TO CARE: a bathhouse in govan

TO CARE: A Bathhouse in Govan Annabelle Joy Brading | 201112053

Contents Page To Care: A Bathhouse in Govan

1.0

2.0

3.0

Introduction 4

Background Information

6

History of the Bathhouse movement

8

Scene Setting

9

Additional Information

4.0

Design Principles 38

5.0

Statutory of Guidance

Design Process 40

Precedence Context

Site Details

48 52

10

Site Analysis of Govan

54

Option B

20 24

Analysis of Potential Sites

56 58

Building Concept

28

Site B

62

Development of Chosen Option

70

Further Development Views from Building

Site Assessment

72 73

32

Preferred SIte

74

Development of Pools / Baths

33

Connections

75

Development of Form

34

Land-use

76

Architectural Ambition

35

SWOT Analysis of Site

36

Opportunities of Site

37

Bathhouse Type

Site A

Option A

Building Organisation

Building Hierarchy

6.0

Design Solution 80

Site

81 84

Plans

86

Elevations

90 92

Landscape

96

3D Models

100

Technical Strategy - Structures and Construction

105

Technical Strategy -Access

106

Technical Strategy - Energy and Environment

Sections

3D Visualisations

1.0 Introduction 1.1 Background Information

The cult of the bath reflects the attitudes that the bathers held toward their bodies, sin, nudity relaxation, and religion. While most societies developed different ways of creating physical contact with water, incorporating the philosophy and temperment of their people and their environment, they always seemed to have the same elements in common 1. S P I R I T U A L I T Y 2. H Y G I E N E 3. T H E R A P Y 4. S O C I E T Y

The history of bathing and the bath is extremely complex, diverse and rich. Different societies developed their “own ways of creating physical contact with water” (Snare, 2011), however they all seemed to have four basic essentials in common: “spirituality, hygiene, therapy and socializing” (Croutier, 1992). Originally bathhouses were truly public institutes and very rich in culture, some would contain libraries, barbers, lecture halls, reading rooms, galleries and promenades creating complex spatial organizations. However they could also be intensely personal, sensorial and physical, bathhouses were not just experienced through a persons eyes but by all their senses. In the modern day, privacy has become second nature, public bathhouses were used in a time that people did not have their own bathrooms and were therefore their only option. Therefore socialization was encouraged and people enjoyed face to face conversation rather than through technology. This is a lost art as “when we interact with each other we communicate with more than just words; we can read oral, visual and olfactory clues given off by others” (Snare, 2011).

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- ALEV LYTLE CROUTIER | Taking The Waters

1.0 Introduction 1.1 Background Information

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1.0 Introduction 1.2 History of the Bathhouse Movement

Nature has begun to take over at Manchester’s Harpbury Baths, which opened in 1910 and closed in 2001.

Hornsey Road Baths in Holloway, London, which opened in 1932 and closed in 1988.

At a monstrous 73 yards long, Uxbridge Lido, London, opened in 1935 and included a unique 12-sided star shape in its centre. The pool shut in 1998

The spectacular marble-lined Soho Marshall Pool in London opened in 1931 and shut in 1997

Decline of the Bath With the lack of bathing facilities in tenements the bathhouses had offered people, especially in the slums, a place to get clean. However as bathing facilities in homes began to become more common, there was less reason for people to visit the bathhouses. Unlike the baths of antiquity which included various programs and were organized around public space, these bathhouses had been built with the goal of washing as many people at one time. For this reason there was very little reason for people to continue to visit the baths, although they were still quite busy during the summer for people to keep cool. After World War II the baths were either demolished or converted for other uses such as public swimming pools and gymnasiums. As modern people do not need to attend bathhouses to bathe, the design will follow the ideology of centering the bathhouse around public space creating a communial facility for the people of Govan.

Birmingham’s Mosley Road Baths opened in 1907 and closed almost a century later, in 2004.

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It is more than 20 years since the closure of Eltham Park Lido in south east London, and it is showing its age.

Opened in 1924, it was once a haven for outdoor swimmers.

Oldham’s Chadderton Baths, which opened in 1937 and closed in 2006, are popular with historians and local photographers if not swimmers.

1.0 Introduction 1.2 History of the Bathhouse Movement - Existing Glasgow Bath Houses

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The Arlington Baths

The Western Baths Club

Govanhill Baths

The Arlington Baths is one of the oldest swimming clubs in the UK. The grade A listed Victorian building was built in 1870-1871 and was designed by architect John Burnet. It offered locals a great facility and members soon began visiting twice daily after it opened as a ritual, once in the morning and again in the evening after work. The building itself under went four major extensions over a thirsty year period. It contains a 21 metre pool with trapeze rings and a serene Victorian Turkish suite.

The Western Baths is a grade A listed Victorian era private swimming and leisure club that was found in 1876. The baths were known for their period trapeze and exercise rings over the pool. They have come close to being closed many times over the years due to being derelict resulting in a severe lack of memberships and the roof collapsing at another point in the 1970’s. The baths are now thriving as a private members club with a year long waiting list to join.

The Govanhill baths are the last surviving Edwardian public bathhouses in Glasgow. The grade B listed building was designed by architect A.B. McDonald and was opened between 1912 and 1917. The building originally contained public baths, a washhouse and swimming pools, two of which remain. One of the important functions of the building was to provide clothes washing facilities for local people whose tenement homes did not have such facilities.

The bathhouse was closed in 2001 as the government saw it as an underused facility and a campaign to save the baths started immediately.

1.0 Introduction 1.3 Scene Setting

8

1.0 Introduction 1.4 Additional Information

Brief

Thesis Ideology

The project concerns the design of a bathhouse, to be sited within a selected masterplan of the District of Govan, to the west of the City of Glasgow. This project will complement my previous design from Semester 1 (the hospice), and must be conscious of its relationship with its partner in addition to its own unique responsibilities to context and programme. The project concerns the design of a Bathhouse, to be sited within Govan.

The architectural proposal of a new paradigm for bathing and therapy space aims to build a wider connection with the city of Glasgow and the culture of healing water itself. The chosen site intends to create a new visiting spot alongside with other Glasgow landmarks that sited along the River Clyde. A new bath house will enhance the area by creating a sense of place as well as engaging peolpe in a safe environment.

