Thesis report

GATEWAY COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN SONIPAT 131001

THESIS REPORT

HOTEL CUM CONVENTION CENTRE AT ASSET-13, , HOSPITALITY DISTRICT, DIAL IGI AIRPORT, DELHI

SUBMITTED BY: Ankita Chaudhary GCAD/13/103

GUIDED BY: Prof. Anand Dhote

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GATEWAY COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN

DECLARATION

I, Ankita Chaudhary , Roll Number, GCAD/13/103, hereby declare that the thesis titled “Hotel cum Convention Centre” is submitted by me, in partial fulfilment of the requirement of the curriculum of Bachelor of Architecture as per the university norms, to Gateway College of Architecture and Design, is a record of my original work with credits given for information collected from any other source.

_________________________________ Ankita Chaudhary

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GATEWAY COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the dissertation titled “Hotel cum Convention Centre”, submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement of the curriculum of Bachelor of Architecture is the work of Ankita Chaudhary, Roll Number GCAD/13/103 , who carried out research work under our supervision in Gateway College of Architecture and Design, Sonipat, Haryana.

We recommend that the thesis report be placed before the examiners for their consideration.

______________________________ Prof. Anand Dhote

______________________________ Prof. Anil Kumar Prof. Anurag Roy

Signature of the Guide

Signature of the Coordinators

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Dedication I dedicate my thesis work to my family and friends. A special feeling of gratitude to my loving parents, Mr. Sanjay and Jyoti Chaudhary whose words of encouragement and push for tenacity ring in my ears. I also dedicate this thesis to my many friends and Gateway family who have supported me throughout the process. I will always appreciate all they have done.

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Acknowledgement I am grateful to Gateway College of Architecture and Design, Sonepat for giving me the opportunity to research and write this thesis report. For the critical comments on the drafts I would like to thank my supervisor Prof. Anand Dhote and co-supervisor Ar. Bikramjit Chakraborty. Their excitement and willingness to provide feedback made the completion of this research an enjoyable experience.

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Preface This report presents the research on hospitality sector. It shows a detailed set of standards and requirements of designing a convention hotel and a centre. This report is primarily addressed to architects and designers, who are involved in the designing of a hotel or will be designing a hotel to give them a sense of spaces and special features of a hotel and convention centre. An understanding of different spaces in a hotel is been mentioned and how the programming of different floors and areas need to be done. Therefore, the report would give them a different perspective in designing a project like this and giving a different experience to the user.

Grateful acknowledgment is here made to those who helped in gathering data for this report.

This work would not have reached its present form without their invaluable help. It has been written to fulfil the graduation requirements of the Architecture Program at the Gateway College of Architecture and Design (GCAD). I was engaged in researching and writing this report from January to March 2018.

The thesis report was undertaken under the guidance of Prof. Anand Dhote. The research and analysis was difficult, but conducting extensive investigation has allowed me to gather all the information required for designing a hotel and convention complex. Fortunately, my mentors from the GCAD, were always available and willing to answer all the queries. I would like to thank my supervisors for their excellent guidance and support during this process. I also wish to thank all of the respondents, without whose cooperation I would not have been able to conduct this analysis.

To my Gateway family, I would like to thank you for your wonderful cooperation as well. It was always helpful to bat ideas about my research around you. I also benefitted from debating issues with my friends and family. If I ever lost interest, you kept me motivated. My parents deserve a particular note of thanks: your wise counsel and kind words have always served me well.

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Table of Contents Declaration ………………………………………………………………………….…..……… i Certificate ………………………………………………………………………….…..………. ii Dedication ………………………………………………………………………….…..……… iii Acknowledgement ……………………………………………………………………..……….iv Preface ………………………………………………………………………………………….. v Table of contents ………………………………………………………………………..…..vi-viii Figures and Tables …………………………………….……………………………………. ix-ix

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………..………Pg. 01

1.1 Overview 1.2 Project Description 1.3 Validity & feasibility 1.4 Scope of project 1.5 Aim & Objectives 1.6 Personal Outlook 1.7 The Client 1.8 The Site

CHAPTER 2: ANALYSIS OF ENVISAGED ACTIVITY …………..………………………Pg. 08

2.1 Nature of Activities in the project 2.1.1 In Hotel 2.1.2 In Convention Centre 2.2 Need of the Hotel-cum-Convention Centre 2.3 Classification of Hotels 2.4 Rating Criteria of Hotels

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2.5 History of the activity 2.5.1 Evolution in world 2.5.2 History in India 2.5.3 History in Delhi 2.6 Architectural implications of the activity 2.6.1 The space Allocation program 2.6.2 Design Phase 2.6.3 Planning and programming a hotel complex

CHAPTER 3: THE ENVISAGED USER PROFILE …………………………………..……Pg. 67

3.1. details of user 3.2. Expectations of User 3.3. Today’s demands of people

CHAPTER 4: THE STANDARDS ……………………………………………………………Pg. 74

4.1. Hotel 4.2. Convention Centre

CHAPTER 5: PRIMARY CASE STUDIES………….…………………………….…………Pg. 96 5.1 JW Marriott, New Delhi

5.2 Le Meridian, Windsor Palace, New Delhi 5.3 Hotel Trident, Gurgaon 5.4 Comparison Analysis

CHAPTER 6: CASE STUDIES ………………………………………….………,,…………Pg. 118

6.1 The Raffles City Convention Hotel Complex 6.2 San Diego Convention Hotel

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6.3 Hyderabad International Convention Center (H.I.C.C) 6.4 Comparison Analysis

CHAPTER 7: SITE ANALYSIS ……………………………………………………………Pg. 139

7.1 Location 7.2 Site surroundings 7.3 Connectivity 7.4 Site Area & Site Dimensions 7.5 Climatic zone/sun wind path etc.

7.6 Figure-ground Study

CHAPTER 8: CLIENT’S BRIEF ……………………………………………………………Pg. 149

8.1 Client & Client’s Vision 8.2 Client requirements

CHAPTER 9: ARCHITECTS’S BRIEF ………………………………….…………………Pg. 152

9.1 Area requirements 9.2 Functional Analysis 9.3 Architectural constraints

CHAPTER 10: DESIGN FACTORS OF CONSIDERATION ……………..………………Pg. 160

CHAPTER 11: CONCEPT …………………………………………..………………….……Pg. 166 11.1 Design Ideology 11.2 Design Design

BIBLIOGRAPHY …………………………………………………….………………………Pg. 168 !viii

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

Fig no.

Title

Source

Page no.

1

Introduction to topic

“Hotels in Paris” article

by Matt Barretts

2

2

Lobby of a boutique hotel

Double tree by Hilton, Chicago’s website

4

3

Location of site

Google earth

7

4

Seminar in a Convention Centre

Birbeck University

9

5

Food and buffet facility in a Convention hall

Chinaback Jackson catering

10

6

Resort Hotel

Omni Hotel’s website

13

7

Upscale facilities

Shangri La’s website

14

8

Hotel Index infographic

Hotel News resource

16

9

Hotel Kempinski, Berlin

Kempinski’s website

18

10

Mughal Serai

Noor Jahan at Nurmahal

27

11

Hotel Ashoka, Chanakyapuri

Hotel’s website

29

12

Space allocation percentages

“Hotel Space requirements” article

30

13

Basic room layouts

Lewis Jv Rensburg

33

14

Spatial Relationship in Hotels

Hotel Design Blog

34

15

Hotel Programming

“Hotel Space requirements” article

35

16

Floor slab analysis

ADAPT Corporation

38

17

Guest-room activities analysis

The lobe and mail.Inc

39

18

Bathroom layout

Time Savers

45

19

Lobby Schematic relationship

Design & Development blog

47

20

Banquet hall of H.I.C.C

H.I.C.C website

70

21

International Convention Centre Sydney

Article by RAY WHITE

71

22

Pittsburg convention center

Exhibit City news

72

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Fig no.

Title

Source

Page no.

23

The Vancouver convention centre

Kenneth Chan

72

24

Phoenix convention centre

Phoenix’s website

73

25

Typical room layouts

Time Savers Standards

76

26

Typical restaurant layout

Time Savers Standards

77

27

Typical kitchen layout

Time Savers Standards

78

28

Parking standards

Time Savers Standards

80

29

Multi storied Parking

Time Savers Standards

80

30

Parking standard

Time Savers Standards

81

31

Different creative types of car parking

Time Savers Standards

81

32

Laundry of average size

National Building Codes

82

33

Functioning of a Hotel

National Building Codes

83

34

Auditorium standards

McGraw- HILL International Series

84

35

Seating analysis

McGraw- HILL International Series

85

36

Cross-section of theatre

McGraw- HILL International Series

86

37

Stage profile

McGraw- HILL International Series

87

38

Seating dimensions

McGraw- HILL International Series

87

39

Typical layout of an Auditorium

McGraw- HILL International Series

88

40

Multi-use Auditoriums

McGraw- HILL International Series

89

41

Workstation’s layouts

Time Savers Standards

90

42

Seating arrangement

Time Savers Standards

91

43

Office room layouts

Time Savers Standards

92

44

Conference tables layout

Time Savers Standards

93

45

Banquet halls analysis

Time Savers Standards

93

46

Typical meeting rooms

Time Savers Standards

94

47

Services areas

National Building Codes

95

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Fig no.

Title

Source

Page no.

48

Location of JW Marriott, Aerocity

Author

97

49

Floor plate analysis

Author

98

50

Amenities in JW Marriott

Author

99

51

Images of JW Marriott

Author

99

52

Akira back, Speciality Japanese Restaurant

Author

100

53

All day dining restaurant

Author

100

54

Central Cafe

Author

100

55

Oval Bar

Author

100

56

King terrace guest room

JW Marriott’s website

101

57

Executive Suite

JW Marriott’s website

101

58

Presidential Suite

JW Marriott’s website

101

59

Trump Towers

Author

101

60

Level Allocation Programme

Author

102

61

Service Corridors

Author

102

62

UPS Room

Fluxity Lighting

103

63

LT Panel Room

India Mart

103

64

DG Room

Author

103

65

Chiller plant Room

Enviro Sep website

103

66

STP Room

Author

104

67

Pump Room

Brewery Wastewater Design

104

68

Location of Le Meridian

Google Earth

105

69

Facade of Le Meridian

Le Meridian’s website

105

70

Site Plan of Le Meridian

Le Meridian’s website

106

71

Parking Pattern

Le Meridian’s website

107

72

FOH Analysis

Author

108

73

Lobby Area

Author

108

74

Atrium Analysis

Author

109

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Fig no.

Title

Source

Page no.

75

Presidential Suite

Le Meridian’s website

110

76

Restaurant

Le Meridian’s website

110

77

The Club

Le Meridian’s website

111

78

Central Atrium

Author

111

79

Facade of Trident

Trident’s website

112

80

Location of Trident

Google Earth

112

81

Amenities in Trident

Author

113

82

Main entrance

Author

113

83

Parking in Trident

Author

113

84

Types of rooms in Trident

Trident’s website

114

85

Percentage of rooms

Author

114

86

Zoning w.r.t Levels

Author

114

87

Dining facilities in Trident

Trident’s website

115

88

Raffles City Convention Hotel

Raffles’s website

119

89

Location of Complex

Raffles’s website

119

90

Context of complex

Raffles’s website

120

91

Site plan

Raffles’s website

121

92

Detailing of hotels in complex

Raffles’s website

121

93

Detail floor plan of Complex

Raffles’s website

122

94

Meeting Room

Raffles’s website

123

95

Entrance to the Convention area

Raffles’s website

123

96

Seminar Room

Raffles’s website

123

97

Aerial view of the Complex

San Deigo’s website

124

98

Floor plate analysis

San Deigo’s website

127

99

Detailed floor plans

San Deigo’s website

127

100

Detailed floor plans

San Deigo’s website

128

101

Facade of H.I.C.C

Convention Centre’s website

129

102

Connectivity

H.I.C.C website

130

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Fig no.

Title

Source

Page no.

103

Relationship diagram

H.I.C.C website

132

104

Site Access and Parking

H.I.C.C website

133

105

Site Plan

H.I.C.C website

133

106

Guest driveway

H.I.C.C website

133

107

Novotel Hotel

Novotel’s website

133

108

H.I.C.C

H.I.C.C website

133

109

Ground Floor Plan

H.I.C.C website

135

110

First and Second Floor plan

H.I.C.C website

135

111

Interior views of Complex

H.I.C.C website

135

112

Location map

Google Earth

140

113

Site surroundings

Google Earth

141

114

Site Context

Google Earth

141

115

Site Context & Surroundings

Author

142

116

Site Accessibility

GMR’s website

143

117

Site Dimensions

Author

144

118

Climate data

IMD Palam

145

119

NW-ES Major Wind Flow

IMD Palam

146

120

Average Annual Wind-rose Diagram

IMD Palam

146

121

Urban Texture diagram

Author

147

122

Land-use diagram

Author

147

123

Vegetation diagram

Author

148

124

Road Network diagram

Author

148

125

LT Panel Room Circulation

Author

162

126

Transfer Room Circulation

Author

162

127

Chiller plant Dimensions

TMI Climate Solutions

163

website

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Table no.

1

Title

Location Coordinates of site

Source

Page no.

Environmental Clearance

7

report of project 2

Area Calculation Derivation

Author

101

3

Lighting Index

Hotel’s Lighting

115

Consultant 4

Comparative Analysis

Author

117

5

Comparative Analysis

Author

138

6

Site Accessibility

Environmental Clearance

143

report of project 7

Land Use Areas

By-laws

144

8

Program of Site

Author

153

9

Area Analysis

Author

158

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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

Page 1 of 170

1.1 Overview The project “Hotel Cum Convention Centre� is proposed at Asset no. 13, Hospitality District, DIAL IGI Airport, Delhi. The project is being developed by M/s Aerocity Hotel and Global Centre (Delhi) Pvt. Ltd. The Activity proposed in the Centre will be a Hotel complex with convention centre, swimming pool, with Retail and offices.

The type of hotel proposed here is a Convention hotel.

It would be designed as a boutique hotel as it has not to be very large like other five stars but the luxury level has to be maintained.

1.2 Project Description Hotel A hotel is an establishment that provides paid lodging on a short-term basis. Hotel operations vary in size, function, and cost.

Most hotels and major hospitality compaFig. 1, Introduction to topic

nies have set industry standards to classify hotel types. The word hotel is derived

from the French hĂ´tel (coming from the same origin as hospital), which referred to a French version of a building seeing frequent visitors, and providing care, rather than a place offering accommodation.

Convention Convention is the name given to a general or formal meeting of a legislative body, social or economical group in order to provide information on a particular economic situation and in order to deliberate and consequently, establish consent on policies among the participants. Usually of limited duration with set objectives but no determined frequency.

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Conventions are usually general sessions, mostly information giving, often formed around a particular theme or subject matter of topic interest and increasingly accompanied by exhibits. In addition to need for large halls and auditoriums required for the plenary sessions, most conventions break down into smaller groups to deliberate on particular matters of issue.

The convention hotel is a multi-use facility where space needs of a convention centre is unified with the necessary accommodation needs of a hotel. The success of a hotel facility is in the ability to fill the local needs of the market. Secondly, although they require collaborations in time, the basic challenge of convention hotels are the convention centres.

Convention hotels are hotels which often contain full-sized luxury facilities with fullservice accommodations and amenities. These hotels may attract both business conferences and vacationing tourists and offer more than a convenient place to stay. These hotels may be referred to as major conference centre hotels, flagship hotels, destination hotels, and destination resorts.

The market for conference and resort hotels is a subject for market analysis.

These hotels as destinations may be characterised by distinctive architecture, upscale lodgings, ballrooms, large conference facilities, restaurants, and recreation activities such as golf or skiing.

They may be located in a variety of settings from major cities to remote locations.

Difference between Business hotel and convention hotel Business hotels are a resource, which are only used to complement the work of the offices in the city. They provide lodgings for business travellers, which come to your city's offices to negotiate deals.

Unlike other business hotels the convention hotel has a rather communal life in space organisations and dimensions. If this can not be seen in the private spaces, the reflection of this can be viewed in hospitality suites that are scattered at sub-levels that separate the public spaces from the private guest rooms.

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Boutique hotels are smaller independent, non-branded hotels that often contain upscale facilities. Small to medium-sized hotel establishments offer a limited amount of on-site amenities.

They are smaller independent non-branded hotels that often contain upscale facilities of Fig. 2, lobby of a boutique hotel varying size in unique or intimate settings with full service accommodations. These hotels are generally around 100 rooms.

1.3 Validity & feasibility The site is situated in Aerocity, which is near to IGI Airport, and well connected to Metro Station. All of these places combined together, makes a very large business hub as these areas have a high footfall. The land has been allotted by DIAL for the development of Commercial Complex (Hotel). The surrounded area is developed area. Area is well connected by road network and has power supply with all necessary amenities. The proposed project will result in the increase in the social infrastructure as the population related to Commercial complex in form of supporting staff, working staff & visitors will increase. • The global Meetings, Incentives, Conventions and Exhibitions (MICE) industry are estimated to be US$280 billion per annum. The domestic MICE market constitutes more than 90% of the same. • The Asia-Pacific region is a significant destination for the MICE industry, accounting for a 22% market share (US$60 billion) of the global MICE market. India is ranked seventh among Asia-Pacific countries based on the number of international conventions hosted.

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• India has the potential to become a leading MICE player, but the lack of large integrated convention centres, with state-of-the-art technical and technological services that many international conference organisers and delegates have come to expect, like those available in other Asia-Pacific countries, hampers the development of India as a MICE destination.

• The MICE industry in India is estimated to be around Rs.6000-Rs.6500 crores, with Delhi being the leading MICE destination with 30-35% volume share of the Indian market. The industry has been growing at the rate of 10-15% per annum over the last two years.

• Absence of large state of the art convention centres - A few stand-alone convention and exhibition centres, five star hotels and stand-alone banquet halls characterise the supply of centres hosting MICE events in India. These centres do not offer-integrated facilities and the hotels cater to the needs of the MICE industry that the stand-alone centres are not able to fulfil. The banquet halls host small meetings and social gatherings such as weddings and birthdays.

• In fact, there is no integrated convention centre that can cater to more than 2000 people. The absence of world-class integrated convention centres has impeded India’s growth as a MICE destination.

1.4 Scope of project The scope of the project is viable at the location of site to fulfil the requirement of a hotel and a convention centre, to increase the tourism and hence the economy of the country. The scope is to provide a well established hospitality experience to the user.

• It will increase Infrastructure of the area.

• It will provide healthy, green & safe premises • The complex will integrate with the surroundings and serve as a fundamental space for the community.

1.5 Aims and Objectives • Creating an exciting, commercially successful convention centre, thereby improving the region's ability to attract revenue-generating conventions.

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• Complementing and enhancing the existing convention facilities.

• Operating an integrated convention facility, accommodating different needs for a variety of user groups.

• To promote a platform for interaction between various sections of society. This would lead to better understanding of each other’s trade and spread awareness among the people that is the need of the hour.

• Integrating current technologies in the field and a plan for future growth.

1.6 Personal Outlook • I want to do this project, as it would allow to explore the various aspects of the spaces involved in the hotel complex and their interplay, evolution of an inviting form and aesthetically captivating exterior with well-planned internal spaces.

