BIOPHILIC DESIGN IN ARCHITECTURE

UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING GURU GOBIND SINGH INDRAPRASTHA UNIVERSITY DWARKA SECTOR 16-C, NEW DELHI

RESEARCH PAPER 2016-17

BIOPHILIC DESIGN IN ARCHITECTURE

Ankur Gautam 03490701613 Fourth Year , Section A, 2016- 17

RESEARCH PAPER GUIDE:

Ar. Hemlata

UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING GURU GOBIND SINGH INDRAPRASTHA UNIVERSITY DWARKA SECTOR 16-C, NEW DELHI

APPROVAL CERTIFICATE

Research Paper Title : BIOPHILIC DESIGN IN ARCHITECTURE The following study is hereby approved as a credible work on the approved subject, carried out and presented in a manner sufficiently to warrant its acceptance as a prerequisite to the degree for which it has been submitted.

It is to be informed that by this approval the undersigned does not necessarily endorse or approve any statement made , opinion expressed or conclusion drawn therein , but approves the study for the purpose of which it is submitted himself as to the requirement laid down by the dissertation committee.

Date : Submitted By : ANKUR GAUTAM 4TH Year, Section A

_____________________________ AR. HEMLATA ( RESEARCH PAPER GUIDE)

Roll Number: 03490701613 Batch : 2016- 17

_____________________ EXTERNAL EXAMINER

___________________________________ AR. SUMANT SHARMA ( RESEARCH PAPER CO-ORDINATOR)

UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING GURU GOBIND SINGH INDRAPRASTHA UNIVERSITY DWARKA SECTOR 16-C, NEW DELHI

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This research paper has been an exceptional experience of learning regarding a subject that has engrossed me for quite a long time. It has been a result of labour, help and support from a large number of people.

The success and final outcome of the research required a lot of guidance and assistance from many people and I am extremely fortunate to have got this all along the completion of my research paper.

I take this opportunity to express my profound gratitude and deep regards to my guide Ar. Hemlata for her exemplary guidance, monitoring and constant encouragement throughout the course of this research paper.

The blessing, help and guidance given by her time to time shall carry me a long way in the journey of life on which I am about to embark.

I am highly obliged to our coordinator Ar. Sumant Sharma for giving me an opportunity and allowance to research on the topic of my choice and providing all support and guidance.

I would also like to express gratitude to my family and friends who discussed and questioned my ideas throughout the study, encouraged me and helped me move further with it.

Biophilic Design and Architecture

CONTENTS Chapter One: Introduction 1.1 Need for Study

1

1.2 Aim

1

1.3 Objectives

2

1.4 Methodology

2

1.5 Hypothesis

2

1.6 Scope

3

1.7 Limitations

3

Chapter Two: Literature Review 2.1 Introduction

4

2.2 Theories pertaining to Biophilia 2.2.1 Theories on Psycho- evolutionary & Restorative preferences 2.2.1.1 ART 2.2.1.2 SRT 2.2.1.3 PFA

5 6 7 8

2.2.2 Theories on Nature based and Environmental Preferences 2.2.2.1 2.2.2.2 2.2.2.3 2.2.2.4

Savannah Hypothesis Prospect Refuge Theory Fractal Theory Aesthetic Appeal of Natural Contents

8 8 9 9 9

2.2.3 Inference and Conclusion

9

2.3 Components as Patterns of Biophilia

11

2.3.1 14 Patterns of Biophilic Design 2.3.1.1 Nature in Space Patterns 2.3.1.2 Nature Analogues Patterns 2.3.1.3 Nature of Space Patterns

11 13 20 22

2.3.2 Dimensions, Elements & Attributes of Biophilic Design 2.3.2.1 Organic/ Naturalistic Approach 2.3.2.2 Place Based/ Vernacular Approach 2.3.2.3 Observation & Inference 2.3.2.4 R.E.D 2.3.2.5 Inference and Conclusion

27 28 29 30 31 31

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Chapter Three: Devising a New Pattern 3.1 Introduction

32

3.2 Need

32

3.3 Recapitulating & Presenting a Unified Pattern 3.3.1 Unifying present Patterns

33 35

Chapter Four: Live Case Study 4.1 Need

42

4.2 Analysis Table

42

4.3 Limitations

42

4.4 Site 1: DTU 4.4.1 Site Introduction 4.4.2 Observations & Analysis 4.4.2.1 Site Design 4.4.2.2 Degree of Exposure & Frequency of Access 4.4.2.3 Analysis Table

43 43 44 44 46 46

4.5 Site 2: MRIU 4.5.1 Site Introduction 4.5.2 Observations & Analysis 4.5.2.1 Site Design 4.5.2.2 Degree of Exposure & Frequency of Access 4.5.2.3 Analysis Table

47 48 48 49 49

4.6 Site 2: Inference & Conclusion

50

Chapter Five: Devising a New Framework 5.1 Generation of Framework 5.1.1 Need for Framework 5.1.2 Procedure for Generation 5.1.2.1 Theories 5.1.2.1.1 Introduction 5.1.2.1.2 Connection Strategies 5.1.2.1.3 Values in Biophilic Design 5.1.2.3 Proposed Unifying Patterns 5.1.2.4 Strategies for Biophilic Design 5.1.2.4.1 Introduction 5.1.2.4.2 Observation & Conclusion

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5.1.2.5 Perspective for Planning & Design Process 5.1.2.5.1 Introduction 5.1.2.5.2 Identifying Desired Responses 5.1.2.5.3 Design strategies & Interventions 5.1.2.5.4 Diversity of Design Strategies 5.1.2.5.5 Quality & Quantity of Intervention 5.1.2.5.6 Duration of exposure & accesss 5.1.2.5.7 Inference

59 59 59 59 60 60 60 61

5.1.2.6 Variable 5.1.2.6.1 5.1.2.6.2 5.1.2.6.3 5.1.2.6.4

62 62 62 62 62

in Design Pattern Appplicability Introduction Climate, Ecology & Vernacular Character & Density Scale & Feasibility

5.1.2.6.5 Culture & Demographics 5.1.2.6.6 Inference 5.1.2.7 Benefits of Inhabitants 5.1.2.7.1 Introduction 5.1.2.7.2 Inference

63 64 66 66 69

5.1.2.8 Design Integration 5.1.2.8.1 Introduction 5.1.2.8.2 Inference

71 72

Chapter Six: Conclusion 6.1 Conclusion

73

6.2 Further scope of research

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Biophilic Design and Architecture

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 : NY Times Building moss and Birch Garden, New York

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Figure 2 : A fountain & gardens in Calat Alhambra in Granada, Spain

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Figure 3 : Dockside Green Community on Vancouver Island

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Figure 4 : Khoo Tech Puatt Hospital

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Figure 5 : Robert & Alene Kogod Courtyard, Smithsonian American

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Art Museum Figure 6 : Yale centre for British Art, New Haven

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Figure 7 : Green roof of CCOKFOX Architects, NY

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Figure 8 : Staircase, Hotel Tussle in Bruselles

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Figure 9 : Elevator lobby of Bank of America Tower, NY

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Figure 10: Allen Lambert Galleri and Atrium at Brookfield

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Figure 11: Salk Institute, Louis Kahn

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Figure 12: Alcoves of Handerson Bridge, Singapore

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Figure 13: Park in Brooklyn, NY

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Figure 14: Levitated mass at Los Angeles Country Museum of Art

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Figure 15: Jubille Campus, University of Nottingham

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Figure 16: Kent Bloomer

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Figure 17: Harkness Tower, Yale University

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Figure 18: Genzyme Building, Cambridge

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Figure 19: Bastille Viaduct

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Figure 20: Falling Waters, America

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Figure 21: Reichstag Dome

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Figure 22: San Fransisco

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Figure 23: Sydney Opera house

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Figure 24: Bahai Temple

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Figure 25: Gardens By the Bay, Singapore

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Figure 26: Site Model of DTU

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Biophilic Design and Architecture

Figure 27: Site plan of DTU

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Figure 28: Orientation of built form

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Figure 29: Self shaded courtyards of DTU

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Figure 30: Seasonal varying landscape of DTU

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Figure 31: Angular shading devices DTU

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Figure 32: Dense vegetation DTU

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Figure 33: Wind direction plan DTU

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Figure 34: Section of site DTU

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Figure 35: Central entrance of MRIU

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Figure 36: Site Plan of MRIU

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Figure 37: Orientation of built form MRIU

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Figure 38: Faรงade shading DTU

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Figure 39: Shaded courtyards DTU

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Figure 40: Dense and Seasonal varying landscape MRIU

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Figure 41: Wind direction plan MRIU

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Figure 42: Site Section MRIU

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Figure 43: Direct contact

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Figure 44: Indirect contact

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Figure 45: Symbolic contact

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Biophilic Design and Architecture

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE 1 : Biophilic Design Patterns and their Health Impacts (Browning et al., 2014

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TABLE 2 : VISUAL CONTACT

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TABLE 4: NON RHYTHMIC SENSORY STIMULI

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TABLE 3: NON VISUAL CONTACT

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TABLE 5: THERMAL & AIRFLOW VARIABILITY

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TABLE 6: PRESENCE OF WATER

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TABLE 7: DYNAMIC & DIFFUSED LIGHT

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TABLE 8: CONNECTION WITH NATURAL SYSTEMS

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TABLE 9: BIOMORPHIC FORMS & PATTERNS

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TABLE 10: MATERIAL CONNECTIONS WITH NATURE

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TABLE 11: COMPLEXITY & ORDER

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TABLE 12: PROSPECT

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TABLE 13: REFUGE

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TABLE 14: MYSTERY

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TABLE 15: RISK / PERIL

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TABLE 16: DIMENSIONS, ELEMENTS & ATRIBUTES OF BIOPHILIA

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TABLE 17 :2014 Terrapin Bright Green/ 14 Patterns of Biophilic Design

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TABLE 18: DIMENSIONS, ELEMENTS & ATRIBUTES OF BIOPHILIA

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TABLE 19: BIOMIMICRY

36

TABLE 20: CURIOUSITY

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TABLE 21: CHANGE & METAMORPHOSIS

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TABLE 22 : SECURITY & PROTECTION

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TABLE 23: :ATTACHMENT

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TABLE 24: ATTRACTION & BEAUTY

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TABLE 25: EXPLORATION & DISCOVERY

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TABLE 26: FEAR & AWE

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TABLE 27: REVERENCE & SPIRITUALITY

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Biophilic Design and Architecture

Biophilic Design and Architecture

Chapter One Introduction ______________________________________________________________________________ “The relationship between humankind and nature can be one of respect and love rather than domination…The outcome...can be rich, satisfying, and lastingly successful, but only if both partners are modified by their association so as to become better adapted to each other...With our knowledge and sense of responsibility…we can create new environments that are ecologically sound, aesthetically satisfying, economically rewarding…This process of reciprocal adaptation occurs…through minor changes in the people and their environment, but a more conscious process of design can also take place.”

________________________________________________________________________

1.1 Need for study Planet Earth sustains because of the Yin & Yang that is the mankind and nature. Both of them acts as counterparts, maintaining an equilibrium. We are indeed a miniscule fraction of the planet, recently thrived on. Surrounded by billions of years of researcher-Mother Nature, humans themselves can never be detached from nature as they are said to be made of its 5 Elements: the Earth, the Water, the Air, the Fire and the Wood. After our demise it is the Mother Nature who engulfs us and makes us a part of their never ending ecological processes. Our ancestors have evolved being present in such surroundings, that they have deep reverence and affinity towards Nature, as at that time they were surrounded by nature’s stimulus provided various benefits to the mankind and evolved a mechanised behaviour to positively respond to nature. This conceptualization, termed as Biophilia, is in great demand at present due to the current urbanization, greatly affecting our surroundings and taking us away from nature’s benefits in one way or the other. This change, according to the society, can be bought through application of Biophilia in various aspects of construction of spaces, like Architecture, Interior Designing, etc.

Architecture is one such field which has an infinite power to dictate the character and stimuli generation of a space. If bought into Architecture, Biophilic Design can act as bridging the gap between human nature connections and establishing an equilibrium. For this, a framework needs to be generated that would lead to adoption of Biophilic literature, practically, to various aspects of the designing and planning processes.

The term Biophila, coined from two words ‘Bio: nature’ & ‘Philia: love or affinity’ articulates relationship between nature, science and built environment so that we may experience it’s benefits. Biophilic Design is a reflection of human- nature relationship architecturally mend into the built and landscape spaces. The Biophilic concept revolves around a belief that humans hold a biological need for connecting with nature on physical, mental and social levels and their connections affects our personal well being, productivity and societal relationships.

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1.2 Aim Generation of a framework that would bridge the gap between Biophilia and Architecture

1.3 Objectives  

 

To introduce Biophilia as a concept.

To investigate and infer from the present literature related to Biophilia.

To devise a new framework that would bridge the gap between Architecture and Biophilia itself.

To test the feasibility, design considerations and success of biophilic patterns, present on a live architectural site, through case studies.

1.4 Methodology The process of research of the paper is as follows:        

To study and explore various theories pertaining to biophilic design. Study Biophilia through its theories and providing a unified base to their application.

To study and explore various patterns, elements and attributes and strategies related to Biophilia.

To generate a unified pattern, taking inferences and contributions from the literature present around.

Introduction of various subheads of framework, their function and importance in the framework.

Generation of a new framework which can be applied by designers to their processes to generate Biophilic spaces.

To present an inference table, that considers practical, traceable and quantified subheads from the framework, useful for case studies.

To use the table in studying a biophilic space or a space having biophilic elements, to test the generality and success of the Biophilic patterns.

To conclude with the limitations and further scope of research in this domain.

1.5 Hypothesis Biophilic Design patterns can be applied in Architectural spaces, restoring human- nature connections.

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Research Question The main question addressed is:

How to bridge the gap between Architecture and Biophilic design for application in design process?

In order to answer the main research question, the following sub –questions are required to be addressed:

What defines Biophilic design?

What are the present theories related to Biophilia?

What are the present patterns and dimensions related to this field?

Which other factors can be incorporated in the framework for bridging the gap?

What are the success rates of the proposed patterns on different zones of applicability?

1.6 Scope Biophilic Design has a wide scope of applicability in various domains of Architectural spaces like residential, commercial, offices, healthcare and institutional building uses, also having varied health benefits related to varying problems of each domain. The scope of the current research is limited to the applicability on an institutional setup, where the Biophilic design elements will be tested on a live site to access the generality of the present biophilic elements.

1.7 Limitations The limitations of the research are as follows:  

 

Existing scientific knowledge still, doesn’t tie particular strategies to specific health benefits, since that relationship is still unclear.

Boundaries between strategies are also blurred, and will many times rely on the judgement to access the value of strategy.

A detailed survey, to know the occupants response and level of wellbeing affected due to various variables, can’t be carried out due to the time constraints.

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LITERATURE REVIEW BIOPHILIC DESIGN IN ARCHITECTURE

Biophilic Design and Architecture

Chapter Two Literature Review ______________________________________________________________________________ “I can think of no more important way to apply the naturalistic approach to human behaviour than in the design of the places in which we live and work. The evidence is overwhelming that, given a choice, people want to bring the beauty and harmony of nature within site. When possible, they like to blend these qualities into details of their daily existence, because in so doing, they add their own sense of worth and security” (E.O. Wilson)

________________________________________________________________________

2.1 Introduction There have been various attempts by the researchers to describe the Biophilic Design hypothesis of various aspects of the human- nature connections and it’s relation with architecture. Various theories and patterns have been proposed to explain the hypothesis.

This section assists to examine and infer most relevant Biophilic Design Theories and Components as patterns through a common platform, accessible to the designers: Theories:         

Attention Restoration Theory (ART) Stress Reduction Theory (SRT) Perceptual Fluency Account (PFA) Favourable and unfavourable settings to mental health Savannah Hypothesis Naturalness and Stress Reduction Aesthetic Appeal of Nature Fractal Theory Prospect and Refuge Theory

Patterns:   

14 Patterns of Biophilic Design Dimensions, Elements, Attributes of Biophilic Design Restorative Environment Design (RED)

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2.2 Theories pertaining to Biophilia We, as humans have evolved our behaviour mechanism and problem solving tactics mimicking nature, taking lessons from them and in return through our actions and generated stimuli, have shaped our natural environments. It is the presence of natural environment around us which is instrumental in generation of our evolutionary mechanism and ways of getting through the challenges surrounding us. These theories are based on the Biophilic Hypothesis that humans have affiliation and attraction towards nature and natural elements further leading to wellbeing of person as a whole.

The theories, relating to this literature, have been broadly divided to two classifications instrumental in affecting the Human- Nature Relationship:  

Theories on Psycho- Evolutionary and Restorative Preferences Nature- Based and Environmental Preferences

Psycho evolutionary and restorative preferences

Nature based and Environmental preferences

Both the preferences are inter-related, providing a common platform for analysis.

2.2.1 Theories on Psycho- Evolutionary and Restorative Preferences Theories on Psycho-Evolutionary and Restorative preferences have certain links with the NatureBased and Environmental Preferences. To justify this, the present theories refer to the challenges faced by humans, during evolution and the evolutionary environment which shaped their adaptation mechanism.

Humans, at present, have to undergo constant levels of stress and reduced mental and physical wellbeing as an aspect of evolutionary challenges. This is mainly due to their evolving lifestyles and the environment surrounding them. The conceptualization of the Human-Nature Connection proves instrumental in enhancing physiological, psychological wellbeing and stress reduction in present context. This stimulus can be related back to our ancestors, who also possessed similar stimuli towards Human Nature Connection, in a particular environmental surrounding, facing different evolutionary challenges, as of now.

These evidences concretizes the role of Human- Nature Relationship and provides a framework for generation of a positive and restorative response towards the evolutionary challenges.

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Based on these statements, Theories which can be classified under this domain are:

 Attention Restoration Theory (ART)  Stress Reduction Theory (SRT)  Perceptual Fluency Account (PFA)

2.2.1.1 Attention Restoration Theory (ART) Attention restoration theory is an example of a Restorative Theory synthesized From the Biophilic Hypothesis presented by Dr. Stephen Kaplan, a psychologist, In 1977. According to the hypothesis, human’s response to nature- generated stimuli, through involuntary actions, supported by involuntary attention. This reduces the stress and energy wastage due to cognitive thinking in case of a challenging environment, which deviates a person’s attention.

Thus, this theory, developed by Stephen and Rachael Kaplan (Kaplan and Kaplan, 1989: Kalpan, 1995), explains the restorative quality of nature which restores one’s attention from prolonged tasks that are mentally fatiguing.

From present literature, it is evident that nature, particularly natural elements provides a restorative effect on a person, evident from the ancestral records of nature having a restorative effect.

Attention Restoration Theory proposes four elements that promote Cognitive Restoration:    

Fascination Being away Extent Compatibility

Fascination Fascination refers to the component of ART which is an involuntary action generated due to nature’s beauty, accessed in various dimensions, leaving no room for stress on brain, for cognitive attention to soft and hard fascination : Hard Fascination: emphasizes on a particular natural element or natural setting, leaving no room for distraction.

Soft Fascination : emphasizes on a variety of natural elements, arranged in a particular pattern, as to engage the person, through a defined path, generating the stimuli for exploration and generation of excitement.

Being Away The component emphasizes on the attribute of being physically and psychologically away from a Biophilic element and the restoration quality it generates. It can be through being physically away from the element and reconciling or remembering it, with eyes closed, reducing mental fatigue and energy wastage on cognition or brain functioning.

