual orientation d. sexual partner ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: The Diversity of Human Sexuality (IV.A)

59. The direction of one's sexual or romantic attraction is referred to as a. sexual orientation. c. sexual identity. b. sexual preference. d. sexual status.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: The Diversity of Human Sexuality (IV.A)

60. Western attitudes toward sexual behavior a. were molded primarily by Christianity for nearly two thousand years, and the dominant view was that all sexual behavior was suspect. b. have rarely included the idea that sexual fulfillment can and should be sought through marriage. c. have remained surprisingly constant throughout the past two or three centuries. d. have reflected similar assumptions about the sexual activities of men and women.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Sexuality in Western Culture: A Historical Overview (IV.B) MSC: Remembering 61. According to the textbook, traditional attitudes toward sex currently exist alongside much more permissive attitudes, which developed widely and became openly public a. in the eighteenth century. c. in the early twentieth century. b. in the nineteenth century. d. in the 1960s.

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Sexuality in Western Culture: A Historical Overview (IV.B) MSC: Remembering 62. Which of the following explains the shift in society’s views toward sex in the nineteenth century (e.g., the idea that masturbation could lead to blindness or that oral sex could cause cancer)? a. Permissive attitudes about sexuality were replaced with more traditional attitudes. b. Religious presumptions about sexuality were partly replaced by medical ones. c. Men and women’s differing attitudes toward sexual activities formed a double standard. d. These and other sexual practices were accepted for men but not for women.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Sexuality in Western Culture: A Historical Overview (IV.B) | InQuizitive MSC: Remembering 63. Alfred Kinsey's research, which began in the United States in the 1940s and 1950s, was surprising because it revealed a. the extent to which assumptions about the sexual activities of men and women had come to resemble each other. b. a tremendous discrepancy between prevailing public expectations of sexual behavior and actual sexual conduct. c. the homogeneity of sexual experience in the United States.

d. a strong correlation between income and sexual attitudes.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Sexual Behavior: Kinsey’s Study (IV.B.i)

64. According to the textbook, U.S. attitudes toward sexual behavior have followed which of the following patterns over time? a. increased acceptance of premarital sex but continued low acceptance of extramarital sex b. increased acceptance of premarital sex and extramarital sex c. decreased acceptance of premarital and extramarital sex d. increased acceptance of premarital sex, followed by a decrease, with acceptance of extramarital sex remaining high ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Sexual Behavior Since Kinsey (IV.B.ii)

65. According to the textbook, Paula England's study of the sexual behavior of college students revealed that a. hookups are relatively rare for most college students, and only a minority of students participate in hookup culture. b. hookups are relatively rare for most college students, although the majority of seniors have experienced at least one hook up. c. hookups are even more frequent and common than media images suggest. d. of college students who had hooked up, the majority reported at least ten partners.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Sexual Behavior Since Kinsey (IV.B.ii)

66. How do Edward Laumann’s 1994 findings about sexual activity differ from those of Alfred Kinsey’s research in the 1950s? a. Americans have on average 10 sexual partners during their lifetime. b. There were few changes in sexual behavior. c. Americans have become more sexually conservative in some ways but more promiscuous in others. d. There was a significant decline in premarital sexual activity.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Sexual Behavior Since Kinsey (IV.B.ii) | InQuizitive

MSC: Understanding

67. Max's sexual orientation is homosexual. Most sociologists would claim that a. if Max has an identical twin, it is overwhelmingly probable that the twin is also homosexual. b. Max's sexual orientation is the result of both biological and social influences. c. Max's sexual orientation is a result of biological influences. d. Max's sexual orientation is a result of social influences.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Is Sexual Orientation Inborn or Learned (IV.B.iii)

68. Juliana is an American sociologist whose research focuses on why some people are homosexual and others are not. According to the textbook, why do investigators like Juliana devote such considerable time to research focused on this question? a. Heterosexuality is considered the norm for most people in U.S. culture. b. Increasing numbers of people are becoming homosexual. c. It has only recently been learned that people are born homosexual. d. Various religious organizations funded such research to try to counter trends that they viewed as wrong.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Homophobia and Heterosexism (IV.B.iv)

69. What is the term that sociologists use to refer to an aversion to or hatred of homosexuals? a. hate crime c. sexual orientation discrimination b. homosexual aversion d. homophobia ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Homophobia and Heterosexism (IV.B.iv)

70. According to the textbook, what is generally regarded as the beginning of the battle for gay rights in the United States? a. the Stonewall Inn nightclub raid c. Lawrence v. Texas b. California Proposition 8 d. the Texas sniper shootings ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: The Movement for LGBTQ Civil Rights (IV.B.v)

71. According to the influential Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, homosexuality a. was never considered a disorder. c. was considered a disorder until 1950. b. was considered a disorder until 1920. d. was considered a disorder until 1980.

ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: The Movement for LGBTQ Civil Rights (IV.B.v)

72. Vanessa recently told her family and friends that she is homosexual. Now she no longer hides the fact that her best friend, Margaret, is also her partner. According to the textbook, which of the following is the result of people like Vanessa coming out? a. New York City, San Francisco, London, and other large metropolitan areas worldwide have large gay and lesbian communities. b. Society embraces openly homosexual individuals such as Vanessa, and homosexuals no longer face any backlash for coming out. c. The government keeps a registry of all the individuals who come out, which now includes Vanessa. d. Coming out has resulted in increased rejection of the homosexual lifestyle because homophobes who were willing to ignore the presence of homosexuals when they were hidden are no longer willing to do so.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: The Movement for LGBTQ Civil Rights (IV.B.v)

SHORT ANSWER 1. In a short paragraph, discuss obesity as both a private trouble and a public issue, making sure to briefly distinguish between private trouble and public issue. What are at least two strategies identified in the textbook as possible approaches to treating obesity as a public issue? Illustrate how these are good examples of treating obesity as a public health issue.

ANS:

Students should first note that discussion of a private trouble is focused on a problem and its solutions at the individual level. As such, they might list individual behavioral choices, such as diet and exercise, that contribute to obesity risk. They should then note that a public issue exists at the contextual or structural level, such that the problems and their solutions must include a focus on modifying the context rather than just the individual. Examples given in the book include: making low-cost produce more widely available, providing safe places to exercise, offering classes in health and nutrition, requiring restaurants and food manufacturers to clearly note fat and calorie content of food.

DIF: Moderate

REF: The Obesity Epidemic (I.B)

MSC: Applying

2. How do functionalist theorists and symbolic interactionists differ in their perspectives on health and illness? Please explain your answer in a short paragraph.

ANS: Functionalist thought holds that society usually operates in a smooth and consensual manner. Illness is, therefore, seen as a dysfunction that can disrupt the flow of this normal state. According to Talcott Parsons, people learn the sick role through socialization and enact it—with the cooperation of others—when they fall ill. Sick people face societal expectations for how to behave, yet at the same time other members of society abide by a generally agreed upon set of expectations for how they will treat sick individuals. The sick role is distinguished by three sets of expectations: (1) the sick person is not held personally responsible for his or her poor health; (2) the sick person is entitled to certain rights and privileges, including a release from normal responsibilities; and (3) the sick person is expected to take sensible steps to regain his or her health. Symbolic interactionists study the ways people interpret the social world and the meanings they ascribe to it. Many sociologists have applied this approach to health and illness and view this perspective as a partial corrective to the limitations of functionalist approaches to health. Symbolic interactionists are not concerned with identifying risk factors for specific illnesses.

Rather, they address questions about the personal experience of illness, such as: How do people react and adjust to news about a serious illness? How does illness shape individuals' daily lives? How does living with a chronic illness affect an individual's self-identity?

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: How Do Sociologists Understand Health and Illness? (II)

3. What is the biomedical model of health? Please explain your answer in three to five sentences.

ANS: The biomedical model of health is the set of principles underpinning Western medical systems and practices and is the main model of health that most people raised in the United States are familiar with.

The biomedical model of health defines diseases objectively, in accordance with the presence of recognized symptoms, and holds that the healthy body can be restored through scientifically based medical treatment. The human body is likened to a machine that can be returned to working order with the proper repairs.

DIF: Moderate REF: Complementary and Alternative Medicine (II.C.i) MSC: Understanding 4. In three to five sentences, compare complementary and alternative medicine.

ANS:

Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) encompasses a diverse set of approaches and therapies for treating illness and promoting well-being that generally falls outside standard medical practices.

These approaches are usually not taught in medical schools and are not practiced by physicians or other professionals trained in medical programs. Complementary medicine is distinct from alternative medicine. Alternative medicine is meant to be used in place of standard medical procedures, and complementary medicine is meant to be used in conjunction with medical procedures. Many people use CAM approaches in addition to, rather than in place of, orthodox approaches.

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: Complementary and Alternative Medicine (II.C.i)

5. How do social class and race affect health? Please explain your answer in a short paragraph.

ANS: Students should identify income as the most obvious factor affecting health. In countries such as the United States, where medical care is expensive and many people lack insurance, those with more financial resources have better access to physicians and medicine. Differences in occupational status may lead to inequalities in health and illness even when medical care is evenly distributed.

Differences in education also correlate with inequalities in health and illness. Numerous studies find a positive correlation between education and a broad array of preventive health behaviors.

Better-educated people are significantly more likely to engage in aerobic exercise and to know their blood pressure. Racial differences in health reveal the complex interrelations among ethnicity, race, social class, and culture. The differences in blacks' and whites' health go beyond economic causes and reflect other important aspects of the social and cultural landscape. There is a higher prevalence of hypertension among blacks than whites, especially among black men; this difference may be partly biological. The pattern also may reflect blacks' tendency to eat high-fat foods, a pattern the fast-food industry encourages through the targeting of African Americans as a market.

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: How Do Social Factors Affect Health and Illness? (III)

6. In a short paragraph, provide at least two explanations for the gender gap in health.

ANS: Women in the United States generally live longer than men, and this gender gap increased steadily throughout the twentieth century. Despite the female advantage in mortality, most large surveys show that women more often report poor health. Women have higher rates of illness from acute conditions and nonfatal chronic conditions, including arthritis, osteoporosis, and depressive and anxiety disorders. They are slightly more likely to report their health as fair or poor, they spend about 57 percent more days sick in bed each year, and their activities are restricted due to health problems about 50 percent more than men. Students might mention any of the above, but there are two major explanations outlined in the textbook for women's poorer health yet longer lives: (1) greater life expectancy and age bring poorer health, and (2) women make greater use of medical services, including preventive care. Men are socialized to believe that they should be traditionally masculine, strong, and self-sufficient and are, therefore, less likely to seek annual checkups.

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: Gender-Based Inequalities in Health (III.C)

7. Why are infectious diseases more common in developing nations than in the United States today? Please explain your answer in a short paragraph.

ANS:

During the colonial era, efforts to bring Western ideals to developing societies also brought certain diseases into other parts of the world. Smallpox, measles, and typhus were unknown to the indigenous populations of Central and South America before the Spanish conquest in the early sixteenth century.

Some of these illnesses produced epidemics that ravaged or wiped out native populations, which had little or no resistance to them. In Africa and subtropical parts of Asia, tropical and subtropical conditions are especially conducive to diseases such as malaria. Historians believe that risks from infectious diseases were lower in Africa and Asia before the time when Europeans tried to colonize these regions.

The threat of epidemics, drought, or natural disaster had always loomed, but colonialism led to major unforeseen changes in the relation between populations and their environments that had harmful effects on health patterns. Also, the Europeans introduced new farming methods that upset the ecology of whole regions.

DIF: Difficult

REF: Infectious Diseases Today (III.D.i) MSC: Evaluating

8. What are some social consequences of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic in developing nations? Please explain your answer in a short paragraph.

