MArchD - Oxford Brookes University - Second year Design Portfolio - The Source 2050 (sem 1-research)

FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE NEWS FAKE

The Source friday, January 31, 2014 | Year xxxviii | Number 13.291 | madrid edition | Price: $ 2.50

Fake news for the population of Tokyo 2050? Good or bad?

Architecture for the post truth era

P Ana Diaconu, Oxford

participants BIAS user-apps tive negative post truth social

olitics

journalism botnets Government investimedia politicians disasters

media

sentiment gation empower embassy covering

analysis WIREFRAME posi-

hub

physical

Freedom Of Press #&@**#!

tive negative post truth social

mapping digital API location

Trump Brexit Elections Fu-

media politicians disasters

users devices Politics jour-

ture 2050 Tokyo Japan Twit-

covering

nalism

sentiment

ter Line Social Media Future

politicians figures and charts

hub

analysis WIREFRAME posi-

of Politics Global politics

networking wifi INSSIDER

mapping digital API location

Lies

oppression

Freedom Of Press #&@**#!

connection

media Lies oppression

Politics journalism media sentiment analysis data 5.0 WIREFRAME App positive negative post truth social

Trump Brexit Elections Fu-

ture 2050 Tokyo Japan Twit-

Fake trade for fake news media exchange

ter Line Social Media Future

Politics journalism media sen-

cial media politicians disasters

of Politics Global politics

timent analysis WIREFRAME

politicians figures and charts

positive negative post truth so-

data driven propaganda ma-

nipulation protest manifes-

tao fake trade stock market

participants BIAS user-apps

botnets Government investi-

gation

empower

embassy

connection

physical

users devices Politics jour-

Brexit Elections Future 2050

nalism

analysis WIREFRAME posi-

media

networking wifi INSSIDER

covering

data driven propaganda ma-

Freedom Of Press #&@**#!

nipulation protest manifes-

Trump Brexit Elections Fu-

tao fake trade stock market

ture 2050 Tokyo Japan Twit-

Lies

sentiment

covering Lies oppression Free-

Tokyo Japan Twitter Line So-

tive negative post truth social

dom Of Press #&@**#! Trump

cial Media Future of Politics

media politicians disasters

oppression

1

Ana Maria Diaconu 18006512 ARCH7010: Design Studio II Applied Design in Architecture MarchD

Oxford Brookes University Design Studio 6 Tutors: Nicholas McGough-Beteta, Karl Rosenvinge Kjelstrup-Johnson & Denis Vlieghe

2

3

Figure 2. Collage bassed on the question “What will Japan look in 2050?� - Personal reflection on climate change and infrastructure.

Climate Change Impacts

Figure 1 - Pestel factors Present vs 2050 for Japan

4

Sustainable concepts

Flooding and Weather

Infrastructure of the city

Networking & Technology

Population Density

5

Japan’s average temperature varies widely from year to year, but over the long term, it has been on an upward trend, rising at a rate of 1.15°C per 100 years, which is higher than the global average of 0.68°C per 100 years. (Japan Weather Association, 2012)

4. Increasing Risk of Heavy-Rain Induced Disasters (flooding especially)

5. Increased Risk of High Waves and Storm Surges

Figure 5 - Flooding Magnification Factors by River Basin

Figure 6 - Wave Heights with Annual Exceedance Probabilities of 1in 50 in Japan’s Surrounding Waters

6.Journal Environment Research Letters report specified that sea levels could rise as much as 19 inches (4.9m) by 2050, according to what the report calls “mid-range projections.” Based on that:

Figure 3 - Japan’s Annual Average Temperature Change

Figure 7 - print screen from https://www.floodmap.net/

7. Wet Rice Yields will Increase, but Quality will Decline

8. Habitats of Infectious Disease bearing Mosquitoes are Expanding

Figure 4 - Annual surface temperature anomalies from 1898 to 2015 in Japan

6

1. Studies indicate that the probability of typhoon strikes will decline but that typhoons with low central pressure will approach Japan more frequently.

2. Sea surface temperature in the waters around Japan is expected to increase 3. Sea levels are expected to rise over the long term. Excluding eastern Hokkaido, sea levels around Japan are projected to rise 5 - 10 cm more than the global average; the impact of noticeable 20-year variations must be taken into account. (Japan Weather Association, 2012)

CLIMATE CHANGE

CLIMATE CHANGE

PREDICTIONS

Projected Potential Ranges (Red, Yellow) of the Tiger Mosquito Left: 2035; Right: 2100 Created by: Dr. Mutsuo Kobayashi, National Institute of Infectious Diseases

Figure 8 - 2010 Wet Rice Harvest Conditions and Quality

Figure 9 - Projected Potential Ranges (Red, Yellow) of the Tiger Mosquito

7

TOKYO’S MASSIVE FLOOD PROTECTION FACILITY MIGHT NOT BE “ENOUGH” DUE TO CLIMATE CHANGE

Figure 12 -Faxai Typhoon infographics

8

Experts say the floods inflicted so much damage -- and so many deaths -- because a unique set of weather conditions led to a massive amount of rain pummeling an area not prepared for it.

The rain hit a mountainous region, which meant the water picked up speed as it flowed down.

The areas hit by those waters were, like much of rural Japan, home to an elderly population who cannot evacuate easily. (JOSHUA BERLINGER AND YOKO WAKATSUKI, 2019)

Disasters Heavy-Rain Induced

Figure 11 - Areas affected mostly by heavy rainfall

Faxai made landfall near Chiba City, east of Tokyo, in the early hours of 5 a.m. JST on Monday, according to the Japan Meteorological Agency. The storm may have had winds equivalent to a strong Category 1 hurricane at landfall. By 4 a.m. JST, about 450,000 households had lost power, the Tokyo Electric Power Company told NHK. Currently, around 900,000 people are now without power in the Tokyo area.At least 1 person has died and around 30 people have been injured from the typhoon according to BBC news. (Thompson, 2019)

of

The underground system was built in 2006 and cost roughly $2 billion. Now, climate change threatens to erode the capacity thresholds of G-Cans. According to the Japanese Meteorological Agency, Japan, already one of the wettest areas of the world, will see even more rainfall.

Additionally, sea level rise is threatening Tokyo, which is further exacerbated by subsidence. In 2015, heavy rainfall caused by a typhoon filled Tokyo’s flood protection system with almost 19 million cubic metres of water – which could roughly fill 7600 Olympic size pools – and took four days to be pumped out. (Tabuchi, 2017)

R isk

R isk

of

Heavy-Rain Induced

Disasters

Figure 10 - Tokyo’s underground cisterns

Figure 13 - Water related disasters 1980-2016

The government monitors weather conditions and issues early warnings, but the nation remains vulnerable to disasters because much of the country outside major cities is mountainous and construction takes place on virtually every bit of usable land. (Sieg, 2018)

9

Number 1 in the Innovation Cities Index 2018 Tokyo has cemented its place on the world technology stage, recently gaining the top spot in the Innovation Cities Index 2018 (Murray, 2019) Society 5.0 Realising Society 5.0 is the Japanese government’s goal to move beyond the information-defined Society 4.0. It introduces IoT connectivity that will utilise Big Data to form AI platforms, which in turn will influence and improve every corner of Japanese society. (Murray, 2019) Figure 17 - Tech Square

Figure 18 - Smart Camera

Tokyo Olympic Games 2020 A cutting edge facial recognition program will screen more than 300,000 attendees, including officials, athletes, training staff and members of the media. The success of this facial recognition trial may result in its wider implementation in the city, which will be a key foundation of Tokyo’s emergence as a smart city. Robots will also help with tourists and faster trains are in plan of production to reduce congestion with the over 920.000 daily visitors expected.

A strategic roadmap is underway to implement hydrogen fuel cells in new apartment buildings, which could amount to a 700 MW capacity in Tokyo. (Murray, 2019) Tokyo is also deploying 6,000 fuel cell vehicles and 35 stations.

These can act as generators. 2 such buses can power a hospital for a day. Self-driving cars are also being trialled in the city, produced by robotics and autonomous vehicles company ZMP INC.

10

The last great quake to hit Tokyo was in 1923.

Experts estimate the next one is due roughly a century on, with an estimated 70% chance of a magnitude-7 quake hitting Tokyo before 2050. It is no longer a question of if but when the big one will come.

Figure 15 - Earthquake Technologies

The impact would be devastating. According to an official estimate, a magnitude-7.3 quake striking northern Tokyo Bay could kill 9,700 people and injure almost 150,000. There would be an expected peak of 3.39 million evacuees the day after the disaster, with a further 5.2 million stranded, while more than 300,000 buildings could be destroyed by the earthquake itself or the ensuing fires. (Hays, n.d.)

Installing more solar heat blocking pavement that’s 8 degrees cooler than asphalt to help reduce the UHI (Murray, 2019)

Figure 19 - Robot face

of

The 1854 Nankai earthquake occurred at about 16:00 local time on 24 December. It had a magnitude of 8.4 and caused a damaging tsunami. More than 30,000 buildings were completely destroyed and there were at least 3,000 casualties. (Hays, n.d.)

Figure 16 - Earthquake Technologies

a country

Earth quakes

in

japan

Figure 14 - Earthquakes of Japan

tech &Innovation

Repairing and reinforcing bridges, buildings, roads using advanced laser scanning technologies

Figure 20 - Robot factories

11

Maps from: http://www.esd-asiapacific.com/past/land/japan/tokyo/index.html

1457

1800-1816

1880

1921

1955

1995

1945 1930

t o w a r d s a s m a r t c i t y?

1945

12

Figure 22 - Initial proposal JR Lines

Figure 23 - Kanto region Metropolitan

structure plan, 1940.

Figure 21 - Smart City Key Objectives

Figure 24 - Urban Sprawl

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Figure 28 - Average temperature of Tokyo

Figure 25 - City Transport Infrastructure

Figure 26 - Population Spread

Tokyo Metropolis (Tokyo-to) has a population of 12.9 million stretched across the 23 wardsÂł of Central Tokyo and 26 suburban municipalities of the Tama area that cover the western half of the city.

(Tokyo Metropolitan Government, 2015)

14

climate

density and growth

Figure 29 - Wind Rose of Tokyo

Figure 27 - Elderly vs youth occupation of the city

Figure 30 - Weather data for Tokyo

15

16 Figure 31 - Underground Map

17

T o k y o’ s

transport

and infrastructure

Tokyo Waterfront - Learnings from expansion Because of the mountain mainly terrain of Japan, Tokyo was forced to expand on water.

As Japanese found vast technologies for land relocation. Adding land to the bay is a very attractive solution especially when the land can be made of trash. Some of the areas of land reclamation are former landfills. Nowadays some of these spaces will even host some of the Olympic events.

The world’s largest fish market, which has been in operation for 83 years, is being moved as part of the redevelopment for the 2020 Olympic Games.

The discovery of soil contamination at Toyosu, formerly home to a gas plant, sparked safety fears about the new site and forced local authorities to spend millions of dollars to clean up the area.

After experts declared Toyosu safe, the Tokyo governor took the final decision to move the market there in late 2017, ending years of delays. (The Daily Conversation, 2018)

topography and

Figure 33 - Waterfront Proximity

18

Figure 35 -Tokyo’s waterfront evolution

Figure 36 - Tsukiji Market

t o k y o’s w a t e r f r o n t

proximity

Figure 32 - Topography Map

Figure 34 - Light Pollution

Figure 37 - Relocation of Tsukiji Market

19

20

development

Figure 38 - Tokyo Bay Land Reclamation

(Tokyo Metropolitan Government, 2018)

Future

t o k y o’s w a t e r f r o n t

Figure 39 - Yokohama Waterfront distribution

Figure 40 - Yokohama evolution

21

Japan as a country is expected to rapidly decline in population thanks to little immigration, a rapidly aging population and a very low fertility rate. Japan is today the oldest country in the world, and Tokyo is no exception to the trends the country as a whole is following. (Statistics Japan, 2018)

Figure 41 - Male and Female Census

A recent study by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government, which included a group of academics and city officials, estimated the population of Tokyo in 2100. The group estimates that Tokyo’s population will be just 7.13 million, compared to 13.16 million as of the 2010 census.

They also predicted the city will peak at 13.35 million in 2020 before a relentless downslide. Meanwhile, Japan’s population as a whole will decline by over 61% by 2100. (World Population Review,

Week 2 - Critical Reflection At a first glance, it seems that Japan itself has everything. Good economy, amazing infrastructure, a good governance system and minds that think ahead of disaster. Worldwide is seen as a very powerful and stable country, with the only problem being the aging population. It seems as if everything is perfect, apart from the natural disasters, which unfortunately strike Japan quite often. There was a particular interest in the political aspect and the climate change agenda, as per how come their interest in sustainability is not as high as other countries. Further investigation of Japanese politics to be conducted for week 3.

aging population

and commuting patterns

2019)

22

Figure 42 - Male and Female Distribution

Tokyo is a major commuter city. That means that many of the people in the city at any one time don’t actually live in the city itself; they commute in each day for work. In 2015, the Tokyo Metropolitan Government estimated the nighttime and daytime population of the city, finding that although the city’s population was around 15.576 million in the daytime, this decreased to 13.159 million in the middle of the night. That means that, every day, approximately 2,400,000 people commute into Tokyo.

(World Population Review, 2019)

Figure 43 - Projection for the Aging Population

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COUNTRY

PROFILE

LIBERAL DEMOCRACY

The Politics Of Destruction

Brief Profile: Japan is a leading example of a state where Western ideas of liberal democracy have been grafted onto a society with its own distinctive traditions. Notable for its long history of isolation (helped by its physical isolation from the Asian continent), and for its reinvention following defeat in the Second World War, Japan is modern but not Western, its experience proving that it is possible for a society to advance economically and technologically without losing sight of its identity. The most obvious signs of its modernity can be found in its economic and technological development; it is the third largest economy in the world, and a major source of global capital and credit, as well as home to many of the world’s major corporations. Its political system has, however, been compromised by traditional Japanese ideas about faction, obligation, and group identity, and by the long-time dominance of a single political party, the Liberal Democrats.

Close popup modal Form of Government: Unitary parliamentary democracy with a ceremonial emperor. Date of state formation debatable and most recent constitution adopted 1947 Legislature: Bicameral Diet: lower house of representative (480 members) elected for renewable fouryear terms and upper House of councillors (242 members) which is less significant Executive: Parliamentary. The head of government is the prime minister, who is head of the largest party or coalition, and governs in conjunction with a cabinet. The head of the state is emperor.

Judiciary: The 15 member Supreme Court possesses the power of judicial review but has proved unassertive. Usually, the Court;s justices are directly appointed by the cabinet and subject to voter confirmation at the first general election that follows, and every ten years thereafter with mandatory retirement at age 70.

Electoral System: Mixed member majoritarian system: 300 members of the lower house are elected using single-member plurality, and 180 through party list proportional representation (PR). In the upper house, 146 elected using single non-transferable vote and 96 through PR. Parties: Multi-party Long dominated by the conservative Liberal Democratic Party (LDP). The Democratic Party is more socially liberal, the Innovation Party is nationalist and Japan still has an active Communist Party.

Hague, Harrop and McCormick, 2013)

24

25

“Many young people, it seems, feel stability is not half bad.”

Young people have grown up in the global era and know how to navigate it, but many older individuals may feel they are being forced to change and adapt. So modern politics has, in some ways, become a battle to lead different generations.

It was seen in the U.K., where more than 70% of the 18-24 age group voted to remain in the European Union in 2015, while about 60% of 65-plus citizens opted for Brexit. (KOBARA, 2019)

Figure 46 - Reasons for political views among youth

“An uneducated population can be easily manipulated” Japanese Youth’s Growing Political Awareness

Figure 44 - District Political Choices

Political Views - Young vs Old

Political views

The first quadrennial unified local elections to be held after the voting age was lowered to 18 in June 2015 are being hampered by concerns about the youngest voters’ low voting rate.