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“This diverts the mind from stresses of work and takes it on natural elements, which doesn’t stresses brain, providing relaxation and restoring brain and neuro-muscular system, restoring a person’s attention” (Tatiana Abaurre Alencar,2010: biophilic design framework: Structuring the relationship between exposure to nature and health benefits,p.64)

Extent It emphasizes on the extent of natural surroundings those are efficient to engage a person through a continuous series of attention generating elements, further generating fascination.

If the extent is at a micro level, say potted plants, the attention restoration would be minimal, in comparison to field of flowers or forest, providing ample extent.

Compatibility Compatibility component emphasizes that the natural environment and elements provided and the human inclination towards it must be compatible and complementary. That is, the human inclination shall be fulfilled without much struggle or effort. Thus, the experiences those takes place within this component ought to have a high degree of compatibility.

2.2.1.2 Stress Reduction Theory (SRT) The stress recovery theory devised by Roger Ulrich in 1983, in his article “Aesthetic and affective response to natural environments”, concerns recovery from psychological stresses. According to this theory, stress is described as a process of generation of human stimuli in response of events, environmental features or situations that are considered as a threat to persons well being. This further generates negative emotions.

Based on work of Zojonc(1980), Roger Ulrich argues initial response of a person towards an unfamiliar or unknown environment is one of a dislike or disinterest, until specific environmental features are addressed like: Presence of vegetation: complexity: symmetries: textures: views : vistas and absence of elements, leading to generation of threat.

These features are said to reduce negative emotions and disliking and arouses attachment or attraction, providing a restorative experience. Roots of these features lies in the evolutionary adaptation and the environmental conditions present during that time. Thus, nature based features may reduce stress, but not artificial or non- natural features like glass, aluminum, etc.

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2.2.1.3 Perceptual Fluency Account (PFA) PFA acts as an intersection of ART and SRT Theories. The synthesis of this theory dictates that human brain can more frequently and fluently comprehend and generate stimuli to a natural setting in a structured manner, than an urban setting, dominating on the built environments. Thus, fluent encounters, reduces stress on cognition of brain, restoring attention and ultimately, reducing stress.

ART

The diagram showing intersection of Attention Restoration Theory and Stress Reduction Theory forming an intersection at PFA.

SRT PFA

2.2.2 Theories on Nature- Based and Environmental Preferences Theories on nature- based and environmental preferences are based on the concept that humans have affiliation towards nature, evident from the evolutionary adaptation of the evolutionary adaptation of the ancestors in a natural setting and surroundings.

According to the present literature, present theories pertaining to this domain, can be divided into four preferences:     

Savannah Hypothesis Prospect and Refuge Theory Fractal Theory Aesthetic Appeal of Natural Contents

2.2.2.1 Savannah Hypothesis Savannah Hypothesis, introduced by Ecologist Gordon Orions in 1980, emphasizes on the “Environment Selective Theory”. This theory specifies that humans prefers Landscape features to have elements from the African Savannah.

As Orions argued that due to long history of survival of humans in the Savannah Environment and evolutionary adaptation taking place in these environments, generated psychological linkages with the Savannah like landscapes.

Thus, a person would intrinsically prefer a Savannah like landscape than present cityscape, that would lead to well being of a person. The features of Savannahlike landscapes include high diversity of flowers; animal lives; scattered cluster of trees; topographic changes; scattered water bodies and multiple longdistances view corridors for surveillance for predators and a bright obstruction free sky.

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2.2.2.2 Prospect- Refuge Theory For geographer Jay Appleton(1975) , the ability of a person to view a space, without being seen by any other person, is described as the main motivation of this theory, to view a space is “Prospect” and not being seen by others is “Refuge”.

The existence of this theory can be linked to our ancestors for whom shelter has been a vital element, be it any form, providing a refuge from outside world and at the same time surveilling areas around from enclosed space, that is Prospect.

Prospect and Refuge can’t exist singularly at any place as both are at equilibrium, where prospect can be divided to two parts: Direct : emphasizing on views and vistas, directly visible from a point Indirect: or deflected vistas, in which vistas change after every point of movement of the viewer.

And Refuge being small and dark, where a person feels secured.

2.2.2.3 Fractal Theory Fractal theory is led by the ideology that the fractal geometries, present in nature, if mimicked in various components of the built environment, can promote stressreduction and well being, visually. This concept, generated by Mandelbrot in 1977, suggests that fractal components enhances well being rather than nonfractal components and can be incorporated into various elements of Builtspaces like the staircase design symbolizing fractals and so on.

2.2.2.4 Aesthetic Appeal of Natural Contents Fractal theory is led by the ideology that the fractal geometries, present in nature, if mimicked in various components of the built environment, can promote stressreduction and well being, visually. This concept, generated by Mandelbrot in 1977, suggests that fractal components enhances well being rather than nonfractal components and can be incorporated into various elements of Builtspaces .

2.2.3 Inference and Conclusion The present proposed theories describes aptly and justifies the Biophilic Hypothesis, where the two preferences co-exists in harmony and are pivotal in being a major component of the Biophilic framework.

Due to limited time frame and less scope fro modifications, the present theories are adopted in the process of Framework design for adaptation of Biophilia in architectural design, without much modifications and are present in a singular structural system: 9|P a ge

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PROSPECT- REFUGE

NATURE BASED and ENVIRONMENTAL

AESTHETIC NATURE APPEAL

FRACTAL THEORY

SAVANNAH HYPOTHESIS

PSYCHOEVOLUTIONARY and RESTORATIVE

BIOPHILIA HYPOTHESIS

ART

SRT PFA

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2.3 Components as Patterns of Biophilia Christopher Alexander explains patterns as – “, describes a problem which occurs over and over again in our environment, and then describes the case of the solution to that problem, in such a way that you can use this solution a million times over, without ever doing in the same way twice.”

(Browning ,W.D.,Ryan,C.O.,Clancy,J.O.(2014).14 Patterns of Biophilic Design.New York: Terrapin Bright Green,LLC; p.21)

The current Biophilic Design literature lists four guidelines describing various aspects of human- nature connections:   

14 Patterns of Biophilic Design Dimensions, Attributes and Elements of biophilic Design Restorative Environment Design (RED)

2.3.1 14 Patterns of Biophilic Design

(Browning, W.D., Ryan, C.O., Clancy, J.O. (2014). 14 Patterns of Biophilic Design. New York: Terrapin Bright Green, LLC)

Conceptualized by Terrapin Bright Green LLC, a multi-disciplinary consultation company, the Biophilia Hypothesis by Wilson, set up a turning stone in generation of three major concepts of Biophilic Design:   

Nature of Space Patterns Nature Analogues Nature in Space Patterns

These main pillar concepts are further subdivided into fourteen sub patterns of Biophilic design, where they have been explained in depth, in terms of experience they create, roots of patterns, design attributes, examples and relation with other patterns, providing opportunities for integrated Biophilic Design Strategies.

The table present on the following page is an effort by Terrapin Bright Green, to relate the proposed patterns of Biophilic Design, with the health benefits to the inhabitants, by the patterns: Visual connection with Nature; Nonvisual connection; Non- Rhythmic sensory stimuli; Thermal & Airflow Variability; Presence of Water; Dynamic & diffuse light; Connections with natural systems; Biomorphic forms & patterns; Material connection with nature; Complexity & order; Prospect; Refuge; Mystery; Risk/ Peril

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PATTERNS

COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING

PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH

PHYSIOLOGICAL HEALTH

Visual Connection with Nature

Improved mental engagement/ attentiveness

Positively impacted attitude & overall happiness

Lowered blood pressure & heart rate

Non Visual Connection

Positively impacted on cognitive performance

Percieved improvements In mental healtrh & tranquility

Reduced systolic blood pressure & stress hormones

Non- Rhythmic Sensory Stimuli

Observed & quantified behavioural measures of attention & exploration

Thermal & Airflow Variability

Positively impacted Concentration

Improved perception of temporal & spatial pleasure

Positively impacted comfort, well- being & productivity

Presence of Water

Improved concentration & memory restoration.

Enhanced perception & psychological response

Observed preferences & positive emotional response

Reduced stress , increased feeling of tranquility, lower heart rate &blood pressure

Positively impacted on heart rate, systolic blood pressure & symapthetic nervous system activity

Positively impacted circadian system functioning Increased visual comfort

Dynamic & Diffuse Light Enhanced positive health responses Shifted perception of environment

Connection with Natural System

Biomorphic Forms & Patterns Material Connection with Nature

Observed view preference

Improved creative performance

Complexity & Order

Improved comfort

Observed view preference

Reduced diastolic blood pressure Positively impacted perceptual & physiological stress responses

Prospect Reduced boredom, irritation, fatigue

Refuge

Mystery

Risk/Peril

Improoved comfort & perceived safety

Reduced stress

Improoved concentration, attention & perception of safetty Induced strong pleasure response

Induced strong pleasure response

Table1 : Biophilic Design Patterns and their Health Impacts (Browning et al., 2014

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The following patterns have been explained on the basis of their:    

Experiences they create: briefly considers how the pattern might impact the way a space feels; Working with the pattern: highlights design attributes, examples, and consideration Design considerations :Spatial elements used to create design of spaces Degree of importance : (***) depicts the quality & quantity of pattern & potential for further research

2.3.1.1 Nature in Space Pattern This pillar talks about the direct inclination or presence of natural elements in a space like plants, air, water, earth and its connections with built- environment. Humans have an inclination towards nature and this also enhances well being of a human. This can be subdivided to seven patterns as follows: [p1] Visual Connect with Nature: living systems and natural processes.

A view of elements of nature,

Figure 1 : The NY Times Building moss and birch Garden New York by Renzo Piano Central court acts as an oasis of calm visually.

Image © Hubert J. Steed.

 DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE: ***) Experience

Naturally Occuring

A space with a good visual connection with nature feels whole; it grabs one’s attention & can be stimulating or calming. It can convey a sense of time, weather & other living things.

    

Natural flow of water Vegetation, including fruit bearing plants Animals, insects Fossils  Terain, soil, earth

Health Benefits

 COGNITIVE Improved mental engagement/ attentiveness  PSYCHOLOGICAL Positively impacted attitude & overall happiness

Simulated/ Constructed

   

Mechanical flow of water Koi pond, aquarium Green wall Artwork depicting nature scenes  Video depicting nature scenes  Highly designed landscapes

 PHYSIOLOGICAL Lowered blood pressure & heart rate TABLE 2 : VISUAL CONTACT

DEISGN CONSIDERATIONS Prioritize real nature over simulated nature; and simulated nature over no nature. Prioritize biodiversity over acreage, area or quantity.  Prioritize or enable exercise opportunities that are in proximity to green space.  Design to support a visual connection that can be experienced for at least 5-20 minutes per day. Design spatial layouts and furnishings to uphold desired view lines and avoid impeding the visual access when in a seated position.

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 Visual connections to even small instances of nature can be restorative, and particularly relevant for temporary interventions, or spaces where real estate (floor/ground area, wall space) is limited.  The benefits of viewing real nature may be attenuated by a digital medium, which may be of greatest value to spaces that, due to the nature of its function (e.g., hospital radiation units) cannot easily incorporate real nature or views to the outdoors

[p2] Non-Visual Connect with Nature: olfactory, auditory, gustatory or haptic stimuli that provides a positive reference to nature and natural processes.

DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE: ** Experience

A space with a good nonvisual connection feels fresh & well balanced; the ambient conditionsw are percieved as complex & variable but at the same time, familiar & comfortable, whereby sounds, aromas & textures are reminiscent of being outdoors in nature.

Naturally Occuring  Fragment herbs & flowers  Songbirds  Flowing water  Weather( rain, wind & hail)  Natural ventilation (operable windows, breezeways)  Textured materials (stone, wood, fur)  Crackling fire/ fireplace

Health Benefits  COGNITIVE Positively impacted on cognitive performance  PSYCHOLOGICAL Percieved improvements In mental healtrh & Tranquility  PHYSIOLOGICAL Reduced systolic blood pressure & stress hormones

Simulated/ Constructed  Digital simulations of nature sounds  Mechanically released natural plant oils  Highly textured fabrics/textiles that mimic natural material textures  Audible and/or physically accessible water  feature  Music with fractal qualities  Horticulture/gardening, including edible  plants  Domesticated animals/pets  Honeybee apiary TABLE 3: NON VISUAL CONTACT

DEISGN CONSIDERATIONS Prioritize nature sounds over urban sounds.  Design for non-visual connections that can be easily accessed from one or multiple locations, and in such a way that allows daily engagement for 5 to 20 minutes at a time.  Integrate non-visual connections with other aspects of the design program.  A single intervention that can be experienced in multiple ways can enhance the impacts.  Design for visual and non-visual connections to be experienced simultaneously to maximize potential positive health responses.

Figure 2 : A fountain and gardens in the Calat Alhambra in Granada, Spain provide a nonvisual experience of nature. Image © Dax Fernstrom/Flickr

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[p3] Non- Rhythmic Sensory Stimuli: short term connections with nature, that can be analysed systematically, but can’t be predicted precisely.

DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE: ** Experience

A space with a good Nonrhythmic stimuli feels as if one is momentarily privy to something specila, something fresh, interesting, stimulating & energizing. It is a brief, but welcome distraction

Naturally Occuring

 Cloud movement  Breezes  Plant life rustling  Water babbling  Insect and animal movement  Birds chirping  Fragrant flowers, trees and herbs

Health Benefits

 COGNITIVE Observed & quantified behavioural measures of attention & exploration  PSYCHOLOGICAL -------- PHYSIOLOGICAL Positively impacted on heart rate, systolic blood pressure & symapthetic nervous system activity

Simulated/ Constructed  Billowy fabric or screen materials that move or glisten with  light or breezes  Reflections of water on a surface  Shadows or dappled light that change with movement or  time  Nature sounds broadcasted at unpredictable intervals  Mechanically released plant oils

TABLE 4: NON RHYTHMIC SENSORY STIMULI

DEISGN CONSIDERATIONS• As a general guideline, non-rhythmic sensory experiences should occur approximately every 20 minutes for about 20 seconds and, for visual stimuli, from a distance of more than 20 feet away.

• Many stimuli in nature are seasonal, so a strategy that is effective yearround, such as with multiple interventions that overlap with seasons, will help ensure that non-rhythmic sensory experiences can occur at any given time of the year.

• In some cases, the intervention may be similar to that of [P1] Visual or [P2] Non-Visual Connection with Nature; what’s important here is the ephemeral and stochastic quality of the intervention.

• An intervention that leverages simulation of (rather than naturally occurring) natural stimuli will likely necessitate early collaboration with the mechanical engineer or facilities team.

• A non-rhythmic stimuli strategy can be interwoven with almost any landscape or horticulture plan. For instance, selecting plant species for window boxes that will attract bees, butterflies and other pollinators may be a more practical application for some projects than maintaining a honeybee apiary or butterfly sanctuary.

• Humans perceive movement in the peripheral view much quicker than straight ahead. The brain also processes the movement of living things in a different place than it does of mechanical objects (Beauchamp et al., 2003), whereby natural movement is generally perceived as positive, and mechanical movement as neutral or even negative.

Figure 3 : The Dockside Green Community on Vancouver Island immerses people in natural non-rhythmic stimuli through presence of water. Image © Ellen Moorhouse, Toronto Star.

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• As a result, the repeating rhythmic motion of a pendulum will only hold one’s attention briefly, the constant repetitive ticking of a clock may come to be ignored over time, and an ever-present scent may lose its mystique with long-term exposure; whereas, the stochastic movement of a butterfly will capture one’s attention each time for recurring physiological benefits.

[p4]

Thermal and Air Flow Variability : subtle changes in air

temperature, relative humidity, airflow across the skin and surface temperature that mimics natural environments.

DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE: ** Experience

A space with a good Thermal air flow & variability feels refreshing, active, alive, invigorating & comfortable. The space provides both a sense of flexibility & control.

Naturally Occuring • Solar heat gain • Shadow and shade • Radiant surface materials • Space/place orientation • Vegetation with seasonal densification

DEISGN CONSIDERATIONS-

Health Benefits

Simulated/ Constructed

 COGNITIVE

 HVAC delivery strategy  Systems controls  Window glazing and window treatment  Window operability and cross ventilation

Positively impacted Concentration  PSYCHOLOGICAL Improved perception of temporal & spatial pleasure  PHYSIOLOGICAL Positively impacted comfort, well- being & productivity

TABLE 5: THERMAL & AIRFLOW VARIABILITY

• Incorporation of airflow and thermal conditions into materials, daylighting, mechanical ventilation and/or fenestration will help distribute variability over space and time.

• Thermal comfort is a vital bridging component between biophilic design and sustainable design, especially in the face of climate change and rising energy costs. When Thermal and Airflow Variability is implemented in a way that broadens people’s perception of thermal comfort, it may also help reduce energy demands for air conditioning and heating.

• Designing in features that allow users to easily adapt and modify their perceived thermal conditions of their environment will increase the range of acceptable temperatures by two degrees Celsius above and below the conventional parameters for thermal comfort (Nicol and Humphreys, 2002).

• Coordination of design strategies among a project team (e.g., architect, lighting designer and MEP engineers) as early as the schematic design process will be particularly important for achieving design intent

Figure 4 : The Khoo Teck Puat Hospital uses fresh air and sunlight to increase thermal comfort though louvres.

Image © Jui-Yong Sim/Flickr.

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[p5]

Presence of Water: stimulation and calmness, accessed by

fluidity, lighting, proximity and accessibility, creating a sense of place through seeing, hearing and touching water.

DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE: ** Experience

Naturally Occuring

Health Benefits

Simulated/ Constructed

 COGNITIVE

A space with good water conditions feels compelling & captivating. Fluidity, sound, lighting, proximity & accessibility each contribute to whether a space is stimulating, calming, or both.

• River, stream, ocean, pond, wetland • Visual access to rainfall and flows • Seasonal arroyos

Improved concentration & memory restoration.

Enhanced perception & psychological response  PSYCHOLOGICAL Observed preferences & positive emotional response

• Water wall • Constructed water fall • Fountain • Constructed stream • Reflections of water (real or simulated) on another surface • Imagery with water in the composition

 PHYSIOLOGICAL Reduced stress , Increased feeling of tranquility, lower heart rate &blood pressure TABLE 6: Presence of water

DEISGN CONSIDERATIONS• Prioritize a multi-sensory water experience to achieve the most beneficial outcome.

• Prioritize naturally fluctuating water movement over predictable movement or stagnancy.

• High volume, high turbulence water features could create discomfort, impact humidity levels or decrease acoustic quality, so proximity may influence appropriateness.

• Water features can be water and energy intensive and as such should be used sparingly, particularly in climates with little access to water.

Shading the water, using high albedo surfaces, and minimizing the exposed water surface area will minimize water loss through evaporation, and possibly contribute to the biophilic experience.

Figure 5 : The Robert and Arlene Kogod Courtyard in the Smithsonian American Art Museum. has seamless water sheets running across the floor, reflecting weather and lighting conditions.

Image © Tim Evanson/Flickr.

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[p6] Dynamic and Diffused Light: expands varying intensities of light and shadow, with diurnal changes, mimicking observations from nature

DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE: ** Experience

Naturally Occuring

A space with a good Dynamic & diffuse light condition conveys expressions of time & movement to evoke feelings of drama & intrigue, buffered with a sense of calm.