ANS: The AIDS epidemic has created severe social consequences, including sharply rising numbers of orphaned children. Frail older adults are increasingly called on to provide physical care to their adult children who suffer from AIDS. The decimated populations of working adults combined with the surging populations of orphans set the stage for massive social instability; economies broke down, and governments could not provide for the social needs of orphans. All of these are referenced in the textbook, but students could likely find many other consequences.

DIF: Difficult REF: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) (III.D.ii) MSC: Analyzing 9. In three to five sentences, explain what sexual orientation is.

ANS: Sexual orientation results from a complex interplay of biological and social factors not yet fully understood. Most sociologists believe that sexual orientation—whether homosexual, heterosexual, or bisexual—is the result of a complex relationship between biological factors and social learning.

Because heterosexuality is the norm for most people in U.S. culture, considerable research has focused on why some people become homosexual. Some scholars argue that biological influences predispose certain people from birth to becoming homosexual. But it is virtually impossible to separate biological from early social influences in determining a person's sexual orientation. More perceptive or creative students might talk about sexual orientation as a label attached to (some) sexual practices and then made into an identity.

DIF: Moderate REF: The Diversity of Human Sexuality (IV.A) MSC: Understanding 10. In a short paragraph, describe changes in sexual practices over the past two centuries.

ANS: Christianity primarily molded Western attitudes toward sexual behavior for two thousand years. The dominant view was that all sexual behavior was suspect except that needed for reproduction. In the nineteenth century, religious presumptions about sexuality were partly replaced by medical ones. Most early writings by doctors about sexual behavior, however, were as stern as the views of the church.

Some argued that any type of sexual activity unconnected with reproduction would cause serious physical harm. Masturbation was said to cause blindness, insanity, heart disease, and other ailments, and oral sex was claimed to cause cancer. In Victorian times, sexual hypocrisy abounded. Many Victorian men—who appeared to be sober, well-behaved citizens, devoted to their wives—regularly visited prostitutes or kept mistresses. Such behavior was accepted, whereas respectable women who took lovers were regarded as scandalous and were shunned in polite society. Currently, traditional attitudes exist alongside much more permissive attitudes, which developed and spread widely in the 1960s. Some people, particularly those influenced by Christian teachings, believe that premarital sex is wrong; they frown on all forms of sexual behavior except heterosexual activity within marriage. However, it is now more commonly accepted that sexual pleasure is an important feature of marriage. Sexual attitudes have undoubtedly become more permissive over recent decades in most Western countries.

DIF: Difficult REF: Sexuality in Western Culture: A Historical Overview (IV.B) MSC: Understanding 11. What are some of the important contributions of Alfred Kinsey's research on sexuality? Please explain your answer in a short paragraph.

ANS: Kinsey's results were surprising because they revealed a tremendous discrepancy between prevailing public expectations of sexual behavior and actual sexual conduct. The gap between publicly accepted attitudes and actual behavior was probably especially pronounced just after World War II, the time of Kinsey's study. A phase of sexual liberalization had begun in the 1920s, when many younger people felt freed from the strict moral codes that had governed earlier generations. Sexual behavior probably changed, but issues concerning sexuality were not openly discussed. People participating in sexual activities that were still strongly disapproved of on a public level concealed them and did not realize that others were engaging in similar practices. The more permissive 1960s brought openly declared attitudes more in line with the realities of behavior. Kinsey's research illuminated all this when people were loath to talk publicly about sex.

DIF: Difficult MSC: Evaluating

REF: Sexual Behavior: Kinsey’s Study (IV.B.i)

12. What are some important findings about sexual behavior discovered since Alfred Kinsey's research?

Please explain your answer in a short paragraph.

ANS: In the 1960s, social movements that challenged the existing order broke with existing sexual norms.

These movements preached sexual freedom, and the introduction of the contraceptive pill allowed sexual pleasure to be separated from reproduction. Women's groups also started pressing for greater independence from male sexual values, rejection of the double standard, and the need for women to achieve greater sexual satisfaction in their relationships. In the late 1980s, Lillian Rubin interviewed one thousand Americans between the ages of thirteen and forty-eight to identify changes in sexual behavior and attitudes over the previous thirty years. Her findings indicated significant changes.

Sexual activity begins at a younger age, and teenagers' sexual practices are as varied and comprehensive as those of adults. There is still a double standard, but it is not as powerful as before. One of the most important changes is that women now expect, and actively pursue, sexual pleasure in relationships—a phenomenon that Rubin argues has major consequences for both sexes. In 1994, a team of researchers led by Edward Laumann published The Social Organization of Sexuality: Sexual Practices in the United States, the most comprehensive study of sexual behavior since Kinsey. The findings reflected an essential sexual conservatism among Americans. Despite the apparent ordinariness of sexual behavior, some distinct historical changes were revealed in this study, the most significant being a progressive increase in the level of premarital sexual experience, particularly among women. Sexual experience among young people is much greater today than it was in the 1970s.

DIF: Difficult MSC: Evaluating

REF: Sexual Behavior Since Kinsey (IV.B.ii)

13. What were the social processes involved in the creation of homosexuality as a sexual orientation and identity? Please explain your answer in a short paragraph.

ANS: This question requires some critical thinking because same-sex relations have existed throughout human history, but homosexuality, a medical term to describe those relations, is actually quite a recent invention. The medical community first used the term homosexual in 1869 to characterize what was then regarded as a personality disorder. The American Psychiatric Association did not remove homosexuality from its list of mental illnesses until 1973 or from its influential Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) until 1980. These long overdue steps were taken only after prolonged lobbying and pressure by homosexual rights organizations. The medical community was belatedly forced to acknowledge that no scientific research had ever found homosexuals as a group to be psychologically unhealthier than heterosexuals. In a small number of cultures, same-sex relationships are the norm in certain contexts and do not necessarily signify what today is termed homosexuality. For example, the anthropologist Gilbert Herdt reported that among more than twenty tribes in Melanesia and New Guinea, ritually prescribed same-sex encounters among young men and boys were considered necessary for subsequent masculine virility. Ritualized male-male sexual encounters also occurred among the Azande of Africa's Sudan and Congo, Japanese samurai warriors in the nineteenth century, and highly educated Greek men and boys during the time of Plato.

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: The Movement for LGBTQ Civil Rights (IV.B.v)

CHAPTER 15 Urbanization, Population, and the Environment CONCEPT MAP LVII.

LVIII.

LIX.

LX.

How Do Cities Develop and Evolve?

A. Cities in Traditional Societies B. Industrialization and Urbanization C. Theories of Urbanism i. The Chicago School ii. Jane Jacobs: ―Eyes and Ears upon the Street‖ iii. Urbanism and the Created Environment How Do Rural, Suburban, and Urban Life Differ in the United States?

A. The Decline of Rural America?

B. Suburbanization C. Urban Problems D. Gentrification and Urban Renewal How Does Urbanization Affect Life across the Globe?

A. Global Cities B. Inequality and the Global City C. Urbanization in the Global South i. Challenges of Urbanization in the Global South D. The Future of Urbanization in the Developing World What Are the Forces behind World Population Growth?

A. Population Analysis: Demography i. Basic Demographic Concepts B. Dynamics of Population Change

LXI.

C. Malthusianism D. The Demographic Transition E. Prospects for Change How Do Environmental Changes Affect Your Life?

A. Global Environmental Threats B. Global Warming and Climate Change C. A New Ecological Paradigm?

MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. In recent years, both China and India have seen rapid economic growth and urbanization as their populations have grown larger. While these changes have helped many citizens reach middle-class status, the textbook outlines one significant area negatively associated with this expansion a. there have been decreasing numbers of customers for consumer goods. b. the amounts of environmental pollutants have increased. c. citizens have stopped traveling by automobiles. d. people are having a hard time finding jobs.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: How Do Cities Develop and Evolve? (I)

2. In most ancient cities, a. an inner wall offered military defense. b. there was little separation from the countryside. c. the elite and ruling class generally lived in the city center. d. the outer area was primarily a religious and political district.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Cities in Traditional Societies (I.A)

3. Ancient cities were considered the main centers for science, the arts, and cosmopolitan culture. Their influence on surrounding areas was a. great, since the cities set policy that everyone in the region had to follow. b. moderate, since farmers tended to pick and choose which rules they adhered to. c. immeasurable, since cities affected countryside residents in numerous ways. d. weak, since there were few people living in cities relative to the countryside.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Cities in Traditional Societies (I.A)

4. Several distinct central cities and counties, including Los Angeles, Orange County, Riverside, and San Bernardino, merge together to form the Greater Los Angeles Area, creating a continuous network known as a. a conurbation. c. a megalopolis. b. urbanization. d. a metropolis.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

5. Sociologists refer to a "city of all cities" as a. a mega-urbation. b. a megalopolis.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Industrialization and Urbanization (I.B)

c. a metropolis. d. urbanization.

REF: Industrialization and Urbanization (I.B)

6. Britain was the first country to undergo industrialization, which generated ______, the movement of population from the countryside into towns and cities. a. conurbation c. megalomania b. metropolization d. urbanization ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Industrialization and Urbanization (I.B)

7. The Chicago School focused on cities as ______; however, most contemporary theory and research in urban sociology focus on cities as ______. a. social constructions; created environments b. dangerous; safe c. natural formations; created environments d. places of conflict; places of cooperation ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: The Chicago School (I.C.i)

8. According to the ecological approach, the development of urban areas can be understood as similar to a. a machine. c. rural development. b. the natural world. d. the solar system.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: The Chicago School (I.C.i)

9. According to sociologists who use _____, cities tend to develop in response to advantageous features of the environment. For example, cities develop on the shores of rivers, on fertile plains, and at intersections on trade routes. a. the ecological approach to urban analysis b. gentrification analysis c. the created-environment approach to urban analysis d. the collective-consumption theory of urban development ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: The Chicago School (I.C.i)

10. The Urban Ecology approach to urbanization emphasizes the _____ of different city areas, with more dominant and influential groups occupying central areas of cities. a. interdependence c. division b. independence d. segregation ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: The Chicago School (I.C.i)

11. When Jorge first moved to Chicago from his small, rural town in California, he found it hard to meet new people. Back home in his small town, people often said hello to each other on the street, and he knew the names of most of the people who lived there. However, in Chicago people rarely made eye contact with him on the street. According to Louis Wirth, Jorge was experiencing a. the racism of urban life. c. the urban interaction problem. b. rural isolationism. d. the rudeness of urban life.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: The Chicago School (I.C.i)

12. According to Claude Fischer, how do cities create opportunities for close, rewarding friendships and social ties? a. The repeated interactions between those living on the same street eventually lead to friendships. b. The anonymity required for most everyday interactions enhances relationships formed in other ways. c. Work and school life are more intimate than in other places. d. The large number and diversity of urban dwellers allows subcultures to flourish.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: The Chicago School (I.C.i) | InQuizitive

13. Sandra lives in the heart of a large city. Lately, there have been robberies on several streets near her home, but none on her street. Sandra and her neighbors believe that they have not seen any crime on their street because they know each other, notice when strangers or strange cars are in the neighborhood, and have a mix of old retired couples and young families who use the neighborhood at different times of the day. Jane Jacobs would see this as an example of a. gentrification. c. inner-city life. b. eyes and ears upon the street. d. nosy neighbors.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Jane Jacobs: ―Eyes and Ears Upon the Street‖ (I.C.ii)

MSC: Applying

14. In the time since Jacobs published her study describing the ―eyes and ears upon the street,‖ the appearance and composition of many urban neighborhoods have changed significantly. Modern neighborhoods are more likely to be made up of residents from different cultural backgrounds, have more signs of economic inequalities present, and demonstrate extremely varying personal behaviors.

