QUARTERLY NEWS EDITED BY CATAS
YEAR 19 / N. 01 MARCH 2014
Management, Editing and Administration CATAS spa Via Antica, 24/3 33048 San Giovanni al Natisone Udine / Italy Tel. 0432 747211 Fax 0432 747250 www.catas.com President Michele Bressan Managing Director Andrea Giavon Coordination CATAS News Franco Bulian Franco Prete Luca Bertossi
Design Deeper Comunication Udine / Italy Layout and graphics Annamaria Franz
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Reproduction or duplication of the contents of this quarterly on any support is authorized under condition that the source - Š CATAS - San Giovanni al Natisone - Udine - Italy is being cited All rights reserved
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in this issue 04 06 12 17
Notified cases RAPEX 2013: analysis of data relating to furniture Design of an environmentally friendly PVC-PVC coating cycle Glass - Hardening processes Hot surfaces - Which are the temperature limit values? 21 Crib 7 test 23 Fire retardant coatings applied on woodbased materials - Published the new edition of the standard 24 LEGIONELLA: News from conferences 26 News from the Double Degree Master in “Production Engineering and Management” 28 Wood and atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) 32 Innovation Forum of Wood and Furniture First Edition 33 TAVOLA ROTONDA: Gli adesivi per legno non incollano? 34 Beauty, Protection, Sustainability: 2 Day Congress 35 CATAS QUALITY AWARD News 36 GET INSPIRED BY MATERIALS 39 Publications
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Notified cases RAPEX 2013: analysis of data relating to furniture
Andrea Giavon Introduction
The cases reported in the RAPEX website (http://ec.europa.eu/consumers/safety/rapex/alerts/main/index.cfm?event=main.listNotifications&CFID=4967344&CFTOKEN=11521948&jsessionid=09006feaa1af 64163dda21375ea157ec622f) in 2013 were little more than two thousand (number almost stabilized in recent years) of which twenty-eight cases involving the production sector we follow. In the course of 2013 there were no reported cases (in the site) of accidents and this is definitely positive. The categories of products and more frequent, as regards the notifications, are the usual ones of the past years although we note some special cases that still fit in a very well known scenario regarding these consumer products. Type of furniture
N째 of notifications
Risk/Detected no compliance
Measures adopted by notifying country
Children chairs
1
Presence of phatlates (DEHP)
Highchairs
2
No compliance with EN Withdrawal from the market/ 14988 Ban of sales
Baby bathtubs
1
No compliance with EN Recall from the market 12221
Children mattresses
1
Soffocation
Withdrawal from the market
Beds and bunkbeds
2
Breakage in use/No compliance with EN 747
Voluntary withdrawal from the market/Importing rejected and ban of sales
Upholstery furniture (fire reaction)
1
No compliance with na- Withdrawal from the market tional legislation (UK)
Seating
10
No compliance with EN 581, EN 1022, EN 13761
Recall from the market / Ban of sales
Tables
2
Glass/No compliance with EN 12521
Ban of sales
Ladders
8
No compliance with EN Withdrawal from the market 131
TOTAL
Withdrawal from the market
28
Analysis of data Since there are no cases where incidents were recorded, in the table we have reported the risk involved and the non-compliance observed by the country that has made the notification. We believe that this aspect is important to understand how the approach of the EU countries towards this tool (RAPEX) is evolving and what will be the changes in the near future. Looking at the table, we can see that although this has decreased the weight of children furniture. Hoping that this is a strong signal to the increased safety of these products, we notice the presence of a case involving the mattresses for children and the associated risk of suffocation. On this subject, we want to remind there is an ongoing mandate of the European Commission to CEN (TC 207 furniture) for the preparation of a standard to support the GPSD (and its evolution). On this difficult topic we are committed as part of WG 2 in charge of the work. During the course of this year, the document will be ready for the 4
Andrea Giavon public inquiry.
except for a voluntary withdrawal by the manufacturer, we can see that there is a tightening that in adMoving on to the other types of children furniture, dition to the mandatory withdrawal from the market the risks encountered are those related to points is often the decision of the ban on the sale and/or of possible entrapment/strangulation, detachable the entry of the product in the country. small parts choking hazard if swallowed, insufficient mechanical strength, lack of appropriate instruction in the language of the country where sold. We want Considerations to underline that all these aspects are widely covered by the EN standards listed in the notifications Based on this latest data, it is possible to make and hence in the above table. some considerations that probably will find a further confirmation in the course of this year: Chairs and ladders once again are distinguished by the number of cases (10 and 8 cases respectively, - It seems to be a growing attention to the product almost 65% of the total), confirming once again as in the early stages of its placing on the market. This dutiful these objects are of the highest possible at- would justify a significant increase in prohibitions on tention at all levels. the sale/import and a decrease of recalls/withdraIn the case of chairs, almost the majority of cases wals. Very positive sign because this may be looked concerns the risk of entrapment zones of the up- as an indicator of a desirable and necessary market per limbs (fingers) given by outdoor furniture made surveillance procedure. from metal tubes to plastics. In all these cases it - The measures taken as a consequence of the prehas been alleged non-compliance with standard vious point are severe, with heavy consequences EN 581-1 “Outdoor furniture - Seating and tables both from the economic point of view and of the for camping, domestic and contract use - Part 1: image of the companies involved. General safety requirements� that in these days has - The countries of origin of the products are distribubeen under discussion for its periodic review. For ted both to the east and to the west. the time being this is the only standard for seating - Where existings (in most cases), the technical that is present in the list of support the GPSD. standard defines the details of risk and its assesThe risks encountered in these cases are those re- sment. lated to the strength and stability. Also in these cases the normative reference repor- From the points presented above it is clear that ted is correct and accurate. the image of the scenario just sketched in 2004, In the case of the ladders (8 notifications), the refe- is now clearly very well defined with respect to the rence to non-compliance with the standard EN 131 relationship, explained many times in these pages, is present in all cases as well as a sufficient mecha- between legislation (mandatory) and standard (vonical strength to withstand the loads applied by the luntary). user. There are no more excuses, the European market There are also tables (two cases) with two risks does not give more, the only way is to use the techthat are known and widely recognized for this item, nical standards for defense and to improve them glass and stability. Even in these cases, the notifica- even more. tion refers to the relevant standards. With regard to the measures taken by the countries,
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Design of an environmentally friendly PVC-PVC coating cycle F. Bulian - M.Carrer - F.Rusalen a
F. Buliana, M. Carrerb and F. Rusalenc Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy b Taka s.r.l., Vicenza, Italy c WPR s.r.l., Treviso, Italy
Abstract The world of windows, historically dominated by wood, has undergone to significant changes during the recent years: this is due to the introduction into the market of aluminium, wood/aluminium and rigid PVC products. The success of these new materials is based on the durability that the corresponding wooden doors and windows can guarantee only with a periodic maintenance of the protective coating layer. This study, carried out with a collaboration among: University of Trieste, CATAS, Taka s.r.l. and WPR s.r.l., concerns PVC frames laminated with polymeric foils made of PVC and PMMA. The state of the art of the production process is based on two different steps: 1. Adhesion promotion through the use of solvent-based primers. 2. Bonding of the two materials by means of a HMPUR isocyanate adhesive (Hot Melt Polyurethane). The North Europe market (Germany in particular) prescribes a specific protocol for the assessment of the performance both of the adhesives and of the finished product. The manufacturers of window profiles are virtually obliged to follow such rules and certifications being required and expected by the overall market. The current market situation therefore requires special attention to these requirements which importance has reached the same level of economic aspects. Alongside these two parameters, a third factor with an increasing extent, currently affects the industrial production. This factor is the safety and the protection of the environment. This paper presents a study carried out with the goal of substituting solvent-based adhesion primers with new products or processes capable to reproduce the overall effects of the traditional treatments.