• Daylight from multiple angles • Direct sunlight • Diurnal and seasonal light • Firelight • Moonlight and star light • Bioluminescence

Health Benefits  COGNITIVE ---- PSYCHOLOGICAL ---- PHYSIOLOGICAL Positively impacted Circadian system Functioning Increased visual comfort

Simulated/ Constructed • Multiple low glare electric light sources • Illuminance • Light distribution • Ambient diffuse lighting on walls and ceiling • Day light preserving window treatments • Task and personal lighting • Accent lighting • Personal user dimming controls • Circadian colour reference (white light during the day and lack of blue light at night)

TABLE 7: DYNAMIC & DIFFUSED LIGHT

DEISGN CONSIDERATIONS• Dynamic lighting conditions can help transition between indoor and outdoor spaces.

• Drastically dynamic lighting conditions, such as with sustained movement, changing colours, direct sunlight penetration and high contrasts, may not be appropriate for spaces where directed attention activities are performed.

• Circadian lighting will be especially important in spaces the people occupy for extended periods of time.

Figure 6 : The Yale Center for British Art in New Haven, utilizes natural lighting to sofly illuminate art and create dramatic experiences. Image © K. Kendall/Flickr.

[p7] Connection with natural Systems: Experience of relaxation, nostalgia, enlightenment and frequently anticipating, connections with natural systems, characterizes seasonal and temporal changes of healthy ecosystems.

DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE: **

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Experience

A space with a good Connection with Natural systems evokes a relationship to a greater whole, making one aware of seasonality & the cycles of life. The experience is often relaxing, nostalgic, profound or enlightening & frequently anticipated.

Naturally Occuring • • • •

• • •

Climate and weather patterns Hydrology Geology Animal behaviors Pollination, growth, aging and decomposition Diurnal patterns Night sky Seasonal patterns (freeze thaw; light intensity and colour; plant cycles; animal migration; ambient scents)

Health Benefits  COGNITIVE

Simulated/ Constructed • Simulated daylighting systems that transition with diurnal cycles • Wildlife habitats (e.g., birdhouse, honeybee apiary; hedges, flowering vegetation) • Exposure of water infrastructure • Step wells for seasonal rainwater storage and social convergence • Natural patina of materials (leather, stone, copper, bronze, wood)

---- PSYCHOLOGICAL ---- PHYSIOLOGICAL Positively impacted Circadian system Functioning Increased visual comfort

TABLE 8: CONNECTION WITH NATURAL SYSTEMS

DEISGN CONSIDERATIONS• Integration of rainwater capture and treatment into the landscape design that responds to rain events.

• In some cases, providing visual access to existing natural systems will be the easiest and most cost effective approach. In other cases, the incorporation of responsive design tactics (e.g., use of materials that change form or expand function with exposure to solar heat gain, wind, rain/moisture, or shading), structures (e.g., steps wells), and land formations (e.g., bio swales, arroyos, dunes) will be necessary to achieve the desired level of awareness.

• Design interactive opportunities, especially for children, patients, and the elderly (e.g., integrative educational curriculum; horticulture programs, community gardens; seasonal cooking/diet).

Figure 7 : The greenroof of COOKFOX Architects’ New York office dramatically changes in appearence through the year, visually connecting occupants with the seasons and local ecosystem activity. Images courtesy of Bill Browning.

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2.3.1.2 Nature Analogues Pattern This pillar talks about the analogues of nature where elements of natural environments can be applied or mimicked to the built form. The benefits of nature represented in artwork are measurable but less effective than benefits derived from actual trees or plants in the outdoors. These can be sub-divided into three patterns:

[p8] Biomorphic Forms and Patterns: interest, comfort, captivation, contemplation, biomorphic forms and patterns symbolize contoured, patterned and textural arrangements possible in nature

Figure 8 : The organic and curvaceous stairs, mosaics, railings and other decorative elements of the Hotel Tassel in Brussels, by Victor Horta are a classic example of Biomorphic Forms and Patterns.

Image © Eloise Moorhead.

DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE: *

Experience

A space with a good Biomorphic forms & patterns feels interesting & comfortable, possibly captivating, contempolative or even absorptive

Decor • Fabrics, carpet, wallpaper designs based on Fibonacci series or Golden Mean • Window details: trim and moldings, glass colour, texture, mullion design, window reveal detail • Installations and free-standing sculptures • Furniture details • Woodwork, masonry • Wall decal, paint style or texture

Health Benefits  COGNITIVE ---- PSYCHOLOGICAL Observed view preference  PHYSIOLOGICAL --------

Form/ Function • Arrangement of the structural system (e.g., columns shaped like trees) • Building form • Acoustic paneling (wall or ceiling) • Railings, banisters, fencing, gates • Furniture form • Window details: frit, light shelves, fins • Pathway and hallway form

TABLE 9: BIOMORPHIC FORMS & PATTERNS

DEISGN CONSIDERATIONS • Apply on 2 or 3 planes or dimensions (e.g., floor plane and wall; furniture windows and soffits) for greater diversity and frequency of exposure.

• Avoid the overuse of forms and patterns that may lead to visual toxicity.

• More comprehensive interventions will be more cost effective when they are introduced early in the design process.

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[p9] Material Connections with Nature : warmth, authencity, stimulations of touch, material connections with nature, reflects local ecology and geology to create a distinctive sense of place.

DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE: nil

Experience

A space with a good Material coonection with nature, feels rich, warm & authentic & sometimes stimulating to touch.

Decor • Accent details (natural wood grains; leather; stone, • fossil textures; bamboo, rattan, dried grasses, cork) • Interior surfaces (veneer, countertops) • Woodwork, stonework • Natural colour palette, particularly greens

Health Benefits

Form/ Function • Wall construction (wood, stone) • Structural systems • (heavy timber beams) • Façade material • Furniture form • Footpaths, bridges

 COGNITIVE improved creative performance.  PSYCHOLOGICAL Improved comfort  PHYSIOLOGICAL Reduced diastolic blood pressure

TABLE 10: MATERIAL CONNECTIONS WITH NATURE

DEISGN CONSIDERATIONS• Quantities of a (natural) material and colour should be specified based on intended function of the space. In the same vein, a degree of variability of materials and applications is recommended over high ratios of any one material or colour.

• Real materials are preferred over synthetic variations because human receptors can tell the difference between real and synthetic, so minimally processed materials from real nature are preferred whenever possible.

• Incorporating instances of the colour green may help enhance creative environments; however, scientific studies on the impact of the colour green have mostly been conducted in controlled lab environments, so dependence on colour to engender creativity should be considered experimental.

Figure 9 : Leather clad elevator lobby of the Bank of America Tower in New York by COOKFOX Architects visually warms the space. Image © Bilyana Dimitrova / Photography by Bilyana Dimitrova.

[p10] Complexity and Order: information- richness, balance between boring and overwhelming, complexity and order sticks to spatial hierarchies similar to those encountered in nature.

Experience

A space with a good Complexity & order feels engaging & informationrich, as an intriguing balance between boring & overwhelming.

Decor • Wallpaper and carpet design • Material texture and contour • Window details: trim and moldings, glass colour, texture, mullion design, window reveal detail • Plant selection variety and placement • Complex plant oil fragrances • Auditory stimuli

Health Benefits  COGNITIVE improved creative performance.  PSYCHOLOGICAL Improved comfort  PHYSIOLOGICAL

Form/ Function • • • •

Exposed structure Façade materials Building skyline Floor plan, landscape plan, urban grid • Pedestrian traffic & resource flows

Reduced diastolic blood pressure

TABLE 11: COMPLEXITY & ORDER

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DEISGN CONSIDERATIONS• Prioritize artwork and material selection, architectural expressions, and landscape and master planning schemes that reveal fractal geometries and hierarchies.

• Fractal structures with iterations of three will be more impactful than a design limited to two iterations.

• Computer technology using the algorithms of mathematical and geometric functions can produce fractal designs for architectural, design and planning applications with ease.

• Over-use of and/or extended exposure to high-fractal dimensions could instill discomfort or even fear, countering the intended response: to nourish and reduce stress. Avoidance or under-utilization of fractals in design could result in complete predictability and disinterest.

• A new building or landscape design should take into account its impact on the fractal quality of the existing urban skyline.

Figure 10 : The engaging ceiling structure of the Allen Lambert Galleria and Atrium at Brookfield Place by Santiago Calatrava, depicting complexity and order of structure in Toronto. Image © Reto Fetz/Flickr.

2.3.1.3 Nature of Space Pattern This pillar elaborates the physiological and psychological human responses to the environment generated stimulus, which leads to well being of humans.

This can be divided to four sub- heads:

[p11] Prospect: openness and freedom, impacting sense of security and

Figure 11: The central plaza of the Salk Institute by Louis Kahn in La Jolla, California frames the view of the Pacific, through prospect. Image © Bill Browning.

control, prospect pattern is a view, over a distance, for surveillance and planning.

DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE: *** TABLE 12: PROSPECT

Experience

Spatial Attributes

Health Benefits  COGNITIVE

A space with a good Prospect condition feels • Focal lengths ≥ 20 feet open & freeing, yet • Partition heights ≤ 42 imparts a sense of safety inches (hedges; opaque & control, particularly workplace partitions) when alone or in an unfamiliar environments

Reduced boredom, irritation,fatigue  PSYCHOLOGICAL Improoved comfort & perceived safety  PHYSIOLOGICAL

Common Features • Transparent materials • Balconies, catwalks, staircase landings • Open floor plans • Elevated planes • Views including shade trees, bodies of water or evidence of human habitation

Reduced stress

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DEISGN CONSIDERATIONS• •

•

• • •

Orienting building, fenestration, corridors and workstations will help optimize visual access to indoor or outdoor vistas, activity hubs or destinations.

Designing with or around an existing or planned savanna-like ecosystem, body of water, and evidence of human activity or habitation will help the informationrichness of the prospect view.

Providing focal lengths of ≥20 feet (6 meters), preferably 100 feet (30 meters); when a space has sufficient depth, spatial properties can be leveraged to enhance the experience by removing visual barriers. Limiting partition heights to 42” will provide spatial barriers while allowing seated occupants to view across a space.

Understory vegetation or hedges should use a similar guide; preferred height limitations will depend on terrain and how the space is most experienced (e.g., while sitting, standing, on a bicycle).

Locating stairwells at building perimeter with glass façade and interior glass stairwell walls can form a dual Prospect condition.

When high ceilings are present, perimeter or interior spaces elevated 12-18” will enhance the Prospect condition.

Often the view quality and the balance between Prospect and [P12] Refuge will be more important than the size or frequency of the experience.

[p12] Refuge: experiencing safety, sense of retreat and withdrawal, refuge is a place for withdrawal, from environmental conditions.

DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE: ***

Experience

A space with a good Refuge condition feels safe, providing a sense of retreat & withdrawl- for work, protection, rest or healingweather alone or in small groups. A good refuge space feels separate or unique from its surrounding environments; its spatial characteristics can feel contemplative, embracing & protective, without unnecessarily disengaging.

Spatial Attributes • Modular refuge: Small protection (high-back chair, overhead trellis) • Partial refuge: Several sides covered (reading nooks, booth seating, bay window seats, canopy beds,etc) • Extensive refuge: near or complete concealment (reading/telephone/ sleeping pods, private offices, tree houses)

Health Benefits  COGNITIVE Improoved concentration, attention & perception of safetty  PSYCHOLOGICAL -------- PHYSIOLOGICAL -----------

Common Features • Spaces with weather/climate protection, or speech and visual privacy • Spaces reserved for reflection, meditation, rest, relaxation, reading, or complex cognitive tasks • Operable, adjustable or translucent shades, blinds, screens or partitions • Drop or lowered ceiling , soffit, overhang or canopy • Lowered or varied light colour, temperature or brightness

TABLE 13: REFUGE

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DEISGN CONSIDERATIONS• Indoor refuge spaces are usually characterized by lowered ceiling conditions. For spaces with standard ceiling heights, this may equate to approximately 18-24 inches below the main ceiling, and is often achieved through treatments like a soffit, a drop-ceiling or acoustical panelling, or suspended fabric.

• For outdoor or indoor spaces with particularly high ceilings (>14 feet), a more drastic differential may be necessary to achieve the desired outcome; freestanding or vegetative alcoves and mezzanine-like structures are often effective.

• When designing for larger populations or multiple activity types, providing more than one kind of refuge space can address varying needs, which can often be met through differing spatial dimensions, lighting conditions, and degree of concealment.

• Light levels in refuge spaces should differ from adjacent spaces and user lighting controls will broaden functionality as a refuge space.

[p13] Mystery: sense of anticipation, denial and reward, achieved through partially blocked views, that excites the individual, to travel deeper into the environment.

Figure 12 : Protected seating alcoves along the Henderson Bridge, Singapore provide a sense of refuge. Image © Reggie Wan/Flickr

Figure 13 : Obscured views in Prospect Park in Brooklyn, New York, by Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux create a sense of mystery and enticement. Image © Ed Yourdon/Flickr.

DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE: **

Experience

A space with a good Mystery condition has a palpable sense of anticipation, or of being teased, offering the senses a kind of denial & reward that compels one to further investigate the space.

Spatial Attributes • Views are medium (≥ 20 ft) to high (≥ 100 ft) depth of field • At least one edge of the focal subject is obscured, preferably two edges • Auditory stimulation from an imperceptible source • Peek-a-boo windows that partially reveal • Curving edges • Winding paths

Health Benefits  COGNITIVE Improoved concentration, attention & perception of safetty  PSYCHOLOGICAL ---------

Common Features • • • • • • •

Light and shadow Sound or vibration Scent Activity or movement Artwork or installation Form and flow Translucent materials

 PHYSIOLOGICAL -----------

TABLE 14: MYSTERY

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DEISGN CONSIDERATIONS• Curving edges that slowly reveal are more effective than sharp corners in drawing people through a space.

• Dramatic shade and shadows can enhance the mystery experience.

• Strategies that provide dark shadows or shallow depth of field could instil unappreciated surprise or fear.

• The speed at which users are transiting through a space will influence both the size of the aperture and the size of the subject; faster typically means bigger.

• Organically evolved mystery conditions (e.g., low maintenance gardens with winding paths) are expectedly going to change characteristics over time. These changes should be monitored as they may enhance the mystery condition, or otherwise degrade it as it evolves into a surprise condition (e.g., overgrowth of plantings leads to obscuring of depth of field).

[p14] Risk/ Peril: Experiencing threat, danger, identifiable threat, with a feasible safeguard.

DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE: ***

Experience

A space with a Risk/ peril condition feels exhilarating, and with an implied threat, maybe a little mischievous or perverse. One feels that it might be dangerous, but intriguing, worth exploring & irresistable

Spatial Attributes

• Heights • Gravity • Water • Predator- prey role reversal PERCIEVED RISKS • Falling • Getting wet • Getting hurt • Loss of control

Health Benefits  COGNITIVE Improoved concentration, attention & perception of safetty  PSYCHOLOGICAL -------- PHYSIOLOGICAL -----------

Figure 14 : The Levitated Mass at Los Angeles County Museum of Art. Michael Heizer, artist, GENERATING AN EXPRESSION OF RISK. Image © Kate Dollarhyde/Flickr.

Common Features • Double height atrium with balcony or catwalk • Architectural cantilevers • Facades with floor to ceiling transparency • Experiences perceived to be defying/ testing gravity • Transparent tailing or floor • Passing under, over or through water • Life sized photography of wild animals

TABLE 15: RISK / PERIL

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DEISGN CONSIDERATIONS• Risk/Peril design interventions are usually quite deliberate and as such will not be appropriate for all user groups or places. • Design strategies that rely on spatial conditions will be easier to implement when incorporated as early as concept design and schematic phases of the design process. • The element of safety must protect the user from harm while still permitting the experience of risk

2.3.1.4 Observations and inference The three main components of Biophilic design contributes to three major themes present: Designing with natural elements and direct human- nature connection; mimicking natural elements, including shapes and forms; character of spaces and spatial patterns of nature.

Reviewing literature, the three pillars emphasizes on the simple and clear framework for adoption to Biophilic design.

The various patterns presented are also inter-related to each other, having their own set of design considerations, attributes, health benefits which is elaborated in the table presented below:

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Experience [P1]

Interrelationship

Naturally Occuring

Health Benefits

Simulated/ Constructed

Degree of importance

VISUAL CONTACT WITH NATURE

A space with a good visual connection with nature feels whole; it grabs one’s attention & can be stimulating or calming. It can convey a sense of time, weather & other living things.

P2 P3 P5 P8 P11

    

Natural flow of water Vegetation, including fruit bearing plants Animals, insects Fossils  Terain, soil, earth

 COGNITIVE Improved mental engagement/ attentiveness  PSYCHOLOGICAL Positively impacted attitude & overall happiness

     

Mechanical flow of water Koi pond, aquarium Green wall Artwork depicting nature scenes Video depicting nature scenes Highly designed landscapes

***

 PHYSIOLOGICAL Lowered blood pressure & heart rate [P2]

NON- VISUAL CONTACT

A space with a good non- visual connection feels fresh & well balanced; the ambient conditionsw are percieved as complex & variable but at the same time, familiar & comfortable, whereby sounds, aromas & textures are reminiscent of being outdoors in nature.

P1 P3 P4 P9 P5 P13

    

Fragment herbs & flowers Songbirds Flowing water Weather( rain, wind & hail) Natural ventilation (operable windows, breezeways)  Textured materials (stone, wood, fur)  Crackling fire/ fireplace

 COGNITIVE

 Digital simulations of nature sounds  Mechanically released natural plant oils  Highly textured fabrics/textiles that mimic natural material textures  Audible and/or physically accessible water  feature  Music with fractal qualities  Horticulture/gardening, including edible  plants  Domesticated animals/pets  Honeybee apiary

Positively impacted on cognitive performance  PSYCHOLOGICAL Percieved improvements In mental healtrh & Tranquility  PHYSIOLOGICAL Reduced systolic blood pressure & stress hormones

[P3]

NON- RHYTHMIC SENSORY STIMULI

A space with a good Non- rhythmic stimuli feels as if one is momentarily privy to something specila, something fresh, interesting, stimulating & energizing. It is a brief, but welcome distraction

[P4]

**

 Cloud movement  Breezes  Plant life rustling  Water babbling  Insect and animal movement  Birds chirping  Fragrant flowers, trees and herbs

P1 P4 P5 P10 P13

 COGNITIVE Observed & quantified behavioural measures of attention & exploration  PSYCHOLOGICAL -------- PHYSIOLOGICAL Positively impacted on heart rate, systolic blood pressure & symapthetic nervous system activity

 Billowy fabric or screen materials that move or glisten with  light or breezes  Reflections of water on a surface  Shadows or dappled light that change with movement or  time  Nature sounds broadcasted at unpredictable intervals  Mechanically released plant oils

**

THERMAL & AIRFLOW VARIABILITY

A space with a good Thermal air flow & variability feels refreshing, active, alive, invigorating & comfortable. The space provides both a sense of flexibility & control.

P6 P7 P3 P5 P13

• • • • •

Solar heat gain Shadow and shade Radiant surface materials Space/place orientation Vegetation with seasonal densification

 COGNITIVE Positively impacted Concentration  PSYCHOLOGICAL Improved perception of temporal & spatial pleasure

   

HVAC delivery strategy Systems controls Window glazing and window treatment Window operability and cross ventilation **

 PHYSIOLOGICAL Positively impacted comfort, well- being & productivity [P5]

PRESENCE OF WATER  COGNITIVE

A space with good water conditions feels compelling & captivating.