How do these changes affect Jacobs’s concept? a. They show the natural decline of urban neighborhoods. b. They illustrate how her conclusions are more of use for neighborhood residents than ever before. c. They have forced urban scholars to look for other ways to explain city living. d. While residents of modern neighborhoods may not feel the same solidarity and mutual assurance as when Jacobs wrote, her ideas remain very important and influential.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: Jane Jacobs: ―Eyes and Ears Upon the Street‖ (I.C.ii)

MSC: Analyzing

15. According to Jane Jacobs, what circumstance would be most ―safe‖ for city dwellers? a. a busy street with many shoppers, workers, and sightseers walking around b. a well-ordered, mostly empty street with open shops dotted along the blocks c. a quiet suburban street with occasional sounds of children playing in backyards d. the financial district of a city at night after workers have gone home and few cars are on the street ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Jane Jacobs: ―Eyes and Ears Upon the Street‖ (I.C.ii) | InQuizitive MSC: Understanding 16. Manuel Castells emphasized ______, such as the gay community in San Francisco, as an important factor in urban development. a. model minorities c. underprivileged groups b. privileged groups d. revolutionary groups ANS: C

DIF: Moderate

REF: Urbanism and the Created Environment (I.C.iii)

MSC: Remembering 17. According to David Harvey and Manuel Castells, the most important factors that affect cities are a. natural growth and development. b. government decisions and social movements. c. their size and shape. d. ecological processes.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: Urbanism and the Created Environment (I.C.iii)

18. According to David Harvey, cities as well as suburbs can be understood as _____ humans established to serve their needs. a. evolutionary spaces c. created environments b. urban ecology d. collective communization sites ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Urbanism and the Created Environment (I.C.iii)

19. Rural areas in the United States have seen their populations decline because of a. lack of opportunities for young people. b. growth in farming industries. c. too many government services. d. low poverty rates.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: The Decline of Rural America? (II.A)

20. Most of the people leaving rural areas represent a. the uneducated population. c. the younger population. b. the older population. d. the nonwhite population.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: The Decline of Rural America? (II.A)

21. According to your textbook, how have rural poverty rates compared to urban rates since 1960? a. Rural poverty rates have been lower than urban rates. b. Rural poverty rates have been higher than urban rates. c. There is not statistical difference between the poverty rates of rural and urban regions. d. It is hard to form comparisons between urban and rural poverty rates since there is so much missing data.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: The Decline of Rural America? (II.A)

22. What explains the phenomenon of ―aging in place‖ in rural areas? a. the lack of social services available for the elderly in rural communities b. strong social networks that care for the elderly within rural communities c. a decline in the population of rural areas, particularly among the young d. the lack of job opportunities for young adults, which leaves them living with parents well into adulthood ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering 23. Suburbanization is

REF: The Decline of Rural America? (II.A) | InQuizitive

a. b. c. d.

the development of state-subsidized housing. the movement of nonwhite populations outside the city. the massive development and inhabitation of towns surrounding cities. the redevelopment of housing in the inner city.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Suburbanization (II.B)

24. Government programs helped fuel the rapid increase of suburbanization in the United States during the a. 1980s and 1990s. c. 1930s and 1940s. b. 1920s and 1930s. d. 1950s and 1960s.

ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Suburbanization (II.B)

25. According to the 2010 U.S. Census, Waukee, an area located outside Iowa's capital city of Des Moines, is 98.17 percent white. If suburbs are increasingly becoming "majority minority," what most likely explains Waukee's demographics? a. Waukee is an exurb, not a suburb, so it is one of the few places that remain predominantly white. b. Waukee has a white mayor, which makes it less welcoming to residents of color. c. Suburbs in the Midwest are generally exempt from the "majority minority" pattern. d. Waukee has a lower average income compared to surrounding areas.

ANS: A MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Difficult

REF: Suburbanization (II.B)

26. According to William Julius Wilson, the growth of an urban underclass is largely due to a. whites leaving urban areas for the suburbs. b. lower educational levels among urban minorities. c. blue-collar manufacturing industries moving out of urban areas. d. a decline of the information economy.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: Urban Problems (II.C)

27. The inner cities in the United States have decayed in the past fifty years. What reasons do sociologists give for this decline? a. Businesses, jobs, and middle-class residents have moved to the inner city. b. There is a lack of public transportation to the businesses and jobs in the inner city. c. Segregation has significantly decreased. d. Manufacturing industries have disappeared and taken away many of the blue-collar jobs for which lower-class residents were qualified.

ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Urban Problems (II.C)

28. The decline in jobs in the manufacturing industries in the urban United States coincided with an increase in jobs in a. the white-collar service industry. b. the low-skill service industry. c. the blue-collar skilled sector, such as plumbing. d. academic teaching jobs.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: Urban Problems (II.C)

29. Both urban and suburban neighborhoods are highly a. populated by whites and blacks, whereas Latinos live in rural areas. b. segregated by race. c. racially integrated. d. populated by nonwhites, whereas rural areas are mostly white.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: Urban Problems (II.C)

30. Richard Rothstein’s research on housing built under the federal Public Works Administration showed that a. the newly built houses were available to applicants of all races. b. the houses were deliberately segregated, with most going to whites. c. mortgages for the houses could only be obtained by military veterans. d. white applicants were denied access to the new neighborhoods.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Urban Problems (II.C)

31. Jonah grew up in a neighborhood with poor schools, few businesses, and many run-down and abandoned buildings. However, in the past few years, the city has renovated many buildings, and tax breaks are encouraging new businesses to move into the city. This process is called a. conurbation. c. gentrification. b. suburbanization. d. urbanization.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: Gentrification and Urban Renewal (II.D)

32. In the 1980s, Williamsburg, Brooklyn, was a predominantly Latino and Black area of New York City, but since the mid-1990s, landlords have pushed out long-time tenants, renovated buildings, and rented out units for dramatically higher prices. This process is called a. conurbation. c. urbanization. b. metropolization. d. gentrification.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: Gentrification and Urban Renewal (II.D)

33. While gentrification is a general term for the process of older, deteriorating neighborhoods becoming ―revived‖ with new businesses, buildings getting renovated, and more affluent residents moving into the area, ______ specifically applies to situations where public funds are used to accomplish the same goals, often through the large-scale demolition of ―slum housing.‖ a. urban renewal c. red-lining b. suburbanization d. created environment ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Gentrification and Urban Renewal (II.D)

34. According to Elijah Anderson, what happened to the poor residents in the Philadelphia neighborhood he studied that became gentrified? a. Social services important to poor residents were cut. b. Short-term improvements in social services were offset by rising taxes. c. Violence rose in response to wealthier people moving to the area. d. New low-income housing offset some of the effects of gentrification, allowing poor residents to stay in the neighborhood.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Gentrification and Urban Renewal (II.D) | InQuizitive

MSC: Remembering

35. Saskia Sassen developed which term to refer to urban centers that are home to the headquarters of transnational corporations and have an abundance of financial, technological, and consulting services? a. megalopolis c. global cities b. metropolis d. exurban zones ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Global Cities (III.A)

36. The centrality and marginality of global cities’ geography refers to a. central business districts residing only in global cities. b. areas of enormous affluence and acute poverty residing side by side with minimal interaction. c. the presence of central zones and marginal ones. d. inequality between the amount of influence global cities have on the global economy.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Inequality and the Global City (III.B)

37. Mike Davis noticed a "conscious hardening of the city surface against the poor" in his study of Los Angeles. He observed this process taking place through the presence of a. short benches at bus stops. c. freeways. b. large public parks. d. homeless shelters.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: Inequality and the Global City (III.B)

38. The Global South experiences high rates of population growth because of higher birth rates as well as a. high crime in rural areas. b. high rates of migration from other countries. c. high rates of internal migration. d. idealization of American life.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Urbanization in the Global South (III.C)

39. Which of the following methodological approaches to a research project on internal migration from rural to urban areas is an ethnography? a. A researcher distributes paper questionnaires to individuals in rural areas in South America asking their reasons for staying in rural areas and their experiences with friends and neighbors who have moved to cities. b. A researcher conducts a series of interviews with individuals about their motivation for moving to cities from rural areas in Argentina. c. A researcher examines the different reasons to move to urban areas in Africa vs. in South America. d. A researcher asks individuals in rural villages in northern Africa their opinions about (randomly) only one of the two following conditions: whether a long-term drought would cause them to leave a rural area for an urban area, or whether conflict among village leadership would cause them to leave a rural area for an urban area.

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Urbanization in the Global South (III.C) | InQuizitive

MSC: Applying

40. Which of the following jobs most closely illustrates the informal economy? a. a secretary at a multinational paper manufacturer based in Los Angeles b. a sociology professor in Detroit c. unionized garbage workers in the northeastern United States d. a used-book vendor on the streets of New York City ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Challenges of Urbanization in the Global South (III.C.i)

MSC: Applying

41. In Mexico City, nearly 95 percent of the land has buildings on it. Based on what you read about urbanization in the Global South, Mexico City is likely a. one of the strongest economic centers. b. one of the most polluted cities in the world. c. one of the most sustainable cities in the world. d. one of the cheapest places to live in the world.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Challenges of Urbanization in the Global South (III.C.i)

MSC: Applying

42. Karachi—the largest city in Pakistan—began to run out of water. According to your textbook, this example best illustrates a. how housing is one of the most acute problems in urban areas. b. urban populations are growing exponentially. c. global climate change, in combination with urbanization, can have deadly consequences. d. unbalanced age distribution in less-industrialized areas adds to economic difficulties.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Challenges of Urbanization in the Global South (III.C.i)

MSC: Applying

43. When migrants are ―positively selected‖ into urban areas in the global south, what does this mean? a. Those who migrate to urban areas are better prepared to find jobs and thrive in urban areas. b. Those who migrate to urban areas do not fit in well with their rural communities. c. Those who migrate to urban areas are less well suited to working in rural areas. d. Those who migrate to urban areas have already secured jobs in the cities to which they migrate.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: The Future of Urbanization in the Developing World (III.D) | InQuizitive MSC: Understanding 44. In October 2011, the world population reached a. 2 billion. c. 7 billion b. 4 billion. d. 9 billion.

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: What Are the Forces behind World Population Growth? (IV) MSC: Remembering 45. Which of the following researchers could we categorize as a demographer? a. Arthur G. Tansley, who coined the term ecosystem b. Edward Soja, who writes about economy and space c. bell hooks, who writes about race, gender, and sexuality d. Han Rosling, who has written about Africa's dramatic population increase ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: Population Analysis: Demography (IV.A)

46. Which of the following countries has a higher crude birth rate than the United States? a. Russia c. Germany b. Italy d. Pakistan ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Basic Demographic Concepts (IV.A.i)

47. In 2014, Afghanistan had thirty-four live births per one thousand people. This number is known as a. crude death rate. c. fecundity. b. crude birth rate. d. fertility.

ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Basic Demographic Concepts (IV.A.i)

48. In 2014, women of childbearing age in Afghanistan had an average of 4.8 live-born children per one thousand women of childbearing age. This number is known as a. fertility. c. the crude birth rate. b. fecundity. d. the crude fertility rate.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: Basic Demographic Concepts (IV.A.i)

49. The number of children women are biologically able to produce is known as a. fecundity. c. the crude fertility rate. b. fertility. d. the crude birth rate.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Basic Demographic Concepts (IV.A.i)

50. Fertility rates are often much lower than fecundity rates because a. modern fertility technology is not as advanced as it should be. b. women are more likely to be sterile today because of environmental pollution. c. social and cultural practices limit the number of children women have. d. women are pressured to have more children than they desire.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Basic Demographic Concepts (IV.A.i)

51. The number of deaths per one thousand people per year is known as crude death rate or a. the rate of population decline. c. anti-fertility. b. anti-fecundity. d. mortality rate.

ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Basic Demographic Concepts (IV.A.i)

52. In 2015, eighty-seven babies per one thousand died before reaching one year of age. This figure is called the a. crude death rate. c. fecundity. b. fertility-death ratio. d. infant mortality rate.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: Basic Demographic Concepts (IV.A.i)

53. The increase in life expectancy has been most significantly influenced by a. crude longevity. c. increased fecundity.

b. declining infant death rates.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

d. declining fertility rates.

REF: Basic Demographic Concepts (IV.A.i)

54. Countries whose populations have access to good healthcare and adequate nutrition generally have populations with a. higher rates of fecundity. c. longer life expectancies. b. higher rates of fertility. d. higher rates of mortality.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Basic Demographic Concepts (IV.A.i)

55. What is the difference between a ―crude‖ and a ―specific‖ rate (e.g., birthrate, deathrate)? a. Crude rates use less sophisticated statistical analyses than specific rates. b. Crude rates are estimations based on a population sample, while specific rates are constructed from census counts. c. Crude rates do not take account of the population distribution in any way, while specific rates do. d. Crude rates estimate a range for a particular statistic, while specific rates give a single number.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: Basic Demographic Concepts (IV.A.i) | InQuizitive

56. Demographers study population patterns. If a demographer were going to study the population changes in a country such as China, which of the following would he or she examine? a. deaths c. job growth b. political party affiliation d. pollution ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Dynamics of Population Changes (IV.B)

57. Virtually all industrialized countries have a growth rate of less than .05 percent, while countries in the Global South today have rates of between 2 and 3 percent. Based on what you read in the textbook, how is this difference in the rate of population growth significant? a. The difference is enormous because population growth is exponential rather than arithmetic. b. The difference is significant, but global migration will likely mitigate it. c. The difference is somewhat significant, but increasing rates of education will significantly slow population growth in the Global South. d. The difference is small enough to not matter dramatically.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding 58. Population growth rates are a. linear. b. rational.

ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Dynamics of Population Changes (IV.B)

c. negative. d. exponential.

REF: Dynamics of Population Changes (IV.B)

59. The formula used to calculate the doubling time of a population is 70 divided by the a. current growth rate. c. crude death rate. b. crude birth rate. d. fertility rate.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Dynamics of Population Changes (IV.B)

60. Malthusianism is the belief that population growth tends to outstrip expansion of food production and that population growth can only be controlled by a. birth control methods, such as contraceptive pills. b. natural curbs on population, such as famine and war. c. advances in medical technology. d. government policies that limit how many children women can have.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Malthusianism (IV.C)

61. Thomas Malthus was one of the first scholars to show concern for population growth.

Demographers, economists, politicians, sociologists, and others have continued to debate Malthus's ideas for more than two hundred years, but many do not share his concern for the natural limits to population growth. Which of the following modern advances challenged Malthus's predictions? a. worries about population growth in countries such as the United States b. increases in the rate of population growth in developed countries c. increases in food production due to new technologies such as machinery and genetics d. using up all the Earth's natural resources ANS: C DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: Malthusianism (IV.C)

62. Instead of the natural curbs to population growth suggested by Malthusianism, demographic transition theory argues that population growth is related to and controlled by a. economic development. c. famine and war. b. government policy. d. geographic location.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: The Demographic Transition (IV.D)

63. According to demographic transition theory, birth rates and death rates remain high in which stage? a. Stage 2 (partial industrialization) c. Stage 4 (postindustrial) b. Stage 1 (preindustrial, traditional) d. Stage 3 (full industrialization) ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: The Demographic Transition (IV.D)

64. What is the primary outcome of the second stage in the demographic transition? a. falling fertility rates b. rising fertility rates c. falling mortality rates d. rising mortality rates ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: The Demographic Transition (IV.D) | InQuizitive

65. Reducing population growth around the world faces which of the following challenges? a. Few people still see a large family as desirable. b. Some populations are genetically predisposed to higher birth rates. c. Contraception is widely available around the world. d. Some religions still forbid the use of contraception.

ANS: D

DIF: Difficult

REF: Prospects for Change (IV.E)

MSC: Understanding 66. Developed countries that have already undergone the demographic transition are going to experience a growth in the number of older people relative to younger people. This is called the a. generation ratio. c. dependency ratio. b. dependent-worker ratio. d. birth-death ratio.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Prospects for Change (IV.E)

67. Natasha's organization helps companies design projects that will generate profit but also have minimal impact on the environment. Their focus is on recycling physical resources and keeping pollution to a minimum, thus focusing on a. sustainable development. c. modernization. b. communization. d. postmodernization.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: Global Warming and Climate Change (V.B)

68. What is one major hurdle faced by efforts to address environmental degradation caused by consumption? a. Addressing environmental degradation would require laws forcing some people to live in rural areas. b. Addressing environmental degradation would require investment in technology to invent more environmentally safe products. c. Addressing environmental degradation would require people living in wealthy countries to consume fewer goods and services. d. Addressing environmental degradation would require going back in time to reverse much of the damage already done.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Global Warming and Climate Change (V.B) | InQuizitive MSC: Understanding 69. In 2016, scientists warned that the world's giraffe population dropped 40 percent over the past thirty years and is threatened with extinction. Based on what you read in the textbook, how would contemporary sociologists most likely understand this phenomenon? a. They would take the human domination of nature for granted. b. They would ignore the problem since it concerns animals, not humans. c. They would attempt to understand how humans are not exempt from the "web of nature." d. They would use the "human exceptionalism paradigm" to find a solution.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: A New Ecological Paradigm? (V.C)

70. David Biello, curator of science for TED Talks, recently told the New York Times that humans' impact on the Earth is "deep and pervasive, and probably permanent." Based on what you read in the textbook, which concept does Biello's statement best exemplify? a. conurbation c. mortality b. fecundity d. Anthropocene ANS: D MSC: Applying SHORT ANSWER

DIF: Easy

REF: A New Ecological Paradigm? (V.C)

1. In a few sentences, use China as an example to explain some of the issues that countries face regarding population growth, economic growth, and environmental issues. How are these issues intertwined?

ANS: Answers will vary, but students should use examples from China to make connections between population growth, economic growth, and environmental problems and to demonstrate how these mutually reinforce each other. China is the most populous country in the world, with over 1.4 billion people. China's population growth has been accompanied by rapid economic growth, and the nation's economy has grown at a rate of nearly 10 percent a year for more than three decades; in the past few years, growth has slowed to 7 percent. China is the dominant producer of steel, coke, aluminum, cement, chemicals, leather, and paper. This rapid industrialization has lifted hundreds of millions of people out of poverty and into the middle class but at a high environmental cost. China is one of the world's leading emitters of greenhouse gases and is highly dependent on coal. In the case of China, the rush to develop and meet the demands of its burgeoning population has severely taxed and depleted the nation's natural resources. China has embarked on building a network of highways. The nearly 53,000 miles of new roads will connect all major cities in China and support (and generate) automobile use that is projected to outstrip that of the United States by the middle of the century. This will contribute to urban traffic congestion, along with increased levels of energy use and pollution. As China makes the transition from rural to urban in record time, its planners call for relocating some 400 million people—more than the entire U.S. population—to newly built urban centers over the next twenty-five years. If China continues on its present course, its demand for energy will double over the next quarter century.

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: How Do Cities Develop and Evolve? (I)

2. How has globalization affected the process of urbanization in societies? Discuss this relationship in a few sentences.

ANS: Urbanization in the twenty-first century is a global process into which the developing world is being drawn more and more. Two main factors have made the rate of urban growth in the world's less-developed regions much higher than elsewhere. First, rates of population growth are higher in developing countries than they are in industrialized nations. Urban growth is fueled by high fertility rates among people already living in cities. Second, there is widespread internal migration from rural areas to urban ones. People are drawn to cities in the developing world either because their traditional systems of rural production have disintegrated or because the urban areas offer superior job opportunities. Physical and virtual ties between cities now abound, and global networks of cities are emerging.

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: Industrialization and Urbanization (I.B)

3. In your opinion, which Chicago School approach to urban studies—urban ecology or urbanism—is more convincing to you, and why? Explain your answer in three to five sentences.

ANS: Answers may vary and may focus on either the ecological or urbanism approach. The ecological approach views cities and neighborhoods as similar to the natural world. Cities do not grow at random but in response to advantageous features of the environment. Cities become ordered into natural areas through processes of competition, invasion, and succession—all of which also occur in biological ecology. Patterns of location, movement, and relocation in cities, according to the ecological view, have a similar form. Different neighborhoods develop through the adjustments inhabitants make as they struggle to gain their livelihoods. A city can be pictured as a map of areas with distinct and contrasting social characteristics, in concentric rings, broken up into segments.

Urbanism, proposed by Louis Wirth, outlines the ways that life in cities is different from life elsewhere. In cities, large numbers of people live in proximity to each other, mostly without knowing one another personally—a fundamental contrast to small, traditional villages. Most contacts between city dwellers are fleeting and partial and are means to other ends rather than satisfying relationships in themselves. Wirth highlighted the urban interaction problem—the necessity for city dwellers to respect social boundaries when so many people are in physical proximity all the time.

DIF: Difficult

REF: The Chicago School (I.C.i)

MSC: Analyzing

4. Why is rural America on the decline? Outline at least one problem facing rural America today in a few sentences.

ANS: To answer this question, students should focus on one of the two main problems for rural areas discussed in the book. For most of the twentieth century, rural communities experienced significant population losses despite several modest short-term reversals in the 1970s and the 1990s. Rural America contains over 72 percent of the nation's land area yet holds just 15 percent of the total U.S. population. Two of the main problems facing rural areas are population loss and poverty. Population loss in rural areas is attributed to declines in farming and other rural industries, high poverty rates, scarce economic opportunities or lifestyle amenities for young people, lack of government services, and—in some regions—a dearth of natural amenities, such as forests, lakes, or temperate winters.

Population loss is compounded by the fact that most people leaving rural areas are young people, so fewer babies are born to replace the aging population. Rural areas now face the difficult challenge of attracting and retaining residents and businesses, yet more troubling than the loss of population in rural areas are concerns about social problems, including high levels of child poverty. Child poverty rates are highest in the most remote rural counties with the lowest population densities. Race also shapes rural poverty, just as it shapes urban poverty. Rural counties with the highest child poverty rates often are "majority minority" counties, where non-Hispanic whites make up less than 50 percent of the population. These areas include black-majority counties in the Mississippi Delta and counties in the Midwest and West that have large Native American populations that often dwell on Indian reservations.

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: The Decline of Rural America? (II.A)

5. In a short paragraph, describe the process of suburbanization as it has occurred in the United States. How has the U.S. government played a role in shaping the process and the outcomes of suburbanization?

ANS: Suburbanization is the massive development and inhabiting of towns surrounding a city. In the United States, suburbanization rapidly increased during the 1950s and 1960s, a time of great economic growth.

The policies of the U.S. government played a significant role in how the process of suburbanization unfolded. The Federal Housing Administration (FHA) provided assistance in obtaining mortgage loans and made it possible in the early post-World War II period for families to buy housing in the suburbs for less than they would have paid for rent in the cities. The FHA did not offer financial assistance to improve older homes or to build new homes in the central areas of ethnically mixed cities; its large-scale aid went only to the builders and buyers of suburban housing. In addition, early in the 1950s lobbyists promoting highway construction launched Project Adequate Roads, aimed at inducing the federal government to support the building of highways. In 1956, the Highway Act was passed and authorized $32 billion to be used for building such highways. The new highway program led to the establishment of industries and services in suburban areas themselves.