There is a need, and an opportunity now to rethink and reintroduce the public bathhouse in the contemporary urban city, the bathhouse is a ripe typology for invention and interpretation when considered against the trend of exclusive spas. I content that a new conception of urban public bathhouse can initiate new social dynamics, new social opportunities, and new public behaviour. There is the opportunity for the bath house to become a strong public building that people from Govan and the surrounding areas would use, therefore making Govan a place to visit. The sense of community used to thrive in areas such as Govan, from the steamie to bathhouses to the graving docks where the ships were built. When walking around Govan in the modern day it has lost this sense of community and become a bit run down. By bringing back the public bathhouse I want to revive the community and allow people to interact and relax in the ways that used to be done in historic public bath houses .

Background Information - Govan

“Cities are the absence of physical space between people and companies. They are proximity, density, closeness. They enable us to work and play together, and their success depends on the demand for physical connection..”

Govan is many things to many people: an ancient settlement; a home to both the Vikings and the earliest Christian settlers and their legacy of exquisite Dark Age carved stones; a seat of Kings during the turbulent Kingdom of Strathclyde; a primitive fording point of the River Clyde; a rural landscape of fertile farming lands, cottage weaving industry and salmon fisheries in the pre-industrial era; the undisputed leader of the 19th century world’s shipbuilding industry, with a workforce of unmatched prowess in the invention and manufacture of great ships to grace the seas; a place of immense wealth and exceptional architecture; the base of ‘Mrs Barbour’s Army’ of women rent strikers, who together defended their homes from the sheriff officers whilst their men fought in the Great War; a close knit tenement community; the scene of the Upper Clyde Shipbuilder’s “work in” that defied a Westminster government and asserted the working man’s inalienable “right to work”; the epicenter of a catastrophic rupture caused by the end of heavy industry on the Clyde; a place and community in a crushing spiral of decline; a poverty statistic; a resilient and spirited community; a historic place with unique and desirable assets; a place and people with potential to regenerate.

Govan has already experienced two great periods of prosperity in the medieval and shipbuilding eras, which is two more than most places can boast.

EDWARD GLAESER | Triumph of the City 9

2.0 Site Details 2.1 Site Analysis of Govan

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1:10000

2.0 Site Details 2.1 Site Analysis of Govan

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1:5000

2.0 Site Details 2.1 Site Analysis of Govan

Residential Residential

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Industrial Industrial

Recreational / Civic Recreational / Civic

Medical

University

Medical

University

Green Space Green Space

Rail Connections Rail Connections

Major Road Networks Major Road Networks

1:10000

2.0 Site Details 2.1 Site Analysis of Govan

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2.0 Site Details 2.1 Site Analysis of Govan

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2.0 Site Details 2.1 Site Analysis of Govan

Materiality A materiality study was carried out around Govan to identify the palette of materials that were commonly used in both residential and industrial buildings. The older buildings and residential appear to be mostly brick and sandstone. Where as the industrial building appear to utilise brick and metal cladding.

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2.0 Site Details 2.1 Site Analysis of Govan

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2.0 Site Details 2.1 Site Analysis of Govan

Govan first appeared in charters during the 12th century (although its history is said to date to the 7th century) where it is spelt ‘Guvan’ or ‘Gouvan’. The name itself is Gaelic in origin although its precise meaning is difficult to trace; George Chalmers, author of Caledonia (1824) suggests two possible meanings. In Gaelic the name can be translated as ‘smith’s town’. During the 12th Century, Strathclyde was incorporated into the kingdom of Scotland and the lands of Govan, along with Partick, passed to Glasgow Cathedral. The importance of the church in Govan declined after this. From its ecclesiastical origins, the community developed as a centre for fishing and farming in what was largely a rural area. By the 16th Century however trade had expanded to include weaving and pottery, as well as coal mining in the area at Craigton and Drumoyne.

The earliest maps of the area dating from the late 16th Century indicate a pattern of linear development running roughly parallel to the Clyde, similar to the layout of Govan Road today. By the 18th Century, the settlement expanded further as a result of growing trades and crafts which now included weaving, silk manufacture and cloth dyeing. At this time the River Clyde was widened, enabling deep cargo vessels and regular vehicle and passenger ferries to be introduced. This would facilitate the subsequent industrial expansion.

Two main streets can be seen, running east from Govan Old Parish Church towards Glasgow. Early industry is evident on these maps which show a series of small shipyards, with Napier and Harland & Wolfe’s shipyards laid out from the 1840’s. The deepening of the Clyde continued and new docks and ferries were provided. Rapid expansion of this heavy industry defined Govan’s economy and dictated the development of a dense urban form, with a grid of tenement blocks to house workers and their families clustered around the centres of industry on the riverside.

The historic core of Govan is primarily inward looking as a result of the shipbuilding industry requiring all available access to the river for shipyards. The oldest surviving building at the Cross is New Govan Church (originally St Mary’s) dating from 1873. St Anthony’s R.C. Church was opened six years later in 1879. The new park was created by John Honeyman on a 35 acre site, part of the original Fairfield Farm. The farm house (early 19th Century) was retained but has since fallen into disrepair. The Fairfield Yard faces Elder Park and the west and southern edges are fringed with late 19th/early 20th Century tenements which extend into Linthouse. In donating the park, Mrs Elder followed the tradition of many Glasgow merchants and industrialists who gave land for the recreation and enjoyment of their workers which provided respite from their grim and often unhealthy living and working conditions. By the end of the 19th Century there were still a few thatched cottages left standing amidst the rows of new tenements.

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2.0 Site Details 2.1 Site Analysis of Govan

Historic Maps These maps dating back to 1800s show how the area of Govan has developed and changed over time. The most noticeable surround the riverside, showing how it was cut into and widened over time to accomodate the growing ship building industry.

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2.0 Site Details 2.1 Site Analysis of Govan

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2.0 Site Details 2.2 Analysis of Potential Sites

Site A

Site B

Site A

The wider site is situated behind govan cross and has the opportunity to create a bath house in the small secluded site hidden behind Govan Old Parish Church or within a wide open area currently used as a car park. The site has Northern views to the river and maximises Eastern and Western sunlight, buildings to the South may block out Southern sunlight which could stop glare. This site is next to the original crossing of Partick and Govan and is right in the heart of the town and we be a good place to integrate the bathhouse into the heart of Govan. There is also a close link to two of Govan’s oldest church’s, religion and clensing is a large part of traditional bathing so there is an interesting opportunity on this site for the two to reconnect.