26

While 49% of voters aged 60 and up said they support Abe, according to a Nikkei survey conducted last month, the figure among citizens in their 20s reached 70%. In the early years of Abe’s Liberal Democratic Party government, from 2012 to 2016, there was no significant difference between the two age groups, but since 2017 the gap has widened to more than 15 percentage points. (CHUNICHI SHIMBUN, 2019)

Figure 47 - Smart City Key Objectives ` Recently, Japan’s Diet approved a measure to lower the voting age in Japan from 20 to 18, injecting another 2.4 million voters into an electorate of 104 million. Although these numbers will not necessarily mean greater political awareness and voter turnout, they represent a new group of voters that have the potential to become politically engaged. The Prime Minister of Japan, Shinzo Abe, expressed earlier this year that he is completely onboard with immersing the younger generation into Japanese politics through the help of schools, election boards, and local communities. (Ostaszewski, 2015)

What is the problem then?

Figure 45 - Political Candidates Favourites based on age

The current Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, who came to power in 2012, has put nuclear energy back on the political agenda, with plans to restart as many reactors as possible. In July 2015, the government submitted its ideas for reducing greenhouse-gas emissions to the United Nations, and the proposal included a target for nuclear power to meet at least 20% of Japan’s electricity consumption by 2030. Renewable energy sources, such as hydropower and solar power, would contribute more than 22%. (Author, n.d. - Wikipedia Reference) 27

?!

Why is Japan so hesitant to understand the issues of nuclear power?

Figure 48 - Prime-minister Shinzo Abe giving the “positive” outcome for Fukushima

Looking Back... The Fukushima Disaster

?! ?! ?! ?!

The plant suffered major damage from the magnitude 9.0 earthquake and tsunami that hit Japan on March 11, 2011. The chain of events caused radiation leaks and permanently damaged several reactors, making them impossible to restart. By political decision, the remaining reactors were not restarted.

(Wikipedia, n.d.)

Without special protection against radiation, Prime Minister Shinzo Abe stood on elevated ground about 100 meters from the three melted-down reactors at the Fukushima No. 1 nuclear power plant. An act of bravado, perhaps. But it was more likely one of the ways Abe and his government want to show that the Fukushima disaster is, as he famously said, “under control.” But radiation levels in certain areas of the plant are still lethal with extended exposure. The problem of storing water contaminated in the reactors continues. (THE ASAHI SHIMBUN, 2019)

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The number of evacuees is being altered constanlty to show the area is becoming (slowly) inhabitable. An official of the Reconstruction Agency said, “The judgment is made by each prefecture, so we are not in a position to say much.” “Evacuees” are defined as people who moved to different places because of the nuclear disaster and have the “will” to return to their original homes.

Yumiko Yamazaki, 52, has a house in Okuma in a “difficult-to-return” zone.

But because she moved to public restoration housing outside of the town, she is not considered an evacuee by the agency and the prefecture.

Figure 49 - Evacuees misunderstanding

“I had to leave my town although I didn’t want to,” Yamazaki said. “It is so obvious that the government wants to make the surface appearance look good by reducing the number of evacuees.”

Fukushima

Political Scandals

HIDDEN SECRETS

Figure 50 - What happened at Fukushima?

29

?!

Fukushima could have been prevented?

The destruction of the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear plant exposed the rot at the heart of Japan’s leadership class, evidencing political arrangements that have been corrupted. TEPCO failed to guard against risk factors. General Electric, the original designer of the plant had warned TEPCO of serious flaws that needed to be remedied, warning that were ignored. To act on those warnings meant to admit the “nuclear village” was not as safe as depicted in the media and to the entire population of Japan. To undertake repairs to a functioning power plant or to move backup power equipment out of reach of a tsunami higher than the sea wall that had been erected to protect the plant was to admit that, after all, risk was not fully eliminated. Murphy, R. (2014).

Hero Hidden from the media?

Plant manager, Yoshida Masao, ignored TEPCO’s orders to halt injections of sea water into the plant, estimated to be the only thing that could have prevented an explosion. Yoshida died from oesophageal cancer in 2013, after being reprimanded by TEPCO for not following orders. In addition, evidence that the utility was unprepared for the tsunami, despite previous warnings, came as the firm announced that Masao Yoshida, was being treated for an unspecified illness and would leave his post on Thursday – just another measure by TEPCO to hide the consequences of the aftermath from the population. Murphy, R. (2014).

Figure 53 - Electricity Consumption after Fukushima

8 YEARS AFTER... NOT GUILTY? Three former executives of Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings (Tepco) were on Thursday, September 2019, acquitted on charges of failing to prevent the Fukushima nuclear disaster, triggered by the 2011 earthquake and tsunami in northeastern Japan.

Prosecutors said TEPCO was already conducting a tsunami safety review following a 2007 earthquake in Niigata, another location in northern Japan, and the three former executives routinely participated in that process. In March 2008, a TEPCO subsidiary projected that a tsunami as high as 15.7 meters (47 feet) could hit Fukushima, prompting the company to consider building seawalls.

Prosecutors presented hundreds of pieces of evidence including emails between safety officials and the two vice presidents that suggested increasing concern and a need for more tsunami measures at the plant. More than 20 TEPCO officials and scientists testified in court.

As expected, a rally in front of TEPCO on Thursday protesting the acquittals of former executives from the company that ran the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant was formed, but it made no difference.

?!

?!

Fukushima

?!

Figure 51 - Precise location of the incident and the exclusion zone

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Figure 53 - TEPCO executives

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TOKYO 2020 - A TORMENT IN DISGUISE?

TOKYO 2020 - Learnings from the past Montreal Olympic Games in 1976.

• a great deal of construction was needed, much of it wasn’t completed in time.

• sverely crippled the city’s financial viability for three decades.

Athens Olympic Games in 2004 • over budget by $5 billion • failed to use the infrastructure as planned after the Games • overall tourism has declined in the intervening years • the country hit a massive recession in 2014, as a consequencce of economical decline Beijing Olympic Games in 2008.

1. The embattled head of Japan’s Olympic Committee resigned on Tuesday amid a widening corruption investigation linked to Tokyo’s successful bid to host the 2020 Olympic Games. (Ryall, 2019)

• $42 billion had a negative impact on the country’s political life.

• most of the infrastructure created for the Games are now empty and not bringing in a profit.

• 5 million Beijing residents were evicted from their homes to create space for infrastructures.

2. The new national stadium for Tokyo 2020 was also at the centre of a plagiarism scandal, with the design form of the late British architect Dame Zaha Hadid accusing Kengo Kuma of incorporating her earlier work on the stadium into his subsequent blueprint. (Ryall, 2019)

Rio Olympic Games in 2016 • 28,500 athletes and staff were carried by planes (not including visitors) • 3,600,000 tonnes of CO2 were emitted into the natural environment • 17,000 tonnes of waste will be produced • 6000 tonnes of food will be consumed • 23,500 litres of fuel will be needed • 29,500 gigawatts of electricity will be used throughout the duration of the games

3. Wood from threatened south-east Asian rainforests has been used to build venues for the Tokyo 2020 Olympics, according to complaints filed with organisers. At least 134,000 large sheets of tropical plywood from Malaysia and Indonesia have been used as concrete moulds to build stadiums, causing what campaigners say is irreversible harm to precious biodiversity reserves. (Neslen, 2019)

Sydney Olympic Games in 2000 • successfully planned for post-Games use of its facilities that were created especially for the game • environmental factors became a big subject as visitors were offered free travel on trains and buses • environment also became an important factor in the building of the Olympic arenas • Sydney gained the ability to host large future sporting events • New suburbs were created - now two of the world’s largest solar-powered suburbs.

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5. The 2020 torch relay will begin in the heart of the affected areas at Fukushima’s J-Village soccer venue, presenting an opportunity for protests to disrupt the spectacle. (RioOnWatch, 2019)

Figure 54 - Stadium Scandal for plagiarising Zaha Hadid

London Olympic Games in 2012

Tokyo 2020 olympics

Tokyo 2020 olympics

4. Hundreds are gathered in Tokyo’s Shinjuku area to protest the Olympics under the #NOlympicsanywhere slogan. People chanting in multiple languages. Loads of media on hand. Activists standing up for democracy & the right to the city (RioOnWatch, 2019)

• continued to put effort into strategies post-Games, bringing value to Stratford • helped reconnect communities across the UK • driven social change • Sustainability was a commitment during the London Games • Projects ran through 2013 that encouraged further commitment to sustainable living • Causes of disability inequality were addressed - implemented changes to the city’s transportation The Lasting Impact of the Olympic Games The Olympics are an event like no other. People from around the world unite, and an abounding sense of national pride is evoked from athletes and spectators alike. When hundreds of thousands of people from different cultures come together for any event — whether it’s for business or entertainment — it’s important to leverage cultural diversity, communicate seamlessly and successfully across cultural boundaries with the appropriate infrastructures in place.

Collected from (Frontier, 2017) and (Aperian Global, n.d.)

33

!

OTHER EXAMPLES OF “HIDDEN” CORRUPTION Construction Corruption in Japan One of the most common forms of corruption in Japan is kickbacks for construction projects. This form of bribery is one reason why Japan has so many bridges and railway lines but less than half the population is hooked up to sewer lines.

Bid rigging is a fraudulent scheme in procurement auctions resulting in non-competitive bids and can be performed by corrupt officials, by firms in an orchestrated act of collusion, or between officials and firms. This form of collusion is illegal in most countries.

About 90 percent of the road contracts in 2006 involved no bidding. Ex-bureaucrats working for agencies and foundations that won the contracts were involved in special deals and had been hired through the “decent from heaven” system of employing ex-bureaucrats.

One investigation found that ¥69 million of tax funds earmarked for public works was instead spent on junkets for employees of foundations that do the public works projects.

Koizumi cut state spending on public works. In fiscal 1998 the central government spent about ¥15 trillion on public works projects, By fiscal 2005 that figure had been reduced to ¥8 trillion. During the same time the number of construction companies dropped only slightly, from about 600,000 to around 500,000. With shrinking amounts of money available, construction firms were less likely to form cartels and more likely to seek influence with politicians that awarded contracts. (Hays, 2010) Earthquake Resistant Building Scandal in Japan In 2005 and 2006 there was a big scandal over the falsifying of data related to the earthquake resistance of some buildings. Resident of condominiums were forced to move out and hotels were forced to close. Much of the blame was placed on the architect Hidetsugu Aneha, who fabricated the data. Aneha said he was pressured by his clients in the construction industry to fudge the data so they could save money in building costs.

J a p a n’ s c o r r u p t i o n 34

Funnily enough, Japan ranks only 18th on the chart of corruption by countries. Is is the result of media manipulation?

Or the population is so oblivious it does not let itself affected by these scandals?

Figure 55 - Corruption Ranks

the t h e d e v e l o p e r, n o t

buildings like this were condemned

In investigation revealed that Aneha fabricated data for because earthquake-resistance requirements 99 condominiums and hotels, making them susceptible to were not met and covered up collapse in a upper 5 level earthquake. The buildings are supposed to be able to withstand level 7 earthquakes.The scandal raised questions about the credibility of the construction industry as a whole and hurt the properties business. The Japanese press and media can be quite aggressive in its reportage of scandals and corruption. Television coverage of such activities is often comprehensive and thorough. (Hays, 2010)

inventor

Figure 56 - Japanese trains

Two major construction companies were Monday ordered to pay fines totalling more than $3 million for colluding to win contracts on Japan’s multi-billion-dollar maglev project. (Physics Organisation, 2018) Looking back...

• High-speed rail development began in Germany in 1899

• First maglev patent awarded to German inventor Alfred Zehden (14 February 1905)

• Japan started building a high-speed line during World War II, but construction was halted in 1943 as funds ran out.

• Shanghai launched a German-built maglev train in 2004 on a 30-kilometer route between the city and the airport.

• Japan, 1969 - breakthrough of high-speed trains - Shinkansen

• Japan followed with having an under development project called the CHUO Shinkansen to be the fastest maglev train in the world

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Tokyo

東京

2050

Japan

VS

2015

Paris Agreement

MANIFESTO

The discrepancy between what Tokyo is thought of to be, and what it really is. Is it really the most technologically advanced, civilised and respectful city in the world? Or is it only thought of like this because this is what people are made to believe by hiding the truth from the people and from the world?

Figure 57 - Human activity as cause for climate change?

Tokyo as an illusion How the politics of disaster helped hiding behind lies of prosperity and development while endangering millions of people and the environment of the climate change adapted city

Figure 58 - Share of the world’s Co2 emission as per the 2015 Paris Agreement

Politics

Corruption

Environment

The 2015 Paris climate agreement was a significant achievement in international efforts against climate change, but the agreement’s success will depend heavily on the domestic politics of major emitters such as Japan and the United States.

Japan’s new environment minister , Shinjiro Koizumi said: “I want to continue thinking not about how we can keep them but how we can get rid of them. We must never have another nuclear accident. If it happened twice in one country, then it will all be over.” (McCurry, 2019)

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Kyoto, 1997, first legally binding treaty to reduce greenhouse gas emissions: an effort that ultimately failed, in part because the United States and Japan, at the time two of the world’s four biggest greenhouse gas emitters, didn’t live up to their international commitments.

The 1997 Kyoto Protocol: obligated industrialized countries to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions by 5 percent from 1990 levels by 2012.

Japan’s contribution to international mitigation efforts: • Focuses on demand-side emissions reductions over supply-side reforms • Invests in policies that only marginally change the economic equation for businesses and consumers • Does not incorporate adaptation into the national climate conversation • Emphasizes the role of low- and middle-income countries

“Today, the Japanese public’s prioritization of energy security and economic growth over emissions reductions has turned climate change from a national issue to a purely global issue” The Japanese public views climate change as a global leadership issue for Japan. That is, Japan must play a role as a responsible stakeholder in the international system

Japan 2030 Electricity Mix - as by METI reports

Figure 59 - Google’s table Co2 Emissions per capita

Japan pledged to reduce greenhouse gases by 26 percent below 2013 levels, by 2030.

Figure 61 - Japan electricity mix - predictions

Japan’s emissions future will be significantly affected by whether Prime Minister Abe and his successors have the ability to reintroduce nuclear energy over the protests of the public. The feasibility of nuclear power producing 20–22 percent of the country’s energy in 2030 is highly questionable.

Meeting this target will require either restarting and running all existing plants for the next forty years, many of which may not be able to pass MOE’s safety inspections, or making significant investments in new nuclear plants.

Figure 60 - Reasons for concern in japan

Japanese public opinion on climate change is full of contradictions. On one hand, 83 percent of Japanese citizens support limiting greenhouse gases as part of an international climate agreement. On the other hand, that same poll showed only 45 percent of the Japanese public believes climate change is a very serious problem. The de-prioritization of climate change in Japanese public opinion is largely the product of the Fukushima nuclear disaster, which delayed the actions.

38

If Japan cannot meet its nuclear energy target, the gap will most likely be filled by coal and natural gas, the two cheapest alternatives that have filled the supply gap since 2011, significantly driving up Japanese emissions.

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16 Personalities

Week 3 - Critical Reflection This week’s research proved that in fact, Japan is nothing but an illusion. Their political system is full of flaws and coverings of the truth. It is a Pandora Box of corruption and illegal actions hidden from the Japanese population. The cases cover building construction scandals, oppression of the media, covering the truth about Fukushima and still allowing the ones responsible to take important decisions for the country’s interests, and the list goes on. Therefore, the illusion starts forming and needs to be further researched. What is an illusion? How does it work in people’s minds? And where is displayed the best? The media? The culture? The business industry? I figured the way to go forward would be to have a look into how they broadcast their news to the people and what are the most influential aspects. Where does the discrepancy between the politics and the media dissipate and what are the interests of keeping certain aspects and scandals hidden from the people.