• As it has restaurants, gym & spa, rooms, exhibition areas, meeting rooms, board rooms, pool, landscaping elements and a lot of services that needs to be catered to all in one project and the pressure to create a better design in competition to it’s neighbouring hotels.

• It would allow me to develop some innovative and creative concepts that has never been used before which could help revolutionise the hotel industry.

Therefore, through strategies and tactics of architecture I shall re-imagine

these

Commercial designs to truly be for the public and benefit their urban surroundings effectively and consistently.

1.7 The Client Mrs. Dimple Mahana is the authorised signatory of the project and the Developer of the project is M/S Bamboo hotels & Global centre (Delhi) Private Limited. The tender was under Reliance Group while the Land is been allotted by DIAL (Delhi International Airport (P) Limited).

The land allotted for hotel cum convention centre was in May, 2016.

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1.8 The Site

Fig. 3, Location of site A “Hotel Cum Convention Centre” is proposed at Asset no. 13, Hospitality District, DIAL IGI Airport, Delhi. The project is being developed by M/s Aerocity Hotel and Global Centre (Delhi) Pvt. Ltd.

Latitude

Longitude

Elevation

28°32'58.74"N

77° 7'16.32"E

240m

Table 1, Location Coordinates of site

Page 7 of 170

CHAPTER 2: ANALYSIS OF ENVISAGED ACTIVITY


Page 8 of 170

2.1 Nature of Activities

2.1.1 In Hotel • Hotel offers an extensive range of services and facilities including a swimming pool, spa, gym, parking, business services • Hotels often contain upscale full-service facilities with a large number of full service accommodations, an on-site full service restaurant, and a variety of on-site amenities. Boutique hotels are smaller independent, non-branded hotels that often contain upscale facilities.

• A hospitality unit such as a restaurant, hotel, or an amusement park consists of multiple groups such as facility maintenance and direct operations (servers, housekeepers, porters, kitchen workers, bartenders, management, marketing, and human resources etc.).

2.1.2 In Convention Centre • Convention centres are the hub of gathering spaces, meeting places, seminars, conferences, product launches, book launches, functions, marriages, parties etc.

• ︎The convention centre may also be adapted for specific events, such as appearances by wellknown speakers or musicians.

• The convention centre may also be connected to a university,particularly if the convention is scholarly in nature.

• Universities are generally close to lodgings, or

Fig, 4. Seminar in a Convention Centre

may provide on-campus lodging for overnight conventions. Universities often use their large buildings for conventions because they make a little profit by doing so.

• Because conventions or rallies may last for an entire day or longer, some provide food and need access to kitchens. A convention centre may provide kitchen or at least refrigerator access for caterers so food can be prepared or served. Other centres do not provide such amenities, so if one is booking a convention centre; it is wise to inquire about cooking facilities.

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• Newer convention centres may also provide wireless Internet access, either for seminars or for those away from home to stay in touch with their loved ones. If the convention centre is attached to a hotel, Internet access may also be available in the hotel. Phone Internet access may be expensive, depending on hotel poli-

Fig, 5, Food and buffet facility in a Convention hall

cies.

Business seminars and conventions may take place at a convention centre that is nearly located to the attendees. The planners aim to find a location that involves minimum travel for the attendees. If conventions take place a few days, or offer multiple seminars, the convention centre may be attached to lodgings, so that people attending do not have to consider additional travel expenses.

2.2 Need of the Hotel-cum-Convention Centre The convention centres themselves are well equipped and the configuration includes flexible convention halls, rooms, food and beverages services, IT facilities, telecom etc. Most convention centres offer video conferencing and wireless connectivity services and have simultaneous interpretation systems that can handle 4 or more languages. These convention centres are thus equipped to handle different kinds of events, from exhibitions to conferences to concerts and more.

Today the world is growing rapidly in the direction of development, business, technology, tourism etc. All the countries are interconnected with each other through the sharing of their ideas, concepts, trade, business, technology with each other.

Why are so many cities expanding convention centres? The answer is simple: They want to attract bigger business and more of it.

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With competition mounting for convention business, many of these enhanced facilities are being designed to fulfil the requirements for service and technology that planners now expect.

“Right now we are turning away a substantial amount of business because we don’t have the space available in our existing facility,” - Andy Mikschl, vice president of sales for the San Diego Convention Centre

Beyond increasing size, convention centres are designed to serve the changing needs of convention groups. Convention centre design was limited to the confines of the building. As design has evolved, based on the ever-growing sophistication of customers, convention centres’ boundaries have expanded to encompass the district surrounding it. These destinations include retail, entertainment, dining and cultural venues within a walk able distance, creating a more comprehensive and varied experience. Moving forward, we will see an increased emphasis on creating complete convention destinations.

The role of the hotel industry stems from a long history and development in the field of hospitality provision. A hotel is an establishment of a permanent nature, which consists of four or more bedrooms, and offers bed and breakfast on a short term contract and provides certain minimum standards.

2.3 Classification of Hotels The classification of HOTEL is done in various ways : Hotels are classified according to the hotel size, location, target markets, levels of service , facilities provided, number of rooms , ownership and affiliation etc.

1. Size Or number of rooms Under 200 rooms Page 11 of 170

200 to 399 rooms 400 to 700 rooms More than 700 rooms The above categories enable hotels of similar size to compare operating procedures and statistical results.

2. Target Markets Hotel targets many markets and can be classified according to the markets they attempt to attract their guests. Common type of markets include business, airport, suites, residential, resort , timeshare , casino , convention and conference hotels .

Business Hotels: These hotels are the largest group of hotel types and they primarily cater to business travellers and usually located in downtown or business districts . Although Business hotels primarily serves business travellers , many tour groups, individual tourists and small conference groups find these hotels attractive. Guest amenities at business hotels may include complimentary newspapers, morning coffee, free local telephone calls , Break fast etc.

Airport Hotels: These type of hotels typically target business clientele, airline passengers with overnight travel layovers or cancelled flights and airline crews or staff. Some hotels might give free transport between hotel and airport . Some Airport hotels also charges the guest by hour instead of normal daily night charges.

Suite Hotels: These kind of hotels are the latest trend and the fastest growing segments in the hotel industry . Such hotels have a living room and a separate bedroom. Professionals such as accountants, lawyers, business men and executives find suite hotels particularly attractive as they can work and also entertain in an area besides the bedroom.

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Extended Stay Hotels: Extended stay hotels is somewhat similar to the suite hotels , but usually offers kitchen amenities in the room . These kind of hotels are for long stayers who wants to stay more than a week and does not want to spend on hotel facilities.

Serviced Apartments: Serviced Apartment / Residential hotels provide long-term or permanent accommodation for Guest. Usually guest makes a lease agreement with the hotel for minimum of one month up to a year. Rooms generally include living room , bedroom, kitchen , private balcony , washing machines , kitchen utensils etc. Unlike normal hotels Serviced apartment only provide weekly one housekeeping service.

Resort Hotels: Resort hotels are usually located in the mountains, on an island , or in some other exotic locations away from city's . These hotels have recreational facilities , scenery , golf , tennis , sailing , skiing and swimming . Resort hotels provide enjoyable and memorable guest experiences that encourage guest to repeat to the re-

Fig, 6, Resort Hotel

sort.These hotels are usually located at some important recreational centres, like body of water (ocean or large lake), in the mountains, and is usually free from the clamour of the large city.

Bed and Breakfast / Homestay: These are houses with rooms converted into overnight facilities , this can size up to 1 to 10 guest rooms . They are also known as 'Home Stay's'. The owner of the B&B usually stay on the premises and is responsible for serving breakfast to guest .

Timeshare / Vacation Rentals: Another new type or segment of the hospitality industry is the timeshare hotels. These are sometimes referred to as " Vacation-interval" hotels . Timeshare hotels are where the guests who purchase the ownership of accommodations for a specific period.These owners may also have the unit rented out by the management company that operates the hotel.

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3. Levels Of service World class service: These are also called luxury / Five Start hotels , they target top business executives, entertainment celebrities , highranking political figures, and wealthy clientele as their primary markets . They provide upscale restaurants and lounges , Valet, concierge services and also private dining facilities .

Fig, 7, Upscale facilities Mid-Range Service: Hotels offering mid-range or otherwise 3 to 4 star hotels service appeal the largest segment of the travelling public . This kind of hotels does not provide elaborate service and have a adequate staffing . They also provide uniformed service , food and beverage room service, in room entertainment's and also Wi-Fi etc.

Budget / Limited Service: These hotels provide clean , comfortable , safe , inexpensive rooms and meet the basic need of guests . Budget hotels appeal primarily to budget minded travellers who wants a room with minimum services and amenities required for comfortable stay, without unnecessary paying additional cost for costly services.

4. Ownership and Affiliations Independent / Single Owner Hotels: They do not have identifiable ownership or management affiliation with other properties. Example for the same would be family owned and operated hotel that is not following any corporate policies or procedures.

Chain hotels : Hotels which are part of a hotel chain and these kind of ownership usually imposes certain minimum standards, rules , policies and procedures to restrict affiliate activities . In general the more centralised the organisation the stronger the control over the individual property

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2.4 Rating criteria of hotels Hotels are an important component of the tourism product. They contribute in the overall tourism experience through the standards of facilities and services offered by them. With the aim of providing contemporary standards of facilities and services available in the hotels, the Ministry of Tourism has formulated a voluntary scheme for classification of operational hotels which will be applicable to the following categories: I.

Star Category Hotels: - 5 Star Deluxe, 5 Star, 4 Star, 3 Star, 2 Star & 1 Star II. Heritage Category Hotels: - Heritage Grand, Heritage Classic & Heritage

Basic Source – Ministry of tourism – H&R division.

The star classification system is a common way of rating hotels. Higher star ratings indicate more luxury and facilities.

Standards of Hotel Classification • Food services, entertainment, view, room variations such as sizes and additional amenities, fitness centres, ease of access and location may be considered in establishing a standard.

• The more common classification systems include ‘Star’ rating, Letter grading, from ‘A’ to ‘F’, Diamond or simply a ‘satisfactory’ or ‘unsatisfactory’ footnote • Systems using terms such as Deluxe/ Luxury, First Class/ Superior, Tourist Class/ Standard, and Budget Class/ Economy are more widely accepted as hotel types, rather than hotel standards.

World Hotel Rating / Classification There is so far no international classification which has been adopted. There have been attempts at unifying the classification system so that it becomes an internationally recognised and reliable standard, but they have all failed.

This may be the case of the World Hotel Rating (WHR) project, which notably aims to set international classification standards and rating criteria along the lines of a world star-rating system. It will also establish an information platform on the hotel industry.

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Hotel Industry in India The Hotel Industry comprises a major part of the Tourism industry.

Historically viewed as an industry providing a luxury service valuable to the economy only as a foreign exchange earner, the industry today contributes directly to employment and indirectly facilitates tourism and commerce.

Hotels in India are broadly classified into 7 categories • FIVE-STAR, • FOUR STAR, • THREE STAR, • TWO STAR, • ONE-STAR • HERITAGE HOTELS by the Ministry of Tourism, Government of India, based on the general features and facilities offered. The five star segment is the largest category accounting for 29% of the rooms.

Fig, 8, Hotel Infographic

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2.5 History 2.5.1 Evolution in world From antiquity to the Middle Ages • The history of hotels is intimately connected to that of civilisations, rather it is a part of the history. Facilities offering guests hospitality have been in evidence since early biblical times.

• The Greeks developed thermal baths in villages designed for rest and recuperation.

• Later, the Romans built mansions to provide accommodation for travellers on government business.

• The Romans were the first to develop thermal baths in England, Switzerland and the Middle East.

• After that, caravanserais appeared, providing a resting place for caravans along • Middle Eastern routes. In the Middle Ages, monasteries and abbeys were the first establishments to offer refuge to travellers on a regular basis. Religious orders built inns, hospices and hospitals to cater for those on the move.

• Inns multiplied, but they did not yet offer meals. Staging posts were established for governmental transports and as rest stops. They provided shelter and allowed horses to be changed more easily. Numerous refuges then sprang up for pilgrims and crusaders on their way to the Holy Land.

• Travelling then became progressively more hazardous. At the same time, inns gradually appeared in most of Europe. Some of them have remained famous.

• Around 1200, staging posts for travellers and stations for couriers were set up in China and Mongolia.

The start of the hotel industry • In France, at the beginning of the fifteenth century, the law required that hotels keep a register.

English law also introduced rules for inns at that time. At the same time, around 1500 thermal spas were developed at Carlsbad and Marienbad.

• During this time, more than 600 inns were registered in England. Their architecture consisted of a paved interior court with access through an arched porch. The bedrooms were situated on

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the two sides of the Courtyard, the kitchen and the public rooms at the front, and the stables and storehouses at the back. The first guide books for travellers were published in France during this period.

Fig. 9, Hotel Kempinski, Berlin • An embryonic hotel industry began to develop in Europe. Distinctive signs were hung outside establishments renowned for their refined cuisine. Half a century later, clubs similar to English gentlemen's clubs began to appear in America.

• In Paris in the time of Louis XIV, the Palace Vendome offered the first example of a multipleuse architectural complex, where the classical facades accommodated boutiques, offices, apartments and also hotels.

• In the nineteenth century, hotels take over the town -The industrial revolution, which started in the 1760s, facilitated the construction of hotels everywhere, in mainland Europe, in England and in America.

• In New York first, and then in Copenhagen, hotels were established in city centres.

• At the beginning of the 1800s, Holiday resorts began to flourish along the French and Italian rivers.

• In Japan, Ryokan guest houses sprang up.

• In India, the government-run Dak bungalows provided reliable accommodation for travellers.

• The Tremont House in Boston was the first deluxe hotel in a city centre. It offered inside toilets, locks on the doors and an "ala-carte" menu.

• The Holt Hotel in New York City was the first to provide its guests with a lift for their luggage.

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• In 1822, in Venice, a certain Giuseppe Dal Niel transformed an old palace into a hotel and gave it his name, "Le Danieli".

• As trains began to replace horse-drawn transport, highway inns for stage coaches started to decline.

• In New York, the New York Hotel was the first to be equipped with private bathrooms.

• The "Bayerischer Hof" was built in Munich in 1841, followed in 1852 by the "Vier Jahreszeiten" . These two famous establishments were completely renovated after the Second World War (1939-1945).

• The Fifth Avenue Hotel in New York City was the first in that period to provide lifts for its guests.

• 1869 saw the inauguration, near Cairo, of the Mena House, an oasis of calm and luxury, at the foot of the famous pyramids of Cheops, Chephren and Mikerinos.

• In 1870, the Palmer House Hotel in Chicago was the grandest of all hotels as its structure, the first of its kind, was fire-resistant.

• In 1873, the Palais de Wurtemberg in Vienna was transformed into a superb luxury residence for the notables of the epoch, Hotel Imperial. Kings and queens became regular visitors to what was without doubt the finest example of the refined architecture of the Ringstrasse in Vienna.

• Two years later in 1875, the Grand Hotel Europe opened its doors in St Petersburg. This prestigious place where Tchaikoswky spent his honeymoon and where Shostakovich played a sonata for Prokofiev in his suite.

• In 1880, the Sagamore Hotel on Lake George in the state of New York was the very first to provide electricity in all its rooms.

• The first school for hoteliers was founded in Lausanne, Switzerland in 1890 by J. Tschumi, Director of the Beau Rivage in Lausanne, and A.R. Armleder, in Geneve.

• In Monte Carlo, Hotel Hermitage opened its doors in 1896, offering its guests the refined and luxurious atmosphere enjoyed by the rich at the close of the nineteenth century.

• Shortly afterwards, the Victoria Hotel in Kansas City offered bathrooms with every room.

• The Netherland Hotel in New York City then became the first to provide all its guests with their own telephone.

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• In Athens in 1874, Stathis Lampsas, a chef by profession, realised his dream by building Hotel Grande Bretagne. Athens was suffering at that time from a shortage of water. It is said that the personnel bought water from carriers in the street to bring to the 80 bedrooms and the two bathrooms. The establishment has undergone several renovations since that time.

• In 1894, the Grand Hotel became the first Italian hotel to boast an electricity supply.

• The Swiss hotelier Caspar Badrutt opened the famous Palace de Saint Moritz in 1896.

The twentieth century: the age of prosperity • The early years of the twentieth century were rich in new hotels which rapidly became prestigious.

• Edouard Niiermans, the "architect of palaces", transformed the Villa-Eugenie, the summer residence of the Emperor Napoleon III and his wife Eugenie de Montijo, in 1900. In 1905, he built Hotel du Palais in Biarritz. In 1913 - Negresco was opened in Nice, in the presence of seven kings.

• In Madrid, King Alphonse XIII was anxious that the capital should have a luxurious and prestigious hotel, and as a result the Ritz was inaugurated in 1910. Barcelona inaugurated its own Ritz in 1919. This was equipped with an unheard of luxury at that time, bathrooms with hot as well as cold water.

• There were many other hotels built during this period all around the world: the Ritz and Savoy in London, the Beau Rivage Palace in Lausanne, Le Negresco in Nice, the Plaza in New York, the Metropole in Brussels, the Plaza-Athenee and Hotel de Crillon in Paris, the Taj Mahal in Bombay and so on. The latter was renovated in 1972 by the Inter-Continental chain.

• The prosperous nineteen-twenties saw a veritable boom in the hotel industry. Numerous hotels were established in this decade.

• Hotels were built not only in cities, but also in the mountains. The first ski resorts in Switzerland (Saint-Moritz, Gstaad, Montana, etc.) welcomed tourists to some very comfortable establishments.

• The worldwide depression which followed in 1929 did not prevent the construction of the famous Waldorf Astoria in New York. This was the greatest hotel edifice of those troubled times.

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• After the war, the fifties saw the second boom in the hotel industry. These years were notable for the construction of the first casino hotels. This was also the time when the airline companies began to develop their own hotels.

• In the sixties, new tourist resorts flourished around the Mediterranean. From Spain to Greece and from the Balearics to Yugoslavia, numerous city and beach hotels opened their doors to summer guests hungry for relaxation and a good dose of sunshine. Portugal and the Scandinavian countries soon followed their lead.

• 1970 saw the beginning of the construction of hotels for business people. This movement was supported by several factors. First of all, there was the will of the airline companies to extend their efforts in the domain of hotels.

The third hotel industry boom The third boom in the hotel industry began in 1980, marked by more inventive marketing and the development of hotels increasingly adapted to a particular type of clientele.

• This trend prompted the construction of hotels near airports, hotels for conferences, health hotels, ski holiday hotels, holiday villages and marina hotels.

• In Istanbul in 1984, work began on the renovation and transformation of the prestigious sultan’s residence, the Ciragan Palace in Istanbul into a hotel. The resulting hotel was no less prestigious than the Ciragan Palace. Managed by the Kempinski chain, which opened its 322 rooms to guests in 1991.

• The first administrative hotel management systems, offering hotels greater independence from human resources, then appeared on the market. The hotel industry was becoming more and more competitive. Business travellers and retired people became important target customers.

The nineties: technology starts to make an impact The early nineties were characterised by a recession in the hotel business, without doubt caused by reductions in multinational travel budgets and the growing crisis in the Gulf.