Site B

The Dock site provides a large area of land next to the Govan Graving Docks which could be landscaped into a ‘retreat.’ The site has northern views to the river and maximises Eastern,Western and Southern sunlight.

There is main access to the site through a small slip road off of Govan road and the large site could then be landscaped into smaller roads. There is a lot of different context around the site creating different building heights allowing a bathhouse integrate with is surroundings. The Graving Docks are a very historic part of Glasgow and a bathhouse has the ability to connect Govan to Glasgow with masterplanning and landscaping a route from the heart of Govan to the city.

Site C

The Park site provides a wide area of grassland embeded in the city, with both natural and urban views.

The site maximises Eastern and Western sunlight and is made to feel secure by buildings on all sides. Building to the North of the site is BAE systems the boat building company tying the site to Govans ship building history. It may be difficult to integrate a public bathhouse into the park without disrupting its tranquil nature, however it may bring more people to the area and promote a sense of community.

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Site C

2.0 Site Details 2.2 Analysis of Potential Sites

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2.0 Site Details 2.2 Analysis of Potential Sites

Site A 22

1:2500

2.0 Site Details 2.2 Analysis of Potential Sites

Site B 23

1:2500

2.0 Site Details 2.3 Site A

Site Location

Site Boundary 24

Govan Cross 1:2500

2.0 Site Details 2.3 Site A - Connections

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1:5000

2.0 Site Details 2.3 Site A - Concepts

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2.0 Site Details 2.3 Site A - Concepts

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2.0 Site Details 2.4 Site B

Site Location

Site Boundary 28

Govan Graving Docks 1:2500

2.0 Site Details 2.4 Site B - Connections OLD GOVAN

GLASGOW 29

1:5000

2.0 Site Details 2.4 Site B - Concepts

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2.0 Site Details 2.4 Site B - Concepts

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3.0 Site Assessment 3.1 Preferred Site

I have chosen site A because i believe it is the place that is best suited for my bathhouse. I want to revive the bathhouse and create a public building in the heart of Govan that invites the community to experience at some level. The dock site seemed too far away and removed from the town. Site A is located next to the subway station and sits amonst important public buildings. Another intruiging factor of this site is that is very historic, nestled amongst two churches. Religion was originially a very important tie to bathing, as people believed “cleanliness was close to godliness,� by siting my building here it has the ooportunity to revive Govans community through bring back the ideology of public bathing/relaxation.

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3.0 Site Assessment 3.2 Connections - Surrounding Context and Masterplan

This masterplan was created by Vernon Lee and Scott Paterson as part of the urban design unit at Strathclyde.

My bathhouse will respond to parts of this masterplan, however i will landscape my own public square and immediate area.

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3.0 Site Assessment 3.3 Landuse

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3.0 Site Assessment 3.4 SWOT Analysis of Site

Strengths

Weaknesses

Opportunities

Threats

Views to the river

Aesthetic of waterfront

Close to good transport links

Waterfront underdeveloped

Opportunity to use building to connect to rest of Glasgow

Danger of flooding - flood control perhaps needed

Close to residential

Lack of good landscape or public areas near river

New public building can be catalyst in development or improvement of Govan

Site may not develop sufficiently

Close to museums and venues

Views to ruinous and commercial buildings

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Opportunity for good public outdoor space near the river

3.0 Site Assessment 3.5 Opportunities of the Site

Involve the river Clyde in building design. Most of Govan’s Architecture turns its back on the river and this large empty car park site in the heart of Govan could revive the town centre.

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Integrate the river into the city creating a dynamic waterfront.

Restore the historic site and provide scenic views and tranquil areas.

There is not a dynamic public square within Govan, there is an opportunity on this site to revive the community aspect of Govan through the use of a public building/square.

3.0 Site Assessment 3.6 Bathhouse Type

What type of Bathhouse will this be?

Through reviving the forgotton culture I want to bring a community sense back into Govan. It was also important to keep the connection with historic buildings. I think this building should nestle itself amongst the context and has the opportunity to recreate the centre of Govan through public realm and communial spaces.

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4.0 Design Principles 4.1 Statutory of Guidance General Information

Drowning Detection

Security

A number of pieces of recommended literature and guidelines have been adhered to in order to respond to the required spaces within the schedule of accommodation. The key UK reference documents to assist the response to spatial requirements include: -Assessing the slip resistance of flooring. Technical information sheet http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/web/slips01.pdf - British Standards: BS EN 15288:2008 Swimming Pools - Health and Safety Executive (HSE): HSG 179: Managing Health & Safety in Swimming Pools - Pool Water Treatment Advisory Group (PWTAG): Swimming pool water - Treatment and quality standards for pools and spas 2009 - Sports Council: Ice Rinks and Swimming Pools - Handbook of Sport and Recreational Building Design: Vol 3

The term ‘drowning detection system’ (DDS) is used to describe various electronic systems that are designed to assist with the surveillance of swimmers within the water of a swimming pool. Approximately 30 systems have been installed in public swimming pools in the UK to date.

The reception desk is of prime importance and its location, appearance and lighting will impact on the whole area. There are two main types: an island and a sidewall. For my bathhouse I have chosen the side wall approach. This will be located to one side of the entrance and is normally located next to an office.

The reception desk should be located to allow: • Visual supervision of the entrance/exit routes and all adjoining areas • Restriction of unsupervised access by arranging the circulation pattern to pass the reception desk • Security barriers/screens to be integrated into the design, where security is a high priority, and be in close proximity to the reception.

Schedule of Accomodation Entrance/Office Facilities Entrance & Reception Offices Gift Shop Salon Waiting Area Restaurant & Kitchen

100m2 75m2 25m2 50m2 50m2 300m2

Changing & W.C. Changing Rooms & WCs Shower Rooms & WCs

250m2 150m2

Bath House Facilities 10 x Treatment Rooms Gymnasium 4 x Massage Rooms Steam Rooms/Saunas/Saunarium/Turkish Baths Indoor Bath/Outdoor Baths/Fire Bath/Ice Bath Main Spa Pool/Bath Rest Space Services Utility Rooms Plant Room Refuse Area External Outdoor Pool/Bath 50 Car Parking Spaces Landscaping 38

200m2 50m2 50m2 200m2 600m2 600m2 50m2 25m2 150m2 25m

The advantages of an additional safety system for a pool are set against other factors such as: - Concerns over inconsistent levels of reliability of systems and situations where glare, swimming aids or high occupancy / activity rates can cause false alarms - Impact of the additional cost on financial viability - Risk that such systems can create a false sense of security for lifeguards - Risk that numerous false alarms can cause lifeguards to ignore a genuine emergency situation - Limited level of in-use knowledge and experience in UK pools.