Fluidity, sound, lighting, proximity & accessibility each contribute to whether a space is stimulating, calming, or both.

P1 P2 P7 P11 P14

• River, stream, ocean, pond, wetland • Visual access to rainfall and flows • Seasonal arroyos

Improved concentration & memory restoration.

Enhanced perception & psychological response  PSYCHOLOGICAL Observed preferences & positive emotional response

• Water wall • Constructed water fall • Fountain • Constructed stream • Reflections of water (real or simulated) on another surface • Imagery with water in the composition

**

 PHYSIOLOGICAL Reduced stress , Increased feeling of tranquility, lower heart rate &blood pressure [P6]

DYNAMIC & DIFFUSE LIGHT

A space with a good Dynamic & diffuse light condition conveys expressions of time & movement to evoke feelings of drama & intrigue, buffered with a sense of calm.

[P7]

P1 P3 P4 P13 P5 P7 P8

• Daylight from multiple angles • Direct sunlight • Diurnal and seasonal light • Firelight • Moonlight and star light • Bioluminescence

 COGNITIVE ---- PSYCHOLOGICAL ---- PHYSIOLOGICAL Positively impacted Circadian system Functioning Increased visual comfort

• Multiple low glare electric light sources • Illuminance • Light distribution • Ambient diffuse lighting on walls and ceiling • Day light preserving window treatments • Task and personal lighting • Accent lighting • Personal user dimming controls • Circadian colour reference (white light during the day and lack of blue light at night)

**

CONNECTION WITH NATURAL SYSTEMS

A space with a good Connection with Natural systems evokes a relationship to a greater whole, making one aware of seasonality & the cycles of life. The experience is often relaxing, nostalgic, profound or enlightening & frequently anticipated.

•

P1 P2 P3 P5 P4 P6 P13

• • • • • •

Climate and weather patterns Hydrology Geology Animal behaviors Pollination, growth, aging and decomposition Diurnal patterns Night sky Seasonal patterns (freeze thaw; light intensity and colour; plant cycles; animal migration; ambient scents)

 COGNITIVE ---- PSYCHOLOGICAL ---- PHYSIOLOGICAL Positively impacted Circadian system Functioning Increased visual comfort

• Simulated daylighting systems that transition with diurnal cycles • Wildlife habitats (e.g., birdhouse, honeybee apiary; hedges, flowering vegetation) • Exposure of water infrastructure • Step wells for seasonal rainwater storage and social convergence • Natural patina of materials (leather, stone, copper, bronze, wood)

**

Experience [P8]

Interrelationship

P1 P10

Form/ Function

Degree of importance

• Fabrics, carpet, wallpaper designs based on Fibonacci series or Golden Mean • Window details: trim and moldings, glass colour, texture, mullion design, window reveal detail • Installations and freestanding sculptures • Furniture details • Woodwork, masonry • Wall decal, paint style or texture

 COGNITIVE ---- PSYCHOLOGICAL Observed view preference  PHYSIOLOGICAL --------

• Arrangement of the structural system (e.g., columns shaped like trees) • Building form • Acoustic paneling (wall or ceiling) • Railings, banisters, fencing, gates • Furniture form • Window details: frit, light shelves, fins • Pathway and hallway form

*

MATERIAL CONNECTION WITH NATURE

A space with a good Material coonection with nature, feels rich, warm & authentic & sometimes stimulating to touch.

Experience [P10]

Health Benefits

BIOMORPHIC FORMS & PATTERNS

A space with a good Biomorphic forms & patterns feels interesting & comfortable, possibly captivating, contempolative or even absorptive

[P9]

Decor

P1 P2 P8 P10

Interrelationship

• Accent details (natural wood grains; leather; stone, • fossil textures; bamboo, rattan, dried grasses, cork) • Interior surfaces (veneer, countertops) • Woodwork, stonework • Natural colour palette, particularly greens

Spatial Attributes

 COGNITIVE improved creative performance.  PSYCHOLOGICAL Improved comfort  PHYSIOLOGICAL

• Wall construction (wood, stone) • Structural systems • (heavy timber beams) • Façade material • Furniture form • Footpaths, bridges

NIL

Reduced diastolic blood pressure

Health Benefits

Common Features

Degree of importance

COMPLEXITY & ORDER  COGNITIVE

A space with a good Complexity & order feels engaging & informationrich, as an intriguing balance between boring & overwhelming.

[P11]

P1 P2 P8 P9

• Wallpaper and carpet design • Material texture and contour • Window details: trim and moldings, glass colour, texture, mullion design, window reveal detail • Plant selection variety and placement • Complex plant oil fragrances • Auditory stimuli

improved creative performance.  PSYCHOLOGICAL Improved comfort  PHYSIOLOGICAL

• • • • •

Exposed structure Façade materials Building skyline Floor plan, landscape plan, urban grid Pedestrian traffic & resource flows

*

Reduced diastolic blood pressure

PROSPECT

A space with a good Prospect condition feels open & freeing, yet imparts a sense of safety & control, particularly when alone or in an unfamiliar environments

P1 P5 P12 P13 P14

• Focal lengths ≥ 20 feet • Partition heights ≤ 42 inches (hedges; opaque workplace partitions)

 COGNITIVE Reduced boredom, irritation,fatigue  PSYCHOLOGICAL Improoved comfort & perceived safety

• Transparent materials • Balconies, catwalks, staircase landings • Open floor plans • Elevated planes • Views including shade trees, bodies of water or evidence of human habitation

***

 PHYSIOLOGICAL Reduced stress [P12]

REFUGE

A space with a good Refuge condition feels safe, providing a sense of retreat & withdrawl- for work, protection, rest or healing- weather alone or in small groups. A good refuge space feels separate or unique from its surrounding environments; its spatial characteristics can feel contemplative, embracing & protective, without unnecessarily disengaging.

P4 P6 P11 P13

• Modular refuge: Small protection (high-back chair, overhead trellis) • Partial refuge: Several sides covered (reading nooks, booth seating, bay window seats, canopy beds,etc) • Extensive refuge: near or complete concealment (reading/telephone/ sleeping pods, private offices, tree houses)

 COGNITIVE Improoved concentration, attention & perception of safetty  PSYCHOLOGICAL -------- PHYSIOLOGICAL -----------

• Spaces with weather/climate protection, or speech and visual privacy • Spaces reserved for reflection, meditation, rest, relaxation, reading, or complex cognitive tasks • Operable, adjustable or translucent shades, blinds, screens or partitions • Drop or lowered ceiling , soffit, overhang or canopy • Lowered or varied light colour, temperature or brightness

***

[p13] MYSTERY

A space with a good Mystery condition has a palpable sense of anticipation, or of being teased, offering the senses a kind of denial & reward that compels one to further investigate the space.

P1 P2 P3 P6 P7 P10 P11 P12

• Views are medium (≥ 20 ft) to high (≥ 100 ft) depth of field • At least one edge of the focal subject is obscured, preferably two edges • Auditory stimulation from an imperceptible source • Peek-a-boo windows that partially reveal • Curving edges • Winding paths

 COGNITIVE Improoved concentration, attention & perception of safetty  PSYCHOLOGICAL ---------

• • • • • • •

Light and shadow Sound or vibration Scent Activity or movement Artwork or installation Form and flow Translucent materials

**

 PHYSIOLOGICAL -----------

[p14] RISK/ PERIL

A space with a Risk/ peril condition feels exhilarating, and with an implied threat, maybe a little mischievous or perverse. One feels that it might be dangerous, but intriguing, worth exploring & irresistable

P1 P5 P11

• Heights • Gravity • Water • Predator- prey role reversal PERCIEVED RISKS • Falling • Getting wet • Getting hurt • Loss of control

 COGNITIVE Improoved concentration, attention & perception of safetty  PSYCHOLOGICAL -------- PHYSIOLOGICAL -----------

• Double height atrium with balcony or catwalk • Architectural cantilevers • Facades with floor to ceiling transparency • Experiences perceived to be defying/ testing gravity • Transparent tailing or floor • Passing under, over or through water • Life sized photography of wild animals

***

Biophilic Design and Architecture

2.3.2 Dimensions, Elements and Attributes of Biophilic Design The dimensions, elements and attributes related to Biophilic Design are mentioned in depth by Kellert(2008), in which Biophilic Design is classified to two basic dimensions, further divided into six elements, having seventy attributes, which provides a clear image as to what Biophilic Design is and what are it’s characteristics. Kellert classified information on Biophilic Design to two basic dimensions:  

Organic/naturalistic Place based/ Vernacular

Environmental Features

Natural Shapes & Forms Natural patterns & process

• • • • • • • • • • •

Colour Water Air Sunlight Plants Animals Natural Materials Views & Vistas Façade & greening Geology & landscape Habitats & ecosystems • Fire

• • • • • • •

Light & Space

Place- based relationship Evolved human-nature relationship

• • • • • • • • • • • •

• Geographic connection to space • Historic connection to place • Ecological connection to place • Cultural connection to place • Indigenous materials • Landscape orientation • Landscape features defining built form • Landscape ecology • Integration of culture & ecology • Spirit of place • Avoiding placelessness

Natural light Filtered & diffuse light Light & shadow Reflected light Light pools Warm light Light as shape & form Spaciousness Spatial visibility Space as shape & form Spatial harmony Inside- outside spaces

• • • •

Botanical motifs Tree & columnar supports Animal motifs Shells & spirals Egg, oval & tubular forms Arches, vaults, domes Shapes resisting straight lines Simulation of natural features Biomorphic Geomorphology Biomimicry

• • • • • • • • • • • • • •

• • • • • • • • • • • •

Sensory variability Information richness Age, change & platina of time Growth & efflorescence Central focal point Patterned wholes Bounded spaces Transitional spaces Linked series & chains Integration of parts to whole Complementary contrasts Dynamic balance & tension Fractals Hierarchically organized Ratios and scales

Prospect & refuge Order & complexity Curiosity & excitement Change & metamorphosis Security & protection Mystery & control Affection & attachment Attraction & Beauty Exploration & discovery Information & Cognition Fear & awe Reverence & spirituality

TABLE 16: DIMENSIONS, ELEMENTS & ATRIBUTES OF BIOPHILIA

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2.3.2.1 Organic/Naturalistic Approach The first dimension of Biophilic Design stresses on the natural environments, those directly, indirectly or symbolically reflects our affinity with nature and its elements. There are four elements within this dimension :

Environmental features; Natural shapes and Forms; Natural Patterns and Processes: 

Environmental Features: This is the most important element of Biophilic Design and refers to the use of nature’s characteristics and nature’s elements in the built environment.

Twelve attributes, related to this element are: Colour; Water; Air; Sunlight; Plants; Animals; Natural Materials; Views and Vistas; Façade Greening; Geology and landscape; Habitats and ecosystems; Fire



Natural Shapes and Forms: This element replicates or mimics the natural shapes, geometries and mathematical precisions of nature into the built environment.

Eleven attributes, related to this element are Botanical motifs; Tree and columnar supports; Animals; Shells and Spirals; Egg, oval and tubular forms; Arches, vaults and domes; Shapes resisting straight lines and right angles.



Figure 15 : Jubille campus , University of Nottingham, incorporates water as a positive experimental and low-impact like evaporative cooling element.

FIGURE 16 : Foliated sculpture by Kent Bloomer shows metaphorical representation of nature that draws well on instinctual affinities for vegetative forms

Natural Patterns and Processes: This element refers to the incorporation of the nature’s patterns like fractals and processes into various components of built-environment that would generate a similar stimuli, as being surrounded by nature..

Fifteen attributes, related to this element are: Sensory variability; Information richness; Age, Change and platina of time; Growth and Efflorescence ;Central focal point; Patterned whole; Bounded spaces; Transitional spaces; Linked series and chains; Integration of parts to whole; Complementary contrast; Dynamic, balance and tension; Fractals; Hierarchally organized ratios and scales This complex element is likely to be altered in the future, with additional understanding”. ( Kellert,2008,p.9)

FIGURE 17 : Harkness tower, Yale university mimicks amny organic features often encountered in gothic architecture

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

Light and Space: Light and space are instrumental in generating a similar stimuli, as when being in nature and has been categorized to seven attributes: Natural light; Filtered and diffused light; Light and shadow; Reflected light; Light pools; Warm light; Light as shape and forms; Spaciousness; Spatial variability; Space as shape and form; Spatial harmony; Inside-outside spaces.

2.3.2.2 Place based/Vernacular Approach Second basic dimension refers to the feeling of placelessness generated by a natural setting, majorly having landscape elements, that connects to the culture and ecology of a certain geographical area. This dimension enlivens the “spirit of place” within the inhabitants and metamorphically transforms from something lifeless to lively and attractive. This dimension is further fragmented to two basic elements:

FIGURE 18 : Genzyme building, Cambridge, innovatively includes light, water and vegetation in a deep building interior, resulting in enhanced worker comfort, morale and productivity.

Place-based relationship, Evolved-human nature relationship 

Place- based relationship: The connection of people with their places reflects a deep inherent connection with the geographical territory, which has been utilized as a medium for provision of resources, safety and attachment and security. Also, this has developed various cultural aspects on the place- based relationships.

Eleven attributes, related to this element are: Geographic connections to place; Historic connections to place; Ecological connections to place; Cultural connections to place; Indigenous materials; Landscape orientation; Landscape features that define building form; Landscape ecology; Imagination of culture and ecology; spirit of place; Avoiding placelessness.



FIGURE 19 : Bastille viaduct, Paris, stimulates commercial and social activity in this section of Paris.

Evolved human-nature relationship: The sixth and final element of the Organic/ naturalistic dimension is different from the others as it doesn’t elaborates on the innate human- nature attraction. Instead, the attributes are more inclined towards the description of fundamental aspects of inherent human relationships to nature.

FIGURE 20 : Falling waters, America reflects prominent prospect and refuge elements, as well as its connection to hillside and adjacent stream course.

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Twelve attributes, related to this element are: Prospect and Refuge; Order and complexity; Curiosity and excitement; Change and metamorphosis; Security and protection; Mastery and control; Affection and attachment; Attraction and beauty; Exploration and discovery; Information and cognition; Fear and awe; Reverence and spirituality.

2.3.2.3 Observations and inference The information on Biophilic Design has been thoroughly mentioned, with a detailed classification of concepts, providing a great variety of ways in which a designer can gain from. The various elements have an interrelationship and inter- dependence, not mentioned here as well as absence of relation to health benefits, weakens the classification.

Figure 21: Dynamic and Diffuse Light, Complexity and Order, Risk/Peril and multiple levels of Prospect are all experienced at the Reichstag Dome designed by Foster + Partners in 1999, in Berlin, Germany. Image courtesy of Catie Ryan.

Moreover, Kellert recognizes this framework as initial benchmark, concluding that, classification should- “be viewed as work in progress, which will inevitably be modified and improved over time�

(Kellert,2008,p.14)

FIGURE 22: San fransisco hotel lobby, incorporating nature into the interiors through plantations and nature mimicked motifs.

FIGURE 23: Sydney opera house dramatically juxtaposes bird and sail-like forms, against the water of Sydney harbor, mimicking nature to the building form.

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2.3.3 Restorative Environment Design (RED) The components of Biophilic design- the various elements, attributes, dimensions and patterns described by Stephen Kellert, leads to “Restorative Environmental Design” establishment. Within this domain, the main aim is to achieve a relationship between humans and natural environment( Kellert,2005) and consists of two parts:  

Reducing the negative affect of present surroundings and declining human health, using less environmental- impact design strategies.

Promote more positive relationship between humans and nature, through Biophilic design.

Thus, this pattern concludes on the note that new design principles ought to restore human- nature connections, providing a fresh perspective and inter0relating with the previously presented patterns.

2.3.4 Inference and Conclusion All the dimensions, elements, attributes and patterns present are extremely important and each one of them present a varied and diverse perspective on the present literature on Biophilic Design.

However, there seems to be a lack of a concrete Biophilic pattern that inter- relates the qualitative dimensions, with the quantitative and practical dimensions, describing the benefits to the inhabitants, which presents a need for generation of a common, more detailed and elaborated pattern.

14 PATTERNS OF DESIGN

RED

DIMENSION, ELEMENT, ATTRIBUTES OF DEIGN

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DEVISING NEW PATTERN BIOPHILIC DESIGN IN ARCHITECTURE

i7

Biophilic Design and Architecture

Chapter Three Devising a New Pattern ______________________________________________________________________________ “Perhaps we don’t need such rigorous evidence when it comes to nature contact… Maybe we don’t know everything there is to know about benefits of nature contact, but we have a pretty fair idea, and we know a lot about designing nature into the built environment. And given the pace at which decisions are made and places built, there is a pressing need to implement what we know. We can’t wait for the research.” (Horward Frumkin, 2008, Nature Contact and Human Health, Biophilic Design)

________________________________________________________________________

3.1 Introduction Since the demands for human- nature relationship in well being increased, as relevant from the Biophilia hypothesis, the role of environment surrounding the user is of the utmost importance.

Architects have a major role in shaping the surroundings of space through the vocabulary present with him. Biophilic design, having a similar role, can be directly related to Architectural practice.

However, there exists a GAP between present and proposed Biophilic elements, patterns, dimensions and their application into Architectural Design.

Keeping this a viewpoint a framework needs to be devised which can BRIDGE the GAP between present Biophilic Literature and application into Architectural Design.

Thus, the devised framework is expected to establish a direct contact between present Biophilic Hypothesis and elements to Architectural practice, providing benefits to the users inhabiting the spaces.

3.2 Need Although various theories, patterns, attributes, strategies, variables and applicability parameters are presented and devised by the researchers, there seems a lack of an extensive framework for adoption of these to establish a link between Biophilia and Architectural Design.

3.2.1 Need for New Pattern The present proposed patterns, although elaborate in their specific and respective domains, fail to generate a detailed qualitative and practical domain, lacking certain inter- relationships.

Thus, a unified pattern is the need of the hour which integrates all the present patterns on a common figure ground, concentrating on each domain of study.

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3.3 Recaptulating and Presenting a Unified Pattern 3.3.1 Recapitulating present Patterns The present patterns can be briefly summarized as:  14 Patterns of Biophilic Design PATTERNS

COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING

PSYCHOLOGICAL PHYSIOLOGICAL HEALTH HEALTH

Visual Connection with Nature

Improved mental engagement/ attentiveness

Positively impacted attitude & overall happiness

Lowered blood pressure & heart rate

Non Visual Connection

Positively impacted on cognitive performance

Percieved improvements In mental healtrh & tranquility

Reduced systolic blood pressure & stress hormones

Non- Rhythmic Sensory Stimuli

Observed & quantified behavioural measures of attention & exploration

Thermal & Airflow Variability

Positively impacted Concentration

Improved perception of temporal & spatial pleasure

Positively impacted comfort, well- being & productivity

Presence of Water

Improved concentration & memory restoration.

Enhanced perception & psychological response

Observed preferences & positive emotional response

Reduced stress , increased feeling of tranquility, lower heart rate &blood pressure

Positively impacted on heart rate, systolic blood pressure & symapthetic nervous system activity

Positively impacted circadian system functioning Increased visual comfort

Dynamic & Diffuse Light Enhanced positive health responses Shifted perception of environment

Connection with Natural System Biomorphic Forms & Patterns Material Connection with Nature

Observed view preference

Improved creative performance

Complexity & Order

Observed view preference

Prospect Reduced boredom, irritation, fatigue

Refuge

Mystery

Improved comfort

Improoved comfort & perceived safety

Reduced diastolic blood pressure Positively impacted perceptual , physiological stress responses

Reduced stress

Improoved concentration, attention & perception of safetty Induced strong pleasure response

Risk/Peril Induced strong pleasure response

Table 17 :2014 Terrapin Bright Green/ 14 Patterns of Biophilic Design

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 Dimensions, Elements and Attributes of Biophilic Design: Environmental Features

Natural Shapes & Forms Natural patterns & process

• • • • • • • • • • •

Colour Water Air Sunlight Plants Animals Natural Materials Views & Vistas Façade & greening Geology & landscape Habitats & ecosystems • Fire

• • • • • • •

Light & Space

Place- based relationship Evolved human-nature relationship

• • • • • • • • • • • •

• Geographic connection to space • Historic connection to place • Ecological connection to place • Cultural connection to place • Indigenous materials • Landscape orientation • Landscape features defining built form • Landscape ecology • Integration of culture & ecology • Spirit of place • Avoiding placelessness

Natural light Filtered & diffuse light Light & shadow Reflected light Light pools Warm light Light as shape & form Spaciousness Spatial visibility Space as shape & form Spatial harmony Inside- outside spaces

• • • •

Botanical motifs Tree & columnar supports Animal motifs Shells & spirals Egg, oval & tubular forms Arches, vaults, domes Shapes resisting straight lines Simulation of natural features Biomorphic Geomorphology Biomimicry

• • • • • • • • • • • • • •

• • • • • • • • • • • •

Sensory variability Information richness Age, change & platina of time Growth & efflorescence Central focal point Patterned wholes Bounded spaces Transitional spaces Linked series & chains Integration of parts to whole Complementary contrasts Dynamic balance & tension Fractals Hierarchically organized Ratios and scales

Prospect & refuge Order & complexity Curiosity & excitement Change & metamorphosis Security & protection Mystery & control Affection & attachment Attraction & Beauty Exploration & discovery Information & Cognition Fear & awe Reverence & spirituality

TABLE 18: : DIMENSIONS, ELEMENTS & ATRIBUTES OF BIOPHILIA

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3.3.1 Unifying present Patterns After detailed study of each pattern, a need for generation of a unified pattern is generated.

The base of new pattern has been taken from the 14 Patterns of Biophilic Design , as it aptly categorizes the Biophilic literature to three major pillars and as the word Pattern suggests“patterns vary in the domain of application aptly modifying and inter-relating to complement the demand of the environment and its users.

However, the elements and attributes within, have to be modified, after relating “Dimensions, Elements and Attributes of Biophilic Design” and new subheads have been added to the present patterns, further detailing their:    

Design considerations Attributes Inter-relationship with present and newly added patterns Health benefits & experience they create

The DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS and ATTRIBUTES for present and added patterns under Biophilia are:

ADDED PARAMETERS-

{P15} BiomimicryExperience

Spatial Attributes

A space with Biomimic elements feels exhilarating, and experience is often relaxing, nostalgic, profound or enlightening

 Shells and spirals  Animal motifs  Information richness  Fractals

Health Benefits  COGNITIVE ----------------- PSYCHOLOGICAL Observed view preference  PHYSIOLOGICAL -----------

Common Features • Structural strength and bioclimatic properties of shells, crystals, mounds, hives incorporated to built environment • NetZero energy wastage character of nature mimicked thorough various technological modifications in building services • Mimicking the material essence from nature like, water repellent paints and surfaces • Fostering interaction through transitional & congregational spaces inspired from the ecotones

TABLE 19: : BIOMIMICRY

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DEISGN CONSIDERATIONS• Application of three levels of Biomimicry through shape and façade inspired from nature • Adopting the organisms functioning to building active and passive systems.

• Mimicking nature’s patterns in Interiors like railing design, staircase design, etc.

FIGURE 24: Bahai Temple, New Delhi Arouses interest through its Biomimetic form inspired from Lotus

{P16} Curiosity and Excitement-

Experience

A space with Curiousity generating elements reflects human needs for exploration, discovery, mystery & creativity, instrumental in problem solving

Spatial Attributes  Seasonal & diurnal variation of landscapes  Non visual access to river, stream, pond, wetlands  Elevated planes  Views are medium( >20 ft. to high(>100 ft) depth of field  Auditory stimulation from an imperceptible source  Curving edges

Health Benefits

Common Features

 COGNITIVE Improoved concentration, attention & perception of safetty  PSYCHOLOGICAL Flywheel of human intellect & imagination  PHYSIOLOGICAL -----------

• • • • • • • • • •

Colour Sunlight Views and vistas Information richness Transitional spaces Growth and efflorescence Linked series and chains Complementary contrasts Dynamic balance and tension Heirarchally organized ratios and scales

TABLE 20: : CURIOUSITY & EXCITEMENT

DEISGN CONSIDERATIONS-

• • • • •

Landscapes providing a quality of prospect Placement of openings in a building in a certain pattern Visual composition of the open- built Sensory stimuli presence, when source hidden Curving edges that slowly reveals are more effective than sharp, in drawing people through spaces • Strategic placement of transitional spaces through sensory stimulating and visually exciting spaces.

FIGURE 25: Gardens By the Bay, Singapore, through itsBiomimetic forms arouse curiosity & excitement in minds of the visitor

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{P17} Change and Metamorphosis-

Experience

Spatial Attributes

Health Benefits

Common Features • Seasonal variation in landscape • Visually determinant harmonious change • Building processes resembling metamorphosis • Play of façade • Variability of character of spaces about a path • Diurnal variability of solar patterns

 COGNITIVE

A space with Change &  metamorphosis reflects processes of growth,  maturation & metamorphosis, generates positivity,fresh, lively, enthusiastic, rejuvenating & soothing

Sunlight Growth and efflorescence

Improoved concentration, attention  PSYCHOLOGICAL Flywheel of human intellect & imagination  PHYSIOLOGICAL Reduced diastolic blood pressure

TABLE 21: : CHANGE & METAMORPHOSIS

DEISGN CONSIDERATIONS-

• Dynamic facades those constantly changes according to indoor comfort conditions.

• Change in the character of landscape due to diurnal and seasonal variations • Dynamic flow of water through the contours • Light and shadow pattern variability due to diurnal patterns

{P18} Security and ProtectionTABLE 22 : SECURITY & PROTECTION

Experience

A space with a sense of security & protection, provides rest or healingweather alone or in small groups. A good secure space feels separate or unique from its surrounding environments; its spatial characteristics can feel contemplative, embracing & protective, without unnecessarily disengaging with world.

Spatial Attributes

Health Benefits  COGNITIVE

• • • •

Views and vistas Bounded spaces Warm light Spatial harmony

Improoved concentration, attention & perception of safetty  PSYCHOLOGICAL -------- PHYSIOLOGICAL ---------

Common Features • Spaces with weather/climate protection, or speech and visual privacy • Spaces reserved for reflection, meditation, rest, relaxation, reading, or complex cognitive tasks • Operable, adjustable or translucent shades, blinds, screens or partitions • Drop or lowered ceiling , soffit, overhang or canopy • Lowered or varied light colour, temperature or brightness

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DEISGN CONSIDERATIONS-

• • • •

Visual connection in a space, enhancing the refuge character Low ceiling heights in the interiors Preventing view of prospect Application of sensory stimuli to trigger sense of security.

{P19} AttachmentExperience A space with a sense of attachment evokes human capacities for bonding & attachment, loyalty & commitment , feeling secured & inviting.

Spatial Attributes o Views and vistas o Information richness o Growth and efflorescence o Central focal point o Bounded spaces

Health Benefits  COGNITIVE Improoved concentration, attention & perception of safetty

Common Features • Buildings & landscapes that elicit strong emotional affinity for nature

 PSYCHOLOGICAL -------- PHYSIOLOGICAL ---------

DEISGN CONSIDERATIONS-

TABLE 23: : ATTACHMENT

 Visual connect triggering attachment  Non- visual connect through direct contact or cognitive remembrance  Connections with natural systems like landscapes  Attention and beauty of a space through various attributes of space

{P20} Attraction and beautyExperience

Spatial Attributes

A space with a sense of attraction & beauty, strongest inclination of human species, fosters curiousity, imagination, creativity, exploration & problem solving

 Geology & landscape  Façade greening  Complementary contrast  Fractals  Heirarchally organized ratios and scales  Warm light  Space as shape & form  Spatial harmony

Health Benefits  COGNITIVE Improoved concentration, attention & perception of safetty

Common Features • Buildings & landscapes those appeal for aesthetic appreciation for natural process & forms

 PSYCHOLOGICAL Positively impacted attitude & overall happiness  PHYSIOLOGICAl Reduced systolic blood Pressure & stress hormones

TABLE 24: ATTRACTION & BEAUTY

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DEISGN CONSIDERATIONS-

• Visual appeal of landscape through colour, height variability and physical character • Symmetry and proportions merged with geometrical accuracy of spatial design • Non visual elements like smell, taste, noise

{P21} Exploration and Discovery –

Experience

Spatial Attributes

A space with a sense of exploration & discovery provides informationrichness, are intellectually stimulating & generates a mixed emotions of mystery, curiousity & excitement.

 Geology & landscape  Façade greening  Complementary contrast  Fractals  Heirarchally organized ratios and scales  Warm light  Space as shape & form  Spatial harmony

Health Benefits  COGNITIVE Improoved concentration, attention & perception of safetty  PSYCHOLOGICAL Positively impacted attitude & overall happiness  PHYSIOLOGICAl Reduced systolic blood Pressure & stress hormones

Common Features • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Light and shadow Sound or vibration Scent Activity or movement Artwork or installation Form and flow Translucent materials Views and vistas Information richness Transitional spaces Growth and efflorescence Linked series and chains Complementary contrasts Dynamic balance and tension Heirarchally organized ratios and scales

TABLE 25: EXPLORATION & DISCOVERY

DEISGN CONSIDERATIONS-

• Visual connections creating mystery and curiosity, leading to urge for discovery • Non- visual connections and presence of water • Metamorphing landscapes • Long, untreaded curved paths • View of prospect

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{P22} Fear and Awe –

Experience

Spatial Attributes

A space with a sense of fear & awe generates a stimulus to protect themselves from threatening elements of nature, combines reverence with fear & awe.

 Colour  Geology and landscape  Fire  Transitional spaces

Health Benefits  COGNITIVE ---- PSYCHOLOGICAL Induced strong pleasure response  PHYSIOLOGICAl --- --- --- -- -

---------

Common Features • Double height atrium with balcony or catwalk • Architectural cantilevers • Facades with floor to ceiling transparency • Experiences perceived to be defying/ testing gravity • Transparent tailing or floor • Passing under, over or through water • Life sized photography of wild animals • Majestic natural features that appreciate for powers greater than ourselves.

TABLE 26: FEAR & AWE

DEISGN CONSIDERATIONS-

• • • •

Designing peril and adventure into built form Rushing water View of prospect Non-human scale of built form and landscape evoking sense of grandeur • Shadow patterns due to diurnal changes • Unpredictable visual elements • Long meandering pathways

{P23} Reverence and spirituality – TABLE 27: REVERENCE & SPIRITUALITY

Experience A space with a sense of reverence & spirituality establishes meaninigful relation to creation, evokes feelings of transcendence & enduring connections that defy aloneness of a single person isolated in time & space.

Spatial Attributes  Views and vistas

Health Benefits  COGNITIVE ---- PSYCHOLOGICAL Percieved safety, tranquility  PHYSIOLOGICAl --- --- --- -- -

Reduced stress

Common Features • Elevated planes • Views including shade trees, bodies of water or evidence of human habitation • Architectural cantilevers • Facades with floor to ceiling transparency • Experiences perceived to be defying/ testing gravity • Passing under, over or through water • Ambient diffuse lighting on walls and ceiling

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DEISGN CONSIDERATIONS-

• • • • • •

Visually focusing the key element at a greater height Sensory/ non- visual connect with the surroundings Flow of water triggering the visual and sensory aspect Dynamic and diffused light patterns Attraction and beauty of space heightens spirituality Landscaping character of a space

Conclusion Thus, for the generation of new design, or for measuring efficacy of an applied pattern, these two factors in conjugation, can prove to be central, along with the proposed framework devised in the next section.

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LIVE CASE STUDY BIOPHILIA IN ARCHITECTURE

Biophilic Design and Architecture

Chapter Four Case Study 4.1 Need To test the generality and application of the proposed Biophilic patterns, their impact on Architectural spaces, live sites have been chosen for study.

4.2 Analysis Table For assessment of the patterns on a live site, certain practical parameters needs to be considered which can be studied in the limited time frame of research and which can also be quantified in a certain form: PATTERNS

  

 

INTERRELATION

IMAGES

ATTRIBUTES

DOMAIN OF APPLICATION

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

Theories: relation of the patterns to the theories they are based upon.

Inter- relationship: inter- relation of patterns to create a specific essence of space, existing on site.

Duration of exposure & frequency of access: understanding the time frame of exposure of certain Biophilic elements benefiting the viewer.

Attributes & Design considerations: attributes of a space and design elements present, to generate Experience of a certain pattern.

Domain of applicability : applicability of a particular pattern on a site having following architectural domains: Building: Landscaping : Interiors

4.3 Limitations 4.3.1 Site Selection

 Due to the existing time constraints, it is not possible to test the Biophilic patterns on each type of Architectural spaces. Thus, the study is limited to the Institutional Spaces: Colleges in Delhi-NCR having a concentration of the patterns.

 The live site adopted for case study isn’t a Biophilic Design in its actual description, but has presence of certain elements those directly relate to the proposed Biophilic patterns.

4.3.2 Criteria for Analysis

 The site opted for study doesn’t covers all the Biophilic patterns, rather an inter- related web of certain ones, defining the character of a particular space.

 Only practical aspects of domain are analysed.  Variables such as health benefits to occupants require a certain level of survey and detailed analysis, which couldn’t be carried out in the limited time frame.

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4.4 Site 1: Delhi Technological University Delhi Technological University, formerly known as Delhi College of Engineering, is first engineering college in New Delhi, India. With lush green vegetation, smooth terrains, climatically controlled built forms, DTU creates a unique spatial essence adorned by its students and faculties, making life more interactive, lively and close to nature.

This is the very core reason to adopt this Institutional setup for study, as myself being a student, understands a need of essence of space which engulfs a student into itself such that he enjoys every part of his academics, with a healthy physical, mental and intellectual character. Spaces of DTU, having such characters linking its elements with Biophilia proves pivotal for case example of spaces having a Biophilic setup.

4.4.1 Site Introduction Location : Shahbad Daulatpur, Main Bawana Road, Delhi, 110042

FIGURE 26: Site Model showing Site of DTU

Areas analyzed : Main gate ; Civil Department ; Electronics Department ; Electrical Department ; O.A.T ; Nescafe ; Library ; Admin Block ; Academic block ; Auditorium ; Mechanical and Biotech Department Areas chosen to be analyzed consists of a higher concentration of biophilic elements and have concentration of activities promoting a higher level of exposure and frequency of access.

Areas not analyzed : Night canteen ; Science block ; Hostels ; Lake ; Health Centre ; Sports complex Areas left to be analyzed lack the concentration of biophilic elements and couldn’t be studied in the limited time frame.

FIGURE 27: Site PLAN of DTU

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4.4.2 Observations and Analysis The observations on site and analysis of the data has been presented under three subheads : Site design ; Analysis table ; Duration of exposure & Frequency of access making it convenient and understandable.

4.4.2.1 Site Design  Orientation of Built Form : Longer facades of the buildings have been oriented facing North- South Direction, preventing harsh sun into the interiors and providing thermal Comfort.  Vertical shading devices have been placed in North direction and Shading devices at an angle of 45 in East west direction to prevent entry of harsh sun to the interiors and providing shade to the open interactive spaces between the built forms.  The courtyards also provides a comforting interactive spaces through shading from the built forms surrounding.

FIGURE 28: Orientation of built forms about N-S Axis

 Landscapes: Dense and seasonally varying landscape has been adopted for improving the micro- climate of the spaces, also providing shade to the open interactive spaces .

FIGURE 29: Self- shaded courtyards due to building

FIGURE 30 : Seasonal variation of Landscape

FIGURE 31 : Angular shading devices

FIGURE 32 : Dense landscaping improving the micro climate of the site

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 Venturi Effect : The built forms have been oriented close enough to create a venture effect, in which wind entering to centre of the site, O.A.T ,has high pressure, providing comfort to the people in these open spaces, increasing frequency of access in these areas.

The site section depicting the wind flowing inwards into O.A.T and other interactive spaces due to level differences of site. This also adds on to the grandeur of the buildings when one views the surroundings from the stage of O.A.T: FIGURE 33 : Wind direction creating venture effect

FIGURE 34 : Section of site showing levels on site and cross ventilation

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4.4.2.2 Degree of Exposure & Frequency of Access Inferring from the interactions with the students and visual analysis, a conclusion is derived, highlighting the Degree of exposure and frequency of access of students in three typology of spaces : Landscape; Built ; Interiors, having presence of the 23 Biophilic Elements.

This analysis is present in form of a bar chart where X-AXIS symbolizes NUMBER OF HOURS, ranging from 0 to 10 hrs. (According to college curriculum) ; Y- AXIS depicts the 23 BIOPHILIC PATTERNS and the 3 BARS representing TYPOLOGY OF SPACES:

4.4.2.3 Analysis Table The analysis table lists the Biophilic Patterns present in the selected campus zone and their relationships with other variables like : Theoires; Inter relation of patterns ; Design Attributes ; Pictorial Representation and Domain of Applicability :

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P.NO

P1

PATTERNS

VISUAL CONTACT

INTERRELATION P2

PICTORIAL REPRESENTATION

ATTRIBUTES PRESENT Vegetation; Animals; terrain; soil; moderately designed landscape

DOMAIN OF APPLICABILITY

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

LANDSCAPE BUILDING

 Design to support visual connection that can be experienced for at least 520 minutes a day  Prioritizing real nature over simulated

P2

P3

P4

NON VISUAL CONTACT

NON- RHYTHMIC SENSORY STIMULI

P3 P4

--------------

Weather ; Natural Ventilation ( operable windows) ; herbs & flowers

Cloud movement; Breezes

THERMAL & AIRFLOW VARIABILITY

P1 P2

DYNAMIC & DIFFUSE LIGHT

P1

CONNECTIONS WITH NATURAL SYSTEMS

P1 P2 P6

Simulated daylighting systems; Hedges & flowering vegetation

P10

COMPLEXITY & ORDER

P1 P16

Exposed structure ; Façade material; Floor plan ; Building skyline

P11

PROSPECT

P1 P12 P21

Elevated planes Views including shade trees; Shade shadow

P6

P7

Solar heat gain ; Shade & shadow ; Radiant surface material ; vegetation with seasonal densification

Daylight from multiple angles; Direct sunlight ; Diurnal & Seasonal light

LANDSCAPE

Connections easily accessed from one or multiple locations Through building openings facing open spaces

---------------LANDSCAPE

BUILDING LANDSCAPE

Orientation of built form to suitably shade the interiors as well as promote self-shading due to adjacent structures

BUILDING

Strategic usage of skylights and translucent materials like fibre- glass sheets, producing diffused lighting to interactive spaces

--------------------BUILDING LANDSCAPE

BUILDING LANDSCAPE

BUILDING LANDSCAPE

Structure revealing fractal geometry

 Orienting building; openings, fenestrations optimizing visual access to indoor & outdoor vistas, open interactive spaces.  Where high ceilings present, building to be elevated 12”

P12

P13

P14

P16

P17

P18

REFUGE

P1 P11 P18

MYSTERY

P1 P16 P21

RISK/ PERIL

CURIOUSITY & EXCITEMENT

P1

CHANGE & METAMORPHOSIS

P1

SECURITY & PROTECTION

P1 P12

P19

ATTACHMENT

P20

ATTRACTION & BEAUTY

P21

P1

EXPLORATION & DISCOVERY

TABLE : DTU CASE ANALYSIS

---------------

P1 P11 P4 P6

P1

Spaces with weather & climate protection, speech & visual privacy

Light & shadow : Meandering pathways; Visual disconnect; curving edges

Architectural cantilevers; Experiences perceived to defy gravity

Vibrant colours; Views & vistas; Transitional spaces; Complementary contrasts ; Elevated planes; Hierarchally organized ratios & scales Seasonal varying landscapes ; Diurnal variability of solar patterns

BUILDING LANDSCAPE

BUILDING LANDSCAPE

BUILDING LANDSCAPE

BUILDING LANDSCAPE

 Providing level difference of spaces  Well shaded spaces  High height to depth ratio of built space

 Curving edges those slowly reveal  Dramatic shade & shadow  Overgrowing, less maintained landscapes obscuring view of the passer by.  Building heights at least 5 times human height, cantilevered or supported by minor supports

 Landscape with a quality of prospect  Visual composition of open built such that open spaces revealed later than built  Curving progressing paths towards a space

BUILDING LANDSCAPE

Mix plantations of deciduous & evergreen trees

Spaces with weather & climate protection; Drop or lowered ceiling.

BUILDING LANDSCAPE

 Visual connectivity in a space through various levels  Shaded interactive spaces

Views & vistas ; information richness ; Central focal point

BUILDING LANDSCAPE

Landscapes; Complementary contrasts ; Spatial harmony

Transitional spaces; Heightened planes ; Shade & shadow ; visual disconnect & perspective

BUILDING LANDSCAPE

_________________

 Complementary colours of landscape and the surrounding built form  Caumaflauging of building into the landscape

LANDSCAPE

Creating visual perspectives with dark or low lit space at other end

Biophilic Design and Architecture

4.5 Site 2 : Manav Rachna International University Manav Rachna International Univrsity, having a campus area of 60 acres is a deemed university of NCR, having a setup amidst the nature’s bounty of the Aravali ranges. The design cleverly amalgamates the sloping terrain of the site, through site designing at three levels, visually stepping down and merging with the surrounding landscape.

4.5.1 Site Introduction Location : Suraj Kund, Faridabad, Haryana.

FIGURE 35 : Central entrance of MRIU

Areas analyzed : Main gate ; Engineering department : Tennis Court ; Admin ; MBA Department ; Architectural Department ; Dental College ; Auditorium ; Canteen ; Playgrounds ; Central library ( Interiors also) Areas chosen to be analyzed consists of a higher concentration of biophilic elements and have concentration of activities promoting a higher level of exposure and frequency of access.

Areas not analyzed : Hostels ; Interiors of built blocks except central library.

Areas left to be analyzed lack the concentration of biophilic elements and couldn’t be studied in the limited time frame.

FIGURE 36: Site Plan of MRIU CAMPUS

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4.5.2 Observations and Analysis The observations on site and analysis of the data has been presented under three subheads : Site design ; Analysis table ; Duration of exposure & Frequency of access making it convenient and understandable

4.5.2.1 Site Design  Orientation of Built Form : Longer facades of the buildings have been oriented facing North- South Direction, preventing harsh sun into the interiors and providing thermal Comfort.  Vertical shading devices have been placed in North direction to prevent entry of harsh sun to the interiors and providing shade to the open interactive spaces between the built forms.

 The courtyards also provides a comforting interactive spaces

FIGURE 38 : Façade south facing shaded during afternoon

Through shading from the built forms surrounding.

FIGURE 37 : Orientation of built forms about NORTH- SOUTH Axis

 Landscapes: Dense and seasonally varying landscape has been adopted for improving the micro- climate of the spaces, also providing shade to the open interactive spaces .

FIGURE 39 : Shaded courtyards due to built form

FIGURE 40 : Dense and seasonally varying landscapes

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ï‚· Venturi Effect : The built forms have been oriented close enough to create a venturi effect, in which wind entering to centre of the site, central landscape green ,has high pressure, providing comfort to the people in these open spaces, increasing frequency of access in these areas.

The site section depicting the wind flowing inwards into central greens and other interactive spaces due to level differences of site. This also adds to the level of prospect when one views the site from the highest step:

FIGURE 41 : Wind direction creating venture effect in MRIU Campus

FIGURE 42: Section showing levels on site and a view of prospect generated

4.5.2.2 Degree of Exposure & Frequency of Access This analysis is present in form of a bar chart where X-AXIS symbolizes NUMBER OF HOURS, ranging from 0 to 10 hrs. (According to college curriculum) ; Y- AXIS depicts the 23 BIOPHILIC PATTERNS and the 3 BARS representing TYPOLOGY OF SPACES:

VISUAL CONTACT NON VISUAL CONTACT NON RHYTHMIC SENSORY STIMULI THERMAL & AIRFLOW VARIABILITY DYNAMIC & DIFFUSE LIGHT MATERIAL CONNECTIONS PROSPECT SECURITY & PROTECTION 0

1

2

LANDSCAPE

3

4

INTERIORS

5

6

7

8

9

10

BUILT

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P.NO

P1

PATTERNS

VISUAL CONTACT

INTERRELATION P2

PICTORIAL REPRESENTATION

ATTRIBUTES PRESENT Vegetation; Animals; terrain; soil; moderately designed landscape

DOMAIN OF APPLICABILITY

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

LANDSCAPE BUILDING

 Design to support visual connection that can be experienced for at least 520 minutes a day  Prioritizing real nature over simulated

P2

P3

P4

P6

P8

P11

P18

NON VISUAL CONTACT

NON- RHYTHMIC SENSORY STIMULI

P1

-----------------

THERMAL & AIRFLOW VARIABILITY

P1 P2

DYNAMIC & DIFFUSE LIGHT

P1

BIOMORPHIC FORMS & PATTERNS

Weather ; Natural Ventilation ( operable windows) ; herbs & flowers

Cloud movement; Breezes

Solar heat gain ; Shade & shadow ; Radiant surface material ; vegetation with seasonal densification

LANDSCAPE

Connections easily accessed from one or multiple locations Through building openings facing open spaces

---------------LANDSCAPE

BUILDING LANDSCAPE

Daylight from multiple angles; Direct sunlight ; Diurnal & Seasonal light

BUILDING

Wall finish ; Woodwork ; Furniture form

BUILDING LANDSCAPE

Orientation of built form to suitably shade the interiors as well as promote self-shading due to adjacent structures and through cantilevers & overhangs.

Strategic usage of glazing about south, bringing in diffused light useful for library setup

 

P1

Chairs mimicking patterns of viens on a leaf Columns covered with wood patterned veneer.

 Prospect created through level

PROSPECT

P1 P18

Elevated planes Views including shade trees; Shade shadow

BUILDING LANDSCAPE

SECURITY & PROTECTION

P1 P11

Spaces with weather & climate protection; Drop or lowered ceiling.

BUILDING LANDSCAPE

differences

 Visual connectivity in a space through various levels  Shaded interactive spaces

Biophilic Design and Architecture

4.6 Inference and Conclusion In present Indian context, Biophilia as a concept and application, is still at an infancy state.

However, inferring from the two case studies, it is indicative that the Institutional spaces are well thought of while designing, in context of wellbeing of the students.

Though the spaces studied have a presence of Biophilic elements, it is observant that some spaces certainly lacks the mixed usage of biophilic patterns to such a qualitative and quantitative level that produces the projected health benefits to the students.

The case study is pivotal in identification of certain design considerations related to their patterns, which can be helpful or be used as a parameter while designing a specific space demanding applicability of a certain pattern. 



The basic orientation of longer faces of built forms about NORTH- SOUTH AXIS and presence of openings about wind direction can alone solve various thermal comfort conditions of residents of a space, improving their physiological and psychological wellbeing.

Degree of exposure and frequency of access, though highly variable to be quantified, is accessed through the two case studies and a broader idea can be framed out from the amalgamation of the two analysis.

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DEVISING NEW FRAMEWORK BIOPHILIC DESIGN IN ARCHITECTURE

i7

Biophilic Design and Architecture

Chapter Five Devising a New Framework

5.1 Generation of a Framework 5.1.1 Need for New Framework Biophilic Design, after being researched and discovered much, is still at its infancy. It has various domains of applicability like product design, architecture, etc. In Architecture, there exists a wide scope for adoption of Biophilic design to revive and restore human- nature connections through Architectural design of spaces, promoting the concept of Biophilia.

Thus, there exists a need for generation of a framework that describes and relates Biophilic design elements and strategies in a more unified and informative way that can be considered as a reference by Architects to be incorporated during design process.

5.1.2 Procedure for Generation The proposed framework is a detailed expansion and modification of Kellert based perceptions, since it takes into consideration, a wide range of Biophilic Design categories, strategies, elements and has a more elaborative structure of the strategies. It also accounts for inhabitant’s benefits, design variables and modes and methods of applicability into architecture. The structure of the framework will include the following subheads: • • • • • • • •

Theories Connection strategies and values Patterns Domain of applicability Perspective for planning and design process Variables in design pattern applicability Benefits to inhabitants Design integration

Each of the partitions of the proposed framework are highly inter-related to each other, failing to generate a unified and detailed structural framework, if any one of them is missing or deviated from their order of occurrence and consideration

5.1.2.1 Theories The proposed framework for theory applicability in this domain, categorizes the present theories, in a structural and hierarchal manner, making them legible to be understood and interpreted

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5.1.2.2 Connection Strategies and Values 5.1.2.2.1 Introduction The connection strategies and values acts as a mediator amidst the present theories and proposed patterns. The connection strategies specifies the degree of connection of humans with nature: Direct; Indirect; Symbolic. It is through these strategies that the theories find a path to be connected, apart from design considerations present, and transformed into patterns, easier to grasp and relate to.

While the values relate to the theory of mankind’s generation of emotional, motivational and satisfactory connect with nature, generating a set of guidelines and behavior patterns against a surrounding generated stimuli, setting a base for establishment of values. The values affects how humans respond to their surroundings, often being a variable element in generation of patterns from theories on Biophilic Design.

FIGURE 43: Direct contact through landscape

5.1.2.2.2 Connection Strategies Kellert’s biophilic hypothesis stresses on innate human affiliations and connections with natural surroundings, which has its remains in the present Biophilic Theories, and which are required in generation of three main pillars of proposed patterns: •

Direct contact :Direct contact with nature symbolizes the physical contact with nature, being in nature and feeling its restorative benefits. This maybe generated through already being present in nature or inclusion of nature into built form through windows, sunlight, etc.

•

Indirect contact: As described by Kellert(2005), refers to the inclusion of natural elements in built environment, requiring a regular maintenance like watering of potted plants and regular cleaning of fish tanks. These might generate a micro- restorative effect on the inhabitants.

•

Symbolic contact: The symbolic experiences, described by Kellart (2005), includes symbolic connections of nature into built components, through shapes and forms of nature and not bringing nature’s elements directly to built spaces.

FIGURE 44 :Indirect contact through biophilic Form of a birds nest

FIGURE 45: Symbolic connect through Prospect quality of nature

These three connection strategies also defines the health benefits to inhabitants due to the degree of contact with nature.

5.1.2.2.3 Values in Biophilic Design Biophilic hypothesis relates to generation of values in Biophilic Design, further affecting health benefits of Biophilia. Kellert has divided these values into nine divisions:

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•

Negativistic : dimension describing Biophilia’s inheritance from ancestral times, those generally leading to generation of Sense of Awe; Respect; Reverence for natural world, like phobias of animals and certain environments.

•

Symbolic: Symbolic dimension links to the development of communication and thoughts of humans through use of nature. According to Kellert, 90% of characters in children books are animals. Humans still express their emotions and opinions to less educated humans, often through the metaphors like, sly as fox, etc. Built environment also utilizes nature and its elements to communicate changes in behaviours and thoughts.

•

Ecologistic- scientific: The ecologistic method describes the interconnectedness and inter- dependence of physical matter and flow of energy within ecology. Some of ecologies great connections exists at bottom of food chain, where microbes and micro bacterial undergoes decomposition, pollination, etc. Thus, ecology has the power of maximum utilization of energy and minimal wastage. The scientific process, still gets amazed and wonder with these miracles of the nature.

•

Dominionistic: It articulates the challenges humans face to surpass nature.

Since the prehistoric times, humans have been reliant on nature, for food, shelter and their survival. However, threat in nature, to humans has surpasses aggressively, generating sense of self-reliance and being more powerful than nature. Humans’ dreams and aspirations have led to development of technologies through which we can explore any domain of nature. With this, has come a tendency to modify nature according to our needs, sometimes leading to disastrous results.

•

Utilitarian: This domain emphasizes on human’s dependence on nature in sense of food, water, air, protection of body and security form the outside world. Due to evolution of human needs, exploration of natural resources, building stresses on nature. This can be reduced by familiarizing humans with the movement of energy and material through various cycles of life and life processes.

•

Humanistic : It emphasizes on the human affection towards certain elements of nature. For instance, some humans gets attracted and generates affection for animals, not only leading to therapeutic, but also physical benefits to humans in return Aesthetic: Beauty in nature is a major subject of attraction generating a value of aesthetic appeal in humans. According to Kellert, “humans are attracted to aesthetic experiences of nature, because feelings of psychological wellbeing

•

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and self- confidence are produced�(Leakas, Diana, Biophilia in Designing, 2008, p. 29) •

Naturalistic : Naturalistic value emphasizes on human experiences, generated due to direct contacts with nature, thus are drawn towards elements of nature in wonder and fascination, due to their inability to totally control nature or accepting that nature will preserve, with or without human interference. This generates a new perspective towards viewing nature, generating curiosity and exploration.

Inference Concluding the domain, connection strategies and values shape our perspective for observing environments and generating a reaction towards nature- generated stimuli, affecting our wellbeing.

This domain generates a bilateral link of theories with generation of patterns and the health related benefits to the inhabitants

Benefits to Inhabitants

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5.1.2.3 Proposed Unified Pattern The widely elaborated Patterns forms the next part of the framework, which have been explained in detailed in the previous chapters : [p1] Visual Connect with Nature

[p2] Non-Visual Connect with Nature

[p3] Non- Rhythmic Sensory Stimuli

[p4] Thermal and Air Flow Variability

[p5] Presence of Water

[p6] Dynamic and Diffused Light

[p8] Biomorphic Forms and Patterns

[p9] Material Connections with Nature

[p10] Complexity and Order

[p11] Prospect

[p12] Refuge:

[p13] Mystery

[p14] Risk/ Peril

[P15] Biomimicry

[P16] Curiosity and Excitement

[P17] Change and Metamorphosis

[P18] Security and Protection

[P19] Attachment

[P20] Attraction and beauty

[P21] Exploration and Discovery

[P22] Fear and Awe

[P23] Reverence and spirituality

Inference Inference drawn from this domain of framework concludes that it is through the transformation of the Theories, via the Contacts and Value, the patterns could have been divided to three pillars and further sub parts.

The patterns generated, have a direct bearing on the benefits of humans, of encounters with nature and further can be continued in the framework, after passing through the design variables and perspectives for planning and design process.

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Benefits to Inhabitants

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5.1.2.4 Strategies for Biophilic Design 5.1.2.4.1 Introduction The Biophilic Design approach, developed by Alex Wilson (Wilson,2006, 2008) , founder of Building Green Inc., establishes an important link between the present Biophilic literature and it’s applicability into the built environment.

Wilson has listed the strategies based on domain and scale of applicability within the built- environment, providing a more practical framework: General; Landscape and site design; Building design and Interior design As Wilson says, “Once the benefits of Biophilic design are understood, strategies for achieving it are fairly intuitive.� (Wilson,2008, p.331)

5.1.2.4.2 Observations and conclusion The strategies presented by Wilson, offers a practical approach to present literature and are clear and informative.

However, this classification aims at scale and domain of applicability in the built form rather than relationship between its components and its health benefits, thus forming a broader scale of applicability.

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General Address Biophilia early in design & planning process Address biophilic design with all buildings, especially those for children, elderly & the infirm Integrate teaching of ecology into buildings Seek ways to integrate biophilic design into existing, as well as new buildings Help get the message out Design landscapes & buildings for a sense of mystery Factor attachment to place

Landscape & Site Design Provide open spaces around buildings Maintain existing trees & native landscapes Provide plantings & pleasing natural settings around buildings Build pathways through naturalized & landscape areas Replace impervious landscapes surfaces with diverse native plantings Provide living walls on building exteriors.

Building Design Provide views to nature Blur the transition between interior & exterior spaces Avoid interference with key sightlines Provide higher levels of daylighting Provide operable windows Provide green roofs Incorporate vegetated atria & interior planting beds Incorporate living wall & other living systems for air & water purification in the building Consider incorporating water features into the building Create a sense of complexity- yet order – in building design Address both spaciousness & refuge in building design Incorporate organic forms into buildings

Interior Design Decorate with potted plants Provide natural material & natural art in buildings Configure office spaces to enhance view of nature Provide interpretation as part of interior design Table- Biophilic design strategies and priorities (Wilson 2006, 2008)

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5.1.2.5 Perspective for Planning and Design Process

5.1.2.5.1

Introduction

After the unification of Biophilic knowledge under one frame, relation and implementation of this sorted knowledge into planning and design process is crucial.

Every context of a design problem, lays out opportunities for implementation of Biophilia, as it is the people who reside in a building. Some key perspectives that may help focus the Planning and Design part are as follows:

5.1.2.5.2

Identifying Desired responses and Outcomes:

It is vital for a designer to understand project’s design intent as to what are the priorities of the intended users in terms of their health and performance. For design of interventions and finding intervention zones, performance needs and targeted population are vital to be understood. To this, there are many approaches: • •

To ask: which space has the capability or the essence for suitable Biophilic Design application?

To ask: how can present functioning of a space, be modified in terms of Biophilia, to provide benefits to the user reduce stress related issues affecting their activity?

As many biological responses occurs together to the space generated stimuli, like reducing psychological indicators of stress and improving overall mood, and there are countless combinations of design patterns and interventions. Understanding health related priorities helps focusing on design process.

Health outcomes of the Biophilic designed spaces are of interest to human resource administrators and managers, as they inform and track the successful biophilic practises applied to a space, so they can be used further, by public health policies and urban planning department, if the basic parameters of project and other major aspects of considerations are same.

5.1.2.5.3

Design Strategies and Interventions

“Biophilic design patterns are flexible and replicable strategies for enhancing user experience that can be implemented under a range of circumstances” (Browning, W.D., Ryan, C.O., Clancy, J.O. (2014). 14 Patterns of Biophilic Design. New York: Terrapin Bright Green, LLC.,p.13)

Biophilic design interventions are based on need of a specific population, in a particular space.

Biophilic design strategies and interventions likely to be developed on basis of evidencebased design patterns, with a high degree of efficacy and monitoring.

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For instance, lighting design inspired from Biophilia will be different in a classroom setting, than in an office setting or café, depending on type of user, activities of inhabitants of the space.

5.1.2.5.4 Diversity of Design Strategies Patterns and design strategies if used in a suitable combination, tends health benefits of inhabitants of the same.

Using diverse strategies and patterns can cater demands of varied cultures, demographics and can create a psycho-physiological and cognitive restoration.

Adding various design strategies for the sake of diversity may backfire, unless they are integrative and supporting a unified design intent.

For instance, in an office setting, introduction of green wall may improve individual’s mood and produce a calming effect, leading to restorative benefits. However, if various other elements like prospect and mystery are integrated, they may generate confusion, deteriorating the psychological well being of a person.

5.1.2.5.5 Quality v/s Quantity of Intervention While planning for implementation, there has to be an equilibrium or balance between quality and quantity of the interventions, based on the project requirements.

A high quality intervention can be more effective and having great restorative potential than several low quality interventions. For instance, several prospect views along the path of a user may not be powerful than one prospect view, having information richness.

Climate, cost and other variables might be an obstacle for application of Biophilic interventions to space, but shouldn’t be considered as an obstacle to achieve high quality application.

5.1.2.5.6 Duration of exposure & frequency of Access Duration of exposure and frequency of access determines the feasibility of the biophilic interventions applied to any space.

Identification of appropriateness of duration of exposure to a pattern, or a combination can be a tricky job.” Ideal exposure time is likely dependent on the user and the desired effect, but also on general guidelines, empirical evidences shows that positive emotions, mental restoration and other benefits can occur in a little as 5 to 20 minutes of immersion in nature” ( Brown, Boston and Gladwell, 2013; Boston & Pretty,2010; Tsunetsugu & Miyazaki,2005) Micro- restorative experiences- often designed with consideration of limit of space, are more accessible and readily implementable, than larger interventions, where frequent visits to these small interventions may lead to compounded restorative response.

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Question to be asked while deigning may include: • • •

How persistent is the mental restoration over different terms of exposure to nature?

Do the improvements continue incrementally, with more exposure, or do they plateau?

What combinations of design patterns can help optimize a Biophilic experience?

5.1.2.5.7 Inference This domain throws light on various aspects which have to be considered during planning and design process, which derive their base from the Patterns proposed in previous sections. Thus, it fits into complete framework, connecting the design variables for planning and design process:

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5.1.2.6 Variable in Design Patterns Applicability

5.1.2.6.1 Introduction No two places are the same, which propose both challenges and opportunities for creativity, in application of Biophilic Design pattern. Thus, these variables affects the project execution and vice versa. Present are the few variables, which might affect designing of a project:

5.1.2.6.2 Climate, Ecology & Vernacular: Since the historic times, humans have built their shelter according to, or in response to the climate of the place, regional ecology, where form and function complemented each other with climate and topography.

For instance, Xeriscaping: using nature’s drought resistant and tolerant plants to create a landscape design that resembles climate of the surrounding landscapes, can be an effective strategy in designing for Resilient, Biophilic experience.

Weather rural or sub-urban or urban, all natural environments might not be green and shall not be. Dessert species and landscaping can also generate a sense of place as green savannahs

5.1.2.6.3 Character & Density: Rural, Suburban & Urban: The character of a space and density of occupants affects the applicability of various design patterns, generally in a city, there exists 3 characters of spaces: • • •

Rural: In rural environments, human- nature connections are ample and this regular exposure to nature, induces restorative effect, which is generally ignored.

Suburban Suburban areas have intuitively applied biophilic design. Most suburban homes are raised 18” or more, creating a view of Prospect- Refuge Urban : Land in urban areas are limited and at premium, as the applicability of Biophilic design.

5 .1.2.6.4 Scale & Feasibility: 4

Scale and feasibility are two important factors affecting the choice of design intervention in a space.

Biophilic Design strategy, should be scaled to the surrounding environments, to the amount of population using that space.

Biophilic design can be applied from a room of 16 sqm. To a school, campus , even to cities presenting different challenges based on user types, dynamics, planning, programming, climate, culture and various physical parameters, as well as existing need of infrastructure.

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Size and availability of space are two major elements affecting Feasibility of Biophilic Design pattern For instance, for successful implementation of pattern, such as Prospect, one might require a lager span. Pattern of connections with natural systems can be feasible, where there is access to outdoor spaces, which is often difficult in dense urban settings.

Micro Restorative experiences, that are also biodiverse, are likely to be effective at engendering a restorative biophilic experience. It may include restoration from the views through the windows, doors. In urban context, where sensory overload dominates, microlevel interventions may not be valued and impactful, when placed on spaces having high foot traffics.

Patterns like Mystery and Risk’ peril might not be feasible or cost effective in an interior space, because of lack of space for implementation.

Not all patterns of Biophilia are space dependents, some patterns like non- visual contact; thermal flow and variability; Dynamic & Diffused light, are more temporal, requiring minimal floor area.

5.1.2.6.5 Culture & Demographics : As the Biophilic hypothesis states that landscape patterns are informed by human evolution, reflecting the innate landscape qualities, that enhanced survival for humanity, through t time. “ Cultural constructs, social inertia and ecological literacy suffused different perspective on what constitutes natural, nature, wind and beautiful” (Treit et al, 2007, Zobe & Pitt,1981) Frequency of use, nature of use, participation rates and purpose of visit, all vary drastically between nationalities, cultures and subgroups.

“Age and gender sought to influence Biophilic response trends. Women report higher levels of stress than men”.

Degree of enhanced immune system due to immersion in nature has been observed to differ with gardens Youth benefits from nature, in terms of increased self- esteem, is said to decline with the age of life. With age, comes the difference in a way he perceives nature, in terms of security & safety.

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5.1.2.6.6 Inference The present variables, affects the applicability of specific patterns, in a specific space, having a specific function and occupied by a specific population.

Climate, ecology & vernacular quality of a space can be accessed , by observing spaces through certain provided parameters.

Thus, these variables acts as an intermediate between the Perspective for Planning and Design process & Design integration, also defining parameters of space, to provide health benefits to the inhabitants:

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5.1.2.7 Benefits to Inhabitants

5.1..2.7.1 Introduction Biophilia hypothesis strains on the human- nature connections and the benefits human gains, affecting their well being Certain Biophilic Theories also emphasizes on the well being component of the inhabitants often defined as the holistic state of physical, intellectual & emotional health, but the term has also been attached to the notion of economic, environmental and cultural and social health.

Well being can be conceptualized into three main subheads: •

Physical Wellbeing: state:

Affecting a person’s Body; Health & Physiological

Includes our aural, musculoskeletal, respiratory, circadian systems and overall physical comfort. Physiological responses triggered by Biophilia include relaxation of muscles, as well as lowering of diastolic blood pressure and stress hormone (i.e., cortisol) levels in blood stream (Park et al., 2009) In other study by Ulrich (1990), he investigated 160 short term hospital patients recovering from heart surgery and their reaction to wall art. The patients were divided into three types of recovery rooms. One room contained a picture of a natural scene of water and trees, second room had abstract art and the third contained blank walls. It was observed that the patients in the rooms with pictures of natural scenes had less anxiety and required less pain medication whilst the ones having abstract art reported high levels of anxiety (Ulrich and Lunden,1990)

•

Intellectual wellbeing : Affecting a person’s Mind; Healing & Psychological Restoration: Includes our adaptability, concentration, emotion and mood, responses to nature that impact restoration & stress management.

Engaging with nature: People often feel a heightened sense of wellbeing; happy, stimulated, even spiritually uplifted in natural surroundings, such as when near a sea shore, or forest, or mountains.

Environmental psychologists suggests the connections with nature and its elements, important component in our understanding of life, heightened feeling of wellbeing, relieving stress and other negative conditions. ( Lohr,1996)

Holistic sensory design: To enhance user’s wellness, one needs to design spaces those appeal to all the human senses and allows user inhabited change.

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Personalisation: Lack of personal control in any space can lead to withdrawal, negative moods, creating a tunnel vision that endangers creativity and highly impacts on holistic well being. ( Heerwagen, 2004) Spirit of place: Buildings shall be comforting, revitalizing, enrich user’s life, his personal growth and bring harmony and balance to occupant’s life.

Designing particular physical, social and cultural context, personalization of space by user, when bought together, generates a unique sense of place, generating affection, and pride in place and fosters personal wellbeing.

•

Emotional Wellbeing : Affecting the Spirit; Spirituality & Metaphysical aspect.

Provide greater emotional restoration, with less level of tension,. Anxiety, anger, fatigue, confusion and total mood disturbance that urban environments with limited characteristics of nature.

Collective Cultural and Individual Aspirations and Identity: Identification with particular symbols and metaphors in a spatial experience can enhance and evoke feelings of relatedness to immediate cultural surroundings, crucially important to human wellbeing. ( Ryan and Edward,2001) Rituals and Narratives: The spiritual and cultural wellbeing are deeply related to personal wellbeing, expressed through rituals, which can be hindered or glorified through spatial design.

Narrative architecture, if designed carefully, can dealt architecture into a realm of a spatial journey through a space. Movement and circulation in space are key components of a sacred experience in space. (Arnheim,1997)

The table ahead, summarizes the three wellbeing factors, along with related architectural concepts, useful in design process and pattern applicability on a space: (Table: Factor X- Well being)

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PHYSICAL WELL BEING  



Body Health Physiological

INTELLECTUAL WELL BEING   

MInd Healing Psychological

EMOTIONAL WELL BEING   

Spirit Spirituality Metaphysical

Related Architectural Concepts Air quality  Indoor air quality  Outdoor air quality  Ventilation  Breathing skin Enclosures

Light Quality  Sunlight & daylight  Glare  UV

Temperature & humidity control

Water quality

Engaging with Nature

Collective cultural & individual aspirations & identity

 Working with natural cycles  Working with natural ecosystems: Plants, water

Holistic Sensory design      

Sight Touch Hearing Taste Feel Smell

Personalization  Individual control  Equality

 Symbolism & metaphor  Beliefs/ mores  Rituals  Narrative

Mood creation &Modification  

Ambience Emotional responses

Restorative design    

Relationship building Portable well being Community spirit Planetary healing

Spirit of place  High level of craft  Particularity & uniqueness  Beauty, delight , joy & pleasure

Safety          

Fire Earthquake Natural disaster Extreme weather events Radiation Noise Falling Accident reduction Ergonomics Home security

Design for Variety  Peace & harmony  Stimulation & rejuvenation  Relaxation & refreshment

Pollution Control    

Biological Chemical Electromagnetic Non- toxic materials & furnishings

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5.1.2.7.2 Inference

The typology of Wellbeing catered by different Patterns can be accessed, but the degree of Wellbeing is hypothetical, may vary person to person.

Biophilic Patterns proposed, also provides Health Benefits to people, through various architectural concepts and both affects each other visa- versa.

Thus, a complete CONTINUOUS CYCLIC LOOP of FRAMEWORK is generated, in which the Benefits of Inhabitants, serves as the CENTRAL FOCUS of the framework:

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5.1.2.8 Design Integration 5.1.2.8.1 Introduction After accessing the Benefits to people and perspectives for planning and design process and design variables, next and the Concluding step is to integrate all of these into a Design strategy or proposal. Various methodologies through which it can take place are: •

Inter- Disciplinary Planning & Design: Development of disciplinary planning early in any project will help ensure cost- effective opportunities that maybe lost before they are even considered. Biophilia is an instrumental equipment to create a vibrant, sustaining and a restorative environment. This will place the design team to the figure ground and allow identification of potential strengths, challenges & opportunities.

•

Biophilia as an Environmental Quality: It refers to the properties & characteristics of a specific environment and how it affects humans, within this zone of influence. Biophilia may also help in dissolving divisions between building performance and human needs.

Thus, from an Architect’s perspective, Biophilic Design patterns have a potential to refocus the designer’s attention on the links between people, health, high performance design and aesthetics.

•

Multi- Platform Solution: Thoughtful application of Biophilic design can lead to generation of a multi- platform strategies, for familiar challenges, related to building performances like thermal control, energy and water management Increased vegetation can reduce particulate material air, reduce urban heat island effect, improve air filtration rates and reduce perceived levels of noise pollution( Forsyth & Musa cchio.2005)

•

Control for Effectiveness: as given landscape & human needs are in a constant flux of change, it is difficult to ensure the generation of health benefits to inhabitants, always experienced. It is not possible to predict every human- nature relationship, but the efficiency may vary on diurnal changes and seasonal changes. Behaviour change is not always in the hands of Architect, only designing for controllability v/s. permanency of intervention, may inform design process.

•

Tracking and Measuring Efficacy: Tracking and measuring efficacy of applied pattern for improved health is a new domain of emerging research. As the two interventions can never be same, all the results would differ at a degree, from each other, the Design Variables challenging the collection of data

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5.1.2.8.2 Inference Thus, this domain of Framework Assists ARCHITECTS to integrate all the interventions, after observing various variables and also shall test the scale of efficacy and tracking success of implementation of certain strategies.

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Biophilic Design and Architecture

Chapter Six Conclusion

6.1 Conclusion In today’s context, when buildings are designed to be sustainable and green, it is highly important to design spaces for the inhabitants and their wellbeing.

In current situation, when Biophilia is still at its infancy, a structure is highly recommended to be proposed to the strategies for exposure with nature, present in form of a worked out framework.

Thus, this research makes three significant contributions to the field of Biophilic design:   

Provides a comprehensive literature review of Biophilic design, present fields specifying recent developments in the human- nature research.

Unifies the present diverse literature under a well-defined network of Biophilic patterns: highlighting their attributes and applicability into Architectural design process. ( TABLE 2 ) Presenting a detailed framework as to how can architects adopt this concept into their design process.

(TABLE 3)

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Experience [P1]

Interrelationship

Naturally Occuring

Health Benefits

Simulated/ Constructed

Degree of importance

VISUAL CONTACT WITH NATURE

A space with a good visual connection with nature feels whole; it grabs one’s attention & can be stimulating or calming. It can convey a sense of time, weather & other living things.

P2 P3 P5 P8 P11

    

Natural flow of water Vegetation, including fruit bearing plants Animals, insects Fossils  Terain, soil, earth

 COGNITIVE Improved mental engagement/ attentiveness  PSYCHOLOGICAL Positively impacted attitude & overall happiness

     

Mechanical flow of water Koi pond, aquarium Green wall Artwork depicting nature scenes Video depicting nature scenes Highly designed landscapes

***

 PHYSIOLOGICAL Lowered blood pressure & heart rate [P2]

NON- VISUAL CONTACT

A space with a good non- visual connection feels fresh & well balanced; the ambient conditionsw are percieved as complex & variable but at the same time, familiar & comfortable, whereby sounds, aromas & textures are reminiscent of being outdoors in nature.

P1 P3 P4 P9 P5 P13

    

Fragment herbs & flowers Songbirds Flowing water Weather( rain, wind & hail) Natural ventilation (operable windows, breezeways)  Textured materials (stone, wood, fur)  Crackling fire/ fireplace

 COGNITIVE

 Digital simulations of nature sounds  Mechanically released natural plant oils  Highly textured fabrics/textiles that mimic natural material textures  Audible and/or physically accessible water  feature  Music with fractal qualities  Horticulture/gardening, including edible  plants  Domesticated animals/pets  Honeybee apiary

Positively impacted on cognitive performance  PSYCHOLOGICAL Percieved improvements In mental healtrh & Tranquility  PHYSIOLOGICAL Reduced systolic blood pressure & stress hormones

[P3]

NON- RHYTHMIC SENSORY STIMULI

A space with a good Non- rhythmic stimuli feels as if one is momentarily privy to something specila, something fresh, interesting, stimulating & energizing. It is a brief, but welcome distraction

[P4]

**

 Cloud movement  Breezes  Plant life rustling  Water babbling  Insect and animal movement  Birds chirping  Fragrant flowers, trees and herbs

P1 P4 P5 P10 P13

 COGNITIVE Observed & quantified behavioural measures of attention & exploration  PSYCHOLOGICAL -------- PHYSIOLOGICAL Positively impacted on heart rate, systolic blood pressure & symapthetic nervous system activity

 Billowy fabric or screen materials that move or glisten with  light or breezes  Reflections of water on a surface  Shadows or dappled light that change with movement or  time  Nature sounds broadcasted at unpredictable intervals  Mechanically released plant oils

**

THERMAL & AIRFLOW VARIABILITY

A space with a good Thermal air flow & variability feels refreshing, active, alive, invigorating & comfortable. The space provides both a sense of flexibility & control.

P6 P7 P3 P5 P13

• • • • •

Solar heat gain Shadow and shade Radiant surface materials Space/place orientation Vegetation with seasonal densification

 COGNITIVE Positively impacted Concentration  PSYCHOLOGICAL Improved perception of temporal & spatial pleasure

   

HVAC delivery strategy Systems controls Window glazing and window treatment Window operability and cross ventilation **

 PHYSIOLOGICAL Positively impacted comfort, well- being & productivity [P5]

PRESENCE OF WATER  COGNITIVE

A space with good water conditions feels compelling & captivating.

Fluidity, sound, lighting, proximity & accessibility each contribute to whether a space is stimulating, calming, or both.

P1 P2 P7 P11 P14

• River, stream, ocean, pond, wetland • Visual access to rainfall and flows • Seasonal arroyos

Improved concentration & memory restoration.

Enhanced perception & psychological response  PSYCHOLOGICAL Observed preferences & positive emotional response

• Water wall • Constructed water fall • Fountain • Constructed stream • Reflections of water (real or simulated) on another surface • Imagery with water in the composition

**

 PHYSIOLOGICAL Reduced stress , Increased feeling of tranquility, lower heart rate &blood pressure [P6]

DYNAMIC & DIFFUSE LIGHT

A space with a good Dynamic & diffuse light condition conveys expressions of time & movement to evoke feelings of drama & intrigue, buffered with a sense of calm.

[P7]

P1 P3 P4 P13 P5 P7 P8

• Daylight from multiple angles • Direct sunlight • Diurnal and seasonal light • Firelight • Moonlight and star light • Bioluminescence

 COGNITIVE ---- PSYCHOLOGICAL ---- PHYSIOLOGICAL Positively impacted Circadian system Functioning Increased visual comfort

• Multiple low glare electric light sources • Illuminance • Light distribution • Ambient diffuse lighting on walls and ceiling • Day light preserving window treatments • Task and personal lighting • Accent lighting • Personal user dimming controls • Circadian colour reference (white light during the day and lack of blue light at night)

**

CONNECTION WITH NATURAL SYSTEMS

A space with a good Connection with Natural systems evokes a relationship to a greater whole, making one aware of seasonality & the cycles of life. The experience is often relaxing, nostalgic, profound or enlightening & frequently anticipated.

•

P1 P2 P3 P5 P4 P6 P13

• • • • • •

Climate and weather patterns Hydrology Geology Animal behaviors Pollination, growth, aging and decomposition Diurnal patterns Night sky Seasonal patterns (freeze thaw; light intensity and colour; plant cycles; animal migration; ambient scents)

 COGNITIVE ---- PSYCHOLOGICAL ---- PHYSIOLOGICAL Positively impacted Circadian system Functioning Increased visual comfort

• Simulated daylighting systems that transition with diurnal cycles • Wildlife habitats (e.g., birdhouse, honeybee apiary; hedges, flowering vegetation) • Exposure of water infrastructure • Step wells for seasonal rainwater storage and social convergence • Natural patina of materials (leather, stone, copper, bronze, wood)

**

Experience [P8]

Interrelationship

P1 P10

Form/ Function

Degree of importance

• Fabrics, carpet, wallpaper designs based on Fibonacci series or Golden Mean • Window details: trim and moldings, glass colour, texture, mullion design, window reveal detail • Installations and freestanding sculptures • Furniture details • Woodwork, masonry • Wall decal, paint style or texture

 COGNITIVE ---- PSYCHOLOGICAL Observed view preference  PHYSIOLOGICAL --------

• Arrangement of the structural system (e.g., columns shaped like trees) • Building form • Acoustic paneling (wall or ceiling) • Railings, banisters, fencing, gates • Furniture form • Window details: frit, light shelves, fins • Pathway and hallway form

*

MATERIAL CONNECTION WITH NATURE

A space with a good Material coonection with nature, feels rich, warm & authentic & sometimes stimulating to touch.

Experience [P10]

Health Benefits

BIOMORPHIC FORMS & PATTERNS

A space with a good Biomorphic forms & patterns feels interesting & comfortable, possibly captivating, contempolative or even absorptive

[P9]

Decor

P1 P2 P8 P10

Interrelationship

• Accent details (natural wood grains; leather; stone, • fossil textures; bamboo, rattan, dried grasses, cork) • Interior surfaces (veneer, countertops) • Woodwork, stonework • Natural colour palette, particularly greens

Spatial Attributes

 COGNITIVE improved creative performance.  PSYCHOLOGICAL Improved comfort  PHYSIOLOGICAL

• Wall construction (wood, stone) • Structural systems • (heavy timber beams) • Façade material • Furniture form • Footpaths, bridges

NIL

Reduced diastolic blood pressure

Health Benefits

Common Features

Degree of importance

COMPLEXITY & ORDER  COGNITIVE

A space with a good Complexity & order feels engaging & informationrich, as an intriguing balance between boring & overwhelming.

[P11]

P1 P2 P8 P9

• Wallpaper and carpet design • Material texture and contour • Window details: trim and moldings, glass colour, texture, mullion design, window reveal detail • Plant selection variety and placement • Complex plant oil fragrances • Auditory stimuli

improved creative performance.  PSYCHOLOGICAL Improved comfort  PHYSIOLOGICAL

• • • • •

Exposed structure Façade materials Building skyline Floor plan, landscape plan, urban grid Pedestrian traffic & resource flows

*

Reduced diastolic blood pressure

PROSPECT

A space with a good Prospect condition feels open & freeing, yet imparts a sense of safety & control, particularly when alone or in an unfamiliar environments

P1 P5 P12 P13 P14

• Focal lengths ≥ 20 feet • Partition heights ≤ 42 inches (hedges; opaque workplace partitions)

 COGNITIVE Reduced boredom, irritation,fatigue  PSYCHOLOGICAL Improoved comfort & perceived safety

• Transparent materials • Balconies, catwalks, staircase landings • Open floor plans • Elevated planes • Views including shade trees, bodies of water or evidence of human habitation

***

 PHYSIOLOGICAL Reduced stress [P12]

REFUGE

A space with a good Refuge condition feels safe, providing a sense of retreat & withdrawl- for work, protection, rest or healing- weather alone or in small groups. A good refuge space feels separate or unique from its surrounding environments; its spatial characteristics can feel contemplative, embracing & protective, without unnecessarily disengaging.

P4 P6 P11 P13

• Modular refuge: Small protection (high-back chair, overhead trellis) • Partial refuge: Several sides covered (reading nooks, booth seating, bay window seats, canopy beds,etc) • Extensive refuge: near or complete concealment (reading/telephone/ sleeping pods, private offices, tree houses)

 COGNITIVE Improoved concentration, attention & perception of safetty  PSYCHOLOGICAL -------- PHYSIOLOGICAL -----------

• Spaces with weather/climate protection, or speech and visual privacy • Spaces reserved for reflection, meditation, rest, relaxation, reading, or complex cognitive tasks • Operable, adjustable or translucent shades, blinds, screens or partitions • Drop or lowered ceiling , soffit, overhang or canopy • Lowered or varied light colour, temperature or brightness

***

[p13] MYSTERY

A space with a good Mystery condition has a palpable sense of anticipation, or of being teased, offering the senses a kind of denial & reward that compels one to further investigate the space.

P1 P2 P3 P6 P7 P10 P11 P12

• Views are medium (≥ 20 ft) to high (≥ 100 ft) depth of field • At least one edge of the focal subject is obscured, preferably two edges • Auditory stimulation from an imperceptible source • Peek-a-boo windows that partially reveal • Curving edges • Winding paths

 COGNITIVE Improoved concentration, attention & perception of safetty  PSYCHOLOGICAL ---------

• • • • • • •

Light and shadow Sound or vibration Scent Activity or movement Artwork or installation Form and flow Translucent materials

**

 PHYSIOLOGICAL -----------

[p14] RISK/ PERIL

A space with a Risk/ peril condition feels exhilarating, and with an implied threat, maybe a little mischievous or perverse. One feels that it might be dangerous, but intriguing, worth exploring & irresistable

P1 P5 P11

• Heights • Gravity • Water • Predator- prey role reversal PERCIEVED RISKS • Falling • Getting wet • Getting hurt • Loss of control

 COGNITIVE Improoved concentration, attention & perception of safetty  PSYCHOLOGICAL -------- PHYSIOLOGICAL -----------

• Double height atrium with balcony or catwalk • Architectural cantilevers • Facades with floor to ceiling transparency • Experiences perceived to be defying/ testing gravity • Transparent tailing or floor • Passing under, over or through water • Life sized photography of wild animals

***

[p15] BIOMIMICRY    

A space with Biomimic elements feels exhilarating, and experience is often relaxing, nostalgic, profound or enlightening

Shells and spirals Animal motifs Information richness Fractals

 COGNITIVE ----------------- PSYCHOLOGICAL Observed view preference  PHYSIOLOGICAL -----------

• Structural strength and bioclimatic properties of shells, crystals, mounds, hives incorporated to built environment • NetZero energy wastage character of nature mimicked thorough various technological modifications in building services • Mimicking the material essence from nature like, water repellent paints and surfaces • Fostering interaction through transitional & congregational spaces inspired from the ecotones

[p16] CURIOUSITY & EXCITEMENT A space with Curiousity generating elements reflects human needs for exploration, discovery, mystery & creativity, instrumental in problem solving

P11 P13 P2 P5 P15

 Seasonal & diurnal variation of landscapes  Non visual access to river, stream, pond, wetlands  Elevated planes  Views are medium( >20 ft. to high(>100 ft) depth of field  Auditory stimulation from an imperceptible source  Curving edges

 COGNITIVE

 

 COGNITIVE

• • • • • • • • • •

Improoved concentration, attention & perception of safetty  PSYCHOLOGICAL Flywheel of human intellect & imagination  PHYSIOLOGICAL -----------

Colour Sunlight Views and vistas Information richness Transitional spaces Growth and efflorescence Linked series and chains Complementary contrasts Dynamic balance and tension Heirarchally organized ratios and scales

[p17] CHANGE & METAMORPHOSIS A space with Change & metamorphosis reflects processes of growth, maturation & metamorphosis, generates positivity,fresh, lively, enthusiastic, rejuvenating & soothing

P1 P2 P6 P7

Sunlight Growth and efflorescence

• Seasonal variation in landscape • Visually determinant harmonious change • Building processes resembling metamorphosis • Play of façade • Variability of character of spaces about a path Diurnal variability of solar patterns

Improoved concentration, attention  PSYCHOLOGICAL Flywheel of human intellect & imagination  PHYSIOLOGICAL Reduced diastolic blood pressure

[p18] SECURITY & PROTECTION A space with a sense of security & protection, provides rest or healingweather alone or in small groups. A good secure space feels separate or unique from its surrounding environments; its spatial characteristics can feel contemplative, embracing & protective, without unnecessarily disengaging with world.

P1 P12 P7

• • • •

Views and vistas Bounded spaces Warm light Spatial harmony

 COGNITIVE Improoved concentration, attention & perception of safetty  PSYCHOLOGICAL -------- PHYSIOLOGICAL ---------

• Spaces with weather/climate protection, or speech and visual privacy • Spaces reserved for reflection, meditation, rest, relaxation, reading, or complex cognitive tasks • Operable, adjustable or translucent shades, blinds, screens or partitions • Drop or lowered ceiling , soffit, overhang or canopy • Lowered or varied light colour, temperature or brightness

[p19] ATTACHMENT  COGNITIVE

A space with a sense of attachment evokes human capacities for bonding & attachment, loyalty & commitment , feeling secured & inviting.

P1 P2 P7 P20

o Views and vistas o Information richness o Growth and efflorescence o Central focal point o Bounded spaces

Improoved concentration, attention & perception of safetty

Buildings & landscapes that elicit strong emotional affinity for nature

 PSYCHOLOGICAL -------- PHYSIOLOGICAL ---------

[P20] ATTRACTION & BEAUTY A space with a sense of attraction & beauty, strongest inclination of human species, fosters curiousity, imagination, creativity, exploration & problem solving

P1 P2 P5 P17 P19

 Geology & landscape  Façade greening  Complementary contrast  Fractals  Heirarchally organized ratios and scales  Warm light  Space as shape & form  Spatial harmony

 COGNITIVE Improoved concentration, attention & perception of safetty

Buildings & landscapes those appeal for aesthetic appreciation for natural process & forms

 PSYCHOLOGICAL Positively impacted attitude & overall happiness  PHYSIOLOGICAl Reduced systolic blood Pressure & stress hormones

[P21] EXPLORATION & DISCOVERY A space with a sense of exploration & discovery provides informationrichness, are intellectually stimulating & generates a mixed emotions of mystery, curiousity & excitement.

P1 P2 P3 P13 P14 P16

 Geology & landscape  Façade greening  Complementary contrast  Fractals  Heirarchally organized ratios and scales  Warm light  Space as shape & form  Spatial harmony

 COGNITIVE Improoved concentration, attention & perception of safetty

   

 COGNITIVE -----

 PSYCHOLOGICAL Positively impacted attitude & overall happiness  PHYSIOLOGICAl Reduced systolic blood Pressure & stress hormones

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Light and shadow Sound or vibration Scent Activity or movement Artwork or installation Form and flow Translucent materials Views and vistas Information richness Transitional spaces Growth and efflorescence Linked series and chains Complementary contrasts Dynamic balance and tension Heirarchally organized ratios and scales

[P22] FEAR & AWE A space with a sense of fear & awe generates a stimulus to protect themselves from threatening elements of nature, combines reverence with fear & awe.

P1 P2 P3 P6 P10 P11 P14 P19 P20

Colour Geology and landscape Fire Transitional spaces

 PSYCHOLOGICAL Induced strong pleasure response  PHYSIOLOGICAl --- --- --- -- -

---------

• Double height atrium with balcony or catwalk • Architectural cantilevers • Facades with floor to ceiling transparency • Experiences perceived to be defying/ testing gravity • Transparent tailing or floor • Passing under, over or through water • Life sized photography of wild animals • Majestic natural features that appreciate for powers greater than ourselves.

[P23] REVERENCE & SPIRITUALITY  Views and vistas A space with a sense of reverence & spirituality establishes meaninigful relation to creation, evokes feelings of transcendence & enduring connections that defy aloneness of a single person isolated in time & space.

P1 P2 P4 P5 P6 P11 P19

• Elevated planes • Views including shade trees, bodies of water or evidence of human habitation • Architectural cantilevers  PSYCHOLOGICAL • Facades with floor to ceiling Percieved safety, tranquility transparency • Experiences perceived to be defying/  PHYSIOLOGICAl testing gravity Reduced stress • Passing under, over or through water • Ambient diffuse lighting on walls and ceiling  COGNITIVE -----

--- --- --- -- -

Biophilic Design and Architecture

THEORIES

VIA

PATTERNS

DOMAIN OF APPLICABILITY

DESIGN INTEGRATION

FINAL FRAMEWORK- table 3

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6.2 Further Scope of Research Throughout the research, it is evident that Biophilia has a great potential to be explored in Architectural context. However, certain researches have been performed to support human- nature relationship and impact on health and well being, there is still a gap between translation of the findings into practical recommendations and guidelines.  The paper has proposed a framework or systematic procedure for conversion to practical recommendations, but lacks the detailed analysis and application of this framework during a design process.  It is crucial for the policy makers, planners and designers to adopt the proposal and modify it according to their respective domains, testing its applicability and generating a modified framework taking it a step closer to practical application.  Experiential approach is also one method through which Biophilic hypothesis can be turned out to practicality. But it requires a high level of case studies, related to different domains of architectural spaces.

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REFERENCES 1. Arnheim., 1997 2. Beauchamp et al., 2003

3. Brown, Boston and Gladwell, 2013 ; Boston & Pretty, 2010 ; Tsunetsugu & Miyazaki, 2005 4. Browning et al., 2014 5. Browning, W.D., Ryan, C.O., Clancy J.O.(2014). 14 Patterns of Biophilic Design. New York : Terrapin Bright Green, LLC

6. Browning, W.D., Ryan, C.O., Clancy J.O.(2014). 14 Patterns of Biophilic Design. New York : Terrapin Bright Green, LLC; p.13 7. Browning, W.D., Ryan, C.O., Clancy J.O.(2014). 14 Patterns of Biophilic Design. New York : Terrapin Bright Green, LLC; p.21

8. E.O Wilson

9. Horward Frumkin, 2008, Nature Contact and Human Health, Biophilic Design 10. Jay Appleton (1975)

11. Kaplan and Kaplan 1989: Kalpan,1995 12. Kellert, 2005 13. Kellert, 2008, pg.9 14. Kellert, 2008, p.14

15. Leakas, Diana, Biophilia in Designing, 2008, p.29 16. Lohr., 1996 76 | P a g e

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17. Nicol and Humphreys, 2002 18. Park et al., 2009

19. Ryan and Edward, 2001

20. Tatiana Abaurre Alencar,2010 : Biophilic design framework : Structuring the relationship between exposure to nature and health benefits, p.64.

21. Treit et al, 2007, Zobe & Pitt, 1981

22. Ulrich and Lunden., 1990 23. Wilson, 2006, 2008 24. Wilson, 2008, p. 331 25. Zojonc(1990)

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

1. Appleton, J. 1975. The Experience of Nature, London: Wiley 2. Altman, I., & Low , S.M.1992. Place attachment: Human behaviour and environment.

New York: Plenum Press

3. Barnsley, M.F., Devaney, R.L., Mandelbrot, B.B., Peitgen, H.O., Saupe, D., & Voss, R.F. 1988. The science of fractal images. Springer 4. Benyus, J. 2002. Biomimicry: Innovation Inspired by Nature. New York: HarperCollins Publishers 5. Berto, R. 2005. Exposure to restorative environments can help restore attentional capacity. Journal of Environmental Psychology

6. Bilotta, E. and Evans, G.W. 2013 Environmental Stress, in Steg, L., van den Berg, A., and De Groot, J. (eds.) Environmental Psychology. An Introduction. UK: BPS Blackwell 7. Browning, Bill, The economics of Biophilia, Terrapin Bright Green LLC New York NY, Washington 2012 8. Buzzell Linda, Chalquist Craig. 2009. Ecotherapy: Healing with Nature in Mind

9. Cecily Maller, Mardie Townsend, Anita Pryor, Peter Brown and Lawrence St. Leger. 2006 . Healthy Nature Healthy People: ‘ Contact with Nature’ as an Upstream Health Promotion Intervention for Populations 10. Cynthia K. Chandler, Janice Miner Holden, and Cheryl A. Kolander, 2002.

Counselling for Spiritual Wellness : Theory and Practise 11. Dias Duarte Bruno. March 2015. Beyond Sustainability- Biophilic and Regenerative Design in Architecture

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12. Fodor. A. Jerry, Pylyshyn W. Zenon, 2008. Connectionism and cognitive architecture: A critical analysis 13. Gary W. Evans, Janetta Mitchell McCoy. 1998. When Buildings Don’t Work: The role of Architecture in Human Health, Journal of Environmental Psychology 14. Grinde, B., & Patil, G.G. 2009. Biophilia: Does Visual Contact with Nature Impact on Health and Well Being? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15. Groenwegen, P.P., van den Berg, A.E., de Vries, S., and Verheij, R.A. 2006, Effects of green space on health, well-being, and social safety’

16. Hartig, T., Evans, G.W., Jamner, L.D., Davis, D.S., & Garling, T. 2003. Tracking restoration in natural and urban field settings. Journal of Environmental Psychology

17. Heerwagen, J., and B.Hase.2001. “Building Biophilia: Connecting People to Nature.”

Environmental Design and Construction, March- April 18. Heerwagen, J.H., and Gregory, B. 2008. Biophilia and sensory aesthetics. Biophilic Design : The theory, science and practise of bringing buildings to life. Hoboken

19. Herzog, T.R., Chen, H.C., & Primeau, J.S. 2002. Perception of the restorative potential of natural and other settings. Journal of Environmental Psychology 20. Hidalgo Karrina Ana . October 2014. Biophilic Design, Restorative Environments and Well Being

21. Joye, Y. 2007. Architectural lessons from environmental psychology: The case of biophilic architecture. Review of General Psychology 22. Kaplan, R. 1993. The role of nature in the context of the workplace. Landscape and Urban Planning 23. Keller, S.R. 2005. Building for life : Designing and understanding the human-nature connection

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24. Kellert, S., and J. Heerwagen, Forthcoming, “Nature and Healing: The Science, Theory, and Promise of Biophilic Design.� In Sustainable Architecture for Health, edited

by G. Vittori and R.Guenether. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley

25. Mayer, F.S., Frantz, C.M., Bruehlman- Senecal, E., & Dolliver, K. 2009. Why is Nature Beneficial?: The Role of Connectedness to Nature. Environment and Behaviour 26. Terry Hartig, Kalevi Korpela, Gary W. Evans and Tomy Garling .1997. A Measure of Restorative Quality in Environments

27. Ulrich, R.S. 2008. Biophilic theory and research for healthcare design

28. Ulrich, Robert F. Simons, Barbara D. Losito, Evelyn Fiorito, Mark A. Miles, Michael Zelson. 1991. Stress Recovery during Exposure to Natural and Urban Environments, Journal of Environmental Psychology 29. Velarde, M., Fry, G., & Tveit, M. 2007. Health Benefits of Viewing LandscapesLandscape types in environmental psychology 30. Wilson, E.O. 1984. Biophilia : The Human Bond with Other Species. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press

31. Zajonc, R.B. 1980. Feeling and thinking: Preferences need no inferences

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This is to certify that Ankur Gautam Has published a research paper entitled Biophilic Design in Architecture In IJERT, Volume. 6, Issue. 03 , March - 2017

Registration No: IJERTV6IS030153

Date: 14-03-2017

Chief Editor,IJERT

UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING GURU GOBIND SINGH INDRAPRASTHA UNIVERSITY DWARKA SECTOR 16-C, NEW DELHI

RESEARCH PAPER 2016-17

BIOPHILIC DESIGN IN ARCHITECTURE

Ankur Gautam 03490701613 Fourth Year , Section A, 2016- 17

RESEARCH PAPER GUIDE:

Ar. Hemlata