• 1991 is considered to be the black year of the hotel trade. It forced hoteliers to become more creative in finding ways of attracting guests (special programmes, offers for frequent travellers,

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high performance reservation systems) and thus emerged from the crisis with the minimum damage.

• For the first time, the environment and energy conservation played an important role in the marketing activities of numerous chains and even helped to win the loyalty of numerous clients while safeguarding assets at the same time.

• Reservation systems became more efficient and offered the hotelier a new dimension in the creation of customer loyalty, the database. The records of each guest's individual history have helped create individualised marketing programmes and have enabled hotels to satisfy a guest's personal needs from the moment of his arrival..

• Since 1992, the most important international chains have been vying with each other in ever greater imaginative feats related to the vital process of renovating their establishments worldwide. Technology has started to take its rightful place in hotel administration (simplification of check-in and check-out procedures, global reservation systems, marketing management etc.).

• In 1995, the first Hotel Room Management System is launched at the European level. It is linked to the most popular Property Management Systems to make the front desk more efficient and near to the guests.

• The main expansion zones for the hotel industry in 1994 remained Asia (particularly China and India), the Middle East (above all, the United Arab Emirates and Egypt) and Latin America.

Extravaganza – • In 1995 construction began in Dubai of one of the most ambitious and prestigious tourist complexes in the region, the Jumeirah Beach Hotels, Burj Al Arab, etc. These comprise several establishments capable of satisfying the needs of average tourists, business people and those who can afford real luxury. The talk now is of six- and seven-star hotels, a surprising designation which is nevertheless perfectly justified by the luxury of the bedrooms and the facilities they offer, the impeccable service, the high degree of modern technology, as well as the beauty of the surroundings and the high-quality environment.

• On-line in seconds, work surf, communicate - everywhere

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• Today in 2003, travellers, mostly businessmen, carry their personal PC to make presentations, communicate with their office, via e-mails, etc. One possibility offered to them today consists in the use of so-called Pad offering, in particular, a.

Cable-free and universal access to Internet or intranet, wherever you happen to be

b.

Brilliant colour touch screen

c.

Ready to go in seconds (instant on)

d.

Freedom in the selection of transmission standards by interchangeable PC cards

e.

Unlimited flexibility by open platform Windows CE 3.0

f.

Comprehensive office software package

g.

Virtual keyboard and handwriting recognition New technologies are continuously offering innovative and more comfortable ways to the traveller.

[Source- www.hospitalitynet.org/news/4017990.html Article by - Jacques Levy-Bonvin International Consultant Jacques Levy is an International Hotel Consultant and graduated from the School of Engineering in Geneva. For 20 years, he managed the International Division at Staefa Control Division and, in 1996, became manager of the Hotel Marketing Department of Siemens Landis & Staefa in Zug, Switzerland.]

In the beginning of the twentieth century the emergence of international air transport system changed the face of the world economy. From this moment on, business was no longer limited within the borders of a single continent. This innovation effected major sectors of commerce. The definition of territories were re- defined not only in mass production but in education and tourisms as well. The share of know-how, knowledge and cultures have found a new way to be spread.

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This new vision expressed itself first in the construction of production lines in different continents. Then product launches and strategic company meetings started to be held in order to keep the organisational unity all over the world. These meetings found their architectural medium in convention centres where this demand shifted into business hotels where the meeting and lodging facilities were unified under one roof.

Depending on the International Congress and Convention Organisers Association 2013 Survey, the destinations have to first supply the necessary venue conditions in order to attract mid and large scale conventions.

Since the beginning of the nineteenth century convention centres and convention hotels have been the closest competitors of each other. In scope of the market research, the drive forces of these two facilities are compared. As a result of the comparison, it is seen that the convention hotel reflects itself as an economically more sustainable building type with a variety of mix of uses. The economical survival of hotels are more common where the convention centres suffer the problem of being abandoned in out of season periods. On the other hand, the convention centres give a more flexible and function specific structure which are meeting oriented. 

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Evolution of Convention Hotel in America The American convention industry differs from the rest of the world in terms of number of conventions and attendee number. Unlike other convention destinations, United States of America hosts for large number of international conventions with attendee capacity of 250-500 people meeting range.

The United States company profiles are known with the importance given to corporate structure strengthened organisational meetings. Both in terms of coordination of international marketing, sales and management issues convention hotels are mostly desired when compared with convention centres in United States of America. Since the accommodation duration is between 3 to 4 days, the delegates prefer a city centre hotel located in downtown location.

The best known examples of convention hotels in U.S. are known to be atrium structures of John Portman. These 600 room high-rise constructions were integrated with the city by spacious atrium spaces. The plaza in front of the hotel was continued inside by a second interior plaza which is the lobby. Early examples of these structures were seen under the development of Hyatt Regency Hotel. The Hyatt Regency Rosemont and Hyatt Texas are the first and small scale examples of these typologies. Later as the project scale increased, the atrium space became the driving theme in the convention hotels of John Portman.

When considered in terms of functional means, the atrium lobby holds the possibility for the differentiation and separation of function rooms by placing public buffer zones in between. All the functions sharing the same pre-function space not only creates economy but also adds vivacity to the environment.

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Although claimed to be 20 percent more inefficient due to loss of space, the atrium hotel can attract 8 percent more delegates than other hotels. 7 In Hyatt Regency O’hare, the atrium differs functions by locating meeting, ballrooms and restaurants at different bays. The rectangular bays come together to form an independent convention centre that functions within itself where as the hotel rooms are located at the towers at four corners where the guest room floors are connected by pedestrian bridges. Each delegate becomes the part of the stage where they see and be seen.

The site of the hotel is located at cross roads of main roads. The lot is surrounded by car parks at 3 sides allowing access for the separate functions at different bays.

Portman’s convention hotels are milestones in hotel history especially with their contribution given both to interior and urban spaces. Marriott Marquis Atlanta Convention Hotel is a mile stone when its connection with the urban fabric is considered. The site of Marriott Atlanta is in the downtown district surrounded by important business districts, shopping malls and Atlanta Convention Centre. The hotels integration with the site is defined by a second pedestrian level on the first floor. The 53 storey gigantic atrium lobby is connected to nearby facilities by 3 pedestrian bridges. Marriott Atlanta defines two pedestrian path ways one defined at street level and second at first floor level with bridges connected to nearby office and retail facilities.

[The Statistics of the International Meetings Market in 1995 – 2004, July 2003 (Amsterdam: ICCA Data Group) ]

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2.5.2. Indian History – A caravanserai was a roadside inn where travellers (Caravaners) could rest and recover from the day's journey. Caravanserais supported the flow of commerce, information, and people across the network of trade routes covering Asia, North Africa, and Southeastern Europe, especially along the Silk Road.

The word is also rendered as caravansary, caravansaray, caravanseray and caravansara.

The Persian word Karwansara is a compound word combining Karwan (caravan) with sara (palace, building with enclosed courts), to which the old Persian suffix -yi is added. Here "caravan" means a group of traders, pilgrims, or other travellers, engaged in long distance travel. The word

Fig. 10, Mughal Serai

Serai is sometimes used with the implication of caravanserai.

These were found frequently along the Persian Empire’s Royal Road, a 2,500-kilometrelong (1,600 mi) ancient highway that stretched from Sardis to Susa according to Herodotus: "Now the true account of the road in question is the following: Royal stations exist along its whole length, and excellent caravanserais; and throughout, it traverses an inhabited tract, and is free from danger." Major urban caravanserais were also built along the Grand Trunk Road in the Indian subcontinent, especially in the region of Mughal Bengal.A number of place-names based on the word Sarai have grown up: Mughal Serai, Sarai Alamgir and Sarai Rohilla for example, and a great many other places are also based on the original meaning of "palace".

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2.5.3. History in Delhi Tourism has become one of the world’s major industries, but its emergence since the Second World War has caught many unaware and unprepared. Its revenue and development potential were soon recognised and pursued in the expansionary post war economy, first by individual entrepreneurs and then governments. Consequently, the early emphasis was on growth and promotion rather than management and control.

The eloquence of a poem and the easiness of a pop song-the best hotels seem to pull off this balancing act with panache. But then there are those hotels which have been doing this for decades-some even before pop songs became so popular. Here are 6 hotels in Delhi that have been open long and seem to exude a timeless charm.

1. The Imperial Considered to be one of the best hotels in India, The Imperial was where Pakistan was founded during the Second World War. Designed in 1934 by Blomfield and built by SBS Ranjit Singh, the grand architecture of this hotel is complemented by the wonderful collection of historical memorabilia and art which the hotel hosts.

Address: Janpath Lane, Connaught Place, New Delhi

2. Oberoi Maidens Hotel From the legendary Oberoi Group, The Maidens, which was built in 1903 has a fair share of history that took place within its wall. Standing proud with its colonial era architecture and high ceilings, this was where most of the guests stayed during the Coronation Durbar hosted by Lord Curzon in 1903.

Address: 7, Sham Nath Marg, Delhi

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5. The Claridges A historical landmark, The Claridges in New Delhi was built in 1952. Ideally situated in close proximity to Delhi’s prominent commercial and cultural venues, the Hotel is a blend of classic architecture, best business and leisure facilities and expansive green lawns.

Address: 12, Aurangzeb Road, New Delhi

6. The Ashoka The Ashok symbolises and celebrates the traditional grandeur of the capital of India. TheHotel is set in the heart of New Delhi, in the Diplomatic Enclave, and is an iconic landmark, with its rose-pink walls and arched are-turreted contours. It was the first convention hotel in Delhi.

The Ashok has welcomed presidents, celebrities, and distinguished clientele with traditional Indian hospitality, and offers the perfect setting for Windergy India 2017.

Address: The Ashok Chanakyapuri, New Delhi 110021 

Fig. 11, Hotel Ashoka, Chanakyapuri

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2.6 Architectural Implications 2.6.1 The Space Allocation Program Among the many tasks of the development team is to establish a space allocation program. The allocation of space among the principal functions in a hotel varies from property to property, The most obvious difference among properties is the ratio of guest room space to public area space and support area space. This varies from 90% in budget hotels and many motels to 50-65% in large commercial hotels.

Architectural Considerations-will include the Site Design and the Design Phase • Site Design– The Architect is responsible for site planning, analysis of site, its constraints and opportunities. Before firming up design, the Architect must consider• Visibility and Accessibility– Consider road access and surrounding street patterns.

• Surface Conditions– Analyse terrain, vegetation, existing buildings and roads and environmental constraints.

• Sub Surface Condition– Confirm location and underground utilities, height of the water table, bearing capacity of the soil, existence of environmental hazards etc.

• Regulatory restriction– Height restrictions, parking requirements, highway restrictions etc.

• Site Character– Describe qualities of the site such as surrounding uses and views.

• Orientation- for Sunlight

Fig. 12, Space allocation percentages • Adaptability-Potential for future development

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2.6.2 Design Phase Commences with the preparation of schematic design (set of alternate plans) and establish design directions considering the space allocation program. Provide design teams with approvals. Establish design schedule. Freeze structural drawings and specifications of finishes etc.

While working on design, it is important to consider• Site Benefit– Potential sites needs to be considered in relation to the main tourist and service attraction. View influences the plan from compensatory attraction (garden view, recreational focuses) should be provided for disadvantaged rooms. The orientation of sun, shade and prevailing winds will affect building design.

• Traffic Analysis– An analysis of traffic flows is necessary to identify1

Counter flow of traffic.

2

Restrictions on new entries to the highway and,

3

Condition relating to signage on highway

4

Density and Height– The density and massing of building is dictated by location, land costs and local regulation.

5

Circulations- The movement of guests, nonresident visitors, staff and suppliers in a hotel tend to flow distinct circulatory patterns. Where practical guest, supply and staff circulation be kept separate.

6

Guest Room Plans– Guest room may be arranged in rows od one on both sides, of the corridor forming a slab plan or stacked around the circulation core of a tower structure, which are explained as undera)

Slab Plan– Can be double loaded slab or a single loaded slab. In a double loaded slab the rooms are laid out on both the sides of the corridor where as in single loaded slab the rooms are only on one side of the corridor.

Double loaded corridors are most efficient as far as space utilization is concerned and work out to be more cost effective and economical.

b)

Atrium designs– These are internal corridors overlooking the central space which may be open or sub divided by mezzanine extensions to increase

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utilization. Elevators extending through the atrium are invariably transparent. The guest rooms are arranged in a single loaded corridor. c)

Tower Structure– The rooms are spread over around a central core which enables the guest rooms to be cantilevered, propped or suspended around the sides. The proportion of space taken up in circulation including corridors on each floor is high and tower structures are generally used for high rise buildings where the advantage of view justify the higher costs.

2.6.2 Planning and programming a hotel complex – - Jan A. De Roos - Cornell University School of Hotel Administration

• While planning a hotel you must balance functional, layout, and aesthetic issues to develop a property that simultaneously meets the needs of the guests, the staff, and the owner. In general, five star properties have public areas that are heavily design oriented, with the functional aspects carefully integrated to enhance, yet not dominate the space.

• Though budget properties tend to favour function and layout over design, for maximum utility.

Regardless of how the spaces are configured, the developer must consider and balance many conflicting needs before a design is ready for the contractor's hand.

• Programming is the process of defining the activities that will be conducted within a hotel, allocating the requisite space, and establishing relationships between the spaces. This is one of the first steps in the development process.

• While the developer may work with an architect in developing the program, the developer is responsible for creating the program and for ensuring that the building is designed to accomplish the goals set out in the program. In addition to detailing the activities, space allocations, and relationships within the building, a successful program helps to establish the way the building or buildings are situated on a site, the onsite automobile and pedestrian flows, and connections to the external world.

• In every case, the activities are the starting point. Once the activities are defined, relationships among them are established.

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Fig. 13, Basic room layouts • The program and its preparation are a collaborative endeavour. While the developer drives the process, input is sought from the design team, the franchisor, the hotel operator, and other conPage 33 of 170

sultants. • The process is iterative, starting with a rather coarse document containing a provisional list of spaces and a rough outline of space requirements. This is used to establish a preliminary construction and development budget. As the project moves through the feasibility process, the program becomes increasingly refined and becomes the basis for the schematic design prepared by the architectural team. 


When planning a hotel, one must balance functional, layout, and aesthetic issues to develop a property that simultaneously meets the needs of the guests, the staff, and the owner. In general, five-star properties have public areas that are heavily design oriented, with the functional aspects carefully integrated to enhance, yet not dominate the space. However, budget properties tend to favor function and layout over design, for maximum utility.

The best examples provide properties that inspire; are safe, efficient, and cost effective; and that maintain their utility and charm through time.

Fig. 14, Spatial Relationship in Hotels

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Note the role of the lobby as a central gathering point serving both the public areas and the back-of-house areas. Once the activities and relationships are established, you can allocate appropriate space to the activity, both direct activity space and space needed to support the activity. For example, a hotel needs space not only for its guest-rooms, but also for infrastructure such as the plumbing, mechanical systems (heat and air-conditioning), vertical transportation (stairs and elevators), horizontal circulation (corridors), and service areas for housekeeping. The summary of all the activities, relationships, and space allocations in a hotel is called a building program or design brief.

Fig. 15, Hotel Programming The figure (above) gives you a preliminary perspective for a hotel building program. It provides a starting point.

The most fundamental planning for a hotel involves the guest-rooms—not only do they account for the bulk of space within a hotel, but a large measure of the hotel experience is in the guest-room. Developing an efficient and effective design of these areas is critical for your initial development budget, but this is also a key to long-term guest satisfaction and operating efficiency. While low-rise hotels with one to three stories typically use a design with guest-rooms on

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both sides of a corridor (the "double- loaded" slab), high-rise hotels use this configuration along with a variety of rectangular, triangular, and circular tower designs. The choice of guest-room floor layout is driven by design, site, and cost considerations. The most common guest-room floor types and their overall efficiencies, as indicated by the guest-rooms (percent) column.3 The most efficient are the double-loaded slab and the offset slab, while the least efficient is the atrium-style arrangement. The presence of all types of slabs is a continuing testament to the fact that design, not efficiency drives floor slab design choice.

The most suitable slab design depends on the circumstances, which include the configuration of the site and the desired visual identity. If the hotel is in a dense urban core, land costs drive the decision to use a tower configuration and often the arrangement of the tower on the site itself. In a resort location, though, the desires to maximise views and to minimise the visual impact of the property generally conspire to drive a low-rise guest-room configuration, which might even be single-loaded if there are ocean or other spectacular views. As one can see, developers need to take into account many factors when planning guest-rooms.

• If you're involved in developing a chain hotel, the programming work is very simplified.

Whether the property is franchised or managed by the chain, the brand will have a set of brand standards and prototype designs that go a long way toward defining the activities, relationships, and space allocations.

• On the other hand, the developer of a five-star independent resort must start from scratch and think clearly about the program; although a significant amount of information comes from the feasibility process, the final program requires careful thinking about the short and long term business plan for the hotel. 
 Figure (above) shows how the space allocation varies depending on the type of hotel.

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The guest floors The planning of the typical guest-room floor presents one of the greatest challenges in convention hotel design. The major planning goal in convention hotel project should be to maximise the amount of rentable guest-room space and minimise the horizontal and vertical support areas.

The optimum plan configuration and building orientation should be in guest-room blocks, to enhance the appearance and accommodate future expansion. As a rule of thumb, the plan of the guest-rooms should occupy around 70 percent of gross floor area. As lodging demand increases the owner may want to add rooms so to the design should foresee future expansion either in terms of additional guest floors or as a new guest tower. So, if possible phased design should be considered by the architect. By this way each part of the hotel may function efficiently until other sections are built.

Most of the time the elevators and stairs should be placed at the interior locations to make maximum use of the outside walls. To minimise the circulation area the elevator lobby is placed in the middle one third of the structure. For efficient use of housekeeping space the linen storage, service elevators and vending are also placed in a central location.

In guest floors the walking distance should be minimised as much as possible both for guests and housekeeping staff. The corridors in convention hotels are generally assumed to be 2.2 meters.

Ease of access should be considered for the invalid both in terms of entrance to hotel and access to the guest floors. The handicapped rooms should be placed on the lower floors and near elevators.

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In downtown convention hotels, the site may be relatively small. The ideal arrangement of public and service elevators and the column free ballroom often dictate the form of the guestroom floor and its form in convention structures. The choice of a plan type is the result of a balanced consideration of site, environment and program requirements, and the architect must realise that a particular shape will realise the economics of the project.

Alternative Plan Formations for Guest floors For the operator to realise the profits, the design team must maximise the percentage of floor area devoted to guest-rooms and keep to a minimum the amount of circulation and service space (service elevator lobby, linen storage, vending and other minor support spaces).

An analysis of the plans of hundreds of different guest-room floors shows that some patterns yield more cost effective solutions than others. The choice of one configuration over another can mean a saving of 20 percent in gross floor area of the of the guest-room structure and of nearly 15 percent in the total building. For example, the three principal plan alternatives- the double loaded slab, the rectangular tower and the atrium- when designed with identical guestrooms of 32.5 m2, yield final design that vary from about 470 to 850 gross (44 to 54 m2) per room.