Consequently, the movement of businesses from the cities to the suburbs took jobs in the manufacturing and service industries with them. Many suburban towns essentially became separate cities, connected by rapid highways to the other suburbs around them. From the 1960s on, the proportion of people commuting between suburbs increased more steadily than the proportion commuting to cities.

DIF: Moderate

REF: Suburbanization (II.B)

MSC: Analyzing

6. Why is gentrification considered an urban problem? In three to five sentences, explain what happens to residents of a neighborhood undergoing gentrification.

ANS: Gentrification is a type of urban renewal whereby dilapidated areas or buildings may be renovated as more affluent groups move back into cities. Gentrification can be a problem for the residents of the gentrified neighborhoods in several ways. Although the renovation of a neighborhood generally increases its value, it rarely improves the living standards of its current low-income residents, who are usually forced to move out. The poor residents who continue to live in the neighborhood receive some benefits in the form of improved schools and police protection, but the resulting increases in taxes and rents also force them to leave for a more affordable neighborhood, most often deeper in the ghetto.

The new residents profess to be open-minded about racial and ethnic differences; in reality, however, little fraternizing takes place between the new and old residents unless they are of the same social class.

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: Gentrification and Urban Renewal (II.D)

7. Outline Saskia Sassen's concept of the global city. Which of the four key traits of these urban centers seems most significant to understanding urban life, and why?

ANS: Global cities are urban centers that are home to the headquarters of large transnational corporations and a superabundance of financial, technological, and consulting services. Sassen bases her work on the study of three such cities: New York, London, and Tokyo. Most global cities have long been centers of international trade, but they now have four new traits: 1. They have developed into command posts—centers of direction and policy making—for the global economy.

2. They are the key locations for financial and specialized service firms, which have become more important than manufacturing in influencing economic development.

3. They are the sites of production and innovation in these newly expanded industries.

4. They are markets on which the "products" of financial and service industries are bought, sold, or otherwise disposed of.

Students should pick one of the aforementioned traits and explain its utility to understanding urban life.

DIF: Moderate

REF: Global Cities (III.A)

MSC: Analyzing

8. In a few sentences, explain why developing countries are experiencing urbanization at such a rapid pace.

ANS: Although developed nations now have the highest levels of urbanization, experts predict that by 2050 around 66 percent of the world's population will live in urban spaces. An estimated 40 percent will be concentrated in China, India, and Nigeria alone. The rate of urbanization is the highest in less-developed regions because of two trends. First, rates of population growth are higher in developing countries than they are in industrialized nations. Urban growth is fueled by high fertility rates among people already living in cities. Second, there is widespread internal migration from rural areas to urban ones. People are drawn to cities in the developing world either because their traditional systems of rural production have disintegrated or because the urban areas offer superior job opportunities.

DIF: Difficult MSC: Evaluating

REF: Urbanization in the Global South (III.C)

9. Demographic transition and Malthusianism are two theories of population change. Which do you think best explains the issues of population growth today and why?

ANS: Answers will vary, but students should cite reasons to support the theory they believe best explains population changes today. During the rise of industrialism, many looked forward to a new age in which food scarcity would be a phenomenon of the past. The development of modern industry, it was widely supposed, would create a new era of abundance. Thomas Malthus criticized these ideas and initiated a debate about the connection between population and food resources that continues to this day. His ideas have been labeled Malthusianism. At the time Malthus wrote, the population in Europe was growing rapidly. Malthus pointed out that population increase is exponential, whereas food supply depends on fixed resources that can be expanded only by developing new land for cultivation. Population growth therefore tends to outstrip the means of support available. The inevitable outcome is famine, which, combined with the influence of war and plagues, acts as a natural limit to population increase. Malthus predicted that human beings would always live in circumstances of misery and starvation unless they practiced what he called "moral restraint." For a while, Malthusianism was ignored because the population development of the Western countries followed a quite different pattern from that which he had anticipated. But the upsurge in world population growth in the twentieth century has again lent some credence to Malthus's views, although few support them in their original version. Population expansion in developing countries seems to be outstripping the resources that those countries can generate to feed their citizenry.

Although Malthus believed that population stability would be achieved through the limits of natural resources, a different and more current view of population change sees population stability achieved through economic and social change. Demographers call this the demographic transition. The demographic transition is described as a three-stage process in which one type of population stability will eventually be replaced by another as a society reaches an advanced level of economic development.

Stage one refers to the conditions characteristic of most traditional societies: both birth and death rates are high, and the infant mortality rate is especially large. Population grows little, if at all, because the high number of births is more or less balanced by the level of deaths. Stage two, which began in Europe and the United States in the early part of the nineteenth century—with wide regional variations—occurs when death rates fall while fertility remains high. This is, therefore, a phase of marked population growth. It is subsequently replaced by stage three, in which, with industrial development, birth rates drop to a level such that population is again stable.

The theories of demographic transition directly oppose the ideas of Malthus. Whereas for Malthus, increasing prosperity would automatically bring about population increase, the thesis of demographic transition emphasizes that economic development—generated by industrialism—would actually lead to a new equilibrium of population stability. To explain which theory best explains current population and environmental issues, students need to cite evidence. For example, to support a Malthusian approach, students can cite issues of environmental scarcity and hunger in developing countries. To support the demographic transition approach, students can cite the changes in fertility behavior and economic development around the world.

DIF: Moderate MSC: Evaluating

REF: What Are the Forces behind World Population Growth? (IV)

10. According to one popular website, Global Footprint, seven planets would be required for all people on the Earth to somehow achieve the standard of living of the average American. Given that we only have one planet, what changes do you think need to be made to make the transition from current processes of environmental degradation to sustainable development? Explain your answer in a couple sentences.

ANS: To answer this question, students should begin by defining sustainable development and then proceed to discuss ways that individuals can change their behavior to support sustainable development.

Sustainable development means that growth should, at least minimally, be carried on in such a way as to recycle physical resources rather than deplete them and to keep levels of pollution to a minimum.

Consumers in developed countries, such as the United States, have a significant impact on environmental threats. There are several behaviors that individuals can change or adopt to address these issues. Among these behaviors, students can discuss the following: • turning down the heat or air-conditioning in their homes to save energy; • bicycling or walking instead of driving; carpooling; or taking public transit, such as a bus, train, or subway; • buying energy-efficient light bulbs, appliances, and electronic equipment (such as TVs); and • cutting back significantly on how much they drive.

DIF: Moderate MSC: Evaluating

REF: Global Warming and Climate Change (V.B)

CHAPTER 16 Globalization in a Changing World CONCEPT MAP LXII.

LXIII. LXIV.

LXV.

LXVI.

How Does Globalization Affect Social Change?

A. The Physical Environment B. Political Organization C. Culture D. Economic Factors E. Technology Why Does Terrorism Seem to Be on the Rise in the World Today?

What Are Social Movements?

A. Classical Theories of Social Movements i. Economic Deprivation ii. Resource Mobilization iii. Structural Strain B. Globalization and Social Movements i. New Social Movements C. Technology and Social Movements What Factors Contribute to Globalization?

A. Informational Flows B. Political Changes C. Economic Changes D. The Globalization Debate i. The Skeptics ii. The Hyperglobalizers iii. The Transformationalists How Does Globalization Affect Your Life?

A. The Rise of Individualism B. Work Patterns C. Popular Culture D. Globalization and Risk i. The Spread of ―Manufactured Risk‖ ii. The Global ―Risk Society‖ E. Globalization and Inequality i. Inequality and Global Divisions ii. The Campaign for Global Justice

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. While recent protests and revolutions, such as the Arab Spring and Ukrainian revolutions, were fueled by grievances that ignited traditional social movements, these modern movements were facilitated by a. the rise of the Internet and popular use of various social media websites. b. authoritarian regimes who were tired of being in power. c. large amounts of foreign-based investment in the countries. d. special interest groups.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: How Does Globalization Affect Social Change? (I)

2. Globalization is best defined as a. the expansion of a global economy. b. the movement toward global equality. c. rapidly diminishing how much humans interact. d. the increasing interdependence of individuals, organizations, and nations.

ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: How Does Globalization Affect Social Change? (I)

3. The increasing influence people, organizations, and events around the world have on our lives is known as a. social change. c. protesting. b. globalization. d. warfare.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: How Does Globalization Affect Social Change? (I)

4. The textbook defines social change as a. social order in social institutions. b. the transformation of the social institutions and culture of a society over time. c. the growing disputes over national boundaries around the world. d. the transformation of the physical world.

ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: How Does Globalization Affect Social Change? (I)

5. The transformation of the social institutions and culture of a society over time is called a. social change. c. forced change. b. evolution. d. social continuation.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: How Does Globalization Affect Social Change? (I)

6. According to the textbook, what role has the modern state played in the process of globalization? a. It has encouraged protests. b. It has been less involved in social life and the economy. c. It has sped up patterns of change in the modern world. d. It has stopped the movement of people through immigration policy.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: How Does Globalization Affect Social Change? (I)

7. Human adaptation to cold climates, global warming, and access to clean water are examples of which major factor influencing social change? a. political organization c. culture b. physical environment d. economic factors

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: The Physical Environment (I.A)

8. Jared Diamond's explanation of the collapse of Rwandan society places too much emphasis on _____ at the expense of other factors, according to critics. a. ethnic tensions c. the government b. cultural and political explanations d. the importance of the environment ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: The Physical Environment (I.A)

9. Jared Diamond argued that five factors contributed to the collapse of Rwandan society. Of these five factors, three are related to a. the economy. c. politics. b. the environment. d. warfare.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult MSC: Remembering

REF: The Physical Environment (I.A)

10. A nation’s head of state is struggling to maintain their political power in the face of increasingly deterritorialized economic power. According to William Robinson, the challenge their leadership is largely driven by is a. globalization. c. postindustrial production. b. cultural diffusion. d. deindustrialization.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: Political Organization (I.B)

11. _____ is the most important political factor in helping patterns of social change speed up during the modern era. a. The decline of transnational organizations b. Users’ increased access to the Internet c. The emergence of the modern state d. Global climate change ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Political Organization (I.B)

12. What factors contributed to Mahatma Gandhi’s success in campaigning to free India from British rule? a. Colonial schools educated the population to a sufficient degree such that they were willing to demand change. b. Events such as World War II had unsettled colonial institutions in India. c. The British government began to enact harsher laws, resulting in a backlash. d. Neighboring countries were in a position to support the Indian social movement for independent rule.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Political Organization (I.B) | InQuizitive

13. Which of the following is an example of the cultural factors that might influence social change? a. government c. communication systems b. health d. corporations ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Culture (I.C)

14. People from societies that keep written records are able to develop a better sense of their societies' evolution and how these processes are connected to social change. According to your textbook, this illustrates how social change is influenced by a. the physical environment. c. economic factors. b. political organization. d. cultural factors.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Culture (I.C)

15. Some sociologists, such as Mark Juergensmeyer, argue that the biggest cultural conflicts in the twenty-first century will be between those who believe that truth is derived from _____ versus those who believe it is derived from _____. a. religious faith; political leadership c. political leadership; science b. religious faith; science d. the modern state; religious faith ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Culture (I.C)

16. The fact that creationism is more likely to be taught in public schools located in more politically conservative districts is an example of the cultural prediction made by a. Mark Juergensmeyer. c. Max Weber. b. Karl Marx. d. Jared Diamond.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: Culture (I.C)

17. Which of the following examples is representative of social change through culture? a. The indigenous population of Australia has remained hunters and gatherers, rather than cultivators of farmland. b. Japan has remained a highly forested state because of policies established centuries ago to protect the natural environment. c. Several modern discoveries in science were brought about by the space race between the United States and Russia. d. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. led a movement for social change based on the tenets of liberation theology.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: Culture (I.C) | InQuizitive

18. The most far-reaching economic influence on social change has been a. global capitalism. b. the invention of the wheel. c. the invention of money. d. the technology of the agrarian revolution.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Economic Factors (I.D)

19. Capitalism stimulates social change in an unprecedented way because it a. promotes constant revision of the technology of production, which increasingly draws religion into the process. b. involves ever-increasing equality. c. involves the constant expansion of production. d. grants workers the means of production.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Economic Factors (I.D)

20. According to your textbook, a truly global economy where production relies on a worldwide workforce has been made possible by a. governments reducing the amount of security at national borders. b. technological innovation. c. economic shifts toward a production economy. d. widespread access to nuclear weapons.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Economic Factors (I.D)

21. In many countries, economies are no longer defined by the production of material goods, relying instead on a. the consumption of material goods. b. warfare to sustain economies that depend on war. c. agriculture to meet increased food demand. d. the development and dissemination of information and knowledge.

ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Technology (I.E)

22. Rico, a student at a university in the United States, uses email and video-conferencing software to discuss his research project with his professor who is attending a conference in England. The ability to have these real-time conversations as if they were in the same room is an example of a. time-space compression. b. transnational economic development. c. the spread of Western culture. d. decreasing levels of globalization.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: Technology (I.E)

23. Recently, Samuel's father was laid off from his job at the automobile-part manufacturing plant when it closed. Samuel currently works at a local coffee shop while he is finishing his college degree. The experiences of Samuel and his father reflect an economic shift toward a(n) a. knowledge society. c. service society. b. industrial society. d. consumption society.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Technology (I.E)

24. The growth of jobs in the retail and food service sector and the decline in manufacturing jobs is referred to as a. low-wage society. c. information society. b. industrial society. d. postindustrial society.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Technology (I.E)

25. In a knowledge-based economy, many industrial workers have been left unemployed and without the skills required to find good jobs. According to the textbook, this is due to a. new social problems, such as long-term unemployment. b. global trade and new forms of technology.

c. long-standing employment patterns. d. new types of education, which are training workers for the knowledge economy.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Technology (I.E)

26. White-collar workers are the most essential type of employee in a(n) a. postindustrial society. c. technology society. b. industrial society. d. urban society.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Technology (I.E)

27. A postindustrial society is one based on the production of _____ rather than material goods. a. services c. information b. food d. financial goods ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Technology (I.E)

28. Any action (by a nonstate organization) that is intended to cause death or serious bodily harm to civilians to convince a government or organization to stop doing something is the definition of a. globalization. c. postindustrial society. b. secularization. d. terrorism.

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Why Does Terrorism Seem to Be on the Rise in the World Today? (II) MSC: Remembering 29. According to your textbook, the spread of Western secular beliefs around the world during the process of globalization paired with the decline in local traditional beliefs has led to a. an increase in terrorist attacks based on religious beliefs. b. more women entering the global workplace. c. larger numbers of passengers on transcontinental flights. d. a decline in the influence of social movements.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Why Does Terrorism Seem to Be on the Rise in the World Today? (II) MSC: Understanding 30. A collective attempt to further a common interest or secure a common goal through action outside the sphere of established institutions is a. collective behavior. c. a riot. b. a social movement. d. a revolution.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: What Are Social Movements? (III)

31. Some social movements arise in defense of the status quo. One example is the "bathroom bill" that has responded to the transgender equity movement by attempting to prevent people from using public bathrooms that don't correspond to their biological sex. This is an example of a a. conservative movement. c. countermovement. b. traditional movement. d. new social movement.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: What Are Social Movements? (III)

32. Which of the following methodological approaches to a research project on social movements is a survey? a. A researcher distributes electronic questionnaires to individuals on Twitter who are posting with the Black Lives Matter hashtag. b. A researcher conducts a series of interviews with individuals who participate in Fight for 15 rallies to understand what motivates them to protest. c. A researcher sends two sets of undergraduates out to interact with others and find out how people react to one of two conditions: (1) Black Lives Matter protesters in front of a campus administration building or (2) Fight for 15 protesters in front of a campus administration building. d. A researcher examines the differences between the spread of social movements via social media in the United States vs. in the Middle East.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: What Are Social Movements? (III) | InQuizitive

33. According to Karl Marx, the primary source of conflict that leads to revolution is a a. change in the minds of the proletariat. b. change in the minds of the bourgeoisie. c. change in the forces of production. d. change in the political system.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Economic Deprivation (III.A.i)

34. Max Weber argued that revolutions resulted from competition between different groups attempting to gain access to a. the means of production. c. capital. b. power. d. raw materials.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Economic Deprivation (III.A.i)

35. James Davies argues that relative deprivation, not absolute deprivation, is what motivates revolution.

Relative deprivation is the discrepancy between a. those who believe society should be guided by religious faith and those who believe that capitalism should be the focus. b. workers and those who own the means of production. c. the lives people are forced to lead and what they think could realistically be achieved. d. the educated and those with fewer skills.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Economic Deprivation (III.A.i)

36. Consider a community that has elected a leader who has promised the revitalization of a declining employment sector. At first, there are some improvements in living conditions, and the citizens have been inspired and expect improvements in their lives. However, if those improvements slow down, the community may become frustrated and begin to revolt against this new leader. This dynamic is referred to as a. political deprivation. c. economic deprivation. b. absolute deprivation. d. relative deprivation.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Economic Deprivation (III.A.i)

37. Sociologists have argued that, in addition to organizing people for collective action, there is also a strong need for a. atomization. c. federal funding. b. physical appearance. d. resource mobilization.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Resource Mobilization (III.A.ii)

38. According to some, mobilization is one of the main factors of collective action. Mobilization is a. the ways in which a group acquires sufficient resources to make collective action possible. b. a type of social protest. c. the size of a crowd. d. the ways in which the message of social protests spreads.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Resource Mobilization (III.A.ii)

39. Alain Touraine's theory of social movements suggests that the connections between a social movement and the forces or influences opposing it are referred to as a. network conflict. c. mutual compromise. b. the field of action. d. social movement institutionalization.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Resource Mobilization (III.A.ii)

40. According to Neil Smelser, social movements take shape and engage in collective action because of a. clashes of goals. c. an inspirational leader. b. structural conditions. d. political breakdown.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Structural Strain (III.A.iii)

41. The textbook notes the importance of the Internet for connecting people and ideas in ways that facilitate social movements. Applying this to Neil Smelser's six conditions underlying collective action, the availability of and access to the Internet would be an example of which condition? a. structural strain c. structural conduciveness b. generalized beliefs d. precipitating factors ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: Structural Strain (III.A.iii)

42. What would be an example of a ―precipitating factor‖ as defined in Neil Smelser's theory of social movements? a. the overthrow of Libyan leader Muammar al-Gaddafi b. demonstration and riots in Tunisia c. the spread of social movements labeled the Arab Spring d. Tunisian street vendor Mohamed Bouazizi setting himself on fire in protest of the local police confiscating his wares ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: Structural Strain (III.A.iii)

43. Seen as a unique product of late modern society, _____ differ significantly in methods, motivations, and orientations from the collective action of earlier times. a. new social movements c. civil society goals

b. postmodern social movements ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

d. postindustrial social movements REF: New Social Movements (III.B.i)

44. Which of the following might be labeled a new social movement rather than a conventional social movement? a. union movement b. pro-democracy movement c. gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender movement d. prohibition movement ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: New Social Movements (III.B.i)

45. Participation in new social movements is often seen as a(n) _____ whereby participants make a statement about who they are. a. goal-oriented c. personal expression b. expressive logic d. moral declination ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: New Social Movements (III.B.i)

46. New social movements are at the heart of _____, which is the sphere between the state and the marketplace occupied by family, community associations, and other noneconomic institutions. a. social mobilization c. institutional control b. structural strain d. civil society ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: New Social Movements (III.B.i)

47. American society has a strong set of noneconomic institutions people socialize and interact in during their daily lives, such as the family, community associations, and schools. Due to these interactions, sociologists suggest that the United States has a strong a. civil society. c. institutional control structure. b. anti-market belief system. d. protest culture.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: New Social Movements (III.B.i)

48. In recent years, participants in social movements have shown an ability to do something that is particularly worrisome to oppressive governments. This is the ability to a. develop charismatic leadership. b. make phone calls to their elected representatives. c. coordinate international political campaigns by using the Internet. d. charter buses to transport demonstrators to rallies.

ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Technology and Social Movements (III.C)

49. According to the textbook, the government of which country attempted to control the flow of Internet-based information to citizens by creating the "Great Firewall"? a. Egypt c. Syria b. China d. Korea ANS: B

DIF: Easy

REF: Technology and Social Movements (III.C)

MSC: Remembering 50. According to the textbook, many contemporary social movements, such as the Arab Spring, rely heavily on a. information technology. c. riots. b. unions. d. violence.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Technology and Social Movements (III.C)

51. Jon and Huong are friends attending college in different states. They keep in contact through email, texting, and social networking websites. Based on this example, technology has the capacity to do what? a. overcome cultural differences b. link economic and cultural gains c. compress time and space d. overcome the move toward the service economy ANS: C MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Informational Flows (IV.A)

52. The rapid development and diffusion of _____ technologies, which have changed the so-called compression of time and space, have made the biggest contribution to accelerating and deepening the process of globalization. a. accounting c. manufacturing b. transportation d. communication ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: Informational Flows (IV.A)

53. According to the textbook, globalization is being driven by the integration of the world economy, which is now dominated by ―weightless activity.‖ Products in this ―weightless economy‖ are based in a. the Internet. c. service. b. information. d. consumption.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Informational Flows (IV.A)

54. According to the textbook, which among the following the most significant political causes of globalization was a. the collapse of the Soviet bloc and the end of isolation for the former second world. b. the rise of Islamic fundamentalism as a response to Western political influence in the Arab world. c. the development of a socialist alternative to the capitalist world market. d. the influx of Syrian immigrants into Europe.

ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Political Changes (IV.B)

55. The growing influence of _____ has/have been among the political changes contributing to the intensification of globalization. a. local mechanisms of government b. national identity c. family d. international nongovernmental organizations ANS: D

DIF: Easy

REF: Political Changes (IV.B)

MSC: Applying 56. According to the textbook, the United Nations (UN) is an international organization that a. is a pioneering form of transnational governance. b. has grown in its international influence over the last two decades. c. often lacks the means to enforce its actions. d. is challenged by the economic slowdown of its member nations.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Political Changes (IV.B)

57. Transnational corporations account for _____ of all world trade. a. half c. two-thirds b. one-third d. nine-tenths ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Economic Changes (IV.C)

58. Which of the following is the best example of a transnational corporation? a. a software company in Silicon Valley that employs about two hundred people from around the United States, using telecommuting technology b. Gooden, Brogan, Cangas, and Romero, a law firm with two thousand employees in three countries c. College Cleaners, a janitorial service that cleans university buildings d. a clothing company in India that exports much of its product internationally ANS: B MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: Economic Changes (IV.C)

59. Which perspective in the globalization debate argues that regionalization within the world economy produces less integration and that national governments continue to play a vital role in the economy? a. the hyperglobalizers c. the transformationalists b. the skeptics d. the critics ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: The Skeptics (IV.D.i)

60. According to globalization skeptics, compared with patterns of trade a century ago, today a. the world economy is less global and more regionalized. b. the world economy is more global and less regionalized. c. there is less trade because there are too many types of currency. d. the world economy has not changed much.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: The Skeptics (IV.D.i)

61. Which of the following perspectives on globalization believes that globalization is challenging the power of nation-states? a. the believers c. the skeptics b. the transformationalists d. the hyperglobalizers ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: The Hyperglobalizers (IV.D.ii)

62. Which perspective on globalization argues that globalization is producing a borderless world in which national governments are no longer in control of their own economies?

a. the skeptics b. the transformationalists ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

c. the hyperglobalizers d. the critics REF: The Hyperglobalizers (IV.D.ii)

63. According to the hyperglobalizers, what is the consequence of national governments’ inability to address global financial market instability and environmental problems? a. Citizens advocate for reduced participation in the global marketplace. b. Citizens advocate for stronger international organizations. c. Citizens join social movements against the capitalist class. d. Citizens lose faith in existing systems of government.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: The Hyperglobalizers (IV.D.ii) | InQuizitive

64. Which perspective in the globalization debate takes a middle position and sees many old patterns persisting while the broader global order is transforming in a dynamic process that is open to influence and change? a. the skeptics c. the critics b. the transformationalists d. the hyperglobalizers ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: The Transformationalists (IV.D.iii)

65. According to the transformationalist perspective on globalization, the political structures of countries are adapting to challenges from a. terrorist organizations. b. a declining world economy. c. resistant citizens. d. new forms of economic and social organization.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: The Transformationalists (IV.D.iii)

66. According to transformationalists, globalization is a dynamic and open process that is subject to influence and change. Which attribute is associated with this view? a. Globalization is a decentered and self-aware process characterized by links and cultural flows that work in a multidimensional way. b. Globalization is a one-way flow of images, information, and influences. c. We live in a state-centric world; governments must adopt a more active, inward-looking stance because of the process of globalization. d. Information takes longer to travel across space and time.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: The Transformationalists (IV.D.iii)

67. Transformationalists depict globalization as a tension between international and transnational social forces. Which is the most accurate description of what these social forces are? a. International forces refer to ways that cultures and social thought diffuse across the world, such as the spread of music from one region to another, while transnational forces refer to the ways that nations may interact with and influence one another, such as through peace treaties. b. International forces refer to country-specific organizations and governments, whereas transnational forces refer to multicountry agencies such as the World Trade Organization

(WTO). c. International forces refer to ways that nations may interact with and influence one another, such as through trade agreements, while transnational forces refer to ways that cultures and social thought diffuse across the world, such as the spread of social movements across regions within a short period of time. d. International forces refer to multicountry agencies such as the WTO, while transnational forces refer to country-specific organizations and governments.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding

REF: The Transformationalists (IV.D.iii) | InQuizitive

68. In recent years, individuals have had an increased opportunity to shape their own lives. This phenomenon is known as a. globalization. c. individualism. b. knowledge production. d. new movement.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: The Rise of Individualism (V.A)

69. The declining influence of social class, gender, ethnicity, and other social categories best describes which process? a. hyperglobalization c. time-space compression b. individualism d. transnationalism ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: The Rise of Individualism (V.A)

70. According to the textbook, in terms of people's working lives, globalization makes it more likely that an individual will experience a. a labor market that values skills in manual labor. b. a self-made career path, with several employment changes over his or her lifetime. c. working for one company over the course of his or her life. d. a career in the manufacturing industry.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Work Patterns (V.B)

71. Globalization and information technology have made it more likely that people will work from home, share jobs with other employees, work on short-term consulting projects, and work in a system of flextime. These patterns are examples of how globalization has a. increased pay inequality between racial-ethnic groups. b. increased gender equity of pay by making it easier to combine paid work and family work. c. made full-time work more likely for those without a college degree. d. dissolved standard patterns of full-time work.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding

REF: Work Patterns (V.B)

72. How has the increase in flexible work arrangements affected workers? a. Workers face greater stability and higher benefits in the labor market. b. Workers face greater uncertainty and risk in the labor market. c. Corporations are more likely to respond to individual workers’ needs, rather than setting policies for large groups of workers. d. Workers have greater freedom to move from job to job while retaining a social safety net.

ANS: B

DIF: Moderate

REF: Work Patterns (V.B) | InQuizitive

MSC: Understanding 73. Some sociologists worry that globalization is leading to the creation of a global culture where the values of the most powerful and affluent overwhelm the strength of local customs and tradition. This process is called a. hyperglobalization. c. cultural imperialism. b. Westernization. d. differentiation.

ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: Popular Culture (V.C)

74. In the past, humans experienced famine and floods, or _____; today, because of globalization, humans now face _____ created by the effects of our own knowledge and technology on the natural world. a. natural risk; manufactured risk c. external risk; manufactured risk b. manufactured risk; external risk d. hyper-risk; manufactured risk ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Understanding

REF: The Spread of "Manufactured Risk" (V.D.i)

75. Which of the following would be considered a manufactured risk? a. the 1979 Three Mile Island nuclear disaster in Pennsylvania b. Florida being pummeled with four hurricanes in 2004 c. the devastation caused by Hurricane Katrina d. the toxic gases released by the eruption of Washington State's Mount St. Helens in 1980 and 2004 ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: The Spread of "Manufactured Risk" (V.D.i)

76. The increased risk of skin cancer is a manufactured risk that likely relates to a. the depletion of the ozone layer. b. chemicals in common household products. c. people not wearing enough sunscreen. d. changing beauty norms.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Easy

REF: The Spread of "Manufactured Risk" (V.D.i)

77. A developing nation-state with relatively little global political power is becoming increasingly concerned with the political climate of a more powerful, highly developed nation-state. In part, this is due to the fact the decisions of the more powerful nation-state will likely affect the future of the citizens in both countries. This is an example of what Ulrich Beck calls a. manufactured risk. c. external risk. b. shared risk. d. risk society.

ANS: D MSC: Applying

DIF: Moderate

REF: The Global "Risk Society" (V.D.ii)

78. Globalization is an uneven process, and because of this, the disparity between the developed world and the developing world is a. decreasing rapidly. b. greater than ever. c. growing but is still less than it was in the nineteenth century. d. slowly shrinking.

ANS: B

DIF: Easy

REF: Inequality and Global Divisions (V.E.i)

MSC: Remembering 79. According to a recent Credit Suisse report, almost _____ of all the world's wealth is currently owned by just _____ of the population. a. 10 percent; 10 percent c. 50 percent; 1 percent b. 70 percent; 1 percent d. 50 percent; 50 percent ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering

REF: Inequality and Global Divisions (V.E.i)

80. How would you best describe the gap in economic growth between the poorest and the richest countries? a. The disparity between the developed world and the developing world widened steadily over the twentieth century and is now the largest it has ever been. b. Technological changes have allowed the poorest countries to catch up to their wealthier neighbors. c. The gap between the world's richest and poorest countries has narrowed significantly in the past twenty-five years. d. The increase in international trade has made the gap between the richest and poorest countries almost disappear.

ANS: A MSC: Applying

DIF: Difficult

REF: Inequality and Global Divisions (V.E.i)

81. According to the textbook, those critical of the World Trade Organization’s policies claim the organization is a. overly democratic. b. less concerned with corporate profits than human rights. c. decentralized. d. dominated by the world’s richest countries.

ANS: D DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering

REF: The Campaign for Global Justice (V.E.ii)

82. Why do critics of free trade claim that these policies are not the solution to poverty and global inequality? a. They argue that it leads to unnecessary investment in "human capital" instead of investment in technology. b. They argue that weak enforcement of intellectual property rights allows wealthier countries and the corporations within them to steal from poorer countries. c. They argue that wealthy countries like the United States are unfairly targeted by free trade policies. d. They argue that free trade largely benefits wealthy countries and exacerbates poverty in the global south.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: The Campaign for Global Justice (V.E.ii) | InQuizitive

MSC: Understanding

SHORT ANSWER 1. What are the four major influences on social change in modern history? Which of these influences do you think has the largest impact on social change today? Provide an example to support your choice.

ANS:

To answer this question, students must first define social change as the transformation over time of the institutions and culture of a society. Next, they should list and explain the four major influences: physical environment, political organization, economic factors, and culture. For physical environment, they should point out that both extreme environmental conditions and less extreme weather conditions and environments affect the way people organize themselves and the process through which they make a living. For political organization, students should explain that the way a society is politically organized strongly affects the society's course of development. For culture, students should include communication systems, religious and other belief systems, and popular culture. Finally, for economic factors, they should discuss the ways in which societies organize production and how consumption influences other factors that affect social change, such as technological innovation. Finally, students should pick one of these factors and explain why they think it has the greatest impact on social change today.

DIF: Moderate MSC: Evaluating

REF: How Does Globalization Affect Social Change? (I)

2. According to Daniel Bell, we are entering a phase of development beyond the industrial era called the postindustrial society. In a few sentences, discuss what changes have brought this about and what characteristics this new type of era possesses.

ANS: Students should begin by defining what Bell called a postindustrial society. The term postindustrial society refers to the sense that we are moving beyond the old forms of industrial development to a society defined by the significance of information or knowledge. Our way of life throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, based in large part on the manufacture of material goods in factories, is being displaced by one in which information is the basis of the production system.

Students should point out that this is also referred to as information society or knowledge society. The postindustrial order, Bell argues, is distinguished by a growth of service occupations at the expense of jobs that produce material goods. The blue-collar worker, employed in a factory or workshop, is no longer the most essential type of employee. White-collar (clerical and professional) workers outnumber blue-collar (factory) workers, with professional and technical occupations growing fastest of all. People working in higher-level white-collar occupations specialize in the production of information and knowledge. The production and control of what Bell calls "codified knowledge" are society's main resources. Those who create and distribute this knowledge—scientists, computer specialists, economists, engineers, and professionals of all kinds—increasingly become the leading social groups and replace the industrialists and entrepreneurs of the old system. The postindustrial society has also been labeled a service society because employment in the service sector also dominates such a society.

DIF: Moderate

REF: Technology (I.E)

MSC: Analyzing

3. According to Charles Tilly and other resource mobilization scholars, what are the four main components of collective action? Provide detailed examples of each component to fully illustrate your understanding of this model.

ANS: To answer this question, students should begin with an overview of Charles Tilly's analysis of social movements. Tilly argued that collective action is taken to contest or overthrow an existing social order.

The textbook uses the examples of the major protests of the mid-1900s (civil rights movement for minorities and women, movements against the Vietnam War, and pushes for environmental responsibility), but students can use other examples. According to Tilly, collective action has the following four main components: The organization of the group or groups involved. Protest movements are organized in many ways, including the spontaneous formation of crowds and tightly disciplined revolutionary groups. The Russian Revolution, for example, began as a small group of activists.

Mobilization refers to the ways in which a group acquires sufficient resources to make collective action possible. Such resources may include material goods, political support, and weaponry. In the Russian Revolution, Vladimir Lenin was able to acquire material and moral support from a sympathetic peasantry.

The common goals and interests of those engaging in collective action are what they see as the gains and losses their policies are likely to achieve. Lenin managed to weld together a broad coalition of support because many people had a common interest in removing the existing government.

Opportunity. Chance events may occur that provide opportunities to pursue revolutionary aims. There was no inevitability to Lenin's success, which depended on a number of contingent factors, including success in battle. If Lenin had been killed, would there have been a revolution?

DIF: Moderate

REF: Resource Mobilization (III.A.ii)

MSC: Analyzing

4. Consider Neil Smelser's ―structural strain‖ framework for understanding the origins of collective action.

Describe both structural strain and generalized beliefs and ideologies, then compare the aspects by explaining how each factor might contribute to the likelihood of collective action.

ANS: Students should first describe structural strain as the presence of tensions that produce conflicting interests in societies, while generalized beliefs and ideologies are about grievances that have been crystallized in the minds of potential activists as well as the development of suggested courses of action.

Students should show that they recognize how structural strain can exist even if particular people don't immediately see how those strains apply to them and their own interests. The addition of generalized beliefs and ideologies, however, can facilitate the intent to participate in collective action and a plan for how to engage that action.

DIF: Difficult

REF: Structural Strain (III.A.iii)

MSC: Evaluating

5. What role do social movements play in social change? Using the Arab Spring as an example, explain how globalization has affected social movements.

ANS: To answer this question, students should begin with a definition of social movements and explain their relationship to social change. In addition to economics, technology, politics, and culture, one of the most common ways social change occurs is through social movements. Social movements are collective attempts to further a common interest or secure a common goal (such as forging social change) through action outside the sphere of established institutions. Many people believe that what has been called the Arab Spring began on December 17, 2010, when a Tunisian street vendor named Mohamed Bouazizi set himself on fire to protest the confiscation of his wares by local police and the harassment and humiliation he experienced at the hands of a local government bureaucrat. This initial catalyst for the Tunisian revolution, as well as the demonstrations and riots that erupted in protest of widespread corruption and inequality in the country, triggered the Arab Spring. In the following months of spring 2011, protests spread quickly throughout Jordan, Egypt, Libya, Yemen, and elsewhere in the Middle East.

The easy flow of information through communication technology is one of the main ways that globalization affects social movements. Through Twitter, Facebook, and Internet chat rooms, protesters could report in real time what they did and saw. These messages were transmitted not only to their peers and fellow protesters but also to captivated viewers worldwide. The nature and causes of the protests varied across countries, yet most were led by educated but discontented young people who fought against dictatorships, human rights violations, government corruption, economic declines, unemployment, and extreme poverty. By September 2011, these revolutions had led to the overthrow of three heads of state: Tunisian president Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak, and Libyan leader Muammar al-Gaddafi. Unlike revolutions and protests at earlier points in history, the Arab Spring was facilitated by the Internet and the compression of time and space, which characterizes globalization.

DIF: Difficult MSC: Evaluating

REF: Globalization and Social Movements (III.B)

6. Explain how information technology and the flow of information play a role in accelerating the process of globalization.

ANS: To answer this question, students should explain how information technology has compressed communication in time and space and thus changed the way we interact as well as the way production is organized around the world. Some important advances in technology and the world's telecommunications infrastructure have facilitated the process of globalization and the explosion in global communications. In the post–World War II era, there has been a profound transformation in the scope and intensity of telecommunications flows. Traditional telephone communication, which depended on analog signals sent through wires and cables, has been replaced by integrated systems in which vast amounts of information are compressed and transferred digitally. Today a network of more than two hundred satellites is in place to facilitate the transfer of information around the globe.

The impact of these communications systems has been very significant. In countries with highly developed telecommunications infrastructures, homes and offices now have multiple links to the outside world, including telephones (both landlines and mobile phones), fax machines, digital and cable television, email, and the Internet. The Internet has emerged as the fastest-growing communication tool ever developed. These forms of technology facilitate the compression of time and space: two individuals located on opposite sides of the planet not only can hold a conversation in real time but also can send documents and images to one another with the help of satellite technology.

Widespread use of the Internet and mobile phones is deepening and accelerating processes of globalization. More and more people are becoming connected through these technologies and are doing so in places that were previously isolated from or poorly served by traditional communications.

Although the telecommunications infrastructure is not evenly developed around the world, a growing number of countries now have access to international communications networks in a way that was previously impossible.

The electronic integration of the world economy is also driving globalization forward. Weightless and intangible activity is increasingly dominating the global economy. This weightless economy is one in which products have their base in information, as is the case with computer software, media and entertainment products, and Internet-based services. The emergence of the knowledge society has been linked to the development of a broad base of consumers who are technologically literate and eagerly integrate new advances in computing, entertainment, and telecommunications into their everyday lives.

To be competitive in globalizing conditions, businesses and corporations have restructured themselves to be more flexible and less hierarchical in nature. Production practices and organizational patterns have become more flexible, collaboration arrangements with other firms have become commonplace, and participation in worldwide distribution networks has become essential for doing business in a rapidly changing global market.

DIF: Moderate

REF: Informational Flows (IV.A)

MSC: Analyzing

7. Compare and contrast the three schools of thought in the globalization debate. Which position do you find most compelling? Why? ANS: To answer this question, students should identify the schools of thought on globalization: skeptics, hyperglobalizers, and transformationalists. The skeptics believe that present levels of economic interdependence are precedented. Pointing to nineteenth-century statistics on world trade and investment, they contend that modern globalization differs from the past only in the intensity of interaction between nations. The skeptics agree that there may now be more interaction between countries than in previous eras, but in their eyes, the current world economy is not sufficiently integrated to constitute a truly globalized economy. To skeptics, the growth of regionalization is evidence that the world economy has become less integrated rather than more. Compared with the patterns of trade that prevailed a century ago, they argue, the world economy is less global in its geographical scope and more concentrated on intense pockets of activity. According to the skeptics, national governments continue to be key players because of their involvement in regulating and coordinating economic activity. For example, they are the driving force behind many trade agreements and policies of economic liberalization.

Hyperglobalizers, on the other hand, take an opposing position to that of skeptics. They argue that globalization is a very real phenomenon with consequences that can be felt almost everywhere. They see globalization as producing a new global order, swept along by powerful flows of cross-border trade and production. Much of the globalization analysis offered by hyperglobalizers focuses on the changing role of the nation-state. They argue that individual countries no longer control their economies because of the vast growth in world trade. Some hyperglobalizers believe that the power of national governments is also being challenged from above by new regional and international institutions such as the European Union.

Finally, the transformationalists take more of a middle position. They see globalization as the central force behind a broad spectrum of changes currently shaping modern societies. In this view, the global order is transforming, but many of the old patterns remain. Governments, for instance, retain a good deal of power in spite of the advance of global interdependence. These transformations are not restricted to economics alone but are equally prominent within the realms of politics, culture, and personal life.

Transformationalists contend that the current level of globalization is breaking down established boundaries between internal and external, international and domestic. In trying to adjust to this new order, societies, institutions, and individuals are being forced to navigate contexts where previous structures have been shaken up. Unlike hyperglobalizers, transformationalists see globalization as a dynamic and open process that is subject to influence and change. Globalization is not a one-way process, as some claim, but a two-way flow of images, information, and influences.

Rather than seeing countries as losing sovereignty, as hyperglobalizers do, transformationalists see countries as restructuring in response to new forms of economic and social organization that are nonterritorial in basis. They argue that we are no longer living in a state-centric world; governments are being forced to adopt a more active, outward-looking stance. Students should conclude their essays with an explanation of which perspective they agree with the most and why.

DIF: Difficult

REF: The Globalization Debate (IV.D)

MSC: Evaluating

8. Discuss the cultural impacts of globalization. Do you think these are more a matter of "cultural imperialism" or "fragmentation of cultural forms"? Justify your position.

ANS:

To answer this question, students should begin by explaining the two main views on the cultural impacts of globalization. The cultural impacts of globalization are widespread because images, ideas, goods, and styles are now disseminated around the world more rapidly than ever before. Trade, new information technologies, the international media, and global migration have all contributed to the free movement of culture across national borders. Many people believe that we now live in a single information order-—a massive global network where information is shared quickly and in great volumes. There are generally two views on the cultural impacts of globalization. First, some people worry that globalization is leading to the creation of a global culture in which the values of the most powerful and affluent—in this instance, Hollywood filmmakers—overwhelm the strength of local customs and tradition. According to this view, globalization is a form of cultural imperialism in which the values, styles, and outlooks of the Western world are being spread so aggressively that they smother individual national cultures. By contrast, others claim that an enormous diversity of cultures existing side by side now characterizes global society. They argue that there is an increasing fragmentation of cultural forms. Local traditions are joined by a host of additional cultural forms from abroad, which presents people with a bewildering array of lifestyle options from which to choose.

What we are witnessing is the fragmentation of cultural forms rather than a unified global culture.

Established identities and ways of life grounded in local communities and cultures are giving way to new forms of hybrid identity composed of elements from contrasting cultural sources. Students should conclude the essay with an argument supporting one of these views.

DIF: Moderate

REF: Popular Culture (V.C)

MSC: Evaluating

9. According to Ulrich Beck, globalization brings about a "risk society." Explain what a "risk society" is and the kinds of risks that are being "manufactured." What specific risks are you most concerned about?

Why? ANS: To answer the question, students should begin by explaining the risk society and defining manufactured risks. German sociologist Ulrich Beck sees manufactured risks contributing to the formation of a global risk society. The impact of our own knowledge and technology on the natural world creates manufactured risks. Many environmental and health risks facing contemporary societies are the outcomes of our own interventions into nature. Some of the clearest illustrations of manufactured risks are the environmental risks we face, such as the depletion of the ozone layer and genetically modified foods. The risk society, Beck argues, is not limited to environmental and health risks; it includes a whole series of interrelated changes within contemporary social life: shifting employment patterns, heightened job insecurity, the erosion of traditional family patterns, and the democratization of personal relationships. As technological change progresses more rapidly and produces new forms of risk, we must constantly respond and adjust to these changes. The new risks have presented individuals with new choices and challenges in their everyday lives. Because there is no road map for these new dangers, individuals, countries, and transnational organizations must negotiate risks as they make choices about how lives are to be lived. Because personal futures are much less fixed than they were in traditional societies, decisions of all kinds present risks for individuals. According to Beck, an important aspect of the risk society is that its hazards are not restricted spatially, temporally, or socially. To conclude, students should explain which risks they think will affect their lives.

DIF: Difficult MSC: Evaluating

REF: The Global "Risk Society" (V.D.ii)

10. Compare and contrast the ways in which the "global justice movement" and organizations—such as the World Trade Organization (WTO)—view the relationship between free trade and global inequality.

Which view do you agree with and why?

ANS:

To answer this question, students should begin by explaining the WTO and the "global justice movement." The WTO is an international trade organization with 164 member countries that agree on measures to liberalize conditions for global trade and investment in agriculture and forest products, among other issues. The global justice movement is a social movement that is challenging the WTO and other organizations that the movement believes contribute to global inequality. The WTO and similar organizations see free trade as the key to economic development and poverty relief. Organizations such as the WTO work to liberalize trade regulations and to reduce barriers to trade between the countries of the world. Free trade across borders is viewed as a win-win proposition for developed and developing countries alike. Although industrialized economies are able to export their products to markets around the world, advocates of free trade claim that developing countries will also benefit by gaining access to world markets. This, in turn, is supposed to improve their prospects for integration into the global economy. The global justice movement, on the other hand, does not see free trade as the solution to poverty and global inequality but as a source of these issues. Supporters of this movement argue that free trade is a rather one-sided affair that benefits those who are already well-off and exacerbates existing patterns of poverty and dependence within the developing world. Recently, much of this criticism has focused on the activities and policies of the WTO, which is at the forefront of efforts to increase global trade.

Protesters against the WTO and other international financial institutions, such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, argue that exuberance over global economic integration and free trade is forcing people to live in an economy rather than a society. Many are convinced that such moves will further weaken the economic position of poor societies by allowing transnational corporations to operate with few or no safety and environmental regulations. Commercial interests, they claim, are increasingly taking precedence over concern for human well-being. To conclude their essays, students need to explain which argument regarding free trade they support.

DIF: Moderate MSC: Evaluating

REF: The Campaign for Global Justice (V.E.ii)