In addition, there is a need to analyse if the media is true, or if the journalists are forced to write against their belief. But what could this analysis tool be? Further investigation into this to follow for Week’s 4 Research.

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What is an illusion?

Week 3

Tokyo as an illusion a process involving an interaction of logical and empirical considerations

a discrepancy between one’s awareness and some stimulus

A silenced country?

Media

rules

Figure 62 - The sciencce of illusion

An optical illusion is characterized by visually perceived images that are deceptive or misleading.

Therefore, the information gathered by the eye is processed by the brain to give, on the face of it, a percept that does not tally with a physical measurement of the stimulus source. A conventional assumption is that there are physiological illusions that occur naturally and cognitive illusions that can be demonstrated by specific visual tricks that say something more basic about how human perceptual systems work.

Figure 63 - Common Colour Illusions

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Real Life Illusions 1.Healthy Lifestyles

2. Make-up

THE TWO-FACED JAPANESE HONNE TATAMAE

JAPANESE CULTURE

What you are What you appear to be

Figure 65 - Reasons for concern in japan

Figure 64- Reasons for concern in japan

4. Reflection

3. Movies Forced Perspective

Figure 67 - Reasons for concern in japan

Figure 66 - Reasons for concern in japan

Figure 69 - Reasons for concern in japan

What about words?

Aoccdrnig to rscheearch at Cmabrigde Uinervtisy, it deosn’t mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are, the olny iprmoetnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer be at the rghit pclae. The rset can be a toatl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit a porbelm. Tihs is bcuseae the huamn mnid deos not raed ervey lteter by istlef, but the wrod as a wlohe.

Does that mean when we read sentences we only see the bigger picture?

Honne (本音) refers to what we really think in our hearts: opinions, thoughts, desires... honne is the “real voice” of an individual.

Adj: Reality, things as they actually are, the truth.

Tatemae (建前) refers to the behavior that we adopt in public, according to what is socially accepted or not by Japanese society. It could be translated as the “public facade”. (Experience, 2019) Adj: Pretense, things as they should be, idealisation... I L L U S I O N

Figure 68 - Reasons for concern in japan

Is the phenomenon of I L L U S I O N happening daily in what we read?

Books, Media, Television, Newspapers?

Covering the truth is not necesarily a lie M E D I A I L L U S I O N vs. W H I T E

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LIES

45

Yomiuri, Asahi, Mainichi, Nikkei, and Sankei

Figure 70 - Significant drop in newspapers circulation

Trust in Media over Different Subjects

Figure 71 - Smartphones vs the big web

With technology advancement, newspapers have become less popular in favour of phones, laptops, tablets, etc. However, the media is still a very important part of one’s daily life.

Throughout their history, Japanese newspapers have had a central role in issues of free speech and freedom of the press. After Japan’s WW2 defeat, strict censorship of the press continued as the American occupiers used government control in order to inculcate democratic and anti-communist values. (Johnston, 2015) Left Wing News

Right Wing News

• Asahi • Mainichi Shimbun • Hokkaido Shinbun • Nishinippon Shinbun • Chugoku ShinbunKobe Shinbun

• Yomiuri • Nikkei Shimbun • Sankei • Yukan Fuji

Figure 73 - Most trusted subjects in broadcasting

Japan Dropping in Press Freedom Index

Japan Times & Japan Today - Neutral (Online)

HONNE

MEDIA

TATAMAE

The Japanese media are diverse, vibrant, and trusted by the public. In recent years, however, this trust has declined, although it is unclear to what extent.

• 70.0 percent of the public answered that they trust the National Broadcaster NHK, • 68.7 percent indicated that they trust newspapers. (Suntory Foundation, 2018)

Figure 74 - Freedom of press decline after Shinzo Abe becomes Prime minister

There was an obvious reason for the dramatic drop in the freedom of the press. But why? Careful consideration of the major political events in certain year proves that the media might actually be related to the political rulers of the country Year 2002

Rank -/180 26 DPJ COMES TO POWER 2009 51 ABE SHIZU IS ELECTED PM 2012 53 2013 53 2014 59 2015 61 2016 72 2017 72 2018 67 2019 ??

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Figure 72 - Most trusted media sources by the Japanesex

Rank -/180 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

2002 2009 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Figure 75 - Shinzo Abe - Cause or Coincidence for freedom or press decline?

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Journalists have been complaining of a climate of mistrust toward them ever since Shinzo Abe became prime minister again in 2012. The system of “kisha clubs” (reporters’ clubs) continues to discriminate against freelancers and foreign reporters. On social networks, nationalist groups harass journalists who are critical of the government or cover “anti-patriotic” subjects such as the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear. Why are journalists scared to be objective? (Kingston, 2017)

?!

WHY? FEAR?

?!

The broadcast media in Japan is highly regulated and careful not to offend the ruling politcal party.

Events that happened ever since DPJ and Abe Shinzu came into power in 2012: • Shigeaki Koga, television commentator ,abruptly departed from the scripted conversation during a live TV news program to announce that this would be his last day. He criticized the way the prime minister has been peddling nuclear technology worldwide in pursuit of profit for Japanese firms.

• When contacted by The Japan Times, TV Asahi said Monday that it was not pressured by any external forces to pull Koga from the show.

Figure 78 - Reasons for concern in japan

• In 1992, a record 345 media oulets were in Tokyo. By 2012 the number had fallen to 212.

• In 2001, NHK gave into government requests to soften a documentary on Japan’s wartime sex slaves. In close direction to the government? (Hays, 2013) • In 2016, Internal Affairs and Communications Minister Sanae Takaichi warns that government can shut down broadcasters it feels are biased • NHK, the state broadcaster that is run by Abe’s friend, Katsuto Momii, has declared an intent to stick more closely to the government line.

Public Opinion Forms

Figure 76 - Building broadcasting to the public

Broadcasters are under increasing political pressure from the government and a succession of outspoken anchors and newscasters have resigned.

Hosts Ichiro Furutachi of TV Asahi’s influential “Hodo Station” and Shigetada Kishii of the TBS evening news program “News 23” were replaced in April.

NHK, too, is considering pulling longtime anchorwoman Hiroko Kuniya from its “Close-up Gendai” news and features program.

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Figure 77 - TV anchors fired

Furutachi has often been criticized by the government and its supporters for his commentaries. (Kyodo, 2016)

Figure 78 - How the public opinion forms through media

49

How can media be influenced to become objective?

1. Private Media Companies

2. International Journalists

Determining the real truth behind media articles?

Sentiment analysis – or opinion mining – is a much bandied about but often misunderstood term.

In essence, it is the process of determining the emotional tone behind a series of words, used to gain an understanding of the attitudes, opinions and emotions expressed within an online mention.

3. Education for ethical journalism

4. People Power

A protest raises awarness in media - journalists cannot be transparent when so many are involved

“Romania’s government has collapsed after losing a no-confidence vote weeks ahead of a presidential election.”

Figure 79 - Sentiment Analysis - Classifiers Categories

Sentences

In 2018 Bucharest ditched judicial reforms that weakened anti-corruption legislation. The reforms sparked mass protests last year and a threat of legal action by the European Commission. As a result of the people protesting and sending out a “warning” to the EU, support for the PSD has dropped from nearly 35 per cent in September last year to 22 per cent earlier this summer, finally causing the left centred government to collapse in October 2019.

Figure 80 - How the algorithm works through a wireframe

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Sentiment Analysis JAPANESE

JAPANESE

Daniel Soper Daniel Soper

MonkeyLearn MonkeyLearn

SummarizeBot SummarizeBot

Article Link Article Link Article Name Article Name Human Analysis Human Analysis Machine Learning Machine Learning Interpretation Interpretation Result Result Percentage % Percentage % Human Analysis Human Analysis Machine Learning Machine Learning Interpretation InterpretationResult Result Percentage % Percentage % Human Analysis Human Analysis Machine Learning Machine Learning Result Result Percentage % Percentage % Total Total Unlocking growth potential is top task for Abenomics 2.

Unlocking growth potential is top task for Abenomics 2.

63.33 63.33 63.33 63.33 50.00 50.00 Positive Positive Neutral Neutral ‐1 False Positive ‐1 False Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive 86.4 True Positive 86.4 True Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive True Positive True Positive 58.89 58.89 https://www.jap https://www.jap LDP support rate edges up ahead of Japan's Upper Hous LDP support rate edges up ahead of Japan's Upper Hous 33.9. True Positive 33.9. True Positive https://www.jap https://www.jap Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive Negative Negative ‐54.5 False Positive ‐54.5 False Positive Positive Positive Negative Negative False Positive False Positive Abe Cabinet support rate falls to 53% after tax hike: pol Abe Cabinet support rate falls to 53% after tax hike: pol Negative Negative Positive Positive 39.6 False Positive 39.6 False Positive Negative Negative Negative Negative ‐96.9 True Positive ‐96.9 True Positive Negative Negative Positive Positive False Positive False Positive https://www.jap https://www.jap Unlocking growth potential is top task for Abenomics 2.

Negative Negative Neutral Neutral ‐1 False Positive ‐1 False Positive Negative Negative Positive Positive 86.4 False Positive 86.4 False Positive Negative Negative Positive Positive False Positive False Positive https://www.jap https://www.jap Unlocking growth potential is top task for Abenomics 2. https://www.reu https://www.reu Japan's Abe aims for constitution change in bid for exte Japan's Abe aims for constitution change in bid for exte Positive Positive Negative Negative ‐76 False Positive ‐76 False Positive Positive Positive Negative Negative ‐72.2 False Positive ‐72.2 False Positive Positive Positive Negative Negative False Positive False Positive https://www.jap https://www.jap Abe confirms he will reshuffle Cabinet and LDP executivPositive Abe confirms he will reshuffle Cabinet and LDP executivPositive Positive Positive 32.8 True Positive 32.8 True Positive Positive Positive Negative Negative ‐61.6 False Positive ‐61.6 False Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive True Positive True Positive https://japantod https://japantod Abe eyes new action plan to boost tourism to Japan Abe eyes new action plan to boost tourism to Japan Positive Positive Negative Negative ‐58.1 False Positive ‐58.1 False Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive 70.4 True Positive 70.4 True Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive True Positive True Positive https://japantod https://japantod Bill lowering voting age to 18 passed in lower house Bill lowering voting age to 18 passed in lower house Positive Positive Positive Positive 83.8 True Positive 83.8 True Positive Positive Positive Negative Negative ‐51.4 False Positive ‐51.4 False Positive Positive Positive Neutral Neutral False Positive False Positive https://asia.nikke https://asia.nikke Abe has Japan's youth on his side as political age divide Positive Abe has Japan's youth on his side as political age divide Positive Neutral Neutral 1 False Positive 1 False Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive 95 True Positive 95 True Positive Negative Negative Positive Positive False Positive False Positive https://www.jap https://www.jap Bridging corruption and legitimacy: amakudari Bridging corruption and legitimacy: amakudariNegative Negative Neutral Neutral 3.2 False Positive 3.2 False Positive Negative Negative Negative Negative 74.1 True Positive 74.1 True Positive Negative Negative Positive Positive False Positive False Positive http://www.asah http://www.asah Abe again calls for constitutional revision in policy speecPositive Abe again calls for constitutional revision in policy speecPositive Negative Negative ‐29.5 False Positive ‐29.5 False Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive 89.4 True Positive 89.4 True Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive True Positive True Positive https://www.nik https://www.nik Smart City, Japan takes the lead in creating rules InternaPositive Smart City, Japan takes the lead in creating rules InternaPositive Negative Negative ‐99 False Positive ‐99 False Positive Positive Positive Neutral Neutral 0.7 False Positive 0.7 False Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive True Positive True Positive https://www.nik https://www.nik 20 years of self‐government, stable in the turbulent wo 20 years of self‐government, stable in the turbulent wo Positive Positive Neutral Neutral ‐0.3 False Positive ‐0.3 False Positive Positive Positive Negative Negative ‐64 False Positive ‐64 False Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive True Positive True Positive https://www.nik https://www.nik Prime Minister's commitment to “responsibility” Prime Minister's commitment to “responsibility” Positive Positive Positive Positive 47 True Positive 47 True Positive Positive Positive Neutral Neutral 6 False Positive 6 False Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive True Positive True Positive https://www.nik https://www.nik Extraordinary Diet, focus on trade and economy Extraordinary Diet, focus on trade and economy Neutral Neutral Negative Negative ‐27 False Positive ‐27 False Positive Neutral Neutral Positive Positive 53 False Positive 53 False Positive Neutral Neutral Positive Positive False Positive False Positive https://www.nik https://www.nik “The Prime Minister ’s Determination and Preparation” “The Prime Minister ’s Determination and Preparation” Positive Positive Positive Positive 80 True Positive 80 True Positive Positive Positive Negative Negative ‐81 False Positive ‐81 False Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive True Positive True Positive https://www.nik https://www.nik Aiming for a solution to diplomatic total settlement Aiming for a solution to diplomatic total settlement Positive Positive Positive Positive 49.2 True Positive 49.2 True Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive 85.1 True Positive 85.1 True Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive True Positive True Positive https://www.nik https://www.nik Aiming at the opposition party, Environment Minister K Aiming at the opposition party, Environment Minister K Positive Positive Positive Positive 97 True Positive 97 True Positive Positive Positive Negative Negative ‐80 False Positive ‐80 False Positive Positive Positive Negative Negative False Positive False Positive http://www.asah http://www.asah Koizumi hopes son will push for abandonment of nucleaPositive Koizumi hopes son will push for abandonment of nucleaPositive Positive Positive 57.3 True Positive 57.3 True Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive 65.4 True Positive 65.4 True Positive Positive Positive Negative Negative False Positive False Positive https://www.jap https://www.jap Abe's lesson in stability and pragmatism Abe's lesson in stability and pragmatism Positive Positive Negative Negative ‐26.9 False Positive ‐26.9 False Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive 96.9 True Positive 96.9 True Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive True Positive True Positive https://mainichi. https://mainichi.

LDP Secretary‐General Nikai calls Typhoon Hagibis damaPositive LDP Secretary‐General Nikai calls Typhoon Hagibis damaPositive Positive Positive 74 True Positive 74 True Positive Positive Positive Negative Negative ‐74 False Positive ‐74 False Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive True Positive True Positive https://mainichi. https://mainichi.

Abe eyes keeping Nikai as LDP secretary general: sourcePositive Abe eyes keeping Nikai as LDP secretary general: sourcePositive Negative Negative ‐66.3 False Positive ‐66.3 False Positive Positive Positive Negative Negative ‐49.2 False Positive ‐49.2 False Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive True Positive True Positive https://mainichi. https://mainichi.

LDP Secretary‐General Nikai says 4th term for PM Abe pPositive LDP Secretary‐General Nikai says 4th term for PM Abe pPositive Negative Negative ‐34.3 False Positive ‐34.3 False Positive Positive Positive Negative Negative ‐59.8 False Positive ‐59.8 False Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive True Positive True Positive https://mainichi. https://mainichi.

Tokyo Gov. Koike confident about launching new party Tokyo Gov. Koike confident about launching new party Positive Positive Positive Positive 21.4 True Positive 21.4 True Positive Positive Positive Negative Negative ‐62.6 False Positive ‐62.6 False Positive Positive Positive Negative Negative False Positive False Positive https://mainichi. https://mainichi.

After decades of changing parties, Koike secures Tokyo After decades of changing parties, Koike secures Tokyo Positive Positive Negative Negative ‐80.2 False Positive ‐80.2 False Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive 84.9 True Positive 84.9 True Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive True Positive True Positive https://mainichi. https://mainichi.

Koike becomes Tokyo's 1st female governor in landslidePositive Koike becomes Tokyo's 1st female governor in landslidePositive Negative Negative ‐72.3 False Positive ‐72.3 False Positive Positive Positive Neutral Neutral 3.3 False Positive 3.3 False Positive Positive Positive Negative Negative False Positive False Positive https://english.ky https://english.ky Koizumi seeks further innovation in Japan to fight clima Koizumi seeks further innovation in Japan to fight clima Positive Positive Negative Negative ‐59.3 False Positive ‐59.3 False Positive Positive Positive Negative Negative ‐86.4 False Positive ‐86.4 False Positive Positive Positive Negative Negative False Positive False Positive https://asia.nikke https://asia.nikke Abe's LDP and partner win majority in Japan upper housPositive Abe's LDP and partner win majority in Japan upper housPositive Neutral Neutral 0.1 False Positive 0.1 False Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive 50.6 True Positive 50.6 True Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive True Positive True Positive https://asia.nikke https://asia.nikke Abe says Japan's consumption tax can stay at 10% for d Abe says Japan's consumption tax can stay at 10% for d Positive Positive Positive Positive 50.5 True Positive 50.5 True Positive Positive Positive Neutral Neutral 18.9 False Positive 18.9 False Positive Positive Positive Negative Negative False Positive False Positive https://mainichi. https://mainichi.

Abe urges S. Korea to keep promises after decision to e Abe urges S. Korea to keep promises after decision to e Positive Positive Positive Positive 50.2 False Positive 50.2 False Positive Positive Positive Negative Negative 98.9 False Positive 98.9 False Positive Positive Positive Negative Negative False Positive False Positive https://www.nish https://www.nish Prime Minister “I will do everything for disaster recover Prime Minister “I will do everything for disaster recover Positive Positive Positive Positive 85.4 False Positive 85.4 False Positive Positive Positive Negative Negative ‐72 False Positive ‐72 False Positive Positive Positive Negative Negative False Positive False Positive INTERNATIONAL INTERNATIONAL

https://www.bbc https://www.bbc Tokyo elects Yuriko Koike as first female governor Tokyo elects Yuriko Koike as first female governor Negative Negative Negative https://www.new https://www.new Why the World Should Hope Shinzo Abe Wins ReëlectioPositive Why the World Should Hope Shinzo Abe Wins ReëlectioPositive Positive https://www.fran https://www.fran Abe's ruling bloc on course to win majority in Japan elecPositive Abe's ruling bloc on course to win majority in Japan elecPositive Negative https://www.wsj https://www.wsj Shinzo Abe Is Set to Become Japan’s Longest‐Serving Pr Shinzo Abe Is Set to Become Japan’s Longest‐Serving Pr Positive Positive Positive https://www.ft.c https://www.ft.c Shinzo Abe’s coalition secures victory in elections for Ja Shinzo Abe’s coalition secures victory in elections for Ja Negative Negative Positive https://www.usn https://www.usn Japan's Stability Is Both Strength and Liability Japan's Stability Is Both Strength and Liability Positive Positive Positive https://qz.com/9 https://qz.com/9 With other democracies in flames, Japan is saying “no th With other democracies in flames, Japan is saying “no th Negative Negative Negative https://www.ft.c https://www.ft.c Tokyo governor Yuriko Koike: the most powerful woma Tokyo governor Yuriko Koike: the most powerful woma Positive Positive Negative https://www.eas https://www.eas Abe’s dominance belies Japan’s weak politics Abe’s dominance belies Japan’s weak politics Neutral Neutral Neutral https://www.fair https://www.fair Can Japan Maintain Its Economic Fortunes?

Can Japan Maintain Its Economic Fortunes? Positive Positive Neutral

Negative Positive Negative

‐93.6 True Positive ‐93.6 True Positive 70 True Positive 70 True Positive

40.00 Negative Negative Neutral

Neutral

Positive Positive Positive Positive

20.00 0.6 False Positive 0.6 False Positive 51.6 True Positive 51.6 True Positive

20.00 Negative Negative Negative Negative

True Positive True Positive

Positive Positive Negative Negative

False Positive False Positive

‐86.1 False Positive ‐86.1 False Positive

Positive Positive Positive Positive

60 True Positive 60 True Positive

Positive Positive Positive Positive

True Positive True Positive

Positive

43 True Positive 43 True Positive

Positive Positive Positive Positive

73.8 True Positive 73.8 True Positive

Positive Positive Positive Positive

True Positive True Positive

Positive

66.7 False Positive 66.7 False Positive

Negative Negative Negative Negative

40.4 True Positive 40.4 True Positive

Negative Negative Negative Negative

True Positive True Positive

Positive

12.7 True Positive 12.7 True Positive

Positive Positive Positive Positive

66.7 True Positive 66.7 True Positive

Positive Positive Positive Positive

True Positive True Positive

Negative

‐10 True Positive ‐10 True Positive

Negative Negative Negative Negative

85.6 True Positive 85.6 True Positive

Negative Negative Negative Negative

True Positive True Positive

Negative

‐21 False Positive ‐21 False Positive

Positive Positive Positive Positive

42.1 True Positive 42.1 True Positive

Positive Positive Positive Positive

True Positive True Positive

Neutral

‐3.8 True Positive ‐3.8 True Positive

Neutral

‐69.4 False Positive ‐69.4 False Positive

Neutral

False Positive False Positive

https://www.danielsoper.com/sentimentanalysis/default.aspx#

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40.00

Neutral Negative Negative

Positive Positive Positive Positive

True Positive True Positive

Neutral

Neutral Negative Negative

Positive Positive Positive Positive

https://app.monkeylearn.com/main/classifiers/cl_pi3C7JiL%EF%BB%BF/tab/demo/

20.00

20.00 26.67

26.67

False Positive False Positive True Positive True Positive

https://www.summarizebot.com/text_api_demo.html

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Problems and Solutions?

Week 4 - Critical Reflection After understanding how illusions work and how easy it is to believe in something just because it is written with the right amount of words or in the appealing way, I started having a look into the media distribution across Japan, their main newspapers and their political views. As expected, the ones supporting the leading party have a tendency to hide or even lie about certain events in the media. The other news outlets are no better, as even the NHK, the Japanese national broadcaster hides interest based relationship between the prime minister Shinzo Abe and the directors. Unfortunately, the Japanese haven’t awakened from this just yet, as their are very honest people and do not believe in dishonesty, forcing them one way or another to believe that if something has been said or published must either be true or for a good cause (honne and tatamae).

media

Climate Change

Politics

people

In trying to discover the discrepancy between the writer’s intentions and the content in several articles I created a list of Sentiment Analysis tools and analysed the false positives numbers. A false positive is when the human interpretation is not equal with what the algorithm provides. For example, if the article gives the reader a positive feeling in describing a success of the prime-minister but the algorithm provides it to be negative, it results as a false negative. (Or vice versa). Based on this, the average of my list resulted in 58% of the media containing either hidden sentiments or altering the truth for the “Benefit of the doubt”. power to the people can down the government after the way to go? Are there in next week’s presentation.

ARCHITECTURE

Recent events in Romania made me think how giving back reshape the country. Romanians won their battle by bringing “500 days of protests”, as called by CNN. But are protests dangers in empowering the people so much? More... To follow

Politics

Climate Change

media

people

Figure 81 - Reasons for concern in japan

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55

Tokyo has a very limited number of public squares. Why?

Tokyo as an illusion A Vocal Country General Representation of how a public square can be used

Future 56

Figure 82 - Examples of public square uses

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What makes a public space? Or a public square... ?

Figure 83 - What makes a good public square?

Figure 84 - Qualities of a public square

Protests fall mostly under the umbrella of “access and linkages” and “comfort and image” in the Great Place diagram. Public spaces can uphold those rights to free speech and assembly by ensuring that everyone can access those spaces safely, freely, and equally.

That said, I think one could also consider a protest a “use” or “activity” that draws people to the space.

Figure 85 - How to build a public square

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MANIFESTO

59

pin op

g Mall

Omo tes an

do

Sh

Plazas - Private or Public? What are POPST? Privately owned public space in Tokyo (POPST) refers to a class of places that arise from urban planning policies designed to incentivize the creation of public goods using private capital. They take many forms, including sidewalk extensions, plazas, parks, arcades, through-block passages, transit access spaces and others.

Sumo

Mu s

e

In return for providing these, developers are given opportunities to increase revenue, generally though larger buildings than would be allowed by zoning regulations, or reduce costs, usually through tax cuts. In Japan, there are national, generic standards for what qualifies as POPS, which developers can design into their properties and take advantage of the benefits at their discretion. (Vito, 2019)

Figure 86 - Map of Tokyo’s public squares

rk

Kasa i

rin ka i

Pa

• Tomin Hiroba (Citizen’s Plaza) • Tokyu Plaza Omotesando Harajuku • Sumo Museum • Edo-Tokyo Museum • Sengakuji Temple • Asukayama Park • Kasairinkai Park • Sunshine Aquarium • Toshimaen Water Park

em us

E do

Tok yo

-

M

Citizen’s Plaza -

nm

go ve r

en

Saku ra

Se ein

t Figure 87 - The Government Building’s plazza

None of the plazas in Tokyo seem suitable for public manifestation

60

Maybe to avoid public manifestations of all kinds?

?!

gs

ma Park kaya Asu

Figure 88 - Diagram of public vs private ownership and access

Unfortunately, as another indication to a corrupted city, these POPST were not built for the people at all, but rather for the benefits in tax refunds and the revenue increase.

Tokyo Survey Book 2: Making Tokyo’s Open Spaces More Enjoyable - Rating the Appeal of 108 Privately Owned Public Spaces in Tokyo - has discovered that many POPST which technically fulfill the criteria of urban development schemes but which are not built with the perspective of users and the characteristics of the local community in mind. (100 POPST out of 652 were considered for this survey with an 80% result of innaporpriate design eg. Entrances obstructed by bikes, smoking areas making it difficult for non-smokers to interact etc) (Mori Memorial Foundation, 2011) 61

A government’s map for earthquake awareness Present - 2050

ly d

Figure 90 - Google Earth KML map for earthquake risk 0.1

3

6

30

100 (%)

0.1

3

6

30

100 (%)

Central area with no public spaces.

Why? Because it’s the governmental area.

ds

POPST Extent of central Tokyo Large-scale city parks, etc.

us

62

Figure 91 - Google Earth KML map for earthquake risk

Large-scale temple/shrine grounds, cemeteries, etc.

Figure 89 - Location of Privately owned public spaces in Tokyo

63

An overview of the Governemental Grounds - will they be affected?

Hibiya Park:

Figure 94 - Hibiya Park - initial overview

Tokyo Station

Tokyo Midtown Hibiya Mall

Hibiya Park

Tokyo District Court and Ministry of Justice

Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare Consulting Offices

Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism

Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Government Office

National Diet Library

National Diet Building

Figure 92 - Figure 90 - Google Earth KML map for earthquake risk showing the governmental areas & Hibiya Park

Past: • opened in 1903 as Japan’s first modern Western-style park • the capital’s first open space to aquire political significance as a site of mass gathering • 1905 - “Hibiya Riot” - first major social protest of the age of imperial democracy in Japan.

• a massive three-day r protesting the terms of the peace treaty that ended the Russo-Japanese War. • Following Hibiya Riot, social protests for the most part took on a more organized and less violent form.

• Grounds of the May Day Demonstration from 1920 - 1935 - banned afterwards Present: • The facilities are aging rapidly • Hibiya Public Hall cannot be used due to lack of earthquake resistance Future 2023 • The Government created a proposal for:

• allowing the green spaces to be inhabited by people

• To renovate the facilities including the Hibiya public Hall

• To rebuild The Music Hall

(Nishimura, 2018)

?!

64

Figure 93 - Most important buildings in the Governmental Area

Figure 95 - Rebuilding Hibiya Park - Nothing changes?

65

Tokyo’s mass gatherings 1905-1918

Historical Athmospheres of Hibiya Park

Hibiya Park

17 killed; 70 percent of police boxes, 15 streetcars destroyed; progovernment newspapers attacked; 311 arrested; violence in Kobe, Yokohama; rallies nationwide

Against “unconstitutional” Against streetcarHibiya Park behavior of Mar. 15-18, 1906 fare increase bureaucracy, Seiyūkai

Several dozen streetcars smashed; attacks on streetcar company offices; many arrested; increase revoked

Sept. 5-8, 1906

Against Against streetcar“unconstitutional” Hibiya Park fare increase actions

113 arrested, scores injured; scores of streetcars damaged; police boxes destroyed

Feb. 11, 1908

Against tax increase

21 arrested; 11 streetcars stoned

Sept. 5-7, 1905

Against clique Against treaty government; for ending the Russo“constitutional Japanese War government”

Hibiya Park

Figure 97 -Old postcards of Hibiya Park - a freedom of speech symbol

Feb. 10, 1913

For constitutional Against clique government government

Sept. 7, 1913

For strong China policy

Against naval corruption For Feb. 10-12, 1914 constitutional government

66

Feb. 11, 1918

For universal suffrage

Aug. 13-16,1925 1918

Against high rice prices

38 police boxes smashed; government newspapers attacked; several killed; 168 Outside Diet injured (110 police); 253 arrested; violence in Kobe, Osaka, Hiroshima, Kyoto

Hibiya Park

Against business tax For strong China policy

Against Terauchi Cabinet

Police stoned; Foreign Ministry stormed; representatives enter Foreign Ministry to negotiate

Dietmen attacked; Diet, newspapers stormed; Outside Diet streetcars, police boxes smashed; 435 arrested; violence in Osaka

Ueno Park

Police clash with demonstrators; 19 arrested

Hibiya Park

Rice seized; numerous stores smashed; 578 arrested; incidents nationwide

Figure 96 - Protest listing in Hibiya park since 1903

Figure 98 -Old postcards of Hibiya Park - a freedom of speech symbol

67

Initial Site Analysis

ce

are - Squ

mu nit y

e

ten xis

Co

ion his

Events

Co m

Cu lt u ral

Co

Environmental Qualities of Hibiya Park

B

Elder

ly ity

ura ak -S

A’

seeings

de nt

e

gein llb

He alt h

Pla ce I

&

W

A

Figure 100 - Initial Site Analysis Sketching

Site Section AA’

B’

M

itality

nt me e ov

om Freed

Figure 101 - West Facing Section

Site Section BB’

s&

ic V om n co

Acc es

Ma rke ts

-E

Height Opportunity

Height Opportunity

Figure 102 - North facing Section

68

Figure 99 - Google Earth Imaginery of Hibiya Park

69

Initial Ideas : A multi-use public square?

Week 5 - Critical Reflection As protests have been a demonstration of giving power back to the people in a democratic state, I have started looking into the qualities that allow for these actions to happen. In order for a protest to be effective, it needs to be visible. The most visibility can be achieved in a public square or a flat area where the people can spread and get acknowledged. I looked into the quality of space for such a square, however, in Tokyo their number is very small. Why? Is it as a precaution to avoid these types of demonstrations?

After looking into historical sites for demonstrations, I came across Hibiya Park, situated right next to the governmental district of Tokyo. Coincidently, Hibiya Park has been listed in historical data as the first place to ever host public manifestations and protests since 1903, the public demonstrations or protests being banned shortly after on public spaces. However, on a private space, the situation depends on the owner. A report proved there are countless private owned public spaces in Japan, where these manifestations can happen. However, most of them have “hidden� access points, and the only reason they were made public in the first place was to gain extra revenue for the government.

Again, another classic case of corruption. I need to look more in the programe proposal and understand how a change can be made by involving both the people and the politicians. How can media become a lens that adapts to people and gets rid of bias? For the 2050 scenario, the government needs to get overthrown for the benefit of people. The protests may not be very effective as they often create even more scandaals. Therefore the protesters need to become participants. This can allow for a political shift. Into communicating the information I am proposing an app called Wireframe (name inspired from the architectural render that allows traansparency and main lines to be seen, but also the data infographics in computer science). Wireframe becomes a live platform for people with smartphones and devices. Wireframe becomes power.

70

Figure 103-107 - Example of Buildings with incorporated public squares

71

Mapping the Protests in and around Japan - 1979 - 2014 1979

1992

2000

2006

2012

2014

Tokyo as an illusion

The Power of Media and People

72

Figure 108 - Mapping the world protests hierarchy

73

Website Audience

#2,324

mainichi.jp

#182

mainichi.jp

#369

mainichi.jp

The power of media - Overview of the top Japanese Newspapers Total Visits

Jul 2019 - Sep 2019

Domain

Jul 2019 - Sep 2019

Jul 2019 - Sep 2019,  Worldwide asahi.com

#666

asahi.com yomiuri.co.jp yomiuri.co.jp mainichi.jp

#1,190

mainichi.jp

#2,324

Jul 2019 - Sep 2019

Engagement Jul 2019 - Sep 2019

mainichi.jp asahi.com

78.95M

32.23M asahi.com

2.45 78.95M

43.99M

17.53M yomiuri.co.jp

43.99M 2.51

32.49M

17.73M

Jul 2019 - Sep 2019 17.53M

Domain

32.49M

mainichi.jp

Jul 2019 - Sep 2019,

236.9M Engagement Julasahi.com 2019 - Sep 2019

Jul 2019 - Sep 2019,

132M

Worldwide yomiuri.co.jp

asahi.com Search

70.98%

#210

68.37% 70.98%

67.63%

#369

68.37%



1.83

00:01:16

Pages/Visit

Pages/Visit 2.76

00:03:30 3.40

3.40

00:01:16

2.00

32.37%

2.00

Institutions with a kisha club limit their press conferences to the journalists of that club, and membership rules for kisha clubs are restrictive. This blocks access by domestic non-member media, such as magazines and smaller newspapers, and the foreign media, as well as freelance reporters, to the press conferences. (Wikipedia, 2019)

Bounce Rate Bounce Rate

Avg. Visit Duration

2.76 00:02:08

57.03% 57.03% 55.84% 55.84% 

68.54%

68.54% 67.63%

yomiuri.co.jp

29.02%

70.98%

mainichi.jp

31.63%

68.37%

While similar arrangements exist in other countries, the Japanese form of this type of organization is seen as one of the most extreme, with journalists actively denying access to other journalists.

97.5M

yomiuri.co.jp

100.0M

Unique Visitors

78.95M

100.0M

29.02%

A kisha club (記者クラブ kisha kurabu), or “reporters’ club”, from the Japanese word kisha (記 者), meaning reporter, is a Japanese news-gathering association of reporters from specific news organizations, whose reporting centers on a press room set up by sources such as the Prime Minister’s Official Residence, government ministries, local authorities, the police, or corporate bodies. In English, it also called a Press Club.



#113

mainichi.jp

mainichi.jp

Monthly Visits

Domain

132M

asahi.com

97.5M

32.37%

31.63%

Avg. Visit Duration Visits / Unique Visitors

asahi.com

All Tra c

236.9M

All Tra c

yomiuri.co.jp

Worldwide 2.51 00:03:30

17.73M

236.8M 1.83

97.49M Visits over time

Visits over time

31.63%

Device 00:02:08 32.23MDistribution 2.45

131.9M

mainichi.jp

yomiuri.co.jp

67.63% 

mainichi.jp mainichi.jp

97.49M

Visits / Unique Visitors Monthly Visits Unique Visitors

Domain

yomiuri.co.jp

29.02%

Worldwide

Unique Visitors

Worldwide

yomiuri.co.jp Domain

#182

mainichi.jp mainichi.jp

asahi.com

asahi.com

mainichi.jp131.9M

yomiuri.co.jp

Monthly Visits

Domain

#101

yomiuri.co.jp 97.49M

Engagement

In  News and Media32.37%

#58 yomiuri.co.jp 236.8M

asahi.com



Device Distribution Category Jul 2019 - SepRank 2019 Worldwide

asahi.com

asahi.com 131.9M

Website Jul 2019 - SepAudience 2019 Worldwide Total Visits asahi.com

Worldwide

Jul 2019 - Sep 2019, Japan 236.8M

Domain

Worldwide



Domain

Total Visits Rank Country

Global Rank

Domain

Kisha Clubs and the Press

Device Distribution

Website Audience 8 days left Contact us to learn more or schedule a demo Jul 2019 - Sep 2019

Worldwide

32.23M

Visits / Unique Visitors 2.45

Avg. Visit Duration

Pages/Visit

00:02:08

Bounce Rate

2.76

57.03%

75.00M

43.99M

17.53M

32.49M Top Search Terms 75.00M

17.73M

yomiuri.co.jp

Organic

mainichi.jp

Jul 2019 - Sep 2019

Worldwide

asahi.com

2.51

00:03:30

3.40

55.84%

1.83

00:01:16

2.00

68.54%

Desktop Only

yomiuri.co.jp

Visits over time Geography Search Term

50.00M

25.00M mainichi.jp

50.00M

Jul 2019 - Sep 2019,

Tra c Share

All Tra c

朝日新聞 236.9M

132M

25.00M

asahi.com

yomiuri.co.jp

100.0M JUL'19

京アニ

43.6%

Top 5 Countries

48.6%

1.37%

99.8% AUG'19

asahi.com62.0%

1.35% 1.33%

京都アニメーション

Jul 2019 - Sep 2019,

AUG'19

99.9%

1.79%

GeographyDesktop Only

読売新聞 Jul 2019 - Sep 2019,

Volume

JUL'19

mainichi.jp

Top 韓国 5 Countries

75.00M

Group Share Split

97.5M

1.90%

yomiuri.co.jp

59.0%

Japan

Country

Social

China Japan

Social Tra c JUL'19 Jul 2019 - Sep 2019

asahi.com

Worldwide

yomiuri.co.jp

Twitter

mainichi.jp

Display Advertising

Top Jul 2019 - SepPublishers 2019 Worldwide Jul 2019 - Sep 2019

asahi.com

asahi.com

asahi.com

Domain

$0.07

2.57%

China

0.40%

United Kingdom

0.22%

Germany

0.22%

Facebook

0.22%

42.0%

26.1%

10/27/2019

75.8% 21.0%

26.1%

69.7%21.2%

46.3%

46.3%

21.2% 12.2% 12.0%

19.3%

34.3%

yomiuri.co.jp

yomiuri.co.jp

yomiuri.co.jp

19.3%

34.3%

10/27/2019

Direct yahoo.co.jp

Email 0.18%

itmedia.co.jp

0.05%

Email

0.04%

Top Referring Websites Referrals

• extreme type of access-driven journalism that undermines the quality of journalism 2018, Reporters Without Borders “journalists find it hard put to fully play their role as democracy’s watchdog.”

Figure 111 - Freedom of Press Index - Japan loses 11 positions

Others

Mixi.jp

• smaller media companies, freelance journalists and foreign news organizations are often blocked from joining kisha clubs – opaque and exclusive ties with the government

10/27/2019

• members of kisha clubs have been subject to penalties, such as being forbidden from attending the kisha club, for reporting information that was supposed to be kept secret,

mainichi.jp

mainichi.jp

mainichi.jp

Total Group Tra c Share

0.14%

Disadvantages:

12.5% 17.8%

Desktop Only

Desktop Only

Setting up a kisha club allows bodies such as government agencies to communicate official announcements rapidly to the media.

12.5% 17.8%

12.2% 12.0%

SEP'19

69.7%

21.0%

36.8%

36.8% 75.8%

0.22%

Reddit

Figure 110 -

Advantages:

Desktop Only

97.54%

lpga.or.jp

574,780

Figure 109 -

SEP'19

52.9%

All Rights Reserved by SimilarWeb LTD. 2019 | info@similarweb.com

vk.sportsbull.jp

Referrals

N/A

42.0%

All Rights Reserved by SimilarWeb LTD. 2019 | info@similarweb.com

estart.jp

Direct

74

Worldwide

$1.76

292,710

SEP'19

Group Tra c Share Split

Marketing Channels Marketing Channels Channels Overview Channels Overview Jul 2019 - Sep 2019 Worldwide

$0.38

308,580

Tra c Share Group Tra c Share Split All Rights Reserved by SimilarWeb LTD. 2019 | info@similarweb.com 52.9% 94.40% 0.40%

United States United Kingdom

Hatena Bookmark

2,353,580

2.57%

Germany AUG'19

Desktop Only

$0.82

94.40% mainichi.jp

yomiuri.co.jp

United States

25.00M

23.9%

Tra c Share

asahi.com 50.00M

27.7% mainichi.jp

17.1%

Country

Desktop Only

10.3%

CPC

417,330

• there has been criticism that the main work of reporters in a press room tends to be to summarize the contents of press conferences, so that they neglect to check whether what is announced is true and are more easily subject to media manipulation leading to fear of freedom of press

Total Group Tra c Share Split 89.9% 100%

Referrals

Referrals

Social

Social

Organic Search 64.1%

Paid Search

Organic Search

98.6% 100%

11.1% Display Ads 24.9%

Paid Search

Display Ads

Graphs and table created with (C) https://www.similarweb.com/corp/pro/

• reporters Without Borders, a journalists’ organization which campaigns to protect the rights of journalists to freedom of speech, is calling for the Japanese government to abolish the kisha club system. (Wikipedia, 2019) 75

The connection between Media and Protests in Politics

Protesting In Japan demo are protest demonstrations held on public streets or at symbolic locations that direct a political message to some target, but also address a broader audience of non-participants.

Pace of Change and Satisfaction of people

demo in outdoor spaces generally begin with a shu¯kai to rally the participants, and may end with one or more smaller shukai before the participants disband.

High Me

dia

People find out about a particular gathering either from print materials such as fliers and newsletters or social media.

Med

The government tried to control demonstrations with heavy police presence but refused to respond to the demands, which deeply frustrated the protesters.

Crisis

Crisis

ia

Protest

Low

Protest

Time

Figure 112 - What causes a protest?

Protests and pressure build exponentially as societal expectations remain unsatisfied. (Hay, 2008)

Their cries were against a series of bills that would expand Japan’s military role under a reinterpretation of the country’s war-renouncing constitution.

But what happens when even the protests are hidden from the media?

“Your IP has been identified as a spam source.”

“Article not found” “You do not have permission to access this domain” Everything is hidden - The people of Tokyo are trying their best in protesting, unfortunately, as the media is not supporting into gathering more masses of people, their shouts go silent Metropolitan Anti-Nuc. Power Alliance

# Hong Kong revolution

Fuji TV Protest Demo Participant

User Maps Figure 114 - Diet Protests

Figure 115 - Abe Caricature

Figure 116 - Picnic Riots

The Tokyo Picnic Club - Ingeniosity against the “law” It’s 3:30pm and a dozen Tokyoites are sitting in the middle of the asphalt road, on a street in the famously crowded entertainment district of Shibuya, having a picnic, led by the architect Hiroshi Ota and the professor of urbanism Kaori Ito, they say they have claimed “picnic rights” over the streets of the city.

Twitter Gatherings

“But now the streets and alleys are all private space, with nowhere to gather” - Ito

76

Figure 113 - Screenshots of Twitter and Social Media Protest Gatherings Instructions

77

Public Demonstrations and Protests - User Platform @メニュー

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URL

13:00~ 告知

Article Link Article Name Human Analysis Machine Learning Interpretation Result https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2014/12/16/business/economy-business/unlocking-growth-potential-top-task-abenomics-2-0/#.XaD7nUZKiUk Positive Neutral -1 False Positive Unlocking growth potential is top task for Abenomics 2.0 https://www.reuters.com/article/us-japan-politics/japans-abe-aims-for-constitution-change-in-bid-for-extended-term-idUSKCN1LQ0AU Japan's Abe aims for constitution change in bid for extended term Positive Negative -76 False Positive https://japantoday.com/category/politics/abe-eyes-new-action-plan-to-boost-tourism-to-japan Abe eyes new action plan to boost tourism to Japan Positive Negative -58.1 False Positive https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Datawatch/Abe-has-Japan-s-youth-on-his-side-as-political-age-divide-widens?fbclid=IwAR0aUUq43u-B1Gk3wZAkJ_KPI-ZVqNQhWAeumCU7rbubp-QmBuDmosB8OSw Abe has Japan's youth on his side as political age divide widens Positive Neutral 1 False Positive https://www.japantimes.co.jp/community/2015/04/12/issues/bridging-corruption-legitimacy/#.XaINTEZKiUl Bridging corruption and legitimacy: amakudari Negative Neutral 3.2 False Positive http://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/AJ201910040058.html?iref=pc_ss_date Abe again calls for constitutional revision in policy speech at Diet Positive Negative -29.5 False Positive https://www.nikkei.com/article/DGXMZO50742200Y9A001C1PP8000/ Smart City, Japan takes the lead in creating rules International conference from 9th Positive Negative -99 False Positive https://www.nikkei.com/article/DGXMZO50660950V01C19A0EA2000/ 20 years of self-government, stable in the turbulent world Positive Neutral -0.3 False Positive https://www.nikkei.com/article/DGXMZO50615940U9A001C1EA3000/ Extraordinary Diet, focus on trade and economy Neutral Negative -27 False Positive https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2019/09/13/commentary/japan-commentary/abes-lesson-stability-pragmatism/#.XaJumUZKiUk Abe's lesson in stability and pragmatismAbe's lesson in stability and pragmatism Positive Negative -26.9 False Positive https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20190905/p2g/00m/0na/004000c Abe eyes keeping Nikai as LDP secretary general: sources Positive Negative -66.3 False Positive https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20190313/p2a/00m/0fp/007000c LDP Secretary-General Nikai says 4th term for PM Abe possible Positive Negative -34.3 False Positive https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20160801/p2a/00m/0na/012000c After decades of changing parties, Koike secures Tokyo governor seat Positive Negative -80.2 False Positive https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20160801/p2a/00m/0na/003000c Koike becomes Tokyo's 1st female governor in landslide win Positive Negative -72.3 False Positive https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2019/09/325043876f99-koizumi-seeks-further-innovation-in-japan-to-fight-global-warming.html Koizumi seeks further innovation in Japan to fight climate change Positive Negative -59.3 False Positive https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Japan-election/Abe-s-LDP-and-partner-win-majority-in-Japan-upper-house-election Abe's LDP and partner win majority in Japan upper house election Positive Neutral 0.1 False Positive https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20190823/p2g/00m/0na/061000c Abe urges S. Korea to keep promises after decision to end intel pact Positive Positive 50.2 False Positive https://www.nishinippon.co.jp/item/o/544675/ Prime Minister “I will do everything for disaster recovery” Positive Positive 85.4 False Positive

Figure 118 - False Positive Selection out of the Sentiment Analysis Outcomes

F A L S E-1 P O S I T I V E P E R C E N T A G E O F B I-1A S E D M E D I A - P R O T E S T -76 1 -58.1 -29.5 100 -99 12 2 -0.3 80 11

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-27 -26.9 -66.3 -34.3 -80.2 -72.3 -59.3

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埼 杉戸平和アクション(東武動物公園駅西口・雨天中止) 17:30~ 告知 Blog 玉 18:30~ 告知 告知2 プラカード Figure 117 - Online Platform for Protest Information in Tokyo created by an angry Tokyo resident

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Jul 2019 - Sep 2019

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Worldwide

asahi.com Ad Network

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40

Display 10Ad Network

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Desktop Only

yomiuri.co.jp

5.82%

Outbrain

91.14%

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2.46%

Impact Advertising

0.23%

Taboola

0.13%

F ALS E POS ITIVE PE R CE NTAG E OF FBAI LASSEE DP OMS EI TDIIVAE - PIEDRECAELNCTAASGEE O F B I A S E26D M E D I A - I D E A L C20A S E 76 8.1 48 1 58.1 22 19 1 80 29.5 91 95 12 0.3 2 99 0.3 80 12 2 10 0.3 0.5 60 27 46 15 60 26.9 16.3 40 11 66.3 13 20 3 0.00 40 3 34.3 11 30.2 40 40 80.2 22.3 50 20 72.3 9.3 40 20 59.3 10 4 0 10 4 0

mainichi.jp

5

Total Group Tra c Share

popIn

Google Display Network

千 市川・浦安市民連合 駅頭宣伝 安倍9条改憲NO！憲法 18:00~ 告知 葉 を生かす全国統一署名(JR市川駅 北口)

東 小学館前でスタンディング 0905小学館のヘイト雑誌を 京 許さないアクション

Sentiment Analysis

JAPANESE

デモ・抗議開催情報(2019年8月アーカイブ)から続き

カレンダー形式はこちら 赤帽よいこのカレンダー ぷらっとホーム for Peace 脱原発系イベントカレンダー デンシ鳩の予定鳩カレンダー

The sentiment analysis tool for Positive articles that are in fact negative has been a very useful tool in deciphering the hidden media in the press. What if journalists’ content becomes analysed on a basis that further informs people how the media hides important things? When the sentiment analysis percentage reaches big values it means that a big event in the media is trying to be hidden by the government (e.g.: Fukushima Incident). If a platform informs people of this drastic change, it can warn the people who have the possibility of protesting. Once the protest starts, there is no going back, as long as the media supports the operation. Which, in Japan’s case, it is not likely.

9

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95.2%

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Total Group Tra c Share Split

93.2%

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83.5%

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98.7% Figure 119 - Spider Diagram based on7 the values - current and ideal 84.5%

13.5%

The media has ways of reaching the people one way or another. There is no surprise that the top 2 supportive governmental news outlets can reach Amazon, yahoo, etc. into trying to “calm down” the population. So.. What can be done? There needs to be a powerful building place, that supports not just the international media, but the people itself. A building that becomes a billboard in the city Tra informs c Destination and the people whether a protest is supposed to happen or not.

Top Ads Destination Jul 2019 - Sep 2019

Worldwide

asahi.com Domain

Desktop Only

yomiuri.co.jp

mainichi.jp

Total Group Tra c Share

item.rakuten.co.jp

11.89%

amazon.co.jp

5.27%

yodobashi.com

4.92%

rakuten.ne.jp

4.86%

yahoo.co.jp

2.97%

Total Group Tra c Share Split 12.7%

62.7% 51.8% 50.0%

27.8%

56.8% 15.5%

24.6% 33.5%

14.6% 22.2%

23.0% 50.5%

20.2% 34.0%

Figure 120 - How does media reach people?

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Unbiased International Media - The Heroes of Japan’s Media?

Programe Description - Initial Ideas What is a Wireframe?

A wireframe is a schematic, a blueprint, useful to help you and your programmers and designers think and communicate about the structure of the software or website you’re building.

It is also the Render style that allows designers to see the primordial lines of a design.

Wireframe

Figure 121 - Biased Media Chart

NGO’s in Japan - Wireframe Public Manifesto and Support Centre for Media and People In Japan companies can deduct donations up to 0.125 percent of their capital plus 1.25 percent of their annual profit. This is called the general ceiling. When a donation is made to government-operated organizations or those specially registered by the government, no limitation is imposed. If the donation goes to organizations authorized by the government as a “special public interest promotion organization,” the ceiling is twice that of the general ceiling.

News Sources ABC news Ap Axios BBC Bussiness Insider CBS news Cnn Financial Times Forbes Fortune FP National Public Radio Quartz Reuters The Economist The NY Times The Washington Post Total (Billions) Of which Revenue Deducted Donations (M)

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Estimated Annual Revenue $M 120.6 40 45 5500 42.4 94 3200 796.3 297 1100 1.1 252.8 11.8 339.9 678.8 1800 709 15.0287

$

187.86

Figure 122 - Annual revenues of non-biased media of which 1,25 % can be donated to NGO’s for a total development cost

Figure 123 - First Programe Ideas

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Architectural Representation of Data

Describing The Programme

Figure 124 - Represetation of the spider diagram through space and form - from the ideal case ( promotes interaction) to current case (promotes public gatherings)

Figure 125 - Sketch proposal of ideal and current spaces

Figure 129- Initial programme and integration of the Wireframe User App

Figure 126- Section view of idel and current cases

Wireframe - Public Manifesto and Support Centre for People And Media

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Figure 127- Axo View of ideal cases

Figure 128- Axo View of current case

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A Billboard Building with a Moveable Square

Figure 130- Citizen and Media centre by Henning Larsen Architects

Week 6 - Critical Reflection Looking into protests happening in Tokyo, I had a not so pleasant surprise realising they are not covered fully by the media. The only protests that get published are the very major ones, that cannot escape internatiional attention. Even so, the people are still trying.. I have come across Twitter accounts and personal blogs with individuals trying to gather the masses and protest in front of places of interest. In a country like Japan, because the people are controlled, these protests can only be effective when they gather as many people as possible. I started looking in how I can involve the media to broadast these events and therefore invite more people to join. A way of supporting these activities would be by creating an NGO that collects 1.25% of non-biased journalism outlets such as CNN, BBC, etc. Based on that, a total sum of 187 milion dollars could be enough funding for a project like this. An initial idea of architectural representation was to collect the false-positives of the sentiment analysis, transcribe them into a surface graphic as the spider diagram and propose current and ideal cases. Therefore, in the current case, where the false-positives are the majority, the site becomes a flat surface for people to interract and attract visibility. In an ideal case, where the surface of the spider diagram is minimal, the site becomes layered, promoting different activities meant for people to interract with one another. Unfortuntaely, bringing people and politicians together proved to be a very obvious solution. A different scenario needs to be adapted, a scenario where the illusion is maintained and the government falls into its own trap.

Figure 131- Magok Central - Wooridongin Architects

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Figure 132 - Time Connector - UNSANGDONG Architects

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Tokyo as an illusion

Still an Illusion... or a Still Illusion?

Making a Change

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Figure 133- Site Analysis - First Impressions

Metro Chiyoda Line Metro Marunouchi Line Metro Hibiya Line Railway System to Tokyo Station 88

Metro Station Access

Views Opportunity

Government & Ministry Buildings

Corporate Buildings

Educational

TEPCO Electric Company

Japan Press Centre and Broadasting Buildings

Public Spaces

Hotels

Acces Points to the Park 89

December 3 PM

SUN STUDY OVERLAY

Deccember 9 AM

SITE SUN ANALYSIS

Figure 134 - Sun Analysis - July and December

90 91

July 3 PM

July 9 AM

Visibilities from Interest Buildings

Water Conceptual Axis

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ANALYSIS Figure 135- Visibilities from the Press Centre and Broadcasting Buildings (blue) and Ministry Buildings (Red)

INITIAL SITE

INITIAL SITE

ANALYSIS

MOST VISIBILITY

Figure 136- Water Location forming Conceptual Axis

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Figure 137 - Important corners that can cause traffic distruptions

INITIAL SITE

INITIAL SITE 94

ANALYSIS

Earthquake Affected Areas Due to Aging of Construction on Site

ANALYSIS

Traffic Blocking Opportunities

Figure 138- Buildings and facilitieswith high risk of collapsing on site

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Oxford Brookes Headington Campus Scale 1:10000

LINKS POTENTIAL

Figure 139- Hibiya Park Site Boundary

Figure 140- OXB Uni Site Boundary

TRAFFIC ANALYSIS AND

SCALE COMPARISON

Tokyo Hibiya Park Scale 1:10000

Figure 141- Traffic Analysis during Commuting Hours 97

Phase 1 Diagram

Scenario

What is a Wireframe?

Phase 1 - Post 2025 Programme

A wireframe is a schematic, a blueprint, useful to help you and your programmers and designers think and communicate about the structure of the software or website you’re building. It is also the render style that allows designers to see the primordial lines of a design.

Therefore, Wireframe becomes a live online platform that analyses the media and reflects it back to the people. Wireframe has a very big impact on the online users, they use the public square for protests, while raising the eyebrows of the biased news sources and politicians. Politicians are therefore forced to adapt, as the Wireframe users keep themselves more informed by the day. The only way to cool down the protests is by coming in contact with the protestants in Phase 2.

Wireframe

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Figure 142

Wireframe - Public Manifesto and Support Centre for People And Media

PROGRAMME

PROGRAMME

Figure 143

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?!

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Phase 2 - 2035

Phase 2 - 2035 By having the politicians understand the people, threatened with protest and disruptions of the city, the politicians become forced to understand the public opinion and find solutions that would benefit more than just their interests. They get involved in public discussions that then reach the Wireframe Platform for all the people to accept or not and then they get proposed to the government. The journalism is still key as people are aware the effect the journalism has among the media. It is still essential to wake up the population and analyse the biased the politicians are trying to hide, now that they are actively part of the public.

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Figure 144

PROGRAMME

PROGRAMME

Politicians Undertand The Public and Resolve Issues By Having Public Discussions in Which The Public Opinion Matters

Figure 145

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Phase 3 - 2035

Protesters become Participants. Media and Politics are now having equal meaning as the public opinion. Decisions Making is shared among these 3 bodies of people.

The Media disappears from the formal obligation, it is now part of the public and the politicians where everybody becomes a participant of decision making. The government still has the power to promote laws but since Wireframe proved to be effective in getting a very good administration of the country and happiness of Japanese people, now the Government allows limited access.

Politicians are now forced to move entirely on the Hibiya Site, as this slowly becomes the new place for political decisions.

Figure 146

PROGRAMME

PROGRAMME 102

Phase 3 - 2035

Figure 147

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Final Phase - Future (After 2050)

Final Phase - Future (After 2050)

The Hibiya Site is now a new place for people and politics.

Media is gone and the politicians are putting people first.

Media dissipated completely and Hibiya Park is now the new centre for the government, while being carefully monitored by the Data Analysis softwares and engineers. The site at Hibiya is now completely layered, promoting discussions and cultural interactions among the people. The Illusion of Japan is starting to lose its meaning as everything is transparent now, every decision goes through the eyes of the public and Wireframe Users. The Hibiya Park, however, remains a supervisor. When things go out of control again, and the people’s satisfaction and the biased graph become negative again, Phase 1 can be reintegrated again just by moving the plaques of the square and inviting people for protest and disrupting the city. Therefore, as the “new government� takes place here, it would be even harder for politicians to do their daily activities with thousands of protesting people around. Therefore, it would be more effective to avoid the protest in the first place and find a solution.

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Figure 148

PROGRAMME

PROGRAMME

Figure 149

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Initial Concept

Week 7 - Critical Reflection Hibiya Park seems to be a very good site choice, due to its proximity to the political district, therefore visibility would affect not just the city but the people that caused it too. Surely if Hibiya Park were to be bought and regenerated, a privately owned public spaced could make a good place for people to interact and... to manifest. As the park is on very dangerous grounds when it comes to the big earthquake that is yet to come, the government could be easily tricked this is nothing but a regeneration project for the aging buildings and facilities on site. There is a loophole still yet to be discovered , but how can the politicians be held responsible for the oppression of the press? I need to have a look into gathering the politicians and the people together in reaching agreements and understanding how the politicians have so strong relationships with the press.

SKETCH RENDERS

Figure 150 - Ideal Case Render

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Figure 151 - Current Case - Flat Public Square - Render

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The problem with protests

Tokyo as an illusion Pros:

The future of Politics

1. It creates awareness: Protesting has a way of creating awareness regarding the challenges that are being faced by a group of

The Orwellian Future - A damnation in disguse

2. It brings attention to an issue: Protesting brings attention towards a given issue and helps in the resolution of the issues at an

people at a particular time. This also helps in shading light in the happenings in the surrounding.

opportune time.

3. It is a way of being heard: Sometimes protests are used as a means of being heard by the people in power. In circumstances where the government does not respond to the needs of the people, protests can be used to get the government’s attention.

4. It brings about changes: Protests creates an important avenue to bring about the much desired change in the society. This also helps in improving the status of affairs in the country.

5. It pushes for a reform agenda: Protests are an ideal way of pushing for reforms in a society where systems are deemed to be broken. Through protests, the powers that be will ensure that reforms are implemented.

6. It is usually geared towards a specific issue: Protests are usually geared towards a specific issue in the society. For instance, people would be protesting because of poor roads and infrastructure.

7. It ensures accountability: Protests helps in creating accountability on the part of the people who are in power. It helps create a sense of accountability on the part of those in power.

8. It is a way of expression: Protests are another way of expressing one’s views in an environment where the systems have refused to work properly.

9. It is a way of changing policy: If a people want a change in policy by the government, they can push for that change through a protest.

10. It promotes democracy: Protests are a means of ensuring that democracy thrives. It helps a people express their views without the interference of others who have a contrary opinion.

Cons: 1. It is a violent affair: Protests are usually a violent affair and may end up in a lot of violent confrontations that may sometimes result into fundamental losses.

2. It may sometimes lead to injury: Protest usually involve a lot of people of people gathering and raising their voices and this may sometimes lead to violence that may result into injury in the long run.

3. It may lead to damage to property: Protests may sometimes lead to violence that may result in damages to property. This may also lead to loss of expensive property that may negate the value of the protest itself.

4. It is not always an efficient way of expressing oneself: Protests are not always an efficient way of expressing an idea because in most cases the problem may not be solved in the long run.

5. Some people usually take advantage: There are people who take advantage of protests to ensure they advance their own agendas and these may ruin the whole point of the protests. These people may end up stealing from others.

6. Protests lead to decline in economy: Protests may lead to decline in the economic prospects of the country because they tend to destroy rather than build.

7. It may sometimes create unemployment: Protests may also lead to unemployment. This is because a country cannot thrive in protests as protests tend to destroy the economy rather than build the economy.

8. Protests don’t always lead to change: It is not always a guarantee that protests will lead to the desired change. Sometimes protests lead to destruction more than to the change it was intended to bring.

9. They create disorder: Protests are violent and they always create disorder in the society. This breaks the routine and the order in which things are supposed to be. They may lead to death: In extreme circumstances, protests may sometimes lead

to death of so many people especially where the protests end up turning violent.

10. People end up losing: It is the people who are the most losers.

Figure 152 - Why would or wouldn’t a protest work

However, the most effective proved to be the student movements. Students can easily engage with latest technologies to promote their causes. In addition, higher educated people are more likely to protest or manifest, due to a deeper understanding of political problems.

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Student Public Manifestations and Protests across the globe

Public Manifestations and Protests across the globe

Figure 153- OXB Uni Site Boundary

1930s: UCLA anti-establishment protests 1942: White Rose Society resistance in Germany 1956: Hungarian Revolution student marches 1960: Japan’s Anpo protests 1960-68: U.S. civil rights protests (Greensboro to Columbia) 1962: Rangoon University protests in Myanmar protests 1965-75: U.S. Vietnam War protests (SDS Teach-ins to Kent State) 1968: Tlatelolco Massacre in Mexico Cityprotests 1973: Athens Polytechnic uprising 1976: Soweto Youth Uprising in South Africa 1989: Tiananmen Square occupation in Chinaprotests

1960

1970

1980

1980

1989: Velvet Revolution in Czechoslovakia protests 1998: Trisakti shootings in Indonesia 1999: Iran student protests over free speech 2006: ‘A Day Without Immigrants’ demonstrations 2010: London tuition protests 2011-13: Student education reform protests in Chile 2013-present: Black Lives Matter demonstrations 2013-present: Student debt protests at New York 2014: Jadavpur University protests against sexual violence 2014: Hong Kong’s Umbrella Revolution 2017: #MeToo movement against sexual harassment 2018: ‘March For Our Lives’ against gun violence

2000

2010

2017

Figure 154 - Table showing the impacts of violent and nonviolent protests of students

Graphs from The Moral Arc , Erica Chenoweth & Maria Stephan in their data.

What’s the change? -Social media is like community places in past: a place where aggravated people can get together to discuss and raise protests. Facebook has played a large role in this revolution since it has taught users a new way to create groups, spread information all over the globe and voice their opinion unanimously.

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Figure 155 - How do public movements influence?

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Pressure groups and their influences

Politicians

Pressure Groups are organisations that want to change policy but do not want to become the Government. They focus on particular issues or areas of concern.

• Pressure groups try to influence policy making by doing some of the following methods: • Organising petitions • Sending letters to people who might be making decisions • Organising demonstrations • Having a social media campaign to show what is happening and how people can get involved • People join pressure groups to show their support for a particular issue and to join with other • Like-minded people in trying to influence our politicians. Some people feel working in a group like this means they have a louder voice in getting their message across. (The Scottish Parliament, n.d.)

Control Over People

The Nippon Kaigi (日本会議, “Japan Conference”) is a Japanese ultranationalist unincorporated association that was established in 1997 and has approximately 38,000 members.

Kisha Clubs Japan Pressure Group

Figure 157 - The three pillars of control in Japan

Figure 156 - Pressure clubs - Japan vs. the rest of the world

In the words of Hideaki Kase, an influential member of Nippon Kaigi, “We

our conservative cause. We

are dedicated to

are monarchists. We are for revising the

People need to wake up and get involved

constitution. We are for the glory of the nation.”

Following the 2014 reshuffle, 15 of the 18 of Third Abe Cabinet members, including the Prime Minister himself (as ‘special adviser’), were members of Nippon Kaigi. It also the group claimed 289 of the 480 Japanese National Diet members. (Wikipedia, n.d.)

In Japan, politicians are part of these pressure groups, in other democratic countries, politicians usually don’t get involved with these activities. What does this say?

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2050 113

Japan’s Politicians - Future Predictions (Institute of Customer Experience, 2014)

Japan 2050 - Scenario 1 - Machine made Government

Technology takes charge in the attributes of Voters, Campaigners and Leaders.

1. Voters - Towards the future • Every citizen and voter can be increasingly monitored through live cameras, social media, drones, etc.

• Every channel data can then be analyzed to check on changing political inclinations. As our devices get more interconnected and we become moredevice dependent, the political parties already know whom wewill vote for.

• People are no longer reticent to express their preferences for political parties through Tweets and Likes. Social media has become a quantitative indicator of political behavior.

2. Open Source Politics - Possible but not convenient for the politicians’ interests • As crowds take on the management of political parties, politics become open source.

• People stop voting for political parties and leaders and instead vote for ideas and thoughts.

The world is now run by machines. Machines drive the cars, machines run the factories, machines are the politicians. In this world, the government does the work of monitoring the machines and that too with the help of monitoring-machines.

These technologies will come to hold great power over us.

Some will force behaviour (like the self driving vehicles that do not go over the speed limit), while some others will be powerful because of the information they gather about us

Machines form part of both the opposition and the ruling parties. These techonologies will filter what we see of the world prescribing what we know, shaping the way we think, influencing how we feel, and thereby determining how we act.

Those in control of these technologies will increasingly control the rest off us. (SUSSKIND, 2019) They will have the power, meaning they’ll have a stable and wide ranging capacity to get us to do things of significance that we wouldn’t otherwise do. They’ll set the limits of our liberty, determining the future of democracy. The government, although hidden behind the meaning of smart, incorruptible, insensitive machines, will have more control instruments than ever.

And as demonstrated, Tokyo has a tendency of hiding corruption, this will be the case, where the “good” robot will be just another mean of manipulation, while the fingers cannot be pointed at those responsible. Big tech companies will become even more biased, imputing data to these technologies with direct orders from governmental powers who hired them in the first place. They will enjoy power on a scale that dwarfs any other economic entity in modern times.

3. Gamified Governance • Gamification is the process of taking something that already exists and integrating game mechanics into it to motivate participation We both win

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Elections no longer occur once in 5 years.They are a continuous process with the crowd playing a key and critical role in self governance.

The leader boards are constantly changing, forcing the candidates to take charge constantly.

Leaders can check in to locations and let their voters know how much they have or intend to equalize that space.

The Electoral Commission Network has now made the political process “Gamified.”

When these watchdog organizations can identify activities that are not progressive, they reflect on the leader board. Decisionmaking is determined by the positions of the candidates on the leader oard.

Voters who earn “influencer” badges have greater power to be able to affect policies.

How can this be resolved?

Wh at i s th • By making people aware of the damnation in disguise. ea rch • By allowing people to be part of the political system. itec tura • By empowering the population. l re spo nse • By manifesting and promoting social interference for a better future. ?

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Japan 2050 - Orwellian Damnation in Disguise

Japan 2050 - Scenario 2 - Opportunity for Propaganda Bioshock - Andrew Ryan and the ideology of men

Visual Representations

Figure 161 - Bioshock’s Rapture and the Objectivism

This scenario explains how people, sick and tired of the era they live in, start opposing against the government. A smart person takes the opportunity and becomes their leader. But maybe not for the best intentions?

Rapture is the brainchild of businessman Andrew Ryan, who sets up the city as a libertarian utopia where a man is ‘entitled to the sweat of his brow’. This ideology is libertarian in the extreme and bears a great resemblance to Ayn’s Rand’s Objectivism. In short, it’s the idea that society flourishes if each of its members focuses on their own self-interests over the interests of others, and without heavy-handed intervention from the state. In doing so, the theory runs that each person creates a personal situation where they feel accomplished and happy. Ultimately, society rules itself, “without Gods or Kings.”

Ryan’s abuse of power—at least in the context of objectivism—results in Rapture’s population becoming disillusioned and coming to believe that his goals are more aligned with retaining power than they are about providing the truly free society they’ve all moved there to create. (Shaw, 2019)

“A free man chooses, a slave obeys” Based on powerful quotes to the people, the city falls under a fall stigma of self empowerment, leading to disruptive events of chaos and anarchy. The game proves how too much power can cause anarchy. How the technological advancements end up ruining the people rather than doing good. And how, to begin with, these advancements were in fact a mask for control, behind whom you had Andrew Ryan, the leader of a dictatorial PROPAGANDA. People need smart heroes, not governmental affiliated. The heroes (NOT LEADERS) should still exist, the smart ones take decisions to avoid dystopian scenarios of power.

How can this be resolved?

Figure 158-160 - Portrayals of the Orwellian Future

• By making people aware of the damnation in disguise.

• By allowing people to be part of the political system.

• By empowering the population.

• By manifesting and promoting social interference for a better future.

• By getting back the freedom of exprression which then becomes the power of manifesto (not to be confused with the power of protest) !!!!! Protest is against something, manifesto is pro something or to inform.

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Design Principles

Visual Recognition Models

Why?

Where?

TOKYO 2050

To avoid mass technological control, to regain freedom of speech

Who? The people, fresh minds, new candidates, new systems

Wireframe Communicating the changes and uniting the people

Objects

Labels

Web Entities

What?

New Party Meeting Places, New ways of informing and manifesting

How? By empowering People and reinventing politicians Figure 162 - The 5 W’s and H’s

Figure 163 - Google’s Visual Recognition Results

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Week 8 - Critical Reflection The 2050 scenario I have identified relies on the fact that political propaganda is not going to dissapear, but hide behind new “faces”, robots that is. Politics will become technological, as they are to be trusted more by people, not being able to have feelings and being hardly corrupted. False. The people who own these machines, softwares, systems will be the most powerful people in the governance. If they own the machines, they control the people, which in Japan’s case, seems to be the preffered scenario. No wonder they are being acclaimed for having such good robot industries. Maybe this was planned for a very long time. But what is there to be done? What can a piece of architecture do to avoid the George Orwellian future of the Big Brother watching us?

I had a look in the political relationship with the press and I have come across Kisha clubs, which normally around the world are not led by the leading party politicians. In Tokyo... they are. And so are the pressure groups, which are supposed to be led by political enthusiasts and people who want to get involved. By hiding behind these 2 powers, which are thought to be normal by the Japanese people, politicians can control the people by influencing them and hidings this from them In short... an amazing weapon of propaganda and manipulation.

I have come across the W’s and H’s of a project and I have acknolwedged I want to AVOID that scenario where the people become fully controlled to the point there is no going back.

But how? And what type of data can be collected? Perhaps something in regards to the use of internet and the media, and how journalists spread these political propaganda messages. This is not enough, I need something that would allow me to get rid of one of the control pillars, and start infiltrating the people involved in that control bubble. At a first glance, the way to go forward is by trying to dissolve the media.

Figure 164 - Refined Programme

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Fake News In Japan Fake news has become one of the most debated subjects in both the media and academia. A recent study of the Japanese news, crecreated by ZBW, a research infrastructure for economics literature, shows how fake news is covering Japan in an era of innacuracy. Ever since the success of President’s trump election in 2016, other countries have adopted the fake news philosophy into catching their subscribers.

Tokyo as an illusion

Fake News in the Media - Most “opaque” news sources

Hiding behind the truth Media and the Post-Truth Era

Fake News Subjects - Efforts in trying to cover the truth

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Discussing Fake news in Japan, the real original research.

Fake news has become one of the most debated subjects in both the media and academia in recent years. The widespread of false information online during the 2016 Brexit referendum and 2016 US Presidential Election had led to countless commentaries across different media outlets. (Cheng and Mitomo, 2018)

Numbers of newspaper articles consisting the term ‘Fake News’

Figure 165

15 most frequently appeared words (by articles)

Figure 166

This is just an easy reveal of what was presented and what is actually is. This way of delivering information is creating a time of hidden truth, called the Post - Truth Era. 124

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The Post Truth Era Oxford Dictionaries defines it as ‘denoting circumstances in which objective facts are less influential in shaping public opinion than appeals to emotion and personal belief’.

Politicians

It could be argued that the media themselves are responsible for the rise of post-truth with their portrayal of fabricated, unachievable images and worlds.

Kisha Clubs

Control Over People

Japan Pressure Group

Figure 168 - An example of post-truth altering an image as per interests

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Figure 167 - How the 3 Pillars Control the Fake News and the people

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Notable Examples

Japan’s Stand on Fake News

1.Brexit’ s ‘£350m for the NHS’ The promise that the weekly cost of EU membership – allegedly, £350m – would be ploughed into the NHS was front and centre in the Vote Leave campaign. For a start, the figure did not take account of the rebate received by Britain: its net contribution per week to the EU was closer to £250m. Having pointed out the error, the UK Statistics Authority declared itself “disappointed to note that there continue to be suggestions that the UK contributes £350m to the EU each week, and that this full amount could be spent elsewhere”. (d’Ancona, 2016)

2.Trump’s 2016 election One thing about the 2016 presidential race is undeniable: Donald Trump has lied or misled at an unprecedented level. Over 70 percent of his statements, according to Politifact, are “mostly false,” “false” or “pants on fire false.” (Hillary Clinton is at 26 percent.)

On the morning after Donald Trump’s inauguration in January, Sean Spicer, the new White House press secretary, called a special press conference and insisted belligerently that “this was the largest audience to ever witness an inauguration, period, both in person and around the globe”. The crowd in photographs of Barack Obama’s 2009 inauguration looked larger, he claimed, because of new white floor coverings laid on the National Mall that had the effect of “highlighting areas where people were not standing, while in years past, the grass eliminated this visual”. (d’Ancona, 2016)

Figure 170

3. Post truth even in architecture?

From PR self-promotion to hyperrealistic renders and the use of Photoshop, architecture itself is not immune to post-truth. Whether on the internet or in a printed publication, critics and the publications they serve need to represent a datum of authority, or ‘truthiness’. Casson rightly pointed out that ‘architects got the journalism they deserve’. The profession needs strong criticism to thrive: architecture and its architects need external interpretation, analysis, critique, validation and to be held to account. Buildings may be constructed on the building site, but architecture is constructed in the discourse. (Mollard, 2016)

Figure 171

These comparisons show that Japanese do not know wether to believe the media or not and in most cases they agree with what they already know, to avoid misconceptions.

Figure 169 - Post Truth Architecture

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How Fake News spreads on social Media “Fake news spreads faster than true news on Twitter—thanks to people, not bots”

What can be done?

Figure 173 - Social Media Spreads fake news

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Figure 172 - How fake news spread

Figure 174 - How to spot fake news

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WHO HAS TIME FOR THIS?

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Japan’s social media

How Political Campaigns Weaponize Social Media Bots As these graphs show, the most powerful apps are Line and Twitter. These apps can both be used for political propaganda and false news spreading, which in the hands of politicians can become very powerful assets.

Given the fact that each of the apps targets a different age classification of people, makes the reach even more effective.

Election Botnets: During the November 2016 U.S. election, the largest Trump Twitter botnet [right] consisted of 944 bots, compared with 264 bots in the largest pro-Clinton botnet [left]. What’s more, the Trump botnet was more centralized and interconnected, suggesting a higher degree of strategic organization. (Howard, 2018)

Figure 175 - Most used Social Media Apps in Japan

Line User Demographic By Age Group

H. Clinton’s Botnets system

Trump’s Botnets system Figure 178 - Social Media Bots Propaganda

How does it work?

Figure 176 - Age Group for Line users

Twitter User Demographic By Age Group

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Figure 177 - Age group for Twitter Users

Figure 179 - The long arms of social media bots

1. The bot automatically sets up an account on a social media platform.

2. The bot’s account may appear to be that of an actual person, with personal details and even family photos.

3. The bot crawls through content on the site, scanning for posts and comments of interest.

4. The bot posts its own content to engage other human users.

5. Networks of bots act in concert to promote a candidate or message, to muddy political debate, or to disrupt support for an opponent. (Howard, 2018)

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Data Collection Initial Proposal

Programe Proposal

A smart-phone/ipad/laptop owner or computer offices can be targeted with either false news or for marketing purposes for the Wireframe platform, creating a circle of misinformation among the population.

That said, the Wireframe app shows when fake news are being posted, but the fake news are also being pushed to these devices’ VPN. This happens when a device can register signals from a wifi signal emitted by the device.

To say that nothing is true, is to realize that the foundations of society are fragile, and that we must be the shepherds of our own civilization. To say that everything is permitted, is to understand that we are the architects of our actions, and that we must live with their consequences, whether glorious or tragic.

(Assassin’s Creed, 2007) The only way the post-truth media can be trusted is by getting rid of it completely. Because social media is used for political propaganda, pressure groups will start using their influence too.

Phase 1 - Eliminating the Media using a Post-Truth Media Centre (a root of all evil, in other terms)

Laptops and Computer Offices Smartphones

Politicians

Ipads/other Potential Areas - Most influential - Most devices

Control Over People

Kisha Clubs

Japan Pressure Group

Politicians

Control Over People

Wireframe

Fake News

Figure 180- Device Numbers across the site (presumption)

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Japan Pressure Group

AI Sent. An.

Figure 181 - The effects of media that has lost credibitily

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Phase 1 Building Typology As political propaganda targets Line and Twitter users, once credibility in Media is lost, so is their advantage to determine people to share fake news.

Politicians

Control Over People

Phase 2 - Pressure Groups lose influence

F ALS E POS ITIVE PE R CE NTAG E OF B IAS E D ME D IA - PR OT E S T 1 100 12 2 80 60

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Figure 182 - If media loses credibility, the pressure groups lose their targets

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Phase 3 - The technologies implemented in making the media lose all its credibility will be altered to start working with the politicians, to maintain an equal balance of control and communication. In short, instead of the 2050 being ruled by the government’s “bots”, they’re ruled by the civic technologies.

The previous post-truth media centre becomes now a Centre for Civic Media

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Post-Truth Media Centre

Control Over People

User - App Relationships Wireframe

People’s voices Figure 183- Equality of control between people and politicians is finally achieved

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Media Regains Credibility as there are no more powerful political intrusions

Figure 184- Phase 1 Programme Building

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What is a Cenre for Civic Media? - Phase 2 Building Typology Precedent 1: The MIT Center for Civic Media is a research and practical center that develops and implements tools that support political action and “the information needs of [civic] communities”.Its mission reads in part: The MIT Center for Civic Media creates and deploys technical and social tools that fill the information needs of communities.

“We are inventors of new technologies that support and foster civic media and political action; we are a hub for the study of these technologies; and we coordinate community-based test beds both in the United States and internationally.”

Precedent 2: The first Italian organisation that proposes altering for the better the relationship between society and institutions.

These relationships are believed to be bettered with three fundamental practices: Information and idea Gathering Consultation Deliberation and Active Participation They can all be implemented in the forms of online tools in which ideas can be rejected or accepted, ased on equal voting systems among people and politicians. - in short...

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WIREFRAME

Week 9 - Critical Reflection Before this week’s research I was still confused as to what the 2050 scenario can bring to the population of Japan and how to tackle it. What is certified is that the control of the people needs to be reduced one way or another. The place where this activity would take place was still in development, perhaps a different kind of embassy, a place that would acknowledge the scenario and let it follow it course or even a media centre that would expose the problems with the current society. However, none of these were powerful enough to make any of those control pillars collapse. So I started looking in the possibility of a media centre that would promote the era we live in: the era of post truth. A time where fake news are used to bring down opponents and change (by force) political views. A time where technology, social media and botnetts dictate who is right and who is wrong based on figures and graphs that tend to seem real without backing sources that would attest their accuracy. I have taken a stand and decided the way to go forward is by dissolving the media. How? By spreading and supra-saturating the people with fake news. At first, politicians and big companies would take advantage of this, using it to their advantage: opposition tries to bring down the leading party an d vice versa, big companies would try to bring down the competition for pure profit by any means possible and therefore the fake news agenda becomes very appealing for these powerful people. What they don’t know is that the machine learning softwares that helped with the fake news spreading will become more and more trained to the point where they lose control and fake news cannot be stopped anymore. That is all that exists now, people don’t know what to believe anymore. Once the media is gone, so are the possibilities of manipulation through the kisha club. The only control power remaining are the politicians themselves, which will be forced to adopt different perspectives (of truth) into regaining their voters trust In addition, the now trained botnets and robots that write articles and spread fake news are another way of stopping the 2050 scenario reach its course. They are trained now, cannot be corrupted by the government anymore. Now the question is, what happens next, when the people and politicians have equal portions of power? The previous media centre for the post-truth era (spreading fake news and causing havoc among people) becomes after 050 a centre for civic media, that implements tool that support political actions with the communities’ engagement, by allowing decision making practices online, which in this case, is Wireframe. The platform, after gaining recognition, gets adapted into serving for consultation, deliberation and active participation, as well ass promoting and proposing ideas that can be supported by people and politicians. The big question now is... What type of data can benefit the development of this project?

What methods of data collection can inform this project better? Given the online nature of spreading fake news, and the social media generation we all have access to, I figured the bet type of data collection would be to see how many devices can be counted in an area and that could give me a good idea of where my building prototype could go, either on Hibiya park or other parts of the city full of devices.

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How does the site analysis work?

1. Counts the number of devices connected to each reconizable Wi-fi network on the site

Tokyo as an illusion More than Collecting the City’s Data

3. Geo Tracker tracks the movement on site 2. Portobale Wifi

4. Google Earth Pro creates map from KML exported from Geo Tracker

5. NetSpot creates an Overall Area Site Survey for understanding quality of connections 140

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First Test - Dorset House Student Halls 16:54 - 17:20 (23.11.2019)

Second Test - Trip to Lamarsh Road 14:23 - 15:18 (24.11.2019)

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Figure 158 - The Three Pillars of Power in Japan

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Total Devices

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Luckily enough, the used software does not require to be connected at all to any wifi networks to be able to look into other network’s client numbers. This gives a minimum number of devices, as there are obviously users who root their phones into not being discovered and hidden devices such as smart refrigerators or printers, etc. It did however give a very credible result. This result can now be mapped based on reach of the wifi which is usually 30m from the catching device, in this case, my personal laptop.

Total Devices

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Total Devices

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Total Devices

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1 Brookes Uni Total Count: 66

2 Southpark Total Count: 59

3 Glebe Street Total Count: 208

4 Queen’s Lane Total Count: 525

5 Carfax Tower Total Count: 67

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Westgate Total Count: 255

Figure 186 -Using Netspot to determine the Routers approximate location

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7 Near Trainstation

Total Count: 1012

8 Past Trainstation 9 Oxford Castle Total Count: 1096 Total Count: 44

10 Bisney Lane Total Count: 50

Total Journey Count: 3,338 Devices = 5,14 % Oxford’s Population 143

Why does the number of devices matter?

The Value of Fake News?

Nowadays everybody gets their news from their personal devices, especially among young people.

With today’s technology, using WIFI, broadcasting news through signals via ads and targeting the people in the signal’s proximity, fake news can spread with impressive speed. The bigger number of people close to a signal that can interfere with an existing wifi network, the more people can be targeted.

Once the opposition has broken the ice, the quality of fake news will become sought after by powerful people, companies, journalists, etc. Botnets industries will boost and machine learning technology experts on social media will have no time to rest.

The better the quality and manipulation, the more politicians will try to buy the better websites, the better bots, the better machine learning experts, etc. It would be only fair to allow these services to be auctioned in a fair trade. Or better yet... fake trade.

Therefore, a place inspired from the stock market exchange would bring together powerful people into bringing each other down, without their knowledge.

Meanwhile, while they buy these services, the bots, the platforms and softwares become smarter and smarter, more trained. When the politicians finally realise it has gone too far and would want to put an end to this, the bots would be too highly trained to stop spreading fake news to people. The fake news, spread on all thought to be transparent websites and news outlets, are now everywhere. People lose all credibility in the media, there is nothing true anymore, everything is permitted. The media has lost its control over people. The media lost. Fullstop.

Fake News Who would want the fake news?

1.The Powerful ones want more power, they buy fake news

Figure 187 - Targetting the people

It’s easy. Politicians. It is a certified way of winning votes by manipulating the population. We have seen it in Brexit and the 2016 Trump election. Currently, the opposition parties would pay good money for bringing down the leaders. The leaders, once targetted, would pay even better money to bring down the opposition, and therefore, a vicious circle is born.

Figure 158 - Fake Trade

Fake News

2.The Bots, Platforms and Softwares that write and help with the writing of fake news get smarter

Opposition

Leading Party

?! ?! ?!

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The public

Figure 188 - Who attacks who?

3. The people, once they start seeing the sentiment analysis analytics, they start manifesting for freedom of speech, not knowing that in fact, that’s exactly what they are getting.

Unfortunately these manifestos would not reduce the fake news, to the point where they will coup in not using the media anymore. This is the only change. and perhaps, the sentiment analysis and the Wireframe app are the ones “suggesting” it.

Figure 189 - The value of words on the building

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Example of Stock Market Exchange

Figure 190-192 - The Three Pillars of Power in Japan

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Analysis of spaces for debating, promoting, manifesto, through history

Allows for most visibility and space for trade

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Losing faith in the Media has already begun...

Recent studies show that the trust in media is connected to the trust in the government, bussiness companies and NGO’s

Week 10 - Critical Reflection After spending quite a lot of time in trying to figure out what type of data I want to collect, I came across an idea that seemed at first very easy. Counting the number of devices. In fact it proved to be quite difficult as most of the wifi softwares only provide information about the networks you have access to. Upon speaking to a cyber security student, he recommended Inssider, which has the ability to count devices on a radius from where your personal device is capturing. I decided to test it and took the bus from Headington to West Oxford. I have intercepted 3000 devices which is 5,14% of Oxford’s population. If a message (fake news) could be spread through wifi, the possibilities are enormous.

It is not just about posting the fake facts, it’s about forcedly spreading them to the people, to the point where they become the root of all evil, people start manifesting against it, asking for change.

Prior to this happening I identified the wish of powerful people to have access to the fake news spread. They would pay good money to be able to bring other people down in order to win. I started looking in the New York stock market exchange and realised how effective it would be if the fake news became a fair trade... or a fake trade. Where the interested buyers can search for proper solutions for their companies, the politicians can buy softwares and botnets created by professional teams of software engineers, or even hire journalists that would to this unethical work. Indeed, device detection is a very effective way of finding out which areas can be targeted mostly. However, the problem raises when the activity only happens on one site. As it is based on the people and their movement there is no guarantee that certain areas at different times can have more or less devices than others. Therefore I need to make this proposal movable throughout the city and see where and at which times most devices are used, to receive fake news broadcasts through wifi.

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Figure 193 - The consequences of fake news

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Twitter Posts Map creted using Twitter APIs and Location APIs.

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Tokyo as an illusion City networking and the battle with Fake News

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Public Parks and Public Spaces Office and Government District Middle Class High Class Resi Ordinary Residential Shopping District

Potential Places of Interest Scale: 1:10000 @ 2A0

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Pubs, Bars and Nighclubs

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Creating connectivity hubs that would spread the fake news

Creating connectivity hubs that would spread the fake news

Figure 196 Broadcasting news on the outside of the hub

Figure 197 - Light intallation within the city

Figure 194 - Light installation that would attract people inside

Parasitic hub that has access to the railways to move around the city.

Figure 198 - Parasitic module attached to the Tokyo Trains

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Figure 195 - Light installation that would attract people inside

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Direct connections to Tokyo Station, Akihabara, Shinjuku and Shingawa

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Figure 199 - Parasitic that detached from the trains and now remains at the station for its purpose use of spreading fake news

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Representation of Capsule Hub

Figure 200 - Parasitic that detached from the trains and now remains at the station for its purpose use of spreading fake news

Figure 201 - Parasitic that detached from the trains and now remains 159 at the station for its purpose use of spreading fake news

Week 10 - Critical Reflection This week proved to be quite challenging due to the fact that although discovering what type of data collection would benefit the project, the whole picture was still not very clear. Selecting a place on the site based on the number of devices can be easily destroyed by having a Wifi hot spot on the site and altering the entire data analysis. Therefore, the data collection started to think about different part of the city, based on human behaviour at different times.

For example, in the morning, the business district might have the most devices due to people commuting, as well as the train stations, during office hours, the shopping district might have more devices, at night, residential and pub, restaurants district might have the most number of active devices. Therefore I have started thinking about 2 sites: a fixed one for the Head quarters of the post truth media centre, and one that moves in relation to the specified times, coming back to the headquarters after their broadcasting schedule, to release data back into the HQ, enabling software engineers to work directly in them. Therefore, the capsules move around the city, to and from the most important connectivity spots in the city. I have determined the most social media active points in the city by overlapping maps of Facebook and Twitter location maps created with API’s. Based on that, the most posts have been posted in the main train stations around the city. This gives a perfect opportunity for Hibiya park to become the head quarters location (this would allow after 2050 for a good relationship in between the centre and the political district). The headquarters would be directly connected to the rail station with an overground rail that would allow the capsules to move freely on the lines then come back into the “depot” at the post truth media centre. The capsules themselves act as Wifi Hubs, where people in the train stations can charge their phones, use public wifi (which gives an even better opportunity for broadcasting without forcing their phones to receive the signal), getting a coffee while paying by phone, have direct access to fake news websites portrayed as the website of the day. In short, on the outside the capsule will act as a moving billboard, broadcasting the headlines of the day and unknowingly sending people hidden messages, ads, and fake news broadcasting. These capsules also collect data about the people’s online behaviour, while showing the sentiment analysis results throughout the city. It is therefore an advertisement within an advertisement. The capsules then go back to the depot where the machine learning systems are reinforced and memorised by the software engineers. This will help with analytics for the days to come. The capsule also promotes and invites people to join the Wireframe App that warns against fake news and shows instantly using the sentiment analysis whether the news shown on the capsule and websites are fake (and they will be...) to raise awareness that they currently live in a fake news era. Wireframe becomes the watchdog while people have no idea it’s been created by the same people who are broadcasting the fake news. In fact, nobody knows who created wireframe, not even the politicians ordering the fake news. Therefore, the illusion reinstates itself more than ever.

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Long Live the Illusion

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Fig 132 - https://www.archdaily.com/775833/winners-announced-for-sejondaero-competition-in-seoul

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Fig 133 - © Ana Diaconu - Personal Work

Fig 101 - © Ana Diaconu - Personal Work Revit

Fig 134 - © Ana Diaconu - Personal Work

Fig 102 - © Ana Diaconu - Personal Work Revit

Fig 135 - © Ana Diaconu - Personal Work

Fig 103 - https://www.archdaily.com/877988/huni-architectes-win-competition-to-design-lotus-inspired-square-in-vietnam/5996d616b22e3862a800010c-huni-architectes-win-competition-to-design-lotus-inspired-square-in-vietnam-image

Fig 136 - © Ana Diaconu - Personal Work

Fig 104 - https://www.archdaily.com/877988/huni-architectes-win-competition-to-design-lotus-inspired-square-in-vietnam/5996d616b22e3862a800010c-huni-architectes-win-competition-to-design-lotus-inspired-square-in-vietnam-image

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Fig 141 - © Ana Diaconu - Personal Work

Fig 176 - https://blog.btrax.com/japan-social-media-usage-statistics/

Fig 142 - © Ana Diaconu - Personal Work

Fig 177 - https://blog.btrax.com/japan-social-media-usage-statistics/

Fig 143 - © Ana Diaconu - Personal Work

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Fig 144 - © Ana Diaconu - Personal Work

Fig 179 - https://spectrum.ieee.org/computing/software/how-political-campaigns-weaponize-social-media-bots

Fig 145 - © Ana Diaconu - Personal Work

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Fig 199 - http://naruemon.com/%E3%83%9B%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E3%83%9A%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8/

Fig 165 - https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/190384/1/D5_2_Cheng-and-Mitomo.pdf

Fig 200 - http://naruemon.com/%E3%83%9B%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E3%83%9A%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8/

Fig 166 - https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/190384/1/D5_2_Cheng-and-Mitomo.pdf

Fig 201 - http://naruemon.com/%E3%83%9B%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E3%83%9A%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8/

Fig 167 - © Ana Diaconu - Personal Work Fig 168 - https://mlpol.net/mlpol/archive/res/48374.html Fig 169 - https://www.architectural-review.com/essays/post-truth-architecture/10015758.article Fig 170 - https://www.ipsos.com/sites/default/files/ct/news/documents/2018-09/fake-news-filter-bubbles-post-truth-and-trust.pdf Fig 171 - https://www.ipsos.com/sites/default/files/ct/news/documents/2018-09/fake-news-filter-bubbles-post-truth-and-trust.pdf Fig 172 - https://www.trendmicro.com/vinfo/us/security/news/cybercrime-and-digital-threats/study-finds-fake-news-spreads-faster-thanreal-news-on-twitter Fig 173 - https://www.unicepta.com/impulse-news/how-do-fake-news-spread.html

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