Fig. 16, Floor slab analysis

Fig. 16, Floor slab analysis

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The relative efficiency of typical hotel floors can be compared most directly by calculating the percentage of the total floor area devoted to guest rooms. This varies from below 60 percent in an inefficient atrium plan to more than 75 percent in the most tightly designed double loaded slab. Clearly, the higher this percentage the lower the construction cost per room, which, in turn, offers the developer a range of options, build additional guest-rooms, improve quality of the finishing or a particular building systems. This is a very useful approach the extra space requirement of the convention hotel is considered. The excess space can be utilised in terms of meeting rooms, recreational areas and as function spaces to serve these utilities.

In general the most efficient configuration in to construct and to operate are those where circulation space is kept to a minimum -either the double-loaded corridor slab or the compact centre core tower.

Programming Guest rooms The most fundamental planning for a hotel involves the guest rooms not only do they account for the bulk of space within a hotel, but a large measure of the hotel experience is in the guest room. Developing an efficient and effective design of these areas is critical for the initial development budget, but this is also a key to long-term guest satisfaction and operating efficiency.

• The low-rise hotels with one to three stories typically use a design with guest rooms on both sides of a corridor (the "double loaded" slab), high-rise hotels use this configuration along

Fig. 17, Guest-room activities analysis

with a variety of rectangular, triangular, and cir-

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cular tower designs. The choice of guest room floor layout is driven by design, site, and cost considerations.

• The most efficient are the double-loaded slab and the offset slab, while the least efficient is the atrium-style arrangement.

• The most suitable slab design depends on the circumstances, which include the configuration of the site and the desired visual identity. If the hotel is in a dense urban core, land costs drive the decision to use a tower configuration and often the arrangement of the tower on the site itself.

• In a resort location, though, the desires to maximise views and to minimise the visual impact of the property generally conspire to drive a low-rise guest room configuration, which might even be single-loaded if there is an ocean or other spectacular views.

Guest room and Suite design Design Criteria for Guest rooms Designers recognise that the specific needs of the target markets and identity features and amenities that these groups most want and expect. In general terms, the transient business person looks for single accommodations, the convention and group markets need double rooms, and the leisure market requires rooms to sleep two or more guests. The management of the worlds busiest convention and entertainment centres, Walt Disney World and Universal Space in Orlando, design their rooms both to serve the single business men and the attendants who come with their families. The management requires two queen beds in rooms and a convertible sofa to accommodate a vacation family of four to six. Because each of these market groups use hotel rooms differently, the designer must consider work and meeting functions in one case and family activities in another.

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Room Dimensions and Configurations The business related meetings that last for 1 day generally require 90 percent of the hotels to be of single occupancy rooms. Hotels that serve for different use groups prefer to occupy one double (or king size bed in majority of the rooms. The free left space can be used in the form of a workstation with a desk, TV screen and terminals for use with desktop computers

The room in European convention hotels are smaller due to higher land costs. Thus when compared with the American room dimensions the total guest room floor turns out to be smaller. The total floor area of a convention hotel guest room in Europe is 62 m2 of which 44 m2 is left for guest room and 18 m2 for public and support areas. The gross area thus in American hotels are 65 m2 in guest room total area where 47 m2 is only for bedroom.

The guest room design decision which most influences the room layouts and much of the guest reaction to hotel is the choice of three critical room dimensions the inside or net width, the length of the room from exterior wall to the bath room wall and the size of the bathroom. The net width establishes the structural module throughout the building (equal either to the width of one room or two rooms) which carries through to the public and service areas on the lower floors. The most common width for the last several decades has been 3.7 meters which was first adopted in mid 1950s by the Holiday Inn chain for all their roadside facilities. Until then, even the newest and largest convention hotels built in the post-World War II period incorporated a variety of room sizes, including a large percentage were narrower than the 3.7 meter wide standard.

These hotels, many of them still operating and competing with properties 30-50 years newer, are limited by the smallness of their guest-rooms. In the US and Canada, no first class or chain- affiliated hotels are built today with rooms less than 3.7m wide.

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Companies which are selling a more luxurious room have experimented with larger guestroom spaces and, especially, have created innovative bathroom layouts. Increasing, the width of the room module to 4.0-4.1 m. permits one major change in the room layout a king-size bed can be positioned against the bathroom wall instead of the side of the wall allowing for a variety of furnishing arrangements.

The wedge shaped rooms and the characteristics of circular towers present their own design problem in the layout of the guest bathroom. The smaller towers have a corridor frontage of only 1.8-2.4 m., the larger diameter tower a more reasonable 3 m. Although, many of these room plans show such positive features as compartmentalised bathrooms (out of necessity), compact foyer space, a large lounge area, and expensive window wall, today’s increasing competition in room size and upscale furnishings has made the similar cylindrical towers virtually obsolete.

As a general approach, the upscale convention hotels prefer their rooms to be around 35.2 m2 where as the luxurious hotel chains keep this value at 41.8 m2.

Guest Room Functions The full list of furnishings can be determined by analysing the guest-room functions- sleeping, relaxing, working, entertaining, dressing- and their space requirements. The plan of the typical hotel room clearly shows these several zone, the bathroom and areas for dressing and clothes storage are grouped next to the entrance vestibule; the sleeping area is in the centre of the guestroom space; and the seating and work areas are located near the window. New layouts combine the several functions in different ways or find different ways of separating them more fully.

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With the counting increase in construction and furnishing costs, it becomes more important to develop innovative layouts for guest rooms- designs that combine function and comfort within realistic budgets. The designer may increase the comfort of the room by using a queen or king size bed where as beds smaller than (2 m) king creates more open space. Convertible sofas or wall beds provide more open space and flexibility, either as the second bed in a queen or a king room. Adequate luggage and cloth spaces should be provided by sufficient drawers, luggage rack and closet space. In order to reduce loss of space by different furniture’s different functions can be combined in one item. The TV cabinet can be combined with a pullout writing ledge. In this manner wheeled computer stand that rolls under the make-up table can be useful. While mirrors are used to enlarge the space the wall mounted bedside lamps would permit smaller table.

The most important property of the convention guest room layout is the flexibility it provides. Most of the convention delegates prefer an office layout in guest rooms in day time to make their private business meetings. Where as, at night time the bedroom layout is favoured. So in convention hotels like Hyatt San Francisco folding wall beds are preferred to achieve the flexibility. Suites are preferred for executives. A suite is simply defined as a living room connected to one or more bedrooms. Larger hotels frequently provide a hierarchy of suites, from single bay living rooms with a sleeping alcove to multiple bay living rooms with connecting rooms, including dining, conference rooms and one or two bed rooms. The living room and bedroom are completely separated where the living room accommodates spaces for formal and informal meeting environments. These suites generally house a conference table with a lounge area. Upgraded suites like presidential and congressional suites hold a parlour space of 3 to 8 bays. These spaces are generally used for receptions and large scale private meetings. The bedroom bays of these units generally hold double twin beds. Generally a wet bar and kitchen is also housed in these rooms. The operators found that these small suites held great appeal to the travelling businessperson and family, both of whom appreciated the separate bedroom and the living room and the provision of a small kitchen. `Within the last decade, the convention hotel has started offer different incentive environments of informal spaces. The concierge or hospitality being one of

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these; have become the stages where incentive attendees either relax or give receptions. Being a buffer zone generally these rooms are located between the guest rooms and the function rooms.

Convention hotels provide up to 10 percent of the total guest room count on suites.

These most likely to are positioned on the upper floors of the tower where the rooms have better views, but may be stacked vertically where 8 unusual conditions occur. Suites may be used to fill any larger structural bays on the typical floor, grow into additional area behind stairs or elevators, or are located where the building form provides uniquely shaped rooms.

Many hotels now offer concierge or club floor levels to offer a higher quality room and additional amenities at a premium price. Usually representing 10-20 percent of the total room count, the club floor rooms are identical in size to the other rooms but they are with better finishes, furnishings and bathrooms amenities. More important, to more guests are the additional services available in the club floor lounge, including express check in and checkout, complimentary breakfast, tea, cocktails and evening snacks, and the more personal service of a concierge of the gust floors. The lounge space usually is equal in size to at least three guest rooms and, in major convention hotels, with private conference rooms and additional business services, may displace as many as six to eight rooms.

Barrier free Guest-room Design One area where accessible design is most evident is the handicapped guest-rooms; a small number of rooms which feature larger bathrooms with different fixtures like roll in shower stall must be provided. A number of features intended to make the room better accommodate a person with specific disabilities is at prior importance.

According to a survey done by Microtel Inns and Suites among 20 million people with disabilities; primarily accessible showers, and large bathrooms are among the first request that are favoured by disabled. Secondly, enough space for easy manoeuvrability and easy access to guest room controls are wanted.

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Guest Bathrooms

Nowhere in the room is planning and design more important than bathroom. The optimum comfort today is supplied within the dimensions of 1.5 by 2.4 meters. These dimensions are to accommodate three standard fixtures of hotel bathrooms, the bathtub, wash basin and the toilet. But competitive pressure, and marketing, and guests’ eagerness for something better than they have at home, has pressured the first class and luxury hotel operators to add fixtures and other amenities. By 2000 it was common for the downtown convention hotels, catering to a single business traveller, to offer a bathroom with a large sink/counter bathtub, separate shower stall and compartmentalised toilet.

Fig. 18, Bathroom layout

Guest Room Equipment and Technology The end of the twentieth century was a period of incredible innovation in hotel technology, much of it appearing in the guest rooms. Because nationwide nearly 60 percent of all room nights were generated by business travellers , companies such as Marriott announced that they would install high speed internet access in all their guest-rooms, in addition to the meeting rooms and business centres. These Ethernet based systems offered connection speeds of 50 times faster than normal phone lines and further do not interfere with normal telephone lines..At the Peninsula in Hong Kong a bedside panel controls lighting, heat and air-conditioning, television and radio, and the draperies. The peninsula is studying how to install ultra-thin televisions, which would eliminate the need for the armoire, thereby changing the whole appearance of the room. Such as high-tech television might become integrated with the video telephone offering a larger than life-size visual link to home or office. Additional innovation is likely in guest room door locks, which can be programmed to recognise a guest’s voice or thumbnail. 

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Public Space Design While the hotel guest rooms make up the majority of the floor area in virtually all hotels, it is the public space that defines the differences among various types. Because the lobby, restaurants and lounges, meeting and banquet space, and recreation facilities vary so greatly, understanding the distinctions among the different hotel types is crucial to programming a successful hotel. In this manner convention hotels and conference centres need extensive meeting and banquet space.

In addition to providing the appropriate mix of facilities for each hotel type, architect must create a plan that meets the functional requirements and market objectives as defined by the developer and the management company. The first class and deluxe operators look for efficient plan layout while they are more concerned with the visual qualities of the building and providing a level of amenity; these companies will accept a less economical layout in order to accommodate a more appealing and feasible architectural and interior design features.

The planning and design objectives of the public spaces are that they are designed around the lobby. This arrangement assures that the hotel guests can find the various facilities with a minimum of difficulty and provides the opportunity for the functions to overlap. Hotel atrium lobbies, especially, exhibit such characteristics, where the guest registration area, multiple restaurants and lounges, meeting pre-function space, guest elevators, and upper floor corridors, all occupy the same volume.

A second major objective in high rise convention hotel projects is to organise the public areas with an understanding of their location in relation to their location in relation to guest-room structure.

This is important for two reasons: one, the architect needs to plan the lobby floor so that the major guest circulation from the entrance to the elevators is convenient and logical. Two, the designer must position any long span spaces, primarily the bathrooms, so that they are not directly under the guest-room tower, in order to simplify the structural design of the hotel and reduce construction costs. 

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Fig. 19, Lobby schematic diagram

Programming Public Areas • The major public areas that need to be programmed are the lobby and public flow space, the food and beverage outlets, and the meeting spaces. These areas are the hotel's "living spaces" they set the stage for other activities, frame the image of property, add interest and amenities to the guest experience, and provide space for the formal and informal meetings that take place in any hotel.

• Hotel lobbies have become the most iconic of all hotel spaces. The lobby must function not only as the hotel's "front office," but also as an important transition space. The transition from an often hectic and arduous journey to the security and serenity of the hotel takes place in the lobby.

• The reception desk should be obvious and inviting, regardless of which entrance the guests use. People circulate effortlessly to the other spaces within the hotel, without feeling lost or disoriented.

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Arrival at the Complex Larger hotels may develop a number of different entrances to help separate overnight guests and visitors, to reduce the amount of unnecessary traffic through the lobby, to establish a distinct identity for a restaurant or other facility, or to provide increased security. So, the relative need for the main entrance, ball room or banquet entrance, restaurant-bar-casino entrance, tour bus and airport drop-off entrances and condominium entrances should be evaluated.

Each entrance needs to be clearly identified according to its function with a canopy, signage, special illumination or other architectural treatment. Some entrances require space for waiting taxis or buses, others require temporary luggage storage. Orlando or Las Vegas that have heavy volume of arrivals due to convention events requires six lanes of porte cochere for hotel entrances.

The design requirements of the hotel entrances can be summarised under the headlines of design of the canopy, driveways, parking, sidewalks, doors and vestibules. A porte cochere or a covered drop-off at the main entrance and principal secondary entrances for the ball room or restaurant to protect guests from inclement weather should be provided.

Sufficient height for busses and emergency vehicles should be supplied. In many countries a service road around the facility is kept necessary to allow the passage of fire vehicles in case of emergency. The amount of traffic should be predicted before and number of aisles and queuing space for waiting taxis, loading and unloading of passengers and luggage and short term standing including valet- delivered cars, tour or airport busses should be provided.

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The garage access should be made convenient to and from the main hotel entrance; if there is valet parking, a location for the valet office near the main entrance should be provided.

For the doors and vestibule, a weather vestibule should be provided with revolving or automatic doors to limit temperature differences. Access into luggage storage room should be provided for curb. Ramps must be provided both for the disabled guests and luggage. Pedestrian areas must be designed wide enough for handling baggage, storing baggage carts, and providing doorman or bellman station. Especially when bus locations are considered extra space should be provided for the groups to assemble.

Lobby The most successful designs carefully balance two features that are visual impact and function.

For the most of the past century, until the Hyatt Regency Hotel opened in Atlanta Georgia, in 1967, most Hotel lobbies were relatively small, designed along the same economical principles as the rest of the hotel. However, in the 1970s emphasis shifted toward larger lobbies by the mergence of the convention hotels. . Larger hotels, such as convention properties and those located with-in mixed-use projects, require a great amount of space to accommodate the number of guests and visitors drawn to the variety of facilities.

In convention hotels, for lobby space 2.1 m2 of space must be evaluated for each room. The restaurant capacities must be designed as oversized since the customer attendance will reach peak levels in late afternoon sessions and at evening. 10 percent of the lobby space is reserved for lobby lounge area.

For management control and security, the circulation for non-resident visitors (to shops, restaurants, meeting rooms and function guest-rooms). The minimum width of those routes must be 2.20 m which is two people passing together with luggage.

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The front desk length for a 150 room hotel is 4.5 metres at minimum. For each additional 50 rooms extra 3m front desk is added to the lobby. 2.5 meters of queue space must be left in front of the front desk not to obscure the circulation routes. The reception desk must broadly cover the cash, registration and operator rooms and in direct contact with the mail and key banks.

Appropriate connections and access must be provided to the front office, safe deposit, executive offices and sales and catering offices from the lobby.

For convention hotels at least 6.1 meter of clear distance should be left in front of the reception for clear circulation. If required a desk and seating should be provided near the front desk for the manager’s assistant. House phones close to the front desk and public phones convenient to the lobby should be provided. Generally 1 phone per100 room is preferred.

Locating bars, restaurants and retail kiosks within the lobby is one way to increase the apparent size of the lobby space without adding additional gross area. John Portman states that, additional lobby functions create variety not only in scale but relative level of activity, with relative usage through out the day. In order to accomplish this diversity successfully, the best plans provide clear definition of the several functions that occur within the lobby and make their organisation obvious to the guest.The planning requirements of most hotel lobbies are same regardless of the type of the hotel. In addition to establishing the image of the hotel, the lobby serves as the main circulation space, directing guests to the front desk, elevators, food and beverage outlets, meeting and banquet facilities, health club, and other public areas; as guests linger, it serves as an information gathering space. It also functions as a security control point, where the staffs are able to visually supervise access to the building.

Additional exterior entrances should be designed for the main lobby, banquet facilities, restaurants or other high traffic areas. The front desk should be located so that it is immediately visible to the entering hotel guest and so that desk personnel can visually over see access to the passenger elevators.

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Lifts Considering the high mass of passenger traffic different lifts are requires for passenger and freight circulation. Separate lifts for hotel guest room flats and ballroom-meeting room base floors. The “forced flow” between ballroom, exhibit hall and meeting rooms must be maintained via escalators. Special freight elevators of car size must be chosen to carry loads of ballroom and exhibit spaces. Separate elevators are necessary to serve roof top restaurants and bars that are used by outside visitors. For security means special elevators that travel between garage and lobby level must be designed in order to control check-in and check-out flow. For special suites a second reception desk is located at roof floors to ease access of privileged guests. A special elevator is utilised between the garage floors and these floors. Apart from these elevators for staff, luggage and service must also be provided.

The guest elevators are at prior importance for the lobby. In order to provide ease of control, the elevators should be located near front desk and main entrance. Enough lobby space must be left for the handling of the luggage.

A seating area near the desk and entrance including some private seating groups and additional seating contiguous with the lobby bar is essential. Clear paths to the front desk, elevators, restaurants and bars, meeting and banquet halls are essential. If possible convention oriented guest traffic must be separated from the hotel guests.

In places convenient to the guest traffic lease spaces should be provided. The support functions such as toilets, house phones, public telephones and assistant manger’s desk conveniently in relation to other areas. Some design issues concerning the design of the lobby are related to the back of house (the front desk), others to food and beverage (lobby bar), and others to organising the public flow. In addition, the lobby program should include the following support functions:

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• Clear access to stairs, elevators, or escalators • Lobby seating, for both individuals and small groups • Concierge desk and storage, if appropriate • Front desk administrative areas • Bell stand and luggage storage • Public toilets, coatrooms, and house phones

Food & Beverage Programming• The configuration and number of hotel food and beverage (F&B) outlets varies widely. At one end of the spectrum are the 20 F&B outlets in the Jumeirah Beach Hotel in Dubai, and at the other end, the coffee shop or quick-service restaurant that is next to a rooms-only hotel. The standards also differ globally. Hotels in the Middle East and Asia generally have a greater number of F&B outlets than their European and North American counterparts do.

• The hotel F&B outlets are in competition with the local rivals, many small and select- service hotels may have only a single, multipurpose space that serves as a combination breakfast room, coffee bar and transforms into a casual bar and limited- menu dining setting in the evening.

• For larger hotels, especially those that are resort or convention oriented, management creates an overall vision for the F&B operations. The multiple outlets must offer variety, value, and excitement. The program includes fine dining, casual dining, and a set of beverage-oriented outlets with different themes, from quiet lounges to nightclubs.

• One growing trend for hoteliers is to partner with celebrity chefs to create signature dining outlets within the hotel. The celebrity can open a well-located restaurant, and the hotel gets access to customers seeking a unique dining experience, as the restaurant serves both hotel guests and a local clientele.