Within my bath house I will use CCTV, monitoring and alarms, therefore hidden bath spaces can be deemed safe and do not need the constant need of physical supervision.

Pool Tank Design This will be constructed from shuttered in situ reinforced concrete to BS 8007 and will have a screed rendered finish with a loose PVC liner. The concrete screed will contain underfloor heating, which will evaporate any surface water avoiding danger.

Services Water temperatures throughout the bath house will range from 14-40°C. CCHP will be usedas a combined strategy for the bath house as it provides space heating, cooling and hot water throughout the year for which there is a high demand for in this building. Its energy generation has 75% efficiency compared to the electricity grid which has 40%. Ducts will be rain verticall within the service tower and horizontally to the activity / accomodation tower.

Disabled Access Disabled platforms are to be provided, research was investigated into Pool Pod’s system where they state: “Disabled people should also be encouraged to participate in all sports and fitness activities. Traditionally, poolside hoists are commonplace for safe entry into the pool. However, after consultation with disabled groups and access specialists, we discovered that disabled people feel uncomfortable with the public spectacle of being manoeuvred into a busy pool by hoist; furthermore, there were concerns about the planning implications of incorporating ramped access. Our Disabled Access Platforms and Moveable Steps have been specifically designed to overcome these problems.”

Therefore platforms will be provided where possible and allow disabled people the ability to take part in swimming in their journey through the bath house.

Information Found: Sports England

4.0 Design Principles 4.1 Statutory and Guidance

Schematic services diagram for a typical small pool 39

Information Found: Sports England

5.0 Design Process 5.1 Precedence - Study Trip

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Villa Mairea. Noormarkku, Finland - Alvar Aalto

5.0 Design Process 5.1 Precedence - Study Trip

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Administrative & Cultural Centre. Jyväskylä, Finland - Alvar Aalto

5.0 Design Process 5.1 Precedence - Initial Inspiration

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OUTSIDE WORLD

5.0 Design Process 5.1 Precedence - Initial Inspiration

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INSIDE WORLD

5.0 Design Process 5.1 Precedence The town hall by Rafael Moneo in Murcia, Spain is inspiration for a public building that sits within a central space creating a public square.

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5.0 Design Process 5.1 Precedence

The Museum of moden literature by David Chipperfield is inspiration for an open collonaded space that the community can use as a threshhold without having to enter the building.

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The enxtention to the Kunsthaus in Zurich is an art gallery but is a good precendece for how diffused light enters a public building to create relaxing and atmospheric spaces.

5.0 Design Process 5.1 Precedence - Bath Analysis and Comparison Rome - THERMAE OF DIOCLETIAN

Turkey - CEMBERLISTAS BATH

Switzerland - THERMAE BATHS AT VALLS

Baths

Circulation / Program

1. Changing 1. 1.

Changing Changing Rooms Rooms Rooms 2. Changing Special 2.

Special Special Baths Baths Baths 1.

1. 2.

1.

Changing Changing Rooms Rooms Rooms

3

4 3 53 4 4 565

2.

Palaestra Palaestra (gym) (gym) (gym) 1. Palaestra Apodyterium 1. 2.

1.

Apodyterium Apodyterium (entrance) (entrance) (entrance) 65 6 4 5 5 4 4 2.

3 33

3

4 3 53 4 4 565

3.

Unctorium Unctorium (exfoliate) (exfoliate) (exfoliate) 2. Unctorium Palaestra 2. 3.

2.

Palaestra Palaestra (gym) (gym) (gym) 65 6 4 5 5 4 4 3.

3 33 4. Tempidarium 4.

Tempidarium Tempidarium (warm (warm bath) (warm bath) bath) 3. 4.

3.

Unctorium Unctorium (exfoliate) (exfoliate) (exfoliate) 77 1 1 1 3. Unctorium

1

11

1

11

2

22

7 7 8 8

2

46

1. Apodyterium 1. 1.

Apodyterium Apodyterium (entrance) (entrance) (entrance)

22

77 1 88 88

2 2

11

5.

5.

Sudatorium Sudatorium (sweat (sweat (sweat room) room) room) 4. Sudatorium Tempidarium 4. 5.

4.

Tempidarium Tempidarium (warm (warm bath) (warm bath) bath)

1 1

11 11

2

22

2

22

6. Caldarium 6.

Caldarium Caldarium (hot bath) (hot (hot bath) bath) 5. 6.

5.

Sudatorium Sudatorium (sweat (sweat (sweat room) room) room) 2 2 5. Sudatorium 22

7. Caldarium Frigidarium 7.

Frigidarium Frigidarium (coldbath) (cold bath) (cold bath) bath) 6.

6. 7.

6.

Caldarium Caldarium (hot (hot (hot bath) bath)

2

8. Frigidarium Natatio 8.

Natatio Natatio (swimming (swimming (swimming pool) pool) pool) 7.

7. 8.

7.

Frigidarium Frigidarium (cold (cold bath) (cold bath) bath)

2

8. Natatio 8. 8.

Natatio Natatio (swimming (swimming (swimming pool)pool) pool)

3

33

3

33

1. Changing 1. 1.

Changing Changing RoomRoom Room

8

8 88

2. Changing Warm 2. 2.

Warm Room Warm Room (used Room (used in(used winter in in winter winter 1.

1.

1.

Changing Changing Room Room Room as a dressing asas aa dressing dressing room)room) room) 2. Warm 2. 2.

Warm Room Warm Room (used Room (used in(used winter in in winter winter 3. Hot 3.Room 3.

Hot Room Roomroom) as a dressing as as aHot a dressing dressing room) room)

8

8 2 88 2 28 88 4.8Toilets Turkish 4.

Turkish Shower/Sweat Turkish Shower/Sweat StoneStone Stone 8 82 28 2 83.

3. 4.

3.

Toilets ToiletsShower/Sweat 7 77 6 66 5. Turkish Fire5.

5.

Fire Fire Bath Bath 21 1 2 2 4.

4.Bath 4.

Turkish Shower/Sweat Turkish Shower/Sweat Shower/Sweat StoneStone Stone 5 55 7 77 6 66 4 4 4 6. Outdoor 6.

Outdoor Outdoor Bath Bath Bath 12 12 5.

Fire Bath 5. Fire6.

5.Bath Fire Bath 55 1 11 5 3 33 4 4 6.

4 7. Outdoor Indoor 7. 6.

7.

Indoor Bath Indoor Bath Bath 22 Outdoor Bath 6.

Outdoor Bath Bath 11 1 33 3 8. Indoor Rest 8.Area 8.

Rest Rest Area Area 7.

Indoor Bath 7.

7.

Indoor Bath Bath

4. Hot Very 4.Room 4.

Small Very Very Small Bathing Small Bathing Bathing Cell Cell Cell 3.

3.

3.

Hot Hot Room Room

22 3

33

22 3

44. 4.

Small Very Very Small Bathing Small Bathing Bathing Cell Cell Cell 3 34 4. 4Very 4

44

1 12 2

8 88

8 82

28 2

82.

3.8Special Toilets 3.

Toilets Toilets 2. 3.

2.

Special Special BathsBaths Baths

8.

Rest Area 8. Rest 8.Area Rest Area

5.0 Design Process 5.1 Precedence - Bath Analysis and Comparison Rome - THERMAE OF DIOCLETIAN

“The role that bathing plays within a culture reveals the culture’s attitude towards human relaxation. It is a measure of how far individual well-being is regarded as an indispensable part of community life.”

Turkey - CEMBERLISTAS BATH

Switzerland - THERMAE BATHS AT VALLS

SIEGFRIED GIEDION | Mechanization Takes Command 47

5.0 Design Process 5.2 Context

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5.0 Design Process 5.2 Context

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5.0 Design Process 5.2 Context

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5.0 Design Process 5.2 Context

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5.0 Design Process 5.3 Option A

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5.0 Design Process 5.3 Option A

A block was placed in the square to become a focal point for the 4 directions that it can be accessed from and potentially act as a link to the other side of the river. I looked at differenct places for the square block eventually deciding a central location was best.

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5.0 Design Process 5.4 Option B

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5.0 Design Process 5.4 Option B

Differently to Option A, Obtion B would be a 2/3 storey design that would linearly dominate its site. The idea was that the building would be split in two at ground level and allow the market space to flow freely through it towards the Parish Church.

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5.0 Design Process 5.5 Building Concept

Function 1

Accomodation

Function 2

Main Activity

Function 3

Service

There are three main functions to a public building such as: the main activity, the accomodation around it and the rooms that service it. This building has been divided into these three categories.

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Option A was chosen as the preffered scheme.

Originally the design was a large square dominating the site next to Waterrow Church.

The design then developed into a tower block with a plinth at the bottom that could allow people to circulate around the building without actually using it, a market would be here on the weekend to invite the community into the building regardless of their intentions for use.

5.0 Design Process 5.5 Building Concept

The design developed into two tower blocks that intersect with one another, creating a nice entrance sqaure that invites people into the building.

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The building moved on to create three squares, one for the main activity, one for the accomodation and one for the service rooms.

Finally, the design progressed to create a sequence of squares that create two public realms. The main building (darker pink) is communial on the ground floor allowing market space to flow through it with a restaurant and direct route to a large public square. This was intending to invite people to use the building without going into the bathhouse.

5.0 Design Process 5.6 Building Organisation

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5.0 Design Process 5.6 Building Organisation

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Ground floor of each design change

5.0 Design Process 5.6 Building Organisation

Staff

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Fitness Use

5.0 Design Process 5.6 Building Organisation

Community Use

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Relaxation Use

5.0 Design Process 5.7 Development of Chosen Option

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Initially a block was placed within the site after taking inspiration from Raphael Moneao’s town hall and how it commands a public square.

The design is made up of a large tower that sits on top of a plinth in which the community can move around, market space would be held in here on the weekend and would be a route through to the main square on the other side of the bathhouse.

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5.0 Design Process 5.7 Development of Chosen Option

View from Govan Subway Station

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View walking from Glasgow

Model at 1:1000

5.0 Design Process 5.7 Development of Chosen Option

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5.0 Design Process 5.7 Development of Chosen Option

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5.0 Design Process 5.7 Development of Chosen Option

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The building became two towers to create a more enclosed entrance square, this mimics how the site used to look and also huggs people into the building. This became an interesting move as it allowed me to seperate the service and accomodation areas allowing one tower to assist the other. This also makes sense when servicing the building as all these rooms are kept together and feed the other tower.

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5.0 Design Process 5.7 Development of Chosen Option

View from Govan Subway Station

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View walking from Glasgow

Model at 1:1000

5.0 Design Process 5.7 Development of Chosen Option

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5.0 Design Process 5.7 Development of Chosen Option

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5.0 Design Process 5.8 Further Development

When looking at escape in the building it became apparent that this was a main problem as the original design only had one stair in the service tower. Therefore the plans had to be rearranged to allow for stairs within the main tower without upsetting the accomodation. This resulted in 4 large cores being designed that host the stairs, rooms and baths, this also became the main structure for the tower. Through solving this problem I believe the deisgn became more interesting and coherant.

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5.0 Design Process 5.8 Further Development

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5.0 Design Process 5.9 Views from Building

Views to the River / Transport Museum

Views to the Parish Church

Views to Glasgow

Views to Govan Centre 72

5.0 Design Process 5.10 Building Hierarchy

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5.0 Design Process 5.11 Development of Pools / Baths

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Model at 1:100

5.0 Design Process 5.12 Development of Form

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Model at 1:200

5.0 Design Process 5.13 Architectural Ambition (Historic Connection)

The Aitken Memorial Fountain is a well known and much loved landmark of Govan Cross. It was created in 1884 and is the only surviving example of the decorative, cast iron drinking fountains produced by Cruikshanks & Co.’s foundry at the Denny Works, Stirlingshire.

Dedicated to the memory of Doctor John Aitken – a local doctor rumoured to have died from overwork due to his dedication to serving the medical needs of the area’s poor – it has stood for more than 120 years at the head of Water Row. In 2010, having fallen into a ruinous state of repair, the fountain became the focus of regeneration efforts led by Govan Cross Townscape Heritage Initiative.

Funding from the Heritage Lottery Fund and Glasgow City Council made a full restoration possible, and in the course of the restoration process many interesting discoveries were made, not least the whereabouts of the fountain’s missing centre piece.

The Aitken Memorial Fountain was returned, fully restored, to Govan Cross in April 2011.

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Information Found: http://www.getintogovan.com/projects/the-aitken-memorial-fountain/

5.0 Design Process 5.13 Architectural Ambition (Elevation Studies)

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Sandstone / Concrete

Red Brick / Concrete

Grey Brick / Zinc Panels

Corten Steel / Concrete

Stone / Corten Steel

Corten Steel / Stone

5.0 Design Process 5.13 Architectural Ambition (Contextual Studies)

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The orientation of the blocks was decided by the surrounding context, the main tower follows the orientation and mimics the colour and material pattern of the public buildings such as the old post office and the pierce instititute, whereas the service tower mimics the orientation and material (stone) of the church.

5.0 Design Process 5.13 Architectural Ambition (Contextual Studies)

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Although my building is taller than the surrounding context it was important to create similar proportion and uses corten steel to reflecte the same tones and colours of the surrounding context.

6.0 Design Solution 6.1 Site Plan

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6.0 Design Solution 6.2 Plans

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Level 00

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Level 01

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6.0 Design Solution 6.2 Plans

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Level 02

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Level 03

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6.0 Design Solution 6.2 Plans

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Level 04

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Level 05

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6.0 Design Solution 6.3 Sections

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Section A-A 1:400

6.0 Design Solution 6.3 Sections

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Section B-B

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6.0 Design Solution 6.4 Elevations

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Elevation 01

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6.0 Design Solution 6.4 Elevations

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Elevation 02

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6.0 Design Solution 6.4 Elevations

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Elevation 03

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6.0 Design Solution 6.4 Elevations

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Elevation 04

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6.0 Design Solution 6.5 Landscape

Inspiration for Public Square

Roof Terrace

Current Use of Site - Govan Market

Urban Landscape Sketch for the Public Square

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6.0 Design Solution 6.5 Landscape

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6.0 Design Solution 6.8 3D Visualisations

Internal View of Main Pool

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6.0 Design Solution 6.8 3D Visualisations

When initally thinking about my main bath I was inspired by Peter Zumthor’s THERMAE BATHS AT VALLS in Switzerland. On Page 46 I investigate the baths and was particularly influenced by his use of concrete to create small dark spaces that lead a person into more open light spaces. This was something I particularly wanted to do with my baths. The small, darker domestic scale baths are designed for relaxation whereas the light, main bath should create a sense of openness and is an area to swim and meet fellow bathers.

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6.0 Design Solution 6.8 3D Visualisations

Internal View of Turkish Bath (Hot Room) 94

6.0 Design Solution 6.8 3D Visualisations

When researching different types of baths I discovered the CEMBERLITAS BATHS in Turkey. On Page 46 I again investigated the baths and was particularly influenced by the sequencial way the Turkish people used bathing. I have used the influence of both the CEMBERLITAS BATHS and the THERMAE BATHS to create a concrete interpreation of Turkish bathing. The internal view is of the hot room showing two marble hot beds, one open and the other surrounded by columns, and a series of sinks to bathe with if getting too warm.

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6.0 Design Solution 6.8 3D Visualisations

Roof Terrace 96

6.0 Design Solution 6.8 3D Visualisations

At the top of the service tower there is a roof terrace which concludes the end of the journey through the bath house, as selected views have been chosen for users of the building this garden will give a 360 view towards Glasgow and Govan. A seat/reflective external pool has been designed in the shape of the building to provide a relaxing space, many plants will surround this area to aid in giving people an opportunity to experience govan in a new way.

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6.0 Design Solution 6.9 3D Model

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6.0 Design Solution 6.9 3D Model

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Model at 1:100

6.0 Design Solution 6.10 Technical Strategy - Structures and Construction

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Section C-C 1:200

6.0 Design Solution 6.10 Technical Strategy - Structures and Construction

1

Concrete pool edge, ribbed to allow for grip and reduce slip

2

LED artificial lighting

3

Pool overflow channel

4

Deck level overflow channel

5

80mm screed, underfloor heating pipes at 200mm c/c

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Cast insitu concrete pool side

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100mm rigid insulation to reduce heat loss from pool

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30mm service gap, 12mm plasterboard

9

Overflow channels connect to balancing tank

10 DPC

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Section A-A Balance Tank Detail

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6.0 Design Solution 6.10 Technical Strategy - Structures and Construction

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1

80mm screed, underfloor heating pipes at 200mm c/c

2

250mm rigid insulation

3

DPM

4

300mm insitu concrete slab

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65mm sandblinding

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300mm hardcore

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400 x 400 concrete column

8

Pile Foundation

Section C-C Foundation Detail

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6.0 Design Solution 6.10 Technical Strategy - Structures and Construction

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Preformed ppc aluminium cope

2

Zinc cladding

3

DPC

4

21mm plywood

5

60mm rigid insulation

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300mm cast insitu concrete

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200mm rigid insulation

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Corten steel rainscreen rail system

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Corten steel fins

10 Tripple glazed rooflight

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Section C-C Rooflight / Parapit Detail

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6.0 Design Solution 6.10 Technical Strategy - Structures and Construction

Fire Risk Applicable Design (Example Level 03)

Structural Design (Example Level 03)

2 hour fire curtains to be installed in ceilings where doors are not used and will be triggered by a fire alarm. Red walls indicated 60 minute resistant walls and blue walls indicate 30 minute resistant walls with corresponding doors. Purple lines show travel distances and direction of escape, none are greater than 60m with two directions of escape or 20m with a single direction of escape. For buildings that exceed 30m compartment floors and walls must be used as well as all rooms having sprinkler systems in accordance with Part B (Fire Safety) of the Building Regulations.

Walls highlighted in black are load bearing Cast In Situ Concrete walls. In a vertical plane, the load bearing walls have a large capacity of processing gravitational loads, which recommends them for buildings with several levels. Where there are openings in the load bearing walls, for example on this level, there will need to be additional reinforcements as this will reduce the resistance, reinforcement cages can be used for lintels in this instance or columns can be used to support the wall (Graitec).

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Information Found: http://www.graitec.com/uk/ac_bearing_walls.asp https://www.gov.uk.com and Approved Document B from the planning portal.

6.0 Design Solution 6.10 Technical Strategy - Access

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Pedestrian Route

Cycle Route

Drop Off Route

Service Route

6.0 Design Solution 6.10 Technical Strategy - Energy and Environment

Summer

Spring / Autumn

Winter

During summer months the high summer sun projects light deep into the main swimming bath through the three large rooflights, this will also occur within the Roman Baths.

Again spring / autumn sun is welcomed in the building through the various openings. These windows were only added where natural light were necessary in order to reduce the heat loss from the building and views to specific points could be seen.

Rooms within the middle of the building are deliberatley placed as they can be artificially lit in winter, special rooms such as baths have been placed in areas that they can have sun all year round through rooflights, light conrete is used within most of the building so that any light that comes in can be reflected around the rooms.

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6.0 Design Solution 6.10 Technical Strategy - Energy and Environment

Mechanical Ventilation

Natural Ventilation

Mixed Ventilation

The main swimming pool, baths, gym, changing and treatment spaces are all mechanically ventilated in order to successfully control and maintain a specific temperature. These have MVHR systems so that heat from spaces such as the gym can be mixed with fresh air and used to heat spaces such as the changing rooms with warm fresh air as well as cooling down the gym space.

Most rooms within the bathhouse can be naturally ventilated through openable windows and rooflights. By naturally ventilating most rooms it reduces the heating and ventilating demand and in turn reduces energy consumption. However a mix of natural and mechanical ventilation will be used to create optimum comfort.

This bath house has a mix of both natural and mechnically ventilated spaces. Where possible rooms have been naturally ventilated, however due to the nature of some of the activities in the building, some of the spaces have to be mechnically ventilated to keep a constant, specific temperature.

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6.0 Design Solution 6.10 Technical Strategy - Energy and Environment

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Natural Light

Artificial Light

The baths will be naturally lit through rooflights, most sporting and recreational facilities try to maximise natural daylight as people enjoy brightly lit spaces in their leisure time. The transition from the low level dimly artificially lit space into the huge natural open main bath should create an enjoyable experience for users and encourage a sense of community. The Roman baths will have more diffused light with the angle of the rooflight, light will come in and bounce off the concrete wall down into the baths creating a more subtle relaxing atmosphere.

Rooms such as the treatment rooms/saunas/steam rooms etc will all be artificially lit as these spaces are normally completley enclosed to keep in heat or provide an atmospheric relaxing environment. The baths will mainly be naturally lit however will have artificial light within the pools. The Turkish baths will be a mixture of light create a nice atmosphere through the right amount of exposure.

6.0 Design Solution 6.10 Technical Strategy - Energy and Environment

The Baths

Lighting

Heating

Ventilationtion

The Roman baths are lit from above in a series of different techniques.

The lack of glass surfaces means there is less heat loss from these spaces.

The Roman baths are thoroughly insulated to reduce heat loss. They also have exposed concrete walls which can act as thermal mass and keep the spaces at a constant temperature.

The swimming pool is lit from above and there is an external space within this floor to give views towards the Parish Church, religion has a strong connection to bathing which is why this view was chosen for this specific floor.

The pool itself and the room are thoroughly insulated to reduce heat loss. They also have exposed concrete walls which can act as thermal mass and keep the spaces at a constant temperature. The floor is also heated and can act as a method of evaporating the surface water in the pool area.

The Roman baths are ventilated via input ducts at low level and heat extracted at high level. These ducts are connected to the air handling unit which is located in the ceiling where there is a fan on the roof to intake cool fresh air. Each of the three baths have their own air handling unit as each bath is of different temperature and so seperate air handling units is more efficient and practical.

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The main pool is ventilated via input ducts at low level and heat extracted at high level. These ducts are connected to the air handling unit which is located in the ceiling above where there is a fan on the roof to intake cool fresh air.

6.0 Design Solution 6.10 Technical Strategy - Energy and Environment

Turkish Baths (Level 03) - Service Distribution

Main Bath (Level 04) - Service Districution

A MVHR unit will be placed within a store in the service block that will vertically service the building through pipes. Dropped ceilings will then horizontally service the rooms, extracting heat from the wet rooms at high level and resupplying it at low level, extracted heat will also be supploed to dry rooms through the MVHR system.

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Similarly on this floor a MVHR unit will be placed within a store to vertically service the building with pipes and horizontally through dropped ceilings. Warm air will be extracted from the toilets and pool area and resupplied at low level, this hot air will also be reused in circulation spaces and further down the building in offices etc.

6.0 Design Solution 6.10 Technical Strategy - Energy and Environment

Zoning The building has been split into 4 zones for the purposes of creating the required temperature and ventilation type that are necessary.

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6.0 Design Solution 6.10 Technical Strategy - Energy and Environment

Diagram showing a biofuel trigeneration CCHP system

Diagram of rain water harvesting

Diagram of building mass

CCHP

MVHR

Thermal Mass

Water Harvesting

SUDS

Reclaimed Materials

Building Mass / Orientation

CCHP (combined cooling heat and power) is a trigeneration system that produces three types of uself energy: cooling, heating and electricity (Pelsmaker, 2012). I have chosen this combined strategy for the bath house as it provides space heating, cooling and hot water throughout the year for which there is a high demand for in this building. Its energy generation has 75% efficiency compared to the electricity grid which has 40%.

Absorbtion chillers will use waste heat to provide cooling water for use within the building such as showers, taps and cold baths. The system will be fueled by biofuel sourced from the UK. Biofuel is made from ‘waste fuel’. “It produces a fuel that creates 87% less CO2 emissions than petroleumbased diesel” (Speedy Fuel, 2012).

MVHR, is an energy recovery ventilation system using equipment known as a heat recovery ventilator, heat exchanger, air exchanger, or air-to-air heat exchanger which employs a counter-flow heat exchanger between the incoming and outgoing air flow (Pelsmaker, 2012). This system can reduce the ventilation loss by 80% and natural ventilation will be used when appropriate. The main swimming pool, baths, gym, changing and treatment spaces are all mechanically ventilated in order to successfully control and maintain a specific temperature. These have MVHR systems so that heat from spaces such as the gym can be mixed with fresh air and used to heat spaces such as the changing rooms with warm fresh air as well as cooling down the gym space.

Thermal mass is a materials capacity to store heat from surrounding air or surfaces. Thermal mass in continuously used buildings such as public buildings has the capacity to moderate day and night temperatures, achieving operational carbon savings and greater thermal confort year round (Pelsmaker 2012). Exposed concrete ceilings and thermal mass walls are the best performers.

Thermally massive buildings can provide summer cooling of 3-5°C and can decrease summer cooling energy demand by 7-17% as well as winter heating by 9-32%. Large surface areas are more important than the thickness of thermal mass.

Natural venitilation and thermal mass can passively cool a building, however summer solar gain may need mechanical ventilation.

The 2-3°C temperature rise predicted by 2040/80 will mean that the air will be able to contain approximately 20% more water.

This will lead to heavier rain than we are used to (Pelsmaker, 2012).

Rainwater can be harvested for toilet flushing, landscape irrigation and washing machines. Harvesting also reduces the strain on storm water or combined sewers.

Rainwater tanks are usually sized to store 5% of yearly collected rainwater. Across the UK, winter rainfall is predicted to be 30-50% greater than the proportion of summer rainfall. CO2 reductions may be achieved, depending on which systems are used, how much rainwater can be collected. Grey water will be collected from the pool filtration system and showers to be resused for flushing toilets etc.

Water run off is usually diverted to storm water sewers. SUDS are ideally a hybrid of systems, in this building I have chosen to use a flat green roof where possible which will reduce water runoff by 90% as well as being a biodiverse roofing strategy. Glasgow has one of the highest rainfalls in the UK and has the potential to store 65% per hectare of rainwater (Pelsmaker, 2012). The reuse of grey will be used for toilets, landscape irrigation and washing machines.

As the surrounding landscape is mainly paving due to the urban landscape this will be permeable to allow water to be collected, filters and swales will be used in planted areas and a retention pond will be created underneath the urban landscape to temporarily store rainwater.

Concrete will be used as the structural material for this building and has a large environmental impact however reclaimed materials such as For example pulverised fuel ash

The footprint of the building is small and made up of two squares, therefore daylight can be obtained from all directions. However corten fins have been applied to the walls to create diffused light. Openings have been limited on the south facing elevation with large opening cut out on the North, East and West elevations to allow softer daylight throughout the day. In colder climates the compact footprint allows less heat to be lost, especially in a densley populated public building, whereas slimmer buildings will lose more heat and require more mechanical heating (Sustainability Workshop).

Due to the orientation of the building and the lack of windows on the south facing elevation, the building should not overheat in summer. There will be both natural and mechanical ventilation.

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or high quality granulated blastfurnace slag (GGBS) could be used instead of cement to create a more sustainable material. Crushed brick, glass or concrete itself could be collected from site demolition to be used as aggregate in the concrete mix. These materials would be mixed with water to create the mixture.

Similarly reclaimed timber would be used throughout the building where needed for walls and floors and can be sourced from glasgow wood recycling. Internal timber does not normally need preservative treatment, it coul be finished with beeswax or natural oils (Pelsmaker, 2012).

Information Found: The Environmental Design Pocketbook (Sofie Pelsmakers), https://www.speedyfuels.co.uk/products/chp-biofuel, http:// glasgowwoodrecycling.org.uk, http://sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com/buildings/building-massing-orientation

6.0 Design Solution 6.10 Technical Strategy - Energy and Environment

Diagram showing a sustainable urban drainage system (SUDS)

Concrete

Corten Steel The structure will be made from Cast In Situ concrete, this was chosen for its load bearing and fire resistant propoerties as well as being aesthetically pleasing. The concrete is exposed in most of the building therefore also having good thermal mass properties. The high environmental impact such as cement content and aggregate extraction have been looked at. For example or high quality granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) could be used instead of cement. “GGBS eplacement enhances lower heat of hydration, higher durability and higher resistance to sulphate and chloride attack when compared with normal ordinary concrete. On the other hand, it also contributes to environmental protection because it minimizes the use of cement during the production of concrete� (Engineering Civil).

Similarly crushed brick from site demolition or plastic glass waste can be used to create aggregate for a more environmentally friendly concrete.

Summary: Fire resistant, load bearing and thermal mass properties. Solutions to create a more environmentally friendly concrete mix.

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Diagrams showing MVHR system

Glass Periodic cleaning and inspection should be the only maintenance required when using exposed weathering steel. In addition, scratches and dings are benefited by the oxide structure and will heal through their own natural development without the need for replacement. Long term cost savings are realized by the material’s durability, which can be seen by the various structures and buildings built nearly up to 50 years ago. Reducing the environmental impacts associated with Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) emissions from paint coatings and cleaning functions required with painting, positions weathering steel as a sustainable building product that provides a range of LEED certifications. Aged weathering steel brings a multi-dimensional aspect to a buildings appearance. The patina can transform multiple times on a daily basis from a state of dry to wet (and back again) and with it brings a sense of depth and wonder.

Summary: Low maintenance, long term cost savings and performance, environmental benefits (LEED credits), dynamic appearance and texture.

The glazed elements of the building are all triple-glazed units housed within insulated aluminium frames. The specified windows are from a Swiss company named Sky-Frame who have built up their company researching and developing the thermal performance of windows whilst maximising daylight by minimising the frames. Its success lies with the thermally completely separated panels within the frame to reduce cold bridging often found within metal frames and are low maintenance technology. Sky Frame 1 units will be used for sliding glass door technology. The 12 mm thick units are suitable for applications without thermal insulation requirements. The system also incorporates special sliding seals that offer a high level of sound control.

Summary: Low maintenance, high levels of sound control, 98% of daylight gets in.

Information Found: http://www.engineeringcivil.com/what-is-the-advantage-of-using-ggbs-as-replacement-of-cement-in-concrete.html,

TO CARE: A Bathhouse in Govan Annabelle Joy Brading | 201112053