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1
AIM OF THE PAPER
This study derives from the need to modify the production process of PVC profiles due to the presence of high amounts of harmful substances in the formulation of primers used to promote the adhesion on PVC: examples of such substances are Dichloromethane which is a suspected carcinogen and mutagen agent, Methyl Ethyl Ketone (also known as MEK) which is a VOC (Volatile Organic Compound), and High Boiling Organic Compounds. VOCs are subjected to a European directive (99/13/CE) that requires the adoption of proper treatment plants to reduce VOC emissions below certain limits [1]. This constraint leads to significant additional operating costs because of the direct high investment needed for installing such plants and those derived by their continuous operation (e.g. energy consumption). Moreover their effectiveness toward environment protection (propellant consumption) and the employees’ health in working places shall be considered in the view of a global approach to process safety. In addition, such technology is potentially in contrast with the environmental certifications, which are almost mandatory to be accepted into specific markets of North Europe. Dichloromethane, like all suspected carcinogen and mutagen agents, is subjected to two European directives: 67/548/CEE and CE n. 1272/2008 which force the employment of personal protection devices not really compatible with the industrial processes. Nowadays there are no directives, which specifically regulate the use of High Boiling Organic Compounds. These substances are not declared VOCs and consequently treatment plants are not needed in principle, but in reality the 99/13/CE European Directive states that the definition of a VOC depends also on the temperature at which the substances are used. In such perspective the high boiling point substances shall be conversely considered as VOCs due to their particular condition of use (they are forced to evaporate by IR lamps or heat convectors). It is really important to get ready for this change with new effective laminating technologies
F. Bulian - M.Carrer - F.Rusalen chains. • 1700 cm-1 C=O stretching signal of esters. • 1450 cm-1 C-H bending signals. 2 METHODOLOGY This spectrum reveal the presence of vegetable oils being considered as a typical example of re2.1 Analysis of the solvent based-primer lease substances. technology The first step to carry out in order to replace an The same analysis carried out on the PVC surfaobsolete process with a new one is a deep un- ce treated with a solvent-based primer no longer derstanding of the background involved in the shows the evidence of the oil due to its “cleatraditional technology. This analysis was con- ning” effect. ducted starting from literature but also carrying out specific surface analysis to investigate the Optical microscopy and atomic force microeffects of primers. PVC surfaces were then scopy analysed by IR spectroscopy, optical micro- Primer effects were evaluated by optical microscopy and atomic force microscopy before and scopy and atomic force microscopy. Figure 2 after the treatments. shows a sample treated with a dichloromethane-based primer where three zones can be idenIR analysis tified starting from the left: IR spectroscopy is a suitable way to analyse the Figure 2 - Optical microscopy image surfaces composition. In this case the goal was to investigate the potential surface contamination due to the production process of PVC profiles, their transport or handling. PVC profiles are obtained by an extrusion process where release substances are normally used to facilitate profile sliding through extruder’s head. Such compounds can be very dangerous for lamination processes as they can represent a weak boundary layer for the adhesion process. Figure 1 shows the IR spectrum obtained by a Area 1 Area 2 Area 3 surface extraction using n-hexane. The IR signals are: • 3000 cm-1 Strongest signals due to 1. Untreated area: primer did not wet this zone the stretching of the C-H bonds in long carbon which is still dirty (grey). Figure 1 - IR spectrum obtained by surface extraction 2. Swellings: in this area there an excess of priusing n-hexane mer was presumably applied due to the felt landing. Swelling is a well-known phenomenon: a lot of polymeric materials swell in presence of solvents and PVC is one of them. 3. Treated area: in this zone the right amount of primer is present and consequently no swelling can be appreciated by optical microscopy. In any case it is clear that this area was properly cleaned (from dirt and release substances) by dichloromethane because it appear lighter than the left part. Swellings on treated zone can be also observed which can guarantee environmental protection, certifications, employees’ health and better performances.
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Design of an environmentally friendly PVC-PVC coating cycle F. Bulian - M.Carrer - F.Rusalen in Figure 4 which is obtained by atomic force microscopy. Looking at untreated PVC (Figure 3) it is evident that primers are capable to raise the PVC surface area as a result of the swelling effect. Figure 3 - Untreated PVC
Figure 4 - Dichloromethane treated PVC
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F. Bulian - M.Carrer - F.Rusalen The increase in the specific area is consequently a benefit for the following adhesion process considering the theories explaining the adhesion phenomenon. Finally, primer effects can be summarized as: 1. Surface cleaning: solvents facilitate the removal of dirt, oils and other possible release substances. 2. Swellings: solvents increase the specific area leading also to a sort of surface plasticization which improves the possible inter-diffusion of the PVC polymeric chains with those of the adhesive (HMPUR). 3. Surface energy: primers contain resins which increase the substrate energy and consequently its wettability. 3
Figure 5 - Untreated PVC
Figure 6 - Flame Ionization treated PVC
ALTERNATIVE PROCESSES
The main physical and chemical mechanisms involved in the traditional solvent-based treatments were then analysed and it was consequently possible to search new alternative processes reproducing the same effects on the PVC surface. Flame Ionization and Air Plasma treatments which are well-known processes in literature were considered as possible alternative.
this process can increase the concentration of oxygen on the surface likewise the FI. Plasma treatment is however a safer and simpler system which does not use free flames and dangerous fuel feeds but it needs only electricity and com3.1 Flame ionization treatment pressed air usually available into the companies. Flame Ionization (FI) is a well-known process: Furthermore, APT provides a better surface clethe high temperatures reached into the flame aning compared to FI. On the other hand it is promote the formation of chemical active spe- more expensive. cies as radicals. The contact of these active A pilot APT plant was built in order to evaluate chemical species with the substrate produce a its effects on PVC profiles. chemical change of the first layers of its surface with a clear increase of the presence of oxygen Plasma effects evaluation atoms (see the result of a chemical analysis in The first analysis, carried out by IR spectroscopy, Figure 5 and Figure 6) [2]. In addition the flame is was oriented to verify if APT is really capable to also able to clean the surface from oils. increase the concentration of oxygen on the surIt must be considered that the FI technique in- face. Several samples were prepared at different volves the use of free flames which needs a lot treatment speeds leaving unchanged the other of safety devices: for this reason this process parameters: results are shown in Figure 7. The was not considered a possible alternative to the main PVC chemical modifications were found in traditional primers. these typical ranges: • 3600 ÷ 3700 cm-1 - formation of hydroxyl 3.2 Air plasma treatment groups The second alternative process is the Air Plasma • 1550 ÷ 1750 cm-1 - formation of carboxyl Treatment (APT). Often used on polypropylene, groups 9
Design of an environmentally friendly PVC-PVC coating cycle F. Bulian - M.Carrer - F.Rusalen The formation of oxygen-based groups confirms that APT can really raise the surface energy of PVC being a pre-requisite for every adhesion process. It was also found a correlation between the treatment speed and the surface functionalization: samples treated at lower speeds and consequently for a longer time, were the most functionalised ones. Figure 7 - APT treated samples
Table 1 - Surface energy measurements TOTAL ENERGY [mJ/m2]
NON POLAR COMPONENT [mJ/m2]
POLAR COMPONENT [mJ/m2]
Untreated
42,9
38,8
4,1
25 m/min
66,6
46,5
20,1
20 m/min
66,1
46,3
19,8
15 m/min
67,0
46,4
20,6
SAMPLE
The APT effects were also evaluated by surface energy measurements. Such values derived by contact angle tests measurements (obtained by water and diiodomethane droplet depositions) and computed using Fowkes theory [3] [4] [5]. Table 1 shows that all treated samples have similar surface energy values independently from the speed treatment and also that the most incremented value is the polar component which passed from four to twenty. Figure 8 - Water droplet on untreated PVC
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Figure 9 - Water droplet on treated PVC
F. Bulian - M.Carrer - F.Rusalen Such great polar behaviour gained by PVC makes the surface more wettable by polar liquids like water (Figure 8 and Figure 9).
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ADHESION TESTS ON FINISHED PRODUCTS
Peeling test is a suitable method to evaluate the bonding strength of a PVC foil glued to a PVC substrate. The peeling test was used to compare the performance of a traditional production cycle with the bonding resulting from the new treatments carried out using the APT technique. Peeling test on finished products were done at following conditions: • Speed: 10 mm/min; • Slope: 90 degrees; • Temperature: 23 °C; • Foil width: 20 mm. Table 2 - Peeling Test Treatment
24 hours
48 hours
72 hours
Untreated
<1
<1
<1
APT [mJ/m2]
2,4
2,1
2,6
WPR Primer [mJ/m2]
3,6
3,3
3,5
Table 2 shows the results: APT treated samples do not reach the minimum value requested by the company acceptability criteria (3,0 mJ/m2) but there is an appreciable improvement of the joint strength comparing to the untreated samples. 5 CONCLUSIONS The study carried out allowed us to identify a possible new strategy to improve the surface energy of PCV profiles, which is necessary for the subsequent bonding of PVC foils. The use of plasma treatment seems a promising technique capable of substituting the traditional treatments based on solvent-based primers. 6 REFERENCES [1] [2] [3] [4] [5]
Bulian, F., Rusalen, F. (2010) Analisi comparative su cicli di verniciatura a basso impatto ambientale, Graduation thesis, University of Trieste Farris, S., Pozzoli, S., Biagioni, P., Duò, L., Marcinelli, S., Piergiovanni, L., (2010) The fundamentals of flame treatment for the surface activation of poly-olefin polymers – A review, Polymer, Elsevier Rusolin, C. (2003) Adhesion energy and interfacial tension, Krüss GmbH Rusolin, C. (2003) So you want to measure surface energy, Krüss GmbH Rendtel, P. (2001) Wetting and adhesion of hotmelts – Optimization using surface tension measurement at high temperature, Krüss GmbH
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Paolo FrancoTirelli Bulian
Il CATAS tra internazionalizzazione, Glass - Hardening processes innovazione e realtà quotidiana
Glass’s hardening process is usually intended as a thermal treatment which modifies its physical and mechanical properties. Some years ago a technician of “Stazione sperimentale del vetro” in Murano explained that there are two different types of hardening processes for glasses: thermal and chemical. Both processes introduce compressive stress on the glass surfaces. These forces reduce the real superficial stresses which are amplified by the superficial product’s defects. The thermal process produce this superficial compression by means of a thermal cycle while the chemical one generates the compressive stress by superficial ion exchange.
- Example of strength distribution inside a glass plate thermal treated -
Thermal hardening The thermal process consist in two phases: 1. heating: the glass plate in its final dimensions is heated over the glass transition temperature; 2. cooling: fast cooling to room temperature is performed by evenly air blown.
- Schematic example of thermal hardening -
A quick heating process over the glass transition temperature is necessary in order to prevent deformations on the product. The oven temperature is normally maintained between 670 and 700 °C. The cooling phase shall be introduced suddenly in order to reduce superficial (compressive) and internal (tensile) stresses. Standards consider as “hardened” a glass product when its superficial compressive strength is equal to 59 MPa. If the glass’s stresses are less than this value the product is not considered hardened because the superficial hardness is obtained by a too mild cooling process. 12
Gli appartamenti - palestra
SaraPaolo Zanchiello Tirelli
At the beginning of cooling phase the temperature shall be higher than the glass transition temperature; this is the basic requirement for the success of the hardening process. In fact, in this way, the thermal treatment will not generate tensile stress on the external surfaces of the glass during the initial cooling stage because the internal layer will be sufficiently viscous.
- Example of the stress distribution in a glass plate hardened by thermal treatment (S = thickness of the glass plate)
The stress distribution has a parabolic shape and the high value of the tensile stress in the glass plate core is responsible for fractures propagation. The tensile stress on the core of the slab is greater if smaller are the dimensions of fragmented pieces when the glass breaks.
- Examples of breakages for a glass plate hardened by thermal treatment -
A lot of glass’s properties have an influence on the hardening process in particular: • • • • •
efraction index R Specific heat at high temperature Specific heat at low temperature Viscosity Thermal expansion coefficient 13
Il CATAS tra internazionalizzazione, Glass - Hardening processes innovazione e realtà quotidiana
Paolo Tirelli • • • • •
ensity D Thermal conductivity Young modulus Poisson’s ratio Glass transition temperature
but the most important are the viscosity and the thermal expansion coefficient. Also the glass colour and its thickness shall be mentioned because the colour has an influence connected to heat transfer by radiation and the thickness has a significant influence on the heating time. Chemical hardening Ion exchange on the glass’s surfaces is the base of the chemical hardening. Potassium’s ions (K+) replace Sodium’s ions (Na+) on the glass surfaces and their greater dimensions (than sodium’s ions) produce a compressive stress on the glass’s surfaces. In practice a glass’s product is soaked in a salt bath (e.g. Potassium nitrate KNO3) placed inside an oven.
- Schematic example of ion exchange in chemical hardening -
In order to perform the ion exchange process in a reasonable time the oven temperature shall be sufficiently high. But at the same time the temperature shall be less than the transformation temperature to prevent the relaxation of the internal stresses. The stress distribution has a rectangular shape and the low value of tensile stress in the glass plate core does not permit the fractures propagation. For this reason the breakages observed for a glass hardened by chemical treatment are quite similar to breakages showed by annealed glass.
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Paolo Tirelli
- Example of the stress distribution in a glass plate hardened by chemical treatment (S = thickness of the glass plate)
- Example of breakage for a glass not hardened by thermal treatment -
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Paolo FrancoTirelli Bulian
Il CATAS tra internazionalizzazione, Glass - Hardening processes innovazione e realtà quotidiana
Comparison between thermal and chemical hardening
Compressive stress (MPa) Thicknesses Breakages Treatment duration Costs
Thermal hardening
Chemical hardening
80 ÷ 120
200 ÷ 400
Easy on large thicknesses Difficult on large thicknesses
For each thickness
Small fragments
Large fragments
Minutes
Tens of hours
Compatible with “traditional” uses
Elevated. It is intended to usages with high added value
Chemical hardening is preferred to thermal hardening in the following cases: - thickness’s glass < 2,5-3 mm. Below these values, thermal hardening is very difficult (almost impossible); - curved glass; - need to achieve values of strength higher than thermal treated glasses (e.g. for particular applications in industrial or architectonic sectors); - need to achieve values of impact strength higher than thermal treated glasses; - need to get over the mechanical strength, high optical requirements or total absence of surface deformation on the glass (e.g. for industrial or automotive applications) Sources • • • •
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CATAS course 28/04/2005 http://www.enciclopediadellautomobile.com/it/i-773-976/vetro/proprieta-meccaniche/ http://spazioinwind.libero.it/giovann_baldi/Capitolo%2011/Capitolo%2011.htm http://www.google.it/search?client=safari&rls=en&q=tempra+chimica+vetro+scambio+ionico&ie=UT F-8&oe=UTF-8&gfe_rd=cr&ei=K1fNUvmyI8zW8geSiYCoBA
Hot surfaces - Which are the temperature Gli appartamenti - palestra limit values? SaraPaolo Zanchiello Tirelli “Which are the temperature limit values for hot surfaces?”, this is summarily our customer’s question. In order to answer this question, after a long research at the standardization level we have discovered the existence of the following international standard “UNI EN ISO 13732-1:2009 Ergonomics of the thermal environment - Methods for the assessment of human responses to contact with surfaces - Part 1: Hot surfaces”. This standard provides the relationship between the burn threshold and the contact period when a hot surface of different materials is touched by human skin. The standard UNI EN ISO 13732-1:2009 is the revision of the 2007 version, which replaced the European standard “UNI EN 563:2003 Safety of machinery - Temperatures of touchable surfaces - Ergonomics data to establish temperature limit values for hot surfaces”. This document provided the ergonomic data for the assessment of the burn’s risks. The aim of this article is not to explain in detail the standard, but to report the following: • some comparison curves of the limit values for various types of materials; • some limits that could be of practical interest. For any other consideration and/or clarification, please refer to the complete reading of the standard. As specified in Annex A of this standard, the threshold burn values mentioned above are based on scientific research carried out by various groups of scientists. From the comparison of the curves it is evident that, for short time duration contacts (from few seconds to one minute), wood is the material that shows the better performances and allowing to be used at higher temperatures than other materials.
Ts = Surface temperature D = Contact period 1 = Plastics 2 = Ceramics 3 = Metals 4 = Burn threshold
Illustration of general relationship between burn threshold and contact period when hot surface is touched by skin 17
Hot surfaces Il CATAS - Which tra internazionalizzazione, are the temperature innovazione e realtà limit quotidiana values? Paolo FrancoTirelli Bulian
Ts = Surface temperature (°C) D = Contact period (s) 1 = No burn 2 = Burn threshold 3 = Burn
Burn threshold spread when skin in contact with hot and smooth surface made of bare (uncoated) metal
Ts = Surface temperature (°C) D = Contact period (s) 1 = No burn 2 = Burn threshold 3 = Burn
Burn threshold spread when skin in contact with hot and smooth surface made of ceramics, glass and stone materials
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Gli appartamenti - palestra
Tirelli SaraPaolo Zanchiello
Ts = Surface temperature (째C) D = Contact period (s) 1 = No burn 2 = Burn threshold 3 = Burn
Burn threshold spread when skin in contact with hot and smooth surface made of plastic materials
Ts = Surface temperature (째C) D = Contact period (s) 1 = No burn 2 = Burn threshold 3 = Burn
Burn threshold spread when skin in contact with hot and smooth surface made of wood
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Hot surfaces - Which are the temperature limit values? Paolo Tirelli Burn thresholds Ts for contact periods of Material
1 min 째C
10 min 째C
8 hours and longer 째C
Uncoated metal
51
48
43
Coated metal
51
48
43
Ceramics, glass and stone materials
56
48
43
Plastic materials
60
48
43
Wood
60
48
43
Note: for the complete and correct interpretation of the table, please refer to the notes and warnings in the standard UNI EN ISO 13732-1:2009.
- Burn thresholds for contact periods of 1 min and longer -
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Crib 7 test The Fire Department has recently equipped to carry out the British fire reaction test of upholstered furniture called “crib 7” that uses ignition source n. 7. This method, described in the standards BS 5852:2006 (upholstered seating) and BS 6807:2006 (mattresses, upholstered divans and upholstered bed bases) is reported in the CATAS Price list 2014, code 20.030. Who produces or sells upholstered furniture for the contract market in the United Kingdom may be requested about this test. The crib, whose literal meaning is stack and the name makes the idea completely, as seen from photo n° 1, is a particular assembly of sticks of softwood “pinus silvestris “ glued together, the base of which is inserted a surgical lint that is soaked with alcohol just before its ignition. The crib can be made from 4 types of assembly which are identified by the numbers 4 - 5 - 6 and 7. Among these, the crib 7 is the largest and its dimensions are 80 x 80 x 112,5 mm (height) with a weight of 126 g.
Luigino Cavassi /(AREA Leonardo Pertoldi Sara Zanchiello SCIENCE PARK) ting by testing composites”) and BS 7177 (“Specification for resistance to ignition of mattress pads, divans and bed bases”) that suggest the requirements according to the hazard category. The contract sector in the regulatory landscape of Great Britain has changed in recent years. It has been defined the figure of the “Responsible Person” that is an expert in the field who has the task to elaborate the fire risk assessment and, based on this, to determine the requirements for fire prevention including those of upholstered furniture fire reaction. To do this, the “Responsible Person” makes use of guides published by the Home Office and the state of the art consisting of British Standards. Among these, the main reference standards are, in fact, BS 7176 and BS 7177 which identify four hazard categories; for each category, the standards establish the requirements and provide examples of fire prevention premises. A pass crib 7 test is required for premises with “high hazard” and “very high hazard” such as, for example, prison cells, old peoples’ homes, locked psychiatric accomodations, hostels and certain hospital wards.
But when is it required to pass the crib 7 test Test carried out in compliance with BS 7176 and for what materials? according to the test method described in BS 5852:2006 Let’s start by saying that such evidence is required in the UK market, only in the contract sector The test samples are made from the composite/s (non-domestic) and it’s quoted by the standards actually present in the upholstered furniture limiBS 7176 (“Specification for resistance to ignition ted to the first layer of 7,5 cm thickness that is of upholstered furniture for non-domestic sea- cover, filling material and any interliner. The burden of the test, therefore, rests with the manufacturer of upholstered furniture that knows the assembly of materials. The test is carried out using a metallic test rig on which the test samples are assembled and above which the crib is positioned. Once ignited (see photo 2), it is observed the behaviour of the sample by evaluating the time of flaming, which shall not exceed 13 minutes, and the progressive smouldering (no more than 60 minutes) as well as the manner in which it burns.
Photo 1
Test carried out in compliance with BS 7177 according to the test method described in BS 21
Crib 7 test
Luigino Cavassi / Leonardo Pertoldi 6807:2006 and BS 5852:2006 The test specimens shall be representative of the components and make-up of the finished product to classify. For example, in the case of a mattress, the type of proposed edge finishing system shall be incorporated and the proposed mattress finish shall be represented in the specimen, e.g. tufted or quilted. The thickness is that of the finished product.
the manufacturer of the finished product that knows the assembly of materials and can do all the finishing processes.
Recommendation The use of modified combustion polyurethane foams (type CM or CMHR) and other filling materials is required by law for the domestic furniture only but also the mentioned British standards have introduced these requirements in the contract sector. Once ignited, it is observed the behaviour of the Representing these technical standards the sample by evaluating the time of flaming, which state of the art, it is recommended to place on shall not exceed 13 minutes, and the progres- the UK market only safe products and that presive smouldering (no more than 60 minutes) as scribed by BS standards is a reference from the market which cannot be ignored. well as the manner in which it burns. Also in this case the burden of the test rests with
Photo 2 22
Fire retardant coatings applied on wood-based materials Published the new edition of the standard
Franco Prete
After a short iter of review (just over 6 months), the new edition of the UNI 9796 concerning fireretardant coatings was published in January by UNI, unfortunately with some mistakes. The 2014 edition replaces that of 1998 that has found scarce application on the market since it has never been implemented by the Italian Home Office for certification activities for the purpose of homologation (reference to the D.M. 06.03.1992, the 1990 edition continues to remain in force). This topic was already discussed in issue 2 (June 2013) of CATAS News to which we refer the reader for further details. The changes introduced by the new edition of the standard are basically two: 1) the preliminary accelerated aging has been excluded; 2) the test method depend on the end use of coating. Regarding the first point, that does not change anything because the 1990 edition did not include the assessment of this aspect then it is believed that it will remain the 5 years expiry to establish the maximum period of the coating’s effectiveness (note that the introduction of accelerated aging had the objective of removing this time limit). Instead, in reference to the second point, the Standardization Body noted that the floor coatings have different performance characteristics from those to be applied to wall and ceiling wood linings therefore also the physical/chemical properties change. In the 2014 edition test method takes into account the actual end use: • coatings for floors are tested with the radiant heat panel (UNI 9174) set up in the “floor” position; • coatings for walls and ceilings linings are tested with the radiant heat panel set up in the “wall” position, the most severe of the three. Now we must hope that the Italian Home Office transposes, by decree published in the Official Gazette, the new UNI 9796 and maybe takes the opportunity to transpose also the UNI standards (test methods, materials preparation and classification of fire reaction) revised in July 2010, superseding the edition of 1987.
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Lorena Riul
LEGIONELLA: News from conferences dena and was focused on the technical aspects and experiences in this field; the second event, organized by the Consortium â&#x20AC;&#x153;Lignano Holidayâ&#x20AC;?, was held in Lignano Sabbiadoro and was focused on issues related to Legionella presence into receptive structures. The common element of the two meetings was the new approach to the risk management, from the withdrawal of water resources throughout the entire process of treatment and distribution up to the end-users. The risk management is believed to be oriented towards the model of the Water Safety Plan (WSP), proposed in the most recent World Health Organization guidelines.
Italy is also going to publish an update of the national guidelines for the prevention and control of legionellosis (the previous edition dated back to 2000), a useful tool to address the problem, In the last months of 2013 two training courses even if the experience of recent years shows on Legionella and Legionnairesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; disease risk that there are no definitive and standardized sowere held in Italy. lutions as each facility has different needs. The first meeting, organized by Prof. Paola Borrella coordinator of the National Multicenter Stu- Taking this into account the approach to assesdy Group on legionellosis in Italy, was held in Mo- sing the risk of Legionella, the proposed WSP is
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Lorena Riul expressed in the following points: 1. in-depth knowledge of the water system structure in hotels, campings, sports centers, hospitals and nursing homes; 2. to assess the possible sources of risk even considering the people exposed both in relation to virulence, to the number of germs and the number and state of health of the users; 3. to involve the most competent persons such as plant engineer, maintenance technicians and microbiologists; 4. to appoint a manager; 5. to define a system of actions to address and mitigate the risk by assessing also the aspect of “costs/benefits” (eg, type and frequency of supervisions, maintenance and control steps), and organize, when necessary, a training program for the staff; 6. manage and update of accurate records. In order to make a proper risk analysis it is essential that an accurate survey highlights the conditions of the water plant for the distribution of water heaters, kettles and tanks, the presence of dead branches in the water pipes, the water quality and the type and frequency of use. Because of the risk and its importance, it must be managed resizeing the critical points when not eliminated. In particular, in the case of a public facilities, it is mandatory a risk analysis every two years, unless any works having an impact on the water plant have been made. The use of PPE (Personal Protective Equipment) is in any case mandatory, in spite of the interventions, if there is a residual risk.
the boiler. Until now it was believed that with increasing the distance from the boiler the colonization of the germ was greater, due to an inevitable temperature decrease of the hot water; - the presence of Legionella is favored by the concentration of manganese, less important seems to be the presence of iron and the water hardness; - legionella resists to temperatures above 50 °C, so that temperature is not sufficient to prevent the colonization of the germ. Proper temperatures are considered those in the range of 60 °C. - the use of disinfectants containing chlorine or peroxides, if on one side is a valuable aid in keeping under control the growth of the bacteExperimental tests and in field experiences hi- rium, however, may lead to selection of resistant ghlight some new and interesting aspects to ad- colonies. Experimental tests have shown that monochloramine and hydrogen dioxide select dress the problem: - detection of Legionella from discontinuous Legionella pneumophila serotype 1, while the emission sources: samples of drinking water ta- hydrogen peroxide - Legionella pneumophila ken from the same tap at different times provide does not. significantly different microbial counts. The most likely cause is that the biofilms in the pipes are We can conclude that there is not only one sooccasionally released into the hot water circuit; lution to the problem of Legionella cleaning and the Legionella cells are alive but non-culturable; disinfection, but it is necessary to implement - it seems there is a correlation between the cell an integrate a specific procedure because each counts of Legionella in a water source (faucet, structure has its own peculiarities. shower, etc.) and the distance of the same from 25
News from the Double Degree Master in staff CATAS “Production Engineering and Management” This article contains a brief update of the master course “Production Engineering and Management” which also involves CATAS, two years after its start. We would like to remind that since 2011 the students of the University of Trieste (Italy) and Lemgo (Germany) have the opportunity to access a new international MSc program derived from an agreement reached between the University of Trieste (Italy) and the University of Applied Sciences Hochschule Ostwestfalen-Lippe (Germany). The aim of the course is the specialization of the students in engineering and manufacturing management with particular reference to the wood and furniture sector. The course is called Double Degree because it allows obtaining two titles, the German Master of Science and the Italian Master Degree. An extremely important training step concerns that students shall attend courses in both universities. It is therefore expected that German students spend a semester in Italy and the Italians do the same at the German university with a significant enriching experience also from the language side, since all the courses are held in English. The access to the course is limited to a maximum of 20 students for each of the two universities. The first degree in “Production Engineering and Management” On September 26th, at the hall of the Proceedings of the University of Trieste, the first Italian student of the degree course in “Production Engineering and Management”, Alberto Zavagno, graduated with honours. Dr. Alberto Zavagno completed his internship and the following thesis at the Luxottica Srl in Agordo, with the title: “Industrial logistics Cost Assessment and Warehouse Management by Means of KPI”. Given the results obtained, the company has decided to continue the relationship with the student even after his graduation. In the coming months, other students will complete the internship training at prestigious companies in the Triveneto area: Arriola, Jesse and Oesse SA.BI Group, just to remember some of them. The students from this course are appreciated not only for their skills on technologies, processes, management and organization, but also for the knowledge of the English language, which is essential to undertake on-going relationship with the globalized market throughout the supply chain that characterizes the productive activity. Conference on Production Engineering and Management An International Conference with the same name of the degree course, of which it is an emanation, was held in Trieste the 26th and 27th September 2013. The Conference is at its third edition, having been already organized in Italy (Pordenone - 2011) and Germany (Lemgo - 2012). The main goal of the conference is to represent the existing synergies between the two Universities in Lippe and Trieste in the implementation of the International Programme of the Double Degree Master of Science in “Production Engineering and Management”. The event gives also students the opportunity to learn about the research carried out in the technical and management areas in the European indu26
staff CATAS
strial context. The Dean of the University of Applied Sciences, prof. R. Grell, and the Director of the Department of Engineering and Architecture, prof. I. Marson, have initially underlined the great educational collaboration reached within the DDMSc, pointing out that the course has earned the prestigious accreditation of the German certification AQAS (Agency for Quality Assurance by Accreditation of Study Programs). Over the two days 23 research papers were presented by academics, researchers, PhD students, graduates and managers of Italians and Germans
companies, who broadly presented the status of the research in the fields of: technology management practices, quality, sustainability, supply chain management, product innovation and process innovation. At the conclusion of the second day, the fourth conference was announced for September 2014 in the city of Lemgo (D). In this CATAS News we report one of the two papers prepared by CATAS and presented at the conference (DESIGN OF AN ENVIRONMENTALLY - FRIENDLY PVC PVC COATING CYCLE).
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Wood and atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) staff CATAS The Technical Committee CEN/TC 175 has prepared a draft standard prEN 16449 “Wood and wood-based products – Calculation of the biogenic carbon content of wood and conversion to carbon dioxide.” The scope of this document is to assess the amount of CO2 sequestered/absorbed with the photosynthesis processes by a defined element of wood or a wood-based product. By means of the photosynthesis process, growing trees absorb (sequester) atmospheric carbon dioxide which is then, together with the release of oxygen back to the atmosphere, incorporated within the cambium into the tree cells both as wood and as bark. The absorbed carbon dioxide is effectively fixed in the wood as biogenic carbon. When using wood, that biogenic carbon is transferred to the product system. Wood products therefore constitute a sink (reservoir) of biogenic carbon for the duration of their service lifetime. At end-of-life, that carbon leaves the product system; in the case of use for energy generation the biogenic carbon is oxidised to carbon dioxide and released back into the atmosphere. This draft standard provides a calculation method to quantify the amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide based on that biogenic carbon content. These values can also be considered the basis for the development of environmental product delarations.
Wood, depending on the tree species, is comprised of, in varying amounts, cellulose (40% to 55%), hemi-cellulose (12% to 15%), lignin (15% to 30%) and extractives (2% to 15%). From that evidence it is determined that wood is composed by the 50% of carbon, by weight. For the purpose of this draft standard, the value of the carbon fraction of woody biomass is taken as 0,5. The other main elemental constituents are oxygen (44%) and hydrogen (6%). Some species also contain small amounts of mineral deposits which are of no significance in this instance.
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staff CATAS
Calculating carbon dioxide based on biogenic carbon content: The calculation is based on the atomic weights of carbon (12) and carbon dioxide (44). Based on the product biogenic carbon content and the volume of wood, density and moisture content the following equation shall be used:
PCO2 =
44 ! !V ! cf ! w w w 12 1+ 100
[kg]
Where: PCO2 = biogenic carbon oxidized as carbon dioxide emission from the product system into the atmosphere (e.g. energy use at the end-of-life) (kg) cf = carbon fraction of woody biomass (oven dry mass), 0,5 as the default value w = moisture content of the product (e.g. 12%) rw = density of woody biomass of the product at that moisture content (kg/m3) Vw = Volume of the solid wood product at that moisture content (m3) For wood-based products, wood volume content Vw =VP x percentage of wood VP = gross volume of the wood-based product
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Wood and atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) staff CATAS Examples: Consider European Spruce incorporated into a building as glulam or cross-laminated timber with the following parameters: Vw = 25 m3 w= 12% rw = 460 kg/m3 using the equation (1):
the atmospheric carbon dioxide based on biogenic carbon content of the total volume by way of allowance for the glue content, amounts to 17.883 kg. For any project, estimation of the total amount of carbon dioxide is determined by quantifying the volume of wood of each species used in each wood and wood-based product in each application and applying the above calculation in each case. (i.e. P1CO2 + P2CO2 etc) Other examples applying the equation (1) to other products: Beech chair: PCO2 = 23,2 kg Vw = 0,02 m3 cf = 0,5 w = 12% rw = 710 kg/m3 Drawer IKEA (Tarva with six drawers): PCO2 = 48,8 kg Vw = 0,063 m3 cf = 0,5 w = 12% rw = 470 kg/m3
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staff CATAS
par délégation authorized by
Round and sawn timber
CEN/TC 175
Date:
Doc. Number:
Assistant: Anne LE GUEN Direct line : 01 40 19 48 96 anne.leguen@fcba.fr
Your contact: Frédéric HENRY Direct line : frederic.henry@fcba.fr
2013-05-14
N 1262
prEN 16449 - Proposal for Formal Vote
COMMENTARIES / DECISIONS FOLLOW UP SOURCE
A decision will be taken on this standard during the next plenary (11/12 June 2013)
CEN/TC 175/WG 1
10, avenue de Saint-Mandé 75012 Paris Tél +33 (0)1 40 19 48 96 Fax +33 (0)1 40 19 80 57 email : bnba@fcba.fr www.fcba.fr
Institut technologique FCBA : Forêt, Cellulose, Bois - construction, Ameublement
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Paolo Tirelli
Innovation Forum of Wood & Furniture First Edition
The first edition of the Innovation Forum, organized the last November 21st at Kilometro Rosso in Bergamo by FederlegnoArredo and supported by the Bocconi University and the Polytechnic of Milan, was really a successfully event. Over than 320 people (212 member companies) were present at the scientific centre of Bergamo to listen about the 15 innovative projects selected from over a hundred proposals by a committee composed of scientific research institutions, universities and industry specialists. The event was moderated by the journalists Tessa Gelisio (Mediaset) and Paul Magliocco (videoscienza.it). “It’s an important day for the wood and furniture sector - explains Roberto Snaidero, President of FederlegnoArredo - and the great participation has shown that our world is getting ready to propose solutions that anticipate the future”. There were also great expectations for the introductory remarks of Carlo Ratti, director of the SENSEable City Lab at MIT of Boston, which placed emphasis on the concept of “SENSEable living” with examples of practical applications related to the world of furniture and future lifestyles. “It is important to highlight that the products presented at the forum organized by FederlegnoArredo are borne to those production systems that The Economist has called the “third industrial revolution”. I’m talking about all the new digital technologies that are changing the way we produce, such as laser cutters and three-dimensional printers, that even in the field of wood and furniture allow companies to combine the tradition of Italian craftsmanship throughout with new prospects for experimentation that widen the creativity spectrum. I expect that in the coming years this will be a new strong opportunity for the sector”. Innovations, divided into five main areas (Materials and products; Machining and processes; Interconnectivity and software; Sustainability and energy efficiency; Strategies business and marketing models) have raised a great interest among the audience who had the opportunity to learn in detail innovative solutions already in production. For further information refer to the website: http://www.federlegnoarredo.it/it/federazione/eventi/forum-dell-innovazione-del-legno-arredo Article source: FederlegnoArredo http://www.federlegnoarredo.it/
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TAVOLA ROTONDA Gli adesivi per legno non incollano?
staff CATAS
A seminar on the defects related to wood adhesives is organized by Federchimica and CATAS. The official language of the seminar is Italian and the following is the programme.
TAVOLA ROTONDA Gli adesivi per legno non incollano? Martedì 27 maggio 2014 Confindustria Verona Piazza Cittadella, 12 37122 VERONA PROGRAMMA PRELIMINARE DEI LAVORI Ore 8.30
Registrazione dei partecipanti
Ore 9.00
Saluto e apertura dei lavori – Fabio Chiozza, Coordinatore del settore Adesivi per legno e arredamento Moderatore: Fabio Chiozza - VINAVIL
Ore 9.20
I difetti di incollaggio: dal “perché si incolla” al “perché si scolla” Franco Bulian - CATAS
Ore 9.50
Difetti nella filiera dell’incollaggio dei bordi: cause e soluzioni Maurizio Carrer – TAKA, Andrea Fantinati - UNICOL Intervengono: Giorgio Nardin - FRIULEVIGATURA Patrizio Marozzi - GIPLAST Pierluigi Tacchi - BIESSE Franco Bulian – CATAS previsto Coffee break ore 10.40 – 11.00
Ore 13.00
Buffet Lunch
Ore 14.30
Difetti nella filiera del rivestimento profili e pannelli: cause e soluzioni Franco Moroni – H.B. Fuller, Massimo Venier – Durante & Vivan Intervengono: Angelo Arcidiacono - SIRCA Franco Bulian – CATAS previsto Coffee break ore 16.00 – 16.20
Ore 17.30
Dibattito
Ore 18.00 Conclusioni e chiusura lavori Per ulteriori informazioni: Segreteria AVISA – tel. 02 34565.256/341 Fax 02 34565.350 – e-mail: avisa@federchimica.it
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Beauty, Protection, Sustainability 2 Day Congress
staff CATAS
“Beauty, Protection, Sustainability”
2 Day Congress Mercure Hotel Amsterdam Aan de Amstel, The Netherlands 14-15 October 2014 Congress Steering Committee CATAS, Italy - Dr Franco Bulian Coating Consultancy, Denmark - Mr Peter Svane FCBA, France - Dr Laurence Podgorski FCBA, France - Mrs Marie-Lise Roux FIRA, UK - Mrs Susan Calver WKI, Germany - Dr Stefan Friebel Holzforschung Austria, Austria - Dr Gerhard Grüll PRA, UK - Mr Jon Graystone PRA, UK - Mr David Skyes
PRA will hold the 9th International Woodcoatings Congress in Amsterdam on October 14 - 15, 2014. The congress will return to the Mercure aan de Amstel hotel, which has proved popular with delegates in the past. This very successful series of conferences has become the premier event for the global wood coating industry, for the dissemination new technology, collaboration and networking. The event attracts professionals and experts from raw material suppliers and coatings formulators as well as from equipment manufacturers, research institutes and academia. The Congress also provides the ideal forum to publicise results from government funded collaborative research projects and for European standards committees involved in wood protection to report their activities. The scope of the congress includes coatings and treatments for interior and exterior wood applications. Important Deadlines 25 April 2014: Submission of abstract and speaker details 30 May 2014: Notification of acceptance 29 August 2014: Submission of the complete paper (for inclusion in the conference proceedings) 04 October 2014: Submission of presentation material CONTACTS http://www.pra-world.com/nandl/conferences/woodcoatings9
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CATAS QUALITY AWARD News
staff CATAS
Established the CQA Commettee for Impartiality and Indipendence In order to comply with the requirements of UNI EN ISO/IEC 17065:2012, CATAS has set up a Committee for the Independence and Impartiality of CQA Product certification body. This Committee is composed of representatives of interested parties to the certification scheme for wood-based panels with low formaldehyde emission according to the CARB regulation, namely: manufacturers of wooden boards for furniture and adhesives, furniture manufacturers and consumers, regulatory bodies; research organizations and universities. The Committee was established and a first meeting took place on the 29th of January; from now on it will continue its work and meet periodically to monitor the impartiality and independence of CATAS. To do so the Commettee will have access to all procedures and records relating to the product certification body, to check the fair and impartial conduct of our activities. A further guarantee of the quality of our product certification.
Trend of CQA certifications New products certified (September-December 2013): Type of certification: CATAS WKI PREMIUM PLUS Product name: Impregnating stain GW 306 + transparent top coat LW 700 Company: REMMERS Baustofftechnik GMBH Date of award: 01.11.2013 Certificate Number: 02/13 Type of certification: CQA Office chairs Product name: DAMA Company: MOVING Srl Date of award: 01.12.2013 Certificate Number: 10/13
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GET INSPIRED BY MATERIALS
Staff Material ConneXion Italia
GET INSPIRED BY MATERIALS is the section dedicated to innovative materials and devoted to all the companies and professionals looking for new material solutions and inspiration for their projects. This section, as well as the Material Point FVG, an information point where materials are exposed to be seen and touched by the visitor, is the new service born from the cooperation between CATAS and Material ConneXion Italia, the most important national research and consultancy centre on materials.
MC Index Number: 6848-01 Nonwoven composite fabric Thin flexible nonwoven composite fabric that adds strength to lightweight construction panels. Reducing the weight of table tops and other vertical and horizontal panels in interiors through the use of honeycomb, foamed or corrugated cores often results in lower screw pull out strengths and thus limited applications. This fabric is secured between two layers of lightweight honeycomb or foam panel and increases the screw pull-out strength by up to 130 lbs. It is secured by adhesion that does not adversely affect the overall strength of the panel. The fabric is available by the roll, in widths up to 5 ft (1.52 m). Screws and other fastening hardware can be driven into the sandwich composite product in the same way as standard panels, with no limitation on location of the hardware. This technology can be employed as a junction or joining layer in architecture, furniture, or industrial applications.
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Gli appartamenti - palestra
Staff Material ConneXion Italia Sara Zanchiello
MC Index Number: 6882-01 Veneer manufactured with salvaged material Decorative veneer and panels composed of recycled banana waste stems, an agricultural by-product. The banana plant produces suckers (also called ‘’followers’’) that can be removed from the base tree that produces one banana bunch during their lifecycle. The veneer is created by drying the leaves and bonding them together. The resulting veneer is flexible with a textured, matte surface that has variations in its colour due to the organic nature of the product. It can be cut-and cross-ply laminated, giving it dimensional stability and strength. The panels are sold in 2000 x 500 mm (78.7 x 19.7 in) sheets with a nominal thickness of 0.4 mm (0.016 in) with custom sizes on request. The surface may be finished with a wax polish or a PU top coat if greater wear and scratch resistance is required. The product can be cold pressed into formed shapes. Applications are for furniture, flooring, accessories, boatbuilding, automotive outfittings and panelling.
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GET INSPIRED BY MATERIALS
Staff Material ConneXion Italia MC Index Number: 6953-01 Clear dry-erase coating
Clear dry-erase coating for interior and exterior surfaces. This long lasting, clear and non-yellowing coating dries to the touch in 2 hours, and is ready to use with dry-erase markers or removable decals in 8 hours. The two part formulation (isocyanate and proprietary resin) can be applied with a smooth roller on top of drywall, plaster, tile, metal, or any smooth painted surface and dries smooth with a uniform sheen. On smooth surfaces, one gallon (3,79 litres) covers approx. 400 sq ft (37,16 m2). This material is available in three different kits: 50 and 100 sq ft (4.6 and 9.3 sq m) coverage options, featuring painting tools, and 200 sq ft (18.6 sq m), for commercial applications. This product meets the IAQ emission requirements of CA section 01350 and contains less than 0.18 oz/ quart (5 g/L) of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Current applications include dry-erase surfaces of office, educational or residential spaces as an alternative to whiteboards
For further information you can contact: a Material ConneXion Italia: infoitalia@materialconnexion.com 38
Franco Bulian
Il CATAS tra internazionalizzazione, innovazione e realtà quotidiana
Title GLUING WOOD Author Alberto Bandel Editor CATAS SpA
Purchase CATAS (lab@catas.com) CATAS Subscriber € 35,00 + IVA Non CATAS Subscriber € 45,00 + IVA
Gluing Wood was written by dr. Alberto Bandel, one of the greatest European experts in the field of wood adhesives thecnology. Since the first edition (1994), the book has represented a good theoretical basis but, moreover, a significant working tool for all the manufacturers. The book is written in a simple style, with many practical examples, pictures and tables. The collaboration with CATAS (and in particular with ing. Speranza, dr. Giavon and dr. Bulian), especially for the normative parts, has completed the book also with some useful references to test methods and standards. The book is divided into three chapters: Adhesives in the wood Industry- Materials in the Wood Industry and Gluing Technologies) which contain different pharagraphs about subjects related both to the raw materials and the working processes.
Title THREE DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURE OF WOOD. A scanning Electron Microscope Study Authors B.A. Meylan and B.G. Butterfield Purchase CATAS (lab@catas.com) (Italian translation by Angelo Speranza) CATAS Subscriber € 25,00 + IVA Editor CATAS SpA Non CATAS Subscriber € 45,00 + IVA This book is a collection of scanning electron microscope photographs selected to illustrate various features of the structure of wood. Althought is intended to supplement general plant anatomy texts for Botany and Foresty students at the upergraduate level, it should also be useful work for anyone interested in wood science. The lists of further reading included in each section contain only general texts and revelant paper on each topic.
Title WOOD COATINGS. THEORY AND PRACTICE Authors Franco Bulian and Jon Graystone Language English Editor Elsevier
Purchase Specialised bookstores Internet web sites: www.elsevier.com, www.amazon.com
Wood Coatings, written by Franco Bulian (CATAS) and Jon Graystone (Paint Research Association) addresses the factors responsible for the performance of wood coatings in both domestic and industrial situations. The term ‘wood coatings’ covers a broad range of products including stains, varnishes, paints and supporting ancillary products that may be used indoors or outdoors. Techniques for coating wood go back many centuries but in recent decades there has been a move towards more environmentally-friendly materials, for example, the use of water-borne rather than solvent-borne chemicals. A major objective of Wood Coatings is to explain the underlying factors that influence selection, application and general operational issues. Basic information on the chemistry and technology of coatings is included for the benefit of students and laboratory technicians. Additionally, the book includes individual chapters of interest to architects, specifiers, and industrial users.
Title MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGIES OF THE FURNITURE INDUSTRY Author Franco Bulian Purchase Specialised bookstores Language English Internet web site www.edizionigoliardiche.it Editor Editrice Goliardica Cover price € 22,00 This book, written by the vice-director of CATAS, dr. Franco Bulian, presents an overview on the key materials and technologies used for the furniture production. It is therefore a basic text describing the features and processes associated with: wood, wood based panels, covering materials, edges, adhesives and coatings. Each material is initially presented considering its composition, properties and classification. Then, in succession, the main industrial processes and specific utilizations within the furniture sector are analysed. Finally, also the problems or defects that may arise by the improper use or wrong processing are shortly presented. One of the fundamental pillars for the future development of the furniture industry is surely that of “knowledge”. This book is therefore intended to represent one of the possible reference points for all those who already work in this field both in technical and commercial areas. Nevertheless the book is mainly addressed to those approaching for the first time this complex but also fascinating industrial world, being specifically designed as a basic text for the students of Universities and Secondary Schools. factors that influence selection, application and general operational issues. Basic information on the chemistry and technology of coatings is included for the benefit of students and laboratory technicians. Additionally, the book includes individual chapters of interest to architects, specifiers, and industrial users.
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Gli appartamenti - palestra
www.catas.com
Sara Zanchiello