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The achieve success in operation the lobby bar has to be located in an area that obviously visible to hotel guests. Lounge seating should be preferred for the lobby bar and furnished with sofas, chairs and a few seats at the service bar. A place for the piano or other entertainment facilities must be provided. For food service, continental breakfast and snack service a back of house access must be considered. Completely different than the lobby bar the entertainment bar is enclosed to reduce high noise levels and more closely spaced seating. These type of bars generally feature a sports or entertainment theme. In order to maintain acoustic isolation a sequence of entrance must be designed. By this way the sound and visual isolation between the bar and the hotel circulation area could be provided. Distinct zones for the bar, video games, entertainment and dancing is essential. About 10-25 percent of the bar is generally used for the lounge area. An integrated section to accommodate at least half of the guests- multiple video screens and display of sports- is essential. The entertainment area occupies around 50-65 percent of the total bar area. A separate lounge space is used to make the guests sit outside the active zone. But this lounge should be in visual contact with the service bar and the entertainment zone.

The central kitchen has to be in relation to food and beverage outlets. Noise and disturbance due to discharge of fumes and engineering plants must be avoided. The necessary space for staff facilities must be thought in prior.

The delivery of the goods to restaurants must be supplied by means of elevators or a debarked area. The loading docks of kitchen area must be in direct connection with the control offices, passages to stores and security. Since large scale banquet meetings are of concern; storage of food waste, chilling equipment, recycling and waste containers must be supplied in relation with the kitchen. Vehicle areas must directly reach the waste containers for loading means.

Programming standards for food and beverage outlets include the following objectives: • Provide fine-dining venues with direct access to the exterior to maximise street presence and to enhance the restaurant's positioning as a local eatery.

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• Locate the hotel's main casual dining restaurant as conveniently as possible in the hotel's main circulation patterns to maximise internal business.

• Conserve back-of-the-house space by sharing kitchens among F&B outlets, except for a kitchen used by a celebrity chef.

• If possible, provide a shared restaurant and banquet kitchen, for economy of construction and operation.

• Provide satellite bars with an appropriately sized service area for preparation, storage, and backup.

• Design restaurants and bars so that sections can be closed off during slow periods to create more intimate venues.

• If possible, provide separate restrooms for each outlet. This is especially true for high volume beverage operations.

Food and Beverage Outlets Food services in convention hotels cover a wide range of requirements. The outlets include, restaurants, coffee shops, function rooms and banquet services, individual service to guest rooms, employee meals and serviced shops and site outlets.

Each type of production and distribution arrangement has different characteristics but, to a large extent, several of the preliminary stages (bulk storage, preparation and initial cooking) can be rationalised and combined in a central production facility.63For better service and management the distribution and routes of meals and services should be decided. The use of lifts and integration with other service roads must be evaluated.

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Lounge and Bar Design The lobby bar was developed in 1970 in order to create activity and excitement in open atrium spaces in large hotels. After it proved itself as a popular meeting space and revenue generator, the lobby bar became standard in most types of hotels and locations Fully open to the lobby space, separated only by planters, railings, a water feature or a level change the lobby bar provides additional public seating when it is not used as a beverage outlet. Nowadays these spaces are also used for continental breakfast or late evening snacks.

House Keeping and Laundry Services Hotel house keeping services cover two main areas, the guest rooms (cleaning, linen replacement and removal of waste) and public areas (cleaning, removal of waste and removal of consumable items).

Administration Offices and Staff Facilities Large number of personnel is employed in convention hotels. Administration services must be located in adequate locations for the control and management of the hotel personnel. The main administrative offices located in convention hotels are, front office, personnel office, engineering office, food and beverage sales office and the general coordination office. The front office services include operators, paging and communication services. In most convention hotels these are extended to provide business services facilities to guest and this type of facilities are also available in convention and exhibition function rooms.

Hotel guest rooms also offer an increasing range of work related and information facilities, including two or more ISDN lines for telephone, computer and facsimile transmissions and interactive television screen systems 

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Convention hall design Ballroom design Pre-function spaces and Foyers Separate foyers are required for each of the main halls and for each group of meeting rooms. The foyer provides circulation and assembly space leading to different parts of the hall, including each floor level and any area that may be separated by divisions. Foyers in convention events provide refreshing sessions between working periods. The required area for foyers is 0.3 to 0.5 m2 per person.

Hotel International Guidelines for Hotels: 201 Typical Guest room areas(Hilton Hospitality Inc., 2002)

Based on capacity of hall, the foyer for the main convention hall is generally 0.3 to0.4 times of the ballroom area. A separate entrance to the backstage area is necessary for speakers, entertainers and technical services (television and projection).

Vestibule should control sound and light penetration and insulation and screening. In vestibules video monitors and viewing panels are utilised to show information on activities and performances inside. The door width of auditoriums must be minimum 2.2 meters.

The main theme, convention facilities of hotels must be carefully considered. The flow of attendees must be very efficiently designed between the ballroom, exhibition room, meeting room and the break-out rooms. Due to site regulations some facilities may be required to be located on different floors, if so; visual coordinating and assistance should be supplied via escalators, grandiose stairs or visible panoramic elevators.

Ballroom Dimensions Although large spaces are necessary for big convention organisations generally rather small conventions take place in meeting rooms and ballrooms. Within periods different organisations overlap and they require independent entrances and exits.

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The meeting rooms of different dimensions are utilised for different meeting types with different requirements. Large group meetings that require full attendance are named as “Plenary sessions”. These sessions generally take place at the main ballroom. When alternative choices of lecture and symposia occur parallel sessions are arranged at meeting room that are small in size yet close to each other. The workshops that take place with group participation are called “Breakout Sessions”. Formal dinning generally take place in main ballrooms and are used for gathering and introductions. For display of related products and information exhibitions are preferred.

The capacity of the main meeting room is important to attract large conventions. But, the greatest demand comes for the medium size meeting and, breakout rooms and smaller meeting and function rooms. Within whole hotel facility 6.6 m2 of public space is required per delegate including Ballrooms, meeting rooms, exhibition areas, reception and existing pre-function rooms in the hotel.

Unlike any other hotel facility the convention hotel requires large service corridors. The minimum width is taken to be 2.7 meters. Due to special technical audio visual requirements and storage of partitions of meeting rooms the usable width of the corridors would be less at finishing. The minimum corridors with for non-service paths are 2.2 meters.

For each group of meeting facility, ballroom and group meeting break-out rooms, enough number of toilets, cloak rooms, meeting-planners office, and business centre must be supplied. The meeting registration desk must be visible from the appropriately located escalators and grand stairs.

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The technical space requirements of the ballrooms must be taken into consideration in sections. The projection rooms, control, audio and lighting rooms need overlook ball room. A mezzanine floor should be designed over the pre- function space. The minimum height for a ballroom is 4.9 meters. Yet, a ballroom over 1400m2 requires a ceiling height of 6.1meters. <the central areas of the ballroom are generally kept higher to feature lighting fixtures, air grills and other systems.

Especially for exhibits, direct accesses of loading trucks are essential. Usually convention hotels prefer to use the ballrooms as an exhibit space as well. So if possible the docks should be in direct relation with those spaces. For freight and passenger elevators, these elevators must be separated from the actual elevators of the guest room floors. Otherwise the waiting time of the elevators would increase up to uncomfortable durations.

The Seating Among the seating possibilities, the layouts that provide comfortable work spaces are preferred.

Classroom and conference layout type are among these possibilities. These layouts are generally preferred by small group executive meetings in high quality hotels.

Public Facilities and Services For large halls 2 water closets must be supplied for the first 500 and an additional wc must be supplied per additional 500 attendees in men’s toilets. On the other hand 1 urinal per 2 attendees is essential. One washbasin per each wc and one wc for each of five urinals must be maintained.

For women’s water closets is necessary per each 75 delegates and 1 washbasin is supplied for each water closet.

In pre-function spaces of large meeting rooms, cloakrooms must be placed with 0.1 m2 space for each delegate. In order not to obscure the circulation routes, the counter is set back 1.2 m.

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Meeting Room Design 93 m2 is considered to be the most flexible room dimension for a typical meeting room that permits flexibility for large and small break-out sessions with either conference or theatre style seating.

The general height for meeting room is taken to be 3.3 meters at minimum. Meeting rooms require 0.9 m2 area per seat in conference seating whereas they require 1.1 m2 per seat in banquet layout.

One or more large halls with column free structure are essential in convention hotels.

Each room must have its own access and lighting, sound, audio visual properties. Large numbers of meeting or breakout rooms are also called as syndicate rooms which are to be used with parallel sessions of meetings. These meeting rooms must be accommodate different sizes of meeting groups with sizes 20,50 to 100 people in theatre and classroom arrangements.

Kept in two types, small meeting rooms are generally furnished under theme of meeting rooms. There are also rooms that can be adopted for dual use. Dual rooms are generally attached together within the connecting doors having an extra storage space. When not used these spaces are utilised as family rooms or suites. In contrary to normal suites these rooms have higher comfort level with extra air-conditioning and services.â&#x20AC;Š

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Technical Constraints for Meeting and Ballrooms Adaptability of meeting space is usually a critical factor in marketing and achieving high utilisation. On the other hand, partitioning of rooms adds significantly to the duplication of services and costs and is not normally practical for rooms of less than 80m2. In planning room division, consideration must be given to resulting room dimensions (in relation to furniture layouts, height) optimum ratios of length: width is 3:2 for division into 2 and 2:1 for division into 3. The division into 3 is preferable in larger halls since it allows for 3 separate rooms with 2/3 and 1/3 areas. Both the main hall and each divided area must have individually controlled technical spaces (air conditioning, lighting, communication and audio-visual equipment.). High noise insulation standards must be specified, including, including the flanking of paths through the ceiling. A balance of sound absorbing surfaces is required to the noise due to reverberation in high ceiling areas.

The partitions in large halls must be placed in coordination with the structural framework, for the panel rollers are fixed to the beams. Moreover, enough space must be left at the edges of the halls to hide the panels when not used.

Banquet Organisations Banquet layouts are usually specific to the occasion. The necessary space is often taken as 1.2 m2/seat to allow for different setups. The necessary banquet space for whole hotel is calculated by assuming 100 percent occupancy of hotel. For formal occasions, tables may be arranged in rows at right angels, social events and conventions usually require clustering into separate groups, often using round tables rating 8, 10 or 12. Ten is normally the optimum group number to give the highest seating density.

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For dance activities an area of carpet may be covered by dance square and the tables may be arranged readily around to maximise the view, often with minimal space between seats.

Performers usually require changing/restrooms, separate stage entrance. Storage areas required for furniture and equipment can add up to 5-10 percent of the hall area and its preferred to be located on the same level with ballroom.

Typical row spacing used for seating in conventions is generally1meters between seating. At least two separate independent means of egress is necessary, with the exits sufficiently remote from each other to allow alternative directions of escape must be provided for up to 500 occupancy. An additional exit is required for every 250 occupants above the capacity.

The stage height preferred for convention facilities should be more than 0.3 m. not to screen the stage from the front rows. For convention meetings minimum depth of stage is 2.3 meters and the minimum width is 4.5m allowing a range of activities such as discussion panels and supporting displays. For clear sight the height of the screen should be places minimum 1.8 m. above the stage.

The function space must be located close to the hotel lobby and it should be easily accessible from this area. Other function rooms such as exhibition halls and audio visual room s need to be placed near the convention hall but within some distance to support sound insulation.

Adjacent to the function areas toilets, coatrooms, telephones, and convention service offices must be located. As one of the most distinct property of the banquet halls and ball rooms, direct food service should be supplied to these facilities. The banquet pantry must be located at the same level with the ball room. The necessary storage spaces must be designed adjacent to these halls.

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In convention hotels the guest room hotel is preferred to be constructed independent from the convention hall so as to simplify the building structure. Convention hotels especially those that serve as the headquarters for a major meeting may attract one major group or four or five smaller groups at one time. For the occasions when a single major convention is in the hotel, it is convenient to have the ball room, junior ballroom and several meeting rooms immediately adjacent to each other, perhaps sharing a foyer or pre-function area. This is the usual and preferred arrangement in midsize 250-400 room hotels.

The coordination among the design team is especially important in the evaluation of the details for the function space. The architectural aspects the proportions, the divisibility, access and the interior design coordination for the finishing, furnishings and lighting have critical importance. Moreover, the engineering projects, the ventilation, the lighting system and the fire protection system need to be designed and coordinated parallel to the architectural and interior decoration projects.

The seat number of a convention hotel ball room is calculated by doubling the guest room number. Different than ballroom the banquet spaces need natural light. The banquet room capacity of a hotel may vary between three times to a quarter of the ballroom of the hotel. The meeting rooms which are built with limited divisions happen to serve with audio visual equipment and are 0.4-0.6 times of the ballroom. The Board rooms which are used for high level meetings are located separate from other meeting rooms and are furnished with superior finishes and audio-visual equipment.

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The exhibit halls that are the most profitable spaces of the convention hotels are designed with display access and floor loading and high ceiling. They require high lighting level and the number of booths depend on the size of the convention hotel.Many designers and hotel operators have found that one critical element in the function room is the design of the ballroom ceiling. When a hotel ballroom is set up for a banquet or meeting, the tables and attendees obscure most of the floor and the lower part of the walls. The ceiling though is totally visible and contains downright, chandeliers, and track lighting s well as mechanical diffusers and return grills, sprinklers and sound system speaker, smoke detectors, and movable wall trucks all must be integrated into a single cohesive, organised and attractive pattern. Not only the electrical outlets but telephone television, and microphone jacks, controls for various projectors projection screen, and lights and in some cases a wet utility panel must be provided. Exhibit halls should contain electrical outlets every 3m in floor, ceiling mounted spotlight tracks every 9m on centres and convenient water and drain connections for exhibitors.â&#x20AC;¨

Leisure Activities Leisure attractions are important in marketing hotels to business groups. In city centre locations facilities are normally enclosed, as health, fitness or lifestyle suites, to ensure all year round availability. Exceptions may apply, as in tropical climates, where outdoor landscaped pool may also provide attractive vista for surrounding bedrooms and restaurants.

The Traffic and Access The public spaces in convention hotels are especially designed considering peak points of convention attendance. Likewise, the parking places and arrival of shuttles and necessary road dimensions are designed with respect to peak mass arrivals. Thus, at least 4 lanes should be left at porte cochere.

The traffic generated by the hotel must be properly managed. Traffic is a concern of the hotelâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s neighbours, especially when the hotel is on the edge of the district. One should consider

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all the below factors : • Zoning and land use codes.

• Building Planning and health standards.

• Historic prevention laws.

• Environmental Conservation requirements.

• Community Interests.

Zoning which establishes the overriding parameters of what and how much can be constructed is based on the desire of the community to control the type of development and to separate incompatible uses from each other. guests’ cars and delivery trucks. These are strong arguments often used to stop a hotel project. For this reason, the isolation of the car parks, traffic access and noise buffers relative to car access routes must be carefully considered. Trees are considered to be perfect buffers, in terms of absorbing sound and hiding unwanted view of car parks.

Yet, the texture and kind of landscape must be carefully chosen, to allow background and foreground relation of the hotel and not to completely block the view of hotel.

Parking in cities is increasingly restricted to limit traffic congestion, especially in central business cores.43 Not only the incoming and outgoing vehicle traffic but also the necessary space for guest-room itself is a problem. For downtown convention hotels, valet parking using a nearby parking garage is a generally preferred option. Parking beneath the facility requires a heavy capital investment, 5- 10 times of surface parking for a roadside or suburban hotel. But the garage provides safety and convenience for guests.

Loading docks are a necessary component of hotels and should be located well away from public entrance, ideally on a different street where delivery and other trucks are well separated from guest vehicles. Especially for exhibit halls close correlation to docks and direct landing of exhibit material close to the hall must be considered.

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Accessibility and Circulation For convention hotels, separate hotel entrances for main lobby, ballroom and exhibit hall, restaurants, hotel receiving, employees and exhibit, unloading should be considered. VIP and celebrity guests, including the heads of state and their entourage enter a hotel by a back entrance. Therefore, where this may occur they should be well protected from view and designed for secondary access to the public areas.

Regardless of type of the hotel all lodging facilities need to plan access to service areas (Loading, trash and employee entrance) for maximum efficiency while avoiding cross-circulation or inconvenience to guests. Once the guest has arrived on the site, the major objectives are to separate vehicular and pedestrian routes and to conceal service circulation. Since convention hotels are to welcome high number of traffic access at convention period, careful study and design is needed to protect the site from being overwhelmed by vehicles.

Surface parking is the largest site component of a hotel development. Tight urban sites may have no on-site parking, yet alternative arrangements must be considered, including valet service and expensive on-site underground parking. The basic area requirement per each car is 18.5 m2 for valet parking whereas this number is taken to be 32.5 m2 for guest self-parking (including aisles and ramps).

The location and proximity of car park to the lobby and guest rooms is of prior importance. The number of car park requirement per hotel room is 1.4 for convention hotels. If a regional convention hotel is of consideration this number requires higher provision.

In the convention and conference hotel, the maximum demand in car park space is created not by the guest rooms but by meeting rooms and banquet halls. The space need for parking reaches its top level at midnight due to full occupancy by the guest rooms, but this demand can easily be supplied by nearby parking spaces. Since access to halls and banquet facilities are at top priority enough space should be left for those facilities.

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Security The architecturally utilised security systems are emergency command stations placed near entrances and loading dock connected with security office. By defining check posts for security guard staff, utilising fire annunciation system that is activated by floors and controlled by telephone switch board. Roadways with clearance for emergency vehicles should be designed for emergency fire access.

Fire Safety • Structural Protection - This is to ensure that the building does not collapse before people can escape from it; also that escape routes are protected from fires in adjacent rooms. Combustible materials may be prohibited in escape routes.

•Active Protection - This covers the installation of fixed equipment to detect fires, raise the alarm, and put them out. There must be access for fire brigade vehicles and appliances, and provision of firemen’s lifts.

• Special water storage tanks and fixed fire mains and hydrants may be required.

Standard as per WTO (World tourism Organisation) Accommodation Facilities including rooms, toilets, bathrooms hallways floor service should occupy 50-60% of Floor Area Reception area, hall and lounges require 4-7% Hospitality area, restaurant and bars for guest and visitors 4-8% Banquet, Conference rooms 4-12% Domestic Area, Kitchens, Personnel rooms and stores 9-14% Administration, management and secretarial 1-2% Leisure sport, shops recreational 10-15% The height of service floor above the roof will be 1.75m (including Beams) and will not be calculated in FAR.

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CHAPTER 3: ENVISAGED USER PROFILEâ&#x20AC;©

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3.1 Details of users: 1.

Staff - These people can access all the areas of a hotel which the visitor or a person staying in the hotel cannot. Like they can go to the kitchens and all service areas whenever needed.

2.

Delegates - Meeting and conventions are required by hundreds of people and due to this reason, the meeting planners desire that hotel where they get fast service and they do not like to stay in queues. The length of stay for meetings can be from 3-5 days. We have to provide them a conference centre for the meetings, computer services & internet access.

3.

Visitors to restaurant - These people will stay in the premises for a short span but they should be well taken care of as they will bring in good revenue in a lesser time span.

4.

Guests - They need to be attended to from the time they check in and till the time they check out.

The concierge also plays an important role in catering to the guests.

5.

Business travellers- These are the most important people in the hotel business.most of the business travellers after a hard day of work prefer to stay in a quiet place to rest and relax rather than a noisy room in a hotel. Business travellers are usually not very price sensitive and often utilise hotel’s food (especially room service) & also use the recreational facilities. These travellers are considered as desirable and profitable market.

6.

Families- They normally travel on weekends as they want a short break from their daily boring routine. They look for a peaceful place to relax and enjoy their time. They look for recreational facilities, food and beverage services. They also want some area so that their kids can also play and pass time without having to always keep an eye on them that is the play area should be secure and safe for their kids.

7.

Vendors (Service group)People entering the hotel for the exchange of goods and services for money. They need to have a separate entry and exit and for their vehicles as well.

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3.2 Expectations of users Hotel Guest ︎ As the primary user, these individuals will expect the most out of the facility. As the ‘tourist’, the hotel guest expects nearly all accommodations he or she would have at home. Its expected occupancy levels will be slightly higher during weekends and in the summer. Long term parking will be required for a small percentage of these individuals.

Business Owners and Traders Various user groups have expectations from a convention centre, since business is the top priority; let us understand what all a business man would want from a convention centre.

Since there are different types of businesses and variety of high profile people participating, meeting planners want it to be safe, walk able to dining and entertainment options, and near an airport.

Convention centres that offer up flexible and different types of meeting space, gardens, outdoor spaces, social gathering spaces, adjacent hotels, public plazas etc.

Individuals are looking for spaces (indoor and outdoor both) where people can converse about a topic. All spaces in and around facilities including small theatres, conference halls, auditoriums, lecture halls etc, all equipped with the latest technologies.

They also to have the technology in place to allow for streaming live content. Attendees then become increasingly interested in experiencing destinations beyond the walls of the convention centres.

People of the city ︎Convention centres are no longer just about utility. They exist to impress. Many modern facilities feature glass facades, suspended banners exposed 3-D trusses, cable-stayed roofs and long roof overhangs. They’re also decorated with unique colour schemes, sculptures, artwork, designer materials, and furniture in waiting areas and bathrooms.

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Lecturers/ Presenters ︎ These individuals will be the most short-term users, using the facility for anywhere from a short lecture to the duration of a conference. Short-term parking will be required for a small percentage of these individuals. Residential rooms, lecture halls, exhibition halls, restaurants etc are the basic requirements for this category of people.

Support Staff ︎ These behind-the-scene individuals will be on staff in the support of day-to-day functions, including but not limited to: housekeepers, kitchen staff, and maintenance crew. These people require the separate staff areas, kitchen, changing rooms, storage rooms, control rooms, service areas etc. It is expected these individuals will commute by mass transit, so very few parking spaces will be needed.

Fig. 20, Banquet hall of Hyderabad International Convention Canter

3.3 Today’s Demands of People These new amenities may seem costly and unattainable to many convention centres, the good news is that some have already taken the plunge. Jumping on the locally-sourced food trend, the

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Vancouver convention centre’s culinary team uses honey from its rooftop beehives in its pastries and other dishes.

Nashville’s newly opened music city centre offers plenty of hotels, entertainment, and restaurants within walking distance of the convention centre, really giving attendees the opportunity to go beyond its walls and experience the city while they’re in town.

When it comes to technology, the Irving Convention Centre at Las Colinas provides wireless Internet access in the exhibition hall, meeting rooms, and ballroom and in public spaces. The centres also offer LED lighting in its meeting spaces that can change colour on demand. The Qatar National Convention Centre is another example which has the ability to live stream conferences and meetings.

Fig. 21, International Convention Centre Sydney (riverside view of the convention centre)

Most convention centres have established a positioning platform to differentiate themselves from the others as well as to attract a particular type of customer segment. Most of these centres use their natural advantages as their positioning platforms and have built their facilities to enhance this position. The Sydney Convention and Exhibition Centre leverages its natural advantages of being located on the Diamond Harbour, which is home to Australia’s significant tourist destinations including the Opera House, and the Sydney Aquarium, to promote itself as a MICE destination.

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Todd voth, senior principal at populous, an architecture firm in Kansas City, Mo. Say’s today’s most successful convention centres need five crucial attributes: beauty, functional efficiency, urban integration, a spirit of place and sustainability.

Perhaps the most interesting thing of these convention centre design trends is the growing desire for functional outdoor space. For years, convention centres have adhered to the “black box” model – functional spaces that are void of natural light and therefore any genuine architectural connection to the city they reside in. Architects are now not only designing more meeting rooms and exhibit halls that incorporate natural light and exterior views, but they are also blurring the lines between the interior and exterior of the building – allowing meeting planners the ability to program outdoor space as part of their event.

Sustainability: Convention centres are increasingly looking to increase their level of sustainability, for the environmental benefits as well as for reducing operating costs. A few centres are leading the way. For example, the Vancouver Convention Centre boasts a six-acre living roof with thousands of indigenous plants and rainwater recovery for irrigation; seawater heating and cooling; and a fish habitat built into the building foundations. The Pittsburgh Convention Centre has achieved LEED Platinum certification.

Fig. 22, Pittsburg convention center

Fig. 23, The Vancouver convention center showcasing its roof

Convention centres are seamlessly integrating technology and are ready for everything from live-streaming videos, social media-enhanced presentations, the need for faultless wireless internet and even making sure there are enough charging stations for computers and phones,

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convention centres are upgrading quickly for todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s increased mobility. All technology related to audio, video, data delivery, electricity, cooling and heating merges into one main control room at the centre.

Food is becoming a lot more important to meeting planners as well. The days of dishing out fast food type concessions or frozen cafeteria-style options are on the way out. Delivering the right meal starts with the design of the facility, including the dining area and kitchen. Meeting planners are also viewing dining in terms of sustainability and reduced waste.

Fig. 24, Phoenix convention centre, showcasing outdoor meeting in the open restaurants area

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CHAPTER 4: STANDARDSâ&#x20AC;©

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4.1 Hotel Standards Different type of hotel offer varying standard of quality and facilities. Hotel may be part of a chain or independent. It provides accommodation facilities, include rooms, toilet, bathroom, shower room etc. The public area & guest rooms should occupy 50-60% of the floor area and the remaining 40-50% can be the back of the house- services & kitchen etc.

Basic room layout â&#x20AC;¨ Hotel offer different types of accommodation, including bedrooms, suites. The size and number of beds largely dictates dimensions and layout of rooms, e.g. twin 100/200cm, double 150/200cm, queen-size 165/200cm, or king size 200/200cm. rooms may include a sitting area with chairs, a desk, T.V., self-services drinks refrigerator and suitcase stand.

2 Corridor space should be about 6m per room, and normally at least 1.5-1.8m wide. Separate route should be provided for guest, staff and goods.

Standard arrangement

Standard room

Executive room

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Luxury room

Single and double room

Fig. 25, Typical room layouts

Dining area To be able to eat comfortably one person requires a table area of around 60cm wide by 40cm. deep. This provides sufficient clearance between adjacent diners. Although an additional 20cm of space in the Centre for dishes and tureens is something desirable, an overall width of 80-85cm for a dining table. Round table, or table with six or eight sides, with a diameter of 90-120cm are ideal for four people and can also take one or two more diners.

• Restaurants should be planned so that variety of seating arrangement can be achieved.

• Ambience is an important part in restaurant design.

• Decoration, lighting should be a integral part of restaurant design.

• Large regular spaces should be broken up in small more intimate areas.

• Changes of level not usually favoured by caterers but acceptable providing, they may positive contribution to design. Do not involve more than 2 or 3 steps and main restaurant should be same level as kitchen.

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Area requirement • Ratio of service area to total area: 25-50% • Net kitchen area: 15-25% • Service aisles- not less than 900mm-1350mm • Cafeteria in a commercial area should be 16-18 sq.ft./per seat

Fig. 26, Typical restaurant layout

Kitchen Kitchen planning requires four stages of development: • Determine a process plan covering all major areas.

• Check maximum and minimum personnel need per area.

• Determine the equipment needed for each area.

• Space allocation.

Space allotment for the main kitchen • 6 sq. Ft. Per restaurant seat • 2 sq. Ft. Per banquet seat • 1 sq. Ft. Per guest room • Service lanes should not be less than 900 – 1350 mm.

Net kitchen 15 to 25% • Kitchen and wash to be preferred at the same level as the restaurant Page 77 of 170

Fig. 27, Typical kitchen layout

â&#x20AC;˘ Kitchen area divided into serving area, area for cooking, frying, and grilling and preparation of soup and vegetables and wash up area.

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Space allowance excluding cooking area • Food is normally cooked within counter area but that for preparation, wash-up required 1.50 to • 2.20 sqm per person including counter.

Café service • 0.83 sqm per person, usually family type of business with • Separate kitchen for dinning designed on traditional lines

Self service café.

• 1.4 To 1.7 sqm per person. Long self-service counter providing • Good circulation spaces with spaces for clearing trolleys.

Parking • The Public Entrance and The Movement of Staff and Goods Should Be Segregated.

• The Parking Pattern That Will Be Most Satisfactory Fully Warrants a Careful Thought. It Depends Upon Many Factors Including the Possible Locations of Access Drives.

• At Right Angle Turn Off. The Driveway Should Be 25 Feet Wide and The Curb Should Have a 30 Feet Radius.

• a Slope Of 1:12 Is Customary for Ramps.

• A Central Driveway with Two Rows of Cars And 90 Parking Gives The Best Economy.

• Diagonal Parking Is Easier for Drivers, Reduces the Necessary Width, But Requires More Total Space.

• One Parking Space/30 m2 Of Public Space Staff Allocated 1 Space/Every 2 Members on Duty.

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â&#x20AC;Š Fig. 28, Parking standards

Fig. 29, Multi storied Parking

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Fig. 30, Parking standard

Fig. 31, Different creative types of car parking options

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Laundry • There are different types of washing machines and irons available in the market and it also depends on the number of guest rooms in the hotel.

• Some laundries may have to be separated into ‘clean’ and ‘soiled’ section.

Fig. 32, Laundry of average size

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Fig. 33, Functioning of a Hotel

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4.2 Convention Centre Standards Auditorium

An auditorium is a large room for people gathering to view plays, concerts, sports contests, conventions, and other events, sometimes the term is used to refer to a whole building used for public events.

The relationship between the performer and audience is the basis of angle 135 degree, it is generally considered the limit, beyond which the performer cannot convey his facial expression and gestures in two opposite directions at the same time.

Fig. 34, Auditorium standards Page 84 of 170

Fig. 35, Seating analysis

Space requirements: • Back-to-back distance between rows of seats with backs: 760 mm • Back-to-back distance between rows of seats without backs: 610 mm • Width of seat with arms: 510 mm • Width of seat without arms: 450 mm • Unobstructed vertical space between rows: 305 mm • All side aisle/middle aisle clear dim. 1250mm min.1350 ideal.

• Cross aisle 1500 mm min.

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• All entry exit doors min. 1800 mm civil dim, and ideal 2000 mm • Area of auditorium 1.5-1.8 mt. Sq.per person • Volume of Auditorium 3mt. cube per person.

• Acting area9x9 mt. Or 9mt. Diameter • If the stage has to have wings, they should be at least same size as the acting area with two wings the full stage widths therefore be least 2.7mt.

Fig. 36, Cross-section of theatre

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Stage dimensions • Width: 18m • Depth: 12m • Height: Normal stage height varies from 0.7 to 1.2m, optimum being 0.9m. The stage must be below the eye level of seated audience in the first row.

• Width of Proscenium: Minimum width is 12m, 18m, usual and 24m max.

• Proscenium heights: The aspect ratio for proscenium heights varies from 1:2 to 2:3 of the width. If the proscenium width is kept 60 degrees then height varies between 30’-0” to 40’- 0”.

Fig. 37, Stage profile Number of seats in a row With traditional seating the maximum number in a row is limited to 22 if there are gangways at both ends of the row and 11 if a gangway is on one side only.

Row to row spacing • For traditional seating the minimum is 300 mm and this dimension increases with the number of seats in a row. • For continental seating the clearway is to be not less than 400 mm and not more than 500 mm.

Gangways the minimum width is 1100 mm. Gangways can be ramped up to a ratio of 1:10 to 1:12.

Fig. 38, Seating dimensions

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Seating geometry Seating is usually laid out in straight or curved rows focused towards the performance. Stagger arrangement of seats is the best arrangement which is accomplished by the non uniform placement seats in succeeding rows.

Stage lighting the provision for stage lighting should be such that any part of the stage can be lit from as many different angles as possible.

The main sources are the overhead within the stage and the auditorium, from side slots and less frequently from the footlights.â&#x20AC;¨ Overhead lighting is particularly important and should be arranged to strike the actorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s face at o about 45 above horizontal.

The location of lighting bars over the stage and the lighting bridges over the auditorium can be worked by arranging the cone of light to fall between 55o to 400 so that whole stage can be covered.

â&#x20AC;Š Fig. 39, Typical layout of an Auditorium

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Multi-use Auditoriums•

An approach to theatre shapes born of the mid twentieth- century electronic era, and perhaps twentieth century indecision, is the multi-use auditorium.

•

It is an attempt to satisfy the client who wants an auditorium suitable for all performances. Not only do performing groups want a theatre to house plays, but they also hope to use their new auditoriums for opera and musical productions, concerts, and recitals.

•

In such auditoriums large scale physical changes being made to ceiling elements and even to the side walls of the auditorium. In some instances, an entire balcony can be shut off for the purpose of changing acoustical characteristics and audience capacity.

Source: calleder john and chiara joseph de; time standards for building types 2nd edition; McGraw- hill

Fig. 40, Multi-use Auditoriums

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Office 2 2 Minimum Area = 4.2 m to 6 m Additional Space for Visitors = 1.8 m2 General U-shaped workstation

Executive desk/visitor seatingâ&#x20AC;Š

Fig. 41, Workstationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s layouts

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Circular seating arrangement

Fig. 42, Seating arrangement Office rooms layouts

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Fig. 43, Office room layouts

Conference Hall / Meeting rooms -Minimum area per person -1.5 m2/person -maximum area per person â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 2m2/person Each person must have 60 cm long surface of table and at least 37.5 cm wide. Room should be well lit and ventilated.

The room should have easy access for visitors and meant for working discussions with delegates, scholars, visitors etc. It majority requires space for: audio visual equipmentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s, store for equipment, furniture.

The room should have sufficient space for alternative layouts.

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Types of Conference Tables with the no. of seatingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s

Fig. 44, Conference tables layout

Banquet halls with capacity

Fig. 45, Banquet halls analysis

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Conference/Meeting rooms

â&#x20AC;©

Fig. 46, Typical meeting rooms

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Service rooms

â&#x20AC;©

Fig. 47, Services areas

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CHAPTER 5: PRIMARY CASE STUDIESâ&#x20AC;©

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5.1 J.W Marriott, Aerocity About project : Owner - ARIA Hotels Operator- Marriott International Client- Archi-type group Design Architect - Small-woods,Singapore Project Architect- CP Kukreja Associates Landscape architect - P Landscape Ltd. Area Analysis : Site Area = 23,865.8 Sq.m Built-up area = 92900 Sq.m Ground Coverage = 9,180.36 Sq.m Far area = 52,981.43 Sq.m Max Hight = 27.5 m Parking = 714 ECS

Fig.48 , Location of JW Marriott, Aerocity

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Hotel JW Marriott is a 5 star hotel Located just a 7-minute drive away from the Delhi International Airport, JW Marriott Hotel New Delhi Aerocity features a full-service spa, 5 food and beverage outlets and an outdoor swimming pool. It has a fitness centre and 24-hour front desk. It boasts of 24,000 square feet of flexible event and meeting room space. It contains 482 Rooms, 29 suites, 9 meeting rooms, and 6,329.2 sq. ft of total meeting space whereas accessible guest rooms have a 32 inch wide opening.

• 6 storeys above ground and 3 basement levels • The upper floors: guest rooms and FOH spaces • lower levels meant for the BOH : B1, B2 and B3 • B2 and B3 primarily parking, also included engineering services • B1, at ground level, service areas with a working relationship • with other FOH spaces

Fig.49, Floor plate analysis

Among several on-site restaurants, including an all-day diner, K3 and Modern Japanese at Akira Back are speciality restaurants in the hotel. There’s a Quan Spa, and an all-weather outdoor pool.

There are several lounges and bar and Trump towers are being coming up in the Hotel itself.

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Fig.50 , Amenities in JW Marriott

â&#x20AC;©

Fig.51 , Images of JW Marriott

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SITE PLAN SCALE = 1:500

GROUND FLOOR PLAN SCALE = 1:500

BASEMENT B1 (SERVICE FLOOR) SCALE = 1:500

BASEMENT B2 SCALE = 1:500

3

FIRST FLOOR PLAN SCALE = 1:500

SECOND FLOOR PLAN SCALE = 1:500

THIRD AND TYPICAL FLOOR PLAN SCALE = 1:500

Fig.56 , King terrace guest room Area : 42 sq.m

Fig.58 , Presidential Suite Area : 275 sq.m

Fig.57 , Executive Suite Area : 84 sq.m

Fig.59 , Trump Towers (coming up)

Department

Area

General Stores

1.44 m2 / Room

Maintenance

0.64 m2 / Room

Laundry and Linen Store

1.12 m2 / Room

Employee area ( Cafeteria, Changing rooms, Lockers) Accounts and Personnel

1.76 m2 / Room

Circulation

1.44 m2 / Room

Total

7.2 m2 / Room

0.8 m2 / Room

Table 2, Area Calculation Derivativeâ&#x20AC;©

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Fig.60 , Level Allocation Programme

Corridors •

Primary Corridors

•

3 to 3.5m wide

•

Secondary Corridors

•

2.5 to 3m wide

•

Flooring : Kota Stone

•

False Ceiling Services: HVAC,

Fig.61 , Service Corridors

Fire Pipes •

NOT Air Conditioned, fresh air was thrown in.

Service Core •

Service Lift: 4+1

•

4 lifts went to all guest floors

•

1 specifically just between GF and B1

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•

The 5th Lift was extra deep at 2.5m to accommodate service trolleys

•

Fire Staircase, 1.5m wide, cladded in Kota

UPS Room •

Meant for refrigerators, computers.

•

50 kVA x 4 units

Size:- 850x900x1800 Finish:- Kota Stone flooring (Hard wearing)

Fig.62 , UPS Room

LT Panel Room Purpose: Distribution of Stepped Down Power Size: LT Panel Size 1600X450X2000 Finish: Kota Stone Flooring

DG Room •

Fig.63 , LT Panel Room

4 DG Plants of 1500kVa each at 80% efficiency

• Size: 5500x2600x2700 • Finish: IPS

Transformer Room 4 transformers; 50kVA Size: 900x750x1700

Fig.64 , DG Room

1 Reading Panel Size: 1800x750x2200

Chiller Plant Room 4 chillers at 600TR Size: 4500x2000x2700 Finish: IPS

Fig.65 , Chiller plant Room

Page 103 of 170

STP Purpose: Treats water from kitchens and other spaces to be repurposed for garden water, cooling towers and toilet flushing Finish: Kota stone flooring

Pump Room

Fig.66 , STP Room

•Purpose: Contains pumps for fire pipes and water distribution •Finish: IPS •Fire pipes: MS, welded, painted Red

Laundry Purpose: Handles guest, staff and hotel laundry

Fig.67 , Pump Room

Finish: Vitrified non-glazed, anti-skid tiles •

For new Staff

•

A Table with capacity for 20 people

•

Audio-Visual facilities

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5.2 Le Meridian, Windsor Place, New Delhi Location and context • A super deluxe luxury hotel, located at Windsor circle, Jan path, within a 2km radius of the Central Govt. Offices, Parliament House, Rashtrapati Bhawan and the highly active commercial area and shopping district of Connaught Place.

• Not only increase the validity of the hotel but also provide a fascinating view from the restaurant on the top floor.

• The total plot area is 4.5 acres and the landscape architect of the hotel is Ram Sharma.

Fig 68, Location of Le Meridian

Access • Domestic airport-16 km/30minutes • International airport-18 km/35 minutes.

Nature of Clients • Most of the clients are corporate executives or diplomats.

• The foreigner to domestic ratio is about 90:10.

For many years the occupancy rate of the hotel has been 95-100% .

Fig 69, Facade of Le Meridian

Page 105 of 170

Concept • The hotel has been designed on the atrium plan.

• Consists of two square towers with round corners, one taller than the other.

• The larger tower consists the hotel block & the smaller one incorporates the commercial tower.

• The guest rooms, various restaurants, shops, health club all are arranged along singly loaded corridor, over looking the central square atrium.

Fig 70, Site Plan of Le Meridian

Entrances and Exits : Basically four entrances to the hotel :

•The main gate on the Raisina road leading to entrance porch through a rounded driveway ramp.

•A main-entrance space for the banquet hall is on the Jan path road.

•Service entrance is also from the Janpath road, on the ground floor provides entrances to the staff,material,trash removal and access to other mechanical areas.

•A steep sloping ramp from entrance leads to the various service areas where there is a small parking area provided for service vehicles. There is a Checkpost provided at the entrance to keep a tab on the movement of men and material.

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Parking Area : • Parking are of two types i;e basement parking and open parking. The parking in both basement levels is provided under the commercial tower.

▪ Basement parking for cars staying for long periods i.e. guest cars and executive cars: ▪ Open parking for visitors, along one side of the ramp leading to the porch.

Fig 71, Parking Pattern

Entry Porch • Two entry porches for banquet and for main lobby areas. main lobby porch is larger and can easily accommodate 10- 12 cars whereas banquet porch can accommodate 6 cars .

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• Well marked entrance. tinted glasses on the roof of the porch not only for lighting but also provides a good view from inside.

Fig 72, FOH Analysis

Lobby lobby space has been landscaped and it has a coffee shop, two restaurants and a bar in it. extensive use of reflective curtain glazing on the façade. A series of steps from the reception lobby leads to the elevator lobby.

Atrium is on the left side from the entrance and easily approachable from the reception lobby.

Fig 73, Lobby Area

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Fig 74, Atrium Analysis Atrium Space (+7.15m lvl.) :â&#x20AC;¨ 220 feet high atrium is on left side from entrance and easily approachable from reception lobby .

Lounge has a circular fashion of sitting and the lighting is low which gives a very warm feeling.

Elevators :â&#x20AC;¨ The elevator core has four capsule elevators. the capsule is parked in a cascading pool of water, which envelops it to nasty three fourth levels. Elevator entrance is rightly placed as it keeps the feeling of awe in the guest and slowly reveals the hotel. A small foyer in front of the capsules elevators separates the four service elevators located on the other side of the same elevator lobby.

The fire escape stairs also opens in the same elevator lobby. The elevator lobby is little depressed from the atrium level.

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Guest Room Floor : •358 rooms located on 15 guest floors from the 5th. to the 19th. floor, •opening into the corridor over looking the atrium space.

•54 exclusive rooms and suites designed for people who demand special comfort and the best in personal service. located on the 17th, 18th and 19th floor.

•The corridor is fairly wide corridor with well-dispersed lights. 100’-0” in length and are fringed with Japanese looking teakwood railing and in bold grid pattern.

Club Presidential Floors : •These are the 18th and 19th floors.

•For corporate traveler, the club hosts an excellent business centre and conference room with fax, telex and photo copying facilities, also consists of small office cabins, lounge area and a library.

•The lounge is provided by converting three rooms into the executive lounge on the 18th floor.

Fig 75, Presidential Suite

Restaurants and Bars : •The “Golden Phoenix” the Chinese restaurant and the “Pierre” the French restaurant open up in the atrium lobby and it is the costliest restaurant of the hotel.

•Aloha Bar is one of the most profitable areas in the atrium space.

Fig 76, Restaurant

•Separated from the main sitting by giving small enclosures of small hexagonal timber cabins.

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•Each restaurant is accommodated with a kitchen for proper functioning.

Bakery Shop : •It is a small outlet for bakery products and is situated in the atrium itself adjacent to the coffee shop.

•The cooking and the baking area are incorporated within the main kitchen located next to the coffee shop.

Fig 77, The Club

Ground Floor Level (+0.5m lvl.)

•The banquet and the convention halls are located on the ground floor above the twotier parking lot.

•This

facilitates their usage without dis-

turbing the lobby and the atrium. Separate entrances to these function areas is given from the Janpath..

•The six Conference halls (Total capacity up to – 1500 people) can accommodate all types of conferences, meetings, seminars, workshops and product launches.

Fig 78, Central Atrium

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5.3 Hotel Trident, Gurgaon Architect- Lek Bunaag, Bangkok Owner-The Oberois Interior designers- Pia Wanglee Landscape architects - Pui Local architect - Prem Chaudhary Fig 79, Facade of Trident

Area Analysis Total Site Area - 28328 sq.m (7 acres) Ground Coverage - 10823.5 sq.m (15.3 %) Total Built-up Area - 15426 sq.m Car Parking -110 no.s

Fig 80, Location of Trident In the heart of bustling Gurgaon, Delhi NCR, lies an oasis where one can smell the fresh grass, hear the birds sing and simply pause for pleasure. Designed by Thai architect, Lek Bunag, Trident, Gurgaon is low- rise and spread over seven acres. The hotel blends the natural elements and luxury of space, water and light into its design. One can find influences of Moroccan, Mughal and Rajasthani style in its architecture. The beige dome-like traditional exterior houses 136 contemporary rooms and suites, furnished with all the modern amenities for discerning guests, including complimentary high speed Internet for up to four devices. Trident, Gurgaon ranks amongst the best hotels in Gurgaon, Delhi NCR. Located in the central business district,Gurgaon amidst of prominent buildings like the millennium city centre, dlf signature tower,IFFCO building on NH-8, Shankar chowk near IFFCO chowk.

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Fig 81, Amenities in Trident

Entrance • Main entrance on collector road • Separate staff and guest entry • Common service and staff entrance • Drop point not upto lobby porch.

• 3 entrance gateways,4 sloping turf areas,stepped

Fig 82, Main entrance

water body Parking • 110 cars and 50 two wheelers parking.

• On south-east side • Connected to main porch through a long ramp • Service entry opens into parking Fig 83, Parking in Trident

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Hotel trident, Gurugram Site Plan Scale = 1:1000

Zoning

Fig 85, Percentage of rooms

There are 129 rooms and 7 suites at the hotel: Trident, and offer a resort-like experience.

Rooms have wooden flooring and are decorated in natural tones. Offering views of the garden or pool from the large windows, they are equipped with air conditioning, Facilities provided by Trident Gurgaon include a beauty salon and business centre. It has around five dining options. It even has speciality restaurants.

Fig 84, Types of rooms in Trident

â&#x20AC;Š

Fig 86, Zoning w.r.t Levels

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Fig 87, Dining facilities in Trident

Area

Limiting Illuminance Minimum Glare Rating Entrance halls, Lobby 200 lux 22

Colour rendering (Ra) 80

Reception Desk

300 lux

19

80

Circulation areas, Corridors Stairs, Ramps

100 lux

25

80

150 lux

25

80

Gymnasium, Swimming Pool Restaurant, Cafe

300 lux

22

80

200 lux

22

80

Conference Rooms

300 lux

19

80

Business Centre

300 lux

19

80

Computer Workstations Kitchen

300 lux

19

80

500 lux

22

80

Table 3, Lighting Index

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5.4 Comparative Analysis of Primary Case Studies Function

JW Mariott,

Le Meridian, New

Hotel Trident,

Aerocity

Delhi

Gurugram

Inferences

Site Area

5acres/23,865.8sq.m 3.5 acres/14164 sq.m 7 acres/28328 sq.m Central Atrium

Typology

Open spaces are provided but not centrally.

Courtyard Planning Courtyard planning permits higher flexibility in solving lighting and ventilation problem.

The main gates on 2 sides for hotel guests and other for worker.

There is one Service entry as well.

There are 2 separate entries for hotel guests and convention guess separately.

Main entrance on collector road.

Separate entrance for guests and staff.

Entrances should be prominent and visible with proper signage and separate entries for guests.

Thereâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s even parking on external road creating nuisance.

Proper circulation provides feasibility in movement and gives guidance to the visitors.

Approach

Circulation

Parking

Hotel Area

Convention Area

Entrance is not clearly Traffic free marked and not from environment the service road.

It has three basements It has two basements Not provided with services in with service floor accurately. uppermost basement. provided separately.

Parking facilities ensure no chaos, provides proper coordination during busy seasons.

Efficiently designed rooms

Accessible rooms with great views.

Large and Spacious Rooms should be rooms. designed efficiently with no negative spaces as it counts in sellable area.

Had multiple entrances to a particular hall which is quite confusing.

Had a different entrance and pre function area with proper dining facilities

Lesser number of convention rooms

It should have a particular entrance with pre function area with separate dining area.

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Function

Positive Features

Architectural Character

JW Mariott,

Le Meridian, New

Hotel Trident,

Aerocity

Delhi

Gurugram

Inferences

Well connect to nature Flexibility of spaces and amazing for disabled people landscape design with interesting flooring patterns.

Large open spaces for get-togethers with large pool creating a microclimate zone

Interesting spaces are created, making the visitor curious and moving around the hotel.

The exterior and The building interior court facing should complement façade thoughtfully the area of the city. articulated

Central atrium is designed beautifully with creating illusions with water bodies.

Spaces should be flexible to meet different requirement. Waste management facility is provided on the site.

Table 4, Comparative Analysisâ&#x20AC;Š

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CHAPTER 6: SECONDARY CASE STUDIESâ&#x20AC;©

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6.1 The Raffles City Convention Hotel Complex, 80 Bras Basah Road, Singapore, 189560 The Raffles City Convention Hotel Complex by Pei, Cobb, Freed and Partners.

The Complex Maximises the function room space by minimising circulation area of 2 hotel towers and office buildings under one podium.

Fig 88, Raffles City Convention Hotel Raffles City Convention Centre has all the right ingredients to ensure your event runs like clockwork. It has more than

Fig 89, Location 70,000 square feet of prime, flexible function space, including 27 meeting rooms and three mag-

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nificent ballrooms. As one of largest, most comprehensive and accessible exhibition and convention centres in Singapore, it is a leader in creating successful events and memorable experiences.

Centrally located in the heart of the city, the venue's proximity to a large variety of amenities such as hotels, restaurants, bars and shops makes it popular choice for events of all kinds.

With state-of-the-art facilities such as internet stations and a satellite conference system, Raffles City Convention Centre offers a seamless approach to technology to support your meeting or conference.

Well-Located Landmark in Singapore • Located above transport hub • Well-connected with 3 MRT lines • Robust shopper traffic of 36million a year and high occupancy rate

The Ultra-tel Hotel complex in Singapore Malaysia. The Hotels are part of a master plan designed to reflect the modern and technological face of Malaysia.

Raffles City is referred as 4-5-12 and Marina Mandarin complex is referred as 3-6-7 in axonometric view.

Fig 90, Context of complex

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The Raffles City Convention Hotel Complex by Pei, Cobb, Freed and Partners. The Complex Maximises the function room space by minimising circulation area of 2 hotel towers and office buildings under one podium.

Fig 91, Site plan In Asian downtown centres, convention hotels of different brands share a common podium in order to make maximum use of site.

Thus; the car park, entrance hall problems are solved with optimization. Maximum number of facilities are brought together assuring the variety of functions in a mixed-use development.

Atrium solutions in this case not only enhances the space but also separates the attendees of different function groups.

Fig 92, Detailing of hotels in complex

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Fig 93, Detail floor plan of Complex

The Raffles City Complex in Singapore is comprised of a high-rise office block and two hotel towers of two distinct brands coming together over the same base. Within this complex, although they have their own meeting and banquet halls, the gathered venues of the convention halls act as marketing advantages. The capacity of a city to attract large convention activities are measured with respect to number of four star hotels in the city and their proximity to large scale meeting venues. Hotels of different income groups brought together keeps a high percentage of the attendees within the complex increasing the profit.

â&#x20AC;Š

Page 122 of 170

Fairmont Executive Meeting Rooms consist of eight meeting rooms.

While the Wilberforce Room and the Bailey Room boast a superlative milieu for high-powered events thanks to its flexible modular table system and ergonomic chairs, the Enterprise, Mercury, Minto, Indiana, Fig 94, Meeting Room

Orchard and Bras Basah rooms make for ideal venues for seminar and intimate functions.

Size Dimensions Length: 8.2 – 18.2 m Height: 2.8 m Area: 64 – 150 m²

Capacity Fig 95, Entrance to the Convention area

Theatre: 21 – 160 guests Classroom: 18 – 90 guests Banquet: 50 – 80 guests

Equinox Complex is Singapore’s most exciting dining and lifestyle hub, with five vibrant restaurants & bars, four private dining rooms and a capacity of 900 guests.

Fig 96, Seminar Room

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6.2 San Diego Convention Hotel designed by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill Architects.

The San Diego Convention Centre is the primary convention center in San Diego, California. It is located in the Marina district of downtown San Diego near the Gaslamp Quarter, at 111 West Harbor Drive. The centre is managed by the San Diego Convention Centre Corporation, a nonprofit public benefit corporation created by the City of San Diego. The corporation also manages the San Diego Civic Theatre through a subsidiary called San Diego Theatres Inc.

History San Diego approved a measure to fund construction of a new convention centre in 1983 on land owned by the Port of San Diego. Construction of the original building began in March 1987 and

Fig 97, Aerial view of the Complex was completed in November 1989. An expansion which doubled the gross square footage of the

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facility was completed in September 2001. In September 2008 the centre took steps to acquire adjacent property for an additional expansion.

Notable events hosted at the convention centre include the annual Comic-Con International convention and the Society for Neuroscience. Television game show Wheel of Fortune did live tapings of shows at the Convention Centre featuring contestants from the San Diego area that aired nationally in 1997, 2003, and 2007. It hosted the 1996 Republican National Convention, which nominated Bob Dole and Jack Kemp for President and Vice President of the United States, respectively.[8] It was also the venue for the 2007 California Democratic Party Convention.

In 2008, the Hilton San Diego Bayfront opened south of the convention centre; this was followed by the Harbor Drive Pedestrian Bridge which opened in the Spring of 2011, which links the Convention Centre with the neighbourhoods on the other side of Harbour Drive. In 2014, the Convention Centre hosted the Biotechnology Industry Organization (BIO) International Convention, bringing in $56 million to the economy of San Diego.

Design The convention centre offers 615,700 sq ft (57,200 m2) of exhibit space. As of 2009 it was the 24th largest convention facility in North America. It was designed by Canadian architect Arthur Erickson. Capacity for the facility is 125,000.

The centre's most distinguishing feature is the Sails Pavilion, a 90,000 sq ft (8,400 m2) exhibit and special event area. The Sails Pavilion's roof consists of distinctive Teflon-coated fiberglass "sails" intended to reflect San Diego's maritime history, as well as to advertise the centre's proximity to the San Diego shore. The Pavilion was originally built as an open-air facility under the roof. However, the centre found it hard to convince potential users to book an open-air facility, so in 2000 the Pavilion area was enclosed in glass, greatly expanding the usable area of the centre. Beginning in December 2016, the Sails Pavilion began a renovation period, expected

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Fig 98, Floor plate analysis to end in 2018. Another unusual feature of the convention centre is its inclined elevator, which ascends alongside the large exterior staircase.

Facility Highlights •

525,701 sq. ft. of contiguous exhibit space, divisible into seven halls

•

60,000 sq. ft. Sails Pavilion, column-free, glass-enclosed with an industry standard trade show floor

•

72 meeting rooms totalling 204,114 sq. ft., including two 40,000 sq. ft. ballrooms

•

84,494 sq. ft. of pre-function, lobby and registration area

•

184,514 sq. ft. of outdoor terrace space perfect for soaking in San Diego's year round sunshine

•

LEED Silver Certification from the U.S. Green Building Council

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Fig 99, Detailed floor plans â&#x20AC;©

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Fig 100, Detailed floor plans

â&#x20AC;©

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6.3 Hyderabad International Convention Center (H.I.C.C) Introduction

Fig 101, Facade of H.I.C.C • H.I.C.C is India's first purpose-built and state-of-the-art convention facility managed by Accor, the world's leading hospitality and tourism management group.

• HICC is the only Green Globe Certified Convention Centre in India.

• HICC in every aspect, be it infrastructure, service or technology, compares with the best in the world. It has been conceived and designed to assist in executing world class events, whether they are Conventions for 5000 delegates, seminars for 500 or meeting for just 50.

• This air-conditioned centre can be configured to increase seating capacity to about 6500.

RMJM was appointed to develop a 6,500 seats capacity convention hall and 5-star 287 bedrooms hotel for Hyderabad, India. This project is one of the first purpose built conference facilities in the Indian sub-continent. The project is spread over 15 acres and is conveniently located within 45 minutes of the international airport.

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Fig 102, Connectivity Land area: 16 acres Landscaped area: 5 acres Location: Adjacent to HITEC City HI-TEX Gate Izzat Nagar Kothaguda Hyderabad.

• 18 kms (33 min) from Hyderabad Deccan Station • 35 kms (50 min) from Secunderabad Station • 7.1 kms (17 min) from Miyapur Bus Stop NH-9 • 32 kms (45 min) from Rajiv Gandhi International Airport

About the Site The site is divided into two parts, the convention centre and the exhibition centre. They both can work independently as well as together.

To access the facility, there are currently four helipads available for the VVIP traffic as well.

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HICC complex is about 76 acres which includes a lake, a convention centre, an exhibition centre, a five star hotel, parking and an area for 4 helipads. The convention centre is 16 acres in size with surface parking. The hotel faces a swimming pool and the lake present on the site. It serves as country’s largest and only built integrated exhibition cum convention centre. It is privately owned and is managed by Accor.

Facilities at H.I.C.C: • Custom built to handle versatile events – be it an international conference for 5000 delegates, a cocktail dinner for 4000 guests, a corporate party for 2000 people or even a board meeting for just 15.

• 32 breakout rooms, including specialised meeting rooms, speaker preparatory rooms, boardrooms and VIP lounge. 16 – Seater registration area.

• Pillar-free internal hall of net 6,480 sq. metres that can hold a 5,000-delegate plenary and can be partitioned into 6 halls.

• A spacious pre-function foyer area of over 6,000 sq. metres of lobby space.

• In house Event Management and Audio-Visual team.

• Cutting edge design features including environmental sustainable practices.

• 12.5 metres free ceiling height with catwalks and truss to withhold heavy suspension and mobile operable walls.

• Service pits every 6 metres, with power, water and internet.

• Private workspace for organisers and their guests.

• In-built 100% power back-up generation capability.

• 1000+ car parking base.

• Automated telescopic tiered seating for 2600.

• Loading dock for tailor-made capacities.

• Separate entry & exit points.

• Connected to 287-room Novotel Hyderabad, a 5 – star hotel.

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Fig 103, Relationship diagram The relationship chart helps us to establish basic hierarchy of spaces in HICC. It shows that there is one central space which connects all the functional space with each other, on various levels. There are separate entries for administration relating to services like electrical and HVAC at the rear side along with loading bays. There are kitchens which cater to the main hall once it is divided. There is a service floor on top level, accessible from the rear entry.

The front foyer leads to the atrium which connects to various functions like meeting rooms, gallery, hotel, reception area etc. The atrium serves as a pre-function area which allows the connectivity between various levels and functions on level as well. The ground and first floors have similar functions attached to them, the main hall entry and gallery entry, meeting rooms and conference rooms and toilets. The third level has VIP rooms, AV control room for the main hall, interpretation booths and administration offices of managers and allied staff. â&#x20AC;Š

Page 132 of 170

Fig 104, Site Access and Parking

Fig 105, Site plan

Fig 106, Guest driveway

Fig 107, Novotel Hotel

Fig 108, H.I.C.C Page 133 of 170

FLOOR PLANS

Fig 109, Ground Floor Plan Service Zone • Loading dock for tailor made capacities.

Convention Zone • Pillar-free internal hall of net 6,480 sq. metres that can hold a 5,000-delegate plenary and can be partitioned into 6 halls.

Public Zone • A spacious pre-function foyer area of over 6,000 sq. metres of lobby space.

Page 134 of 170

Fig 110, First and Second Floor plan

Fig 111, Interior views of Complex Page 135 of 170

Planning Features • The convention centre serves a monolithic block which functions around a central atrium.

• There are two major points to the HICC one for the visitors and organisers connects the visitors to meeting rooms, the main hall, booking offices, VIP lounge and restaurants and the other for the staff, technicians, and administrators.

• The major vertical movement is through escalators which help in transporting a large number of people from one level to another in a short period of time. There are lifts and staircases provided at either ends of the atrium for differently abled.

• The entire Convention area can be divided into 6 smaller halls with the help of mobile operable walls that have been covered with Teak & Silk. These walls help provide a soundproof experience in a stylish ball room setting. The hall can accommodate up to 400 tables in banquet setting and 6000 in cocktail setting.

• The hall has 18-ft. x 16-ft. screen capacity along with the latest sound systems built into the roof to provide an ambient, concert-like experience.

• A 500-person reception area with 16 terminals for registrations is located on the ground level.

Additionally, at the entry of the convention centre, 8 terminals with a different reception area have been provided to allow for foreign exchange, travel, PCO, concierges facility or any special front desk operational requirement.

• The meeting rooms are arranged for a meeting of 50 people as well as for 100 people. There are conference rooms for executive meetings. All the meeting rooms are provided with a balcony. The conference rooms and meeting rooms are integrated with a pantry.

• The meeting rooms are provided close to the main hall so that meetings can be held without travelling long distances.

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6.4 Comparative Analysis of Secondary Case Studies Function

Raffles Convention

San Diego

Complex

Convention Complex

Site Area

17acres/70,000 sq.m

25acres/10117 sq.m

15 acre/60,705 sqm

Typology

Atrium solutions in this case not only enhances the space but also separates the attendees of different function groups.

Linearly planned efficiently with a mezzanine floor between 1st and 2nd floor

Large mutipurpose halls are provided in the centre with the entrance foyer.

Approach

Accessible from 3 sides, this complex has well laid road network

3 entrances are The entrance is maintained to the through Hitex complex with a 4 lane road bus stop port cochere at the convention hall entrance

Circulation

Well connected spaces to service cores.

Parking

Hotel Area

The levelled arrangement of the functions bring together different functions without visual connections.

Parking facilities are 2,000 space parking structure. Off-site available in the parking is available at basement areas as numerous nearby well in Podium parking lots and garages in downtown It is a 1625 room large Spacious and well scale convention hotel. designed rooms

H.I.C.C

Separate entry for delegates, exhibitors, staff and VIPâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s are provided

Inferences

Courtyard planning permits higher flexibility in solving lighting and ventilation problem.

Entrances should be prominent and visible with proper signage and separate entries for guests.

Proper circulation provides feasibility in movement and gives guidance to the visitors.

Parking for Parking facilities 1000+ cars is ensure no chaos, made for parking. provides proper coordination during busy seasons. nil

Rooms should be designed efficiently with no negative spaces as it counts in sellable area.

Page 137 of 170

Function Convention Area

Raffles Convention

San Diego

H.I.C.C

Inferences

Complex

Convention Complex

state-of-the-art

615,700 sq ft hibit space

27000sqm/ capacity 4000people

It should have a particular entrance with pre function area with separate dining area.

facilities such as

(57,200 m2) of ex-

internet stations

conference system The Complex

column-free, glass-

Flexibility of the

Maximises the

enclosed interesting unwanted solar

function room

convention spaces

Design energy.

space by

which even

handicapped.

minimising

promotes

Spaces should be flexible to meet different requirement. Waste management facility is provided on the site.

and a satellite Positive Features

circulation area of 2 transparency

Large column free SPACE.

hotel towers and office buildings under one podium Architectural Character

The complex shares a common podium making it accessible with two high rise towers.

Sails Pavilion's roof It is a modern The building consists of distinc- building which is should complement characterized but the area of the city. bold use of matefiberglass "sails" inrials like steel, tended to reflect San glass, aluminum panels.

Diego's maritime

tive Teflon-coated

history Table 5, Comparative Analysisâ&#x20AC;Š

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CHAPTER 7: SITE STUDYâ&#x20AC;©

Page 139 of 170

7.1 Location

Fig 112, Location map The site is located in Aerocity, Delhi adjacent to Aerocity Metro Station, Roseate House and Holiday Country Inn Hotel.â&#x20AC;Š

Page 140 of 170

A “Hotel Cum Convention Centre” is proposed at Asset no. 13, Hospitality District, DIAL IGI Airport, Delhi. The project is being developed by M/s Aerocity Hotel and Global Centre (Delhi) Pvt. Ltd. The Activity proposed in the Centre will be a Hotel complex with convention centre, swimming pool, with Retail and offices.

7.2 Site Surroundings The land has been allotted by DIAL for the development of Commercial Complex (Hotel).

The

surrounded area is developed area. Area is well connected by road network and has power supply with all necessary amenities.

Fig 113, Site surroundings

The proposed project will result in the increase in the social infrastructure as the population related to Commercial complex in form of supporting staff, working staff & visitors will increase.

Fig 114, Site Context

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Fig 115, Site Context & Surroundings Immediate Context - Aerocity Metro Station, IGI Airport, Hyatt, Pullman, JW Marriott Nearest Metro Station - Aerocity (30m) Nearest Bus Stop -Mahipalpur (900m) Nearest Airport - IGI airport (320m) Access Road - Aerocity Road, IGI road, N.H.-8

• The site has a very strong context and is a Commercial Hub altogether.

• The surrounded area is developed area. Area is well connected by road network and has power supply with all necessary amenities.

• The proposed project will result in the increase in the social infrastructure as the population related to Commercial complex in form of supporting staff, working staff & visitors will increase.

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7.3 Site Connectivity

Fig 116, Site Accessibility The site is accessible from three sides. It is just adjacent to Aerocity Metro Station which makes it very easily accessible to people and it also has Indira gandhi airport in it’s vicinity.

S.no

Accessibility

Description

Distance & Direction

1 Highway/ Road

NH-8 NH-2 NH-24 NH-236

0.44 Km SE 13.25 Km NE 14.40 Km NE 6.92 Km SE

2 Railway Station

New Delhi Railway Station Palam Railway Station Shahbad Mohammadpur Rly. Station

14.08 Km NE 4.83 Km NW 4.99 Km NW

3 Metro Station

IGI Airport Metro Station

3.46 Km NW

4 Airport

Indira Gandhi International Airport Safdarjung Airport

0.32 Km SW 9.22 Km NE

Table 6, Site Accessibility

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7.4 Site Area and Dimensions Location -Aerocity, New Delhi Site Area- 7.7 acres Site orientation - Facing south Site topography - Flat site Site vegetation - 6-7 Trees Access roads - Aerocity road, IGI road, N.H.-8

Fig 117. Site Dimensions Setbacks 11m on the side of adjoining wall with other hotels Land Use

Area (sq m)

Percentage

Ground Coverage

21410.35

68.70%

Green Area

8102.49

26%

Open, Road Area & Surface Parking Area

1650.6

5.3%

Plot Area

31163.44

100%

Table 7, Land Use Areasâ&#x20AC;Š

Page 144 of 170

7.5 Climatic zone/sun wind path etc.

The climate of Delhi is an overlap between monsoon-influenced humid subtropical and semi-arid, with high variation between summer and winter temperatures and precipitation. Delhi's version of a humid subtropical climate is markedly different from many other humid subtropical cities.

Fig 118, Climate data Summers start in early April and peak in May, with average temperatures near 32 °C although occasional heat waves can result in highs close to 45 °C (114 °F) on some days and therefore higher apparent temperature. The monsoon starts in late June and lasts until mid-September, with about 797.3 mm (31.5 inches) of rain. The average temperatures are around 29 °C (85 °F), although they can vary from around 25 °C (78 °F) on rainy days to 32 °C (99 °F) during dry spells.

The monsoons recede in late September, and the post- monsoon season continues till late October, with average temperatures sliding from 29 °C (85 °F) to 21 °C (71 °F).

Winter starts in late November or early December and peaks in January, with average temperatures around 12–13 °C (54–55 °F).Although winters are generally mild, Delhi's proximity to the Himalayas results in cold waves leading to lower apparent temperature due to wind chill. Delhi is notorious for its heavy fogs during the winter season. In December, reduced visibility leads to disruption of road, air and rail traffic. They end in early February, and are followed by a short spring until the onset of the summer.

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Fig 119, NW-ES Major Wind Flow

On average, the most wind is seen in June.

On average, the least wind is seen in November.

Hottest Month : June (34 degree celsius average) Coldest Month : January (14 degree celsius average) Annual Rainfall : 169.3 mm (per year) Wettest Month : August (71.1 mm average) â&#x20AC;Š

Fig 120, Average Annual Wind-rose Diagram

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7.6 Figure-ground Diagrams The buildings in the immediate context of the site around 35 metres in height because of the height restriction in Aerocity. The texture is even as all the buildings are of almost same height.

Fig 121, Urban Texture diagram

Majorly, the area is a well-developed commercial hub with efficient transportation facilities. It has five star hotels and Shopping complexes in the vicinity.

Fig 122, Land-use diagram

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â&#x20AC;Š The area has certain green spaces and well maintained parks. The brown land depicts open area which is dug for construction and is left barren.

Fig 123, Vegetation diagram

The site has tertiary road on one side and secondary roads on the other two. The roads are well connected to other primary and secondary roads.

Fig 124, Road Network diagram

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CHAPTER 8: CLIENT’S BRIEF

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8.1 Client & Client’s Vision The Site is under Reliance group and the authorised signatory of the project is Mrs. Dimple Mahana. Client’s vision of creating a world-class, landmark Hotel cum Convention Centre offering best in class facilities should be the driving force in configuring the project. Learning’s from the experience of the convention complexes in the Asia Pacific region as well as the existing facilities in India, inputs from the existing demand and supply scenario in Delhi should be used for planning the configuration of various elements of the project.

The proposed project should result in the increase in the social infrastructure as the population related to Commercial complex in form of supporting staff, working staff & visitors will increase.

8.2 Client requirements 150 rooms 1 Coffee shop – all day dining.

4 restaurant.

Gourmet bar (can be attached with the lobby) 2 meeting rooms (50 people each) 1 board room Business centre (which controls the meeting rooms and board rooms for technical support) 20 offices and retail each Spa cum gym Banquet Auditorium (500 guests) Pool (rooftop) with a pantry and open bar.

Back-end Services – Kitchens Housekeeping stores Laundry room CCTV surveillance room IT department

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STP, plant room & boilers Parking – basement Entry & exit to the site.

Fire tender movement.

Landscaping on the site – softscape & hardscape.

Technical plant room HVAC Plumbing Electrical Staff and staff facilities Service areas Kitchens House Keeping Stores Laundry Room CCTV surveillance room IT department ETP

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CHAPTER 9: ARCHITECT’S BRIEF

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9.1 Area requirements Total site area : 7.7 acres (31163.13 sq.m) Ground coverage : 18697.8 sq.m (60%) F.A.R : 11483.5 sq.m Height permissible : 40 m ECS : 1.20 Ecs/sqm

Program

Area

Total Hotel area

10000 sq.m approx

Total Convention area

8700 sq.m

Open area

12466 sq,m

Table 8, Program of Site

9.2 Functional Analysis S.no

Functional Component

Standards (person/m2 )

Occupancy (persons)

No. of modules

Proposed area (sq.m)

1 Public spaces Foyer

0.65

2000

1

1300

Exhibition halls

0.6

100-150

3

270

Main exhibit area

1.40

Convention Centre

Storage

20% of exhibit area

200 5-10

40

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S.no

Functional Component

Standards (person/m2 )

Occupancy (persons)

Toilets

WC 2/400(1.2m ) 2 1/250 U(0.63m ) 2 1/100 WB(0.92m ) 1/WC

2

Auditorium

1.8

Foyer

0.8

Seating

1.2

500

Green rooms + changing rooms + toilets

Proposed area (sq.m)

1

150

1

900 300

500

Stage Backstage

No. of modules

1

250

1

75

50-100

1

140

30% of stage area 3.5

600

Projection room

min 3m x 4.5m

2-5

1

13.5

Light/sound room

min 3m x 4.5m

2-5

1

13.5

Toilets

WC 2/20(1.2m ) Male 1WC, 1U,

1

150

1

50

2

2

1/15 U(0.63m ) 2

1/100 WB(0.92m ) 1/WC 2

WC 1/12 (1.2m ) 2 WB(0.92m ) 1/ WC Hotel Lobby

1.5

200-250

1

375

1

100-150

2

300

Restaurants

1.5

100-150

4

900

Retail

4.5

150

20

10000

Waiting lounges

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S.no

Functional Component

Standards (person/m2 )

Occupancy (persons)

No. of modules

Total area for public space

Proposed area (sq.m) 16000

2 Semi-public spaces Hotel No. of keys

150

King (50%)

45 sq.m/room

2-3

75

3375

Executive suite (40%)

85 sq.m/room

2-3

65

5525

Accessible (2-3%)

150 sq.m/room

2-3

5

750

Presidential Suite

300 sq.m/room

2-3

5

1500

1.5

200

Specialty restaurant

1.5

50

Indoor recreational

1.5

50

Staff / room ratio Outdoor recreation

300

F&B

Plant rooms Bar

1

75 75

1 2.5

50-75

1

190

Lounge bar

3

50-75

1

225

Pool bar

3

50-75

1

225

1.5

50-100

1

130

Spa

25-30

1

Laundry

5-10

2

4

100-150

1

600

10

10-15

20

3000

Health club

Swimming pool Convention Centre Offices

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S.no

Functional Component conference rooms

Standards (person/m2 )

Occupancy (persons)

No. of modules

Proposed area (sq.m)

2

15-25

5

250

Conference business lounge

1.5

15-25

5

200

Meeting room

1.5

15-25

5

190

Board room

1.5

20-25

1

40

seminar rooms

1.5

100-150

2

450

2

200-250

4

2000

1

150

1

50

2

600

1

50

1

150

1

50

ball rooms toilets

2

WC 2/20(1.2m ) Male 1WC, 1U, 2

1/15 U(0.63m ) 2

1/100 WB(0.92m ) 1/WC 2

WC 1/12 (1.2m ) 2

WB(0.92m ) 1/ WC banquet hall

1.2

banquet kitchen

0.2

toilets

200-250

2

WC 2/20(1.2m ) Male 1WC, 1U, 2

1/15 U(0.63m ) 2

1/100 WB(0.92m ) 1/WC 2

WC 1/12 (1.2m ) 2

WB(0.92m ) 1/ WC Cloakrooms

0.01

2-3

2

1

Lounge bar

1.8

50

4

350

Restaurant

1.2

50-100

4

480

restaurant kitchen

0.7

10-15

2

22

Food storage

0.1

2-5

1

1

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S.no

Functional Component

Standards (person/m2 )

Occupancy (persons)

No. of modules

Total area for semipublic space

Proposed area (sq.m) 21000

3 Private spaces Administration department Estate manager

25

1

1

25

PA of estate manager

10

1

1

10

General manager

25

1

1

25

PA of general manager

10

1

1

10

2

4-6

1

30

2

10-15

1

75

1

150

1

50

Accounts

5m / table

Administration office

5m / table

Toilets

2

WC 2/20(1.2m ) Male 1WC, 1U, 2

1/15 U(0.63m ) 2 1/100 WB(0.92m ) 1/WC 2

WC 1/12 (1.2m ) 2

WB(0.92m ) 1/ WC Central kitchen Main preparation

0.1

1

500

Bakery

0.03

1

170

Washing area

0.03

1

170

Dry food storage

0.01

1

50

Cold food storage

0.01

1

50

Total area for private space

1400

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S.no

Functional Component

4 Parking

Standards (person/m2 )

2 32m for basement 2 and 23m for surface parking

Occupancy (persons)

No. of modules

1200 cars

Proposed area (sq.m)

38000

5 Services Loading/Unloading area

-

1

200

Time office (including faculty, personnel manager)

-

2

2

200

Laundry and linen store

-

5-8

1

150

Uniform issue counter

-

1

1

25

Material department

-

1

2

100

Security office

-

1

1

100

Flower room

-

1

1

25

Housekeeping dept.

-

5

1

100

Staff changing rooms (ladies and gents)

-

5

1

75

Staff dining and kitchen

-

1

350

Security staff rest room

-

5-10

1

50

Consulting engineers/ electricians room

-

5

1

100

Table 9, Area Analysis

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9.3 Architectural Constraints • As the site is in Aerocity, there’s a Height restriction of 40m.

• No balconies can face the outer side of the facade or towards the road.

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CHAPTER 10: DESIGN FACTORS OF CONSIDERATION â&#x20AC;©

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While designing a hotel cum convention centre, there are some of the design factors that have to be considered and some of the services are required in the various functional spaces. These factors help us in designing and creating a more functional as well as aesthetically welcoming.

Services required in various functional spaces: • Lobby/concourse- Information desk, shops, displays, cloakroom, toilet, ATM, first-aid, café, security. Access for waiting ambulance, kitchen access, front office, administration entrance.

• Entrance hall- Welcome desk, information desk, press room, media room, organisers office, administration offices.

• Foyer to banquet- Cloