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MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. Provide an appropriate response.
1)Explain whether an experiment or an observational study would be more appropriate to investigate whether meditation is effective in lowering blood pressure.
A)Experiment; in an observational study it would be too difficult to monitor participants' behavior.
B)Experiment; it would be easier to control for the effects of lurking variables such as diet and exercise.
C)Experiment; it would be unethical to deprive people of a potentially beneficial treatment over a long period of time.
D)Experiment; an observational study would take too long.
E)Observational study; it would be easier to control for the effects of lurking variables such as diet and exercise.
2)A computer network manager wants to test the reliability of some new and expensive fiber-optic Ethernet cables that the computer department just received. The computer department received 4 boxes containing 30 cables each. The manager does not have the time to test every cable in each box. The manager will choose one box at random and test 6 cables chosen randomly within that box. What is the population of interest?
A)The one box that was chosen at random from the 4 boxes
B)120 cables
C)The 6 cables chosen randomly for testing
D)60 cables
E)The 4 boxes
SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. Identify the flaw(s) in the experiment or study described.
3)At one hospital, 674 women were diagnosed with breast cancer. Five years later, 88% of the Caucasian women and 83% of the African American women were still alive. A researcher concludes that being Caucasian causes women with breast cancer to have an increased chance of surviving five years. Why is this conclusion not justified?
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. Provide an appropriate response.
4)Of the 5000 outpatients released from a local hospital in the past year, one hundred were contacted and asked their opinion on the care they received. Select the first five patients who belong to the simple random sample.
1634876938901695139255887710150920979157
A)163, 487, 693, 169, 513
B)1, 6, 3, 4, 8
C)16, 34, 69, 38, 13
D)163, 169, 15, 92, 97
E)1634, 3890, 1695, 1392, 1509
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1) 2) 3) 4)SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
5)What is the difference between a retrospective study and a prospective study?5)
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Identify the specified elements of the experiment.
6)In a clinical trial, 780 participants suffering from high blood pressure were randomly assigned to one of three groups. Over a one-month period, the first group received a low dosage of an experimental drug, the second group received a high dosage of the drug, and the third group received a placebo. The diastolic blood pressure of each participant was measured at the beginning and at the end of the period and the change in blood pressure was recorded. Identify the explanatory variable.
A)The experimental drug
B)The one-month period of the experiment
C)High blood pressure, low blood pressure
D)Diastolic blood pressure at the start, diastolic blood pressure at the end
E)Placebo, low drug dosage, high drug dosage
Identify the bias.
7)A magazine publisher mails a survey to every subscriber asking about the quality of its subscription service. From which of the following is this study most likely to suffer?
A)Nonresponse bias
B)Both undercoverage and sampling bias
C)Sampling bias
D)Undercoverage
E)Both nonresponse bias and undercoverage
Provide an appropriate response.
8)Explain whether an experiment or an observational study would be more appropriate to investigate whether acupuncture can help people to heal from sports-related injuries.
A)Experiment; it would be unethical to subject people to a potentially harmful treatment over a long period of time.
B)Experiment; it would be easier to control for the effects of lurking variables such as exercise.
C)Experiment; an observational study would take too long.
D)Observational study; an experiment would take too long.
E)Observational study; it would be easier to control for the effects of lurking variables such as exercise.
SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. Identify the flaw(s) in the experiment or study described.
9)A pharmaceutical company has developed a medication that they believe will help to reduce the pain of arthritis. They would like to test the medication at two different dosage levels. They design an experiment as follows to test the medication. They will obtain a group of volunteers who suffer from arthritis. A doctor from the pharmaceutical company will evaluate each patient's condition at the start of the experiment. Volunteers will be randomly assigned to one of three groups. Each day for the duration of the experiment, patients in group 1 will receive a low dose of the medication, patients in group 2 will receive a higher dose of the medication, and patients in group 3 will receive a placebo. After a suitable amount of time (two months, for example), the same doctor will evaluate each patient's progress. Based on the amount of inflammation and the patient's report on the amount of pain, the doctor will give each patient a numerical score to represent their improvement. The amount of improvement for the three groups would then be compared. They will also ensure that the technicians administering the supplements are unaware of which patients receive a low dose, a high dose, or a placebo. Identify the flaw(s) in this experiment.
6)
7)
8)
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Provide an appropriate response.
10)An educational researcher used school records to determine that, in one school district, 84% of children living in two-parent homes graduated high school while 75% of children living in single-parent homes graduated high school. What is the explanatory variable?
A)Whether the child lived with one or two parents and whether or not they graduated high school
B)Graduation rate
C)Whether the child lived with two parents or with a single parent
D)Whether the child graduated from high school
Answer the question.
11)A clothing manufacturer would like to determine whether celebrity endorsements influence a customer's decision to buy its products. In order to estimate this potential influence, the manufacturer premieres its latest series of commercials privately to two separate groups of potential buyers. One group will see a series of commercials without celebrities, and one group will view a series of commercials with celebrities. The potential buyers are further divided by gender.
A)The men and women who see the commercials with celebrities.
B)The 100 potential buyers.
C)The women who see the commercials without celebrities.
D)The men and women who see the commercials without celebrities.
E)The men who see the commercials without celebrities.
Select the most appropriate answer.
12)Experiments where two observations (one for each treatment) are recorded for each subject are called
A)Matched Pair Designs
B)Randomized Block Designs
C)Cluster Designs
D)Completely Randomized Designs
E)Stratified Designs
List all possible samples from the specified population.
13)Given a group of students: Allen (A), Brenda (B), Chad (C), Dorothy (D), and Eric (E), list all of the possible samples (without replacement) of size four that can be obtained from the group.
A)ABCD, ABCE, ACDE, ADEB, BCDE, BCEA, BDEA, CABD, CEDB, DACE
B)ABCD, ABCE, ABDE
C)ABCD, ABCE, ACDE, ADEB
D)ABCD, ABCE, ACDE, ADEB, BCDE
E)ABCD
Select the most appropriate answer.
14)The most common type of convenience sample is
A)a systematic sample.
B)a cluster sample.
C)a simple random sample.
D)a volunteer sample.
E)a stratified sample.
Identify the type of observational study.
15)A statistical analyst obtains data concerning ankle injuries by examining hospital records from the past 3 years.
A)Retrospective
B)Case-control
C)Prospective
D)Cross-sectional
E)Census
Provide an appropriate response.
16)A magazine publisher mails a survey to every subscriber asking about the quality of its subscription service. Describe the population of interest.
A)all American adults who read the magazineB)the respondents to the survey
C)all American adultsD)all subscribers to the magazine
Answer true or false.
17) Nonresponse bias occurs when the subject gives an incorrect response.
A) True
B) False
18) Sampling bias occurs when some sampled subjects cannot be reached or refuse to participate or fail to answer some questions.
A) False B) True
Identify which type of sampling is used.
19)A lobbyist for a major airspace firm assigns a number to each legislator and then uses a computer to randomly generate ten numbers. The lobbyist contacts the legislators corresponding to these numbers. What sampling technique was used?
A)Simple random sample
B)Stratified random sample
C)Convenience sample
D)Matched pair sample
E)Cluster random sample
SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. Fill in the blank.
20)Bias that results from the sampling method, such as nonrandom sampling or undercoverage, is called ____________________. 20)
16)
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17)
18)
19)
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Identify the study as observational or experimental.
21) To determine whether children born with fetal alcohol syndrome have a less than average IQ, 200 children between the ages of 8 and 10 who were born with the syndrome were given an IQ test and their scores were compared to the average IQ of children aged 8 to 10 who were born healthy.
A) Experimental B) Observational
Select the most appropriate answer.
22)A method of sampling which divides the population into separate groups and then selects a simple random sample from each group is called ____________________.
A)simple random sampling
B)cluster random sampling
C)stratified random sampling
D)systematic random sampling
E)convenience sampling
Identify which type of sampling is used.
23)The student dean of a university uses a computer to randomly select 500 student identification numbers then interviews the students corresponding to those identification numbers.
A)Matched pair sample
B)Stratified random sample
C)Cluster random sample
D)Simple random sample
E)Convenience sample
SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. Fill in the blank.
24)When the difference between the results for the two treatments in an experimental study is so large that it would be rare to see such a difference by ordinary random variation among the experimental units, the results are said to be ____________________.
22)
23)
24)
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. Provide an appropriate response.
25)Explain whether an experiment or an observational study would be more appropriate to investigate whether women are more likely than men to suffer from anxiety.
A)Observational study; it is unethical to subject study participants to anxiety over a long period of time.
B)Experiment; an observational study would take too long.
C)Experiment; it would be easier to control for lurking variables such as number of hours worked per week.
D)Observational study; it would be easier to control for lurking variables such as number of hours worked per week.
E)Observational study; gender cannot be assigned as a treatment.
25)
Testname: CHAPTER 4 FORM A TEST
1) B
2) B
3) Since there is no random assignment, there is no way to know that being Caucasian causes women with breast cancer to have an increased chance of surviving five years; there may have been lurking variables. For example, Caucasian women may be more affluent and able to afford better health care or better nutrition. They may have a less stressful lifestyle, or maybe they don't have to work as much. They may live in more affluent areas where there is less pollution and less noise.
4) E
5) A retrospective study looks into the past, while a prospective study follows its subjects into the future.
6) E
7) A
8) B
9) The doctor evaluating the patients' progress is still aware of which treatment patients received. The doctor may be biased and influenced by his or her knowledge of whether the patient received the medication or a placebo. This is especially important because the doctor works for the pharmaceutical company and has a vested interest in finding that the medication is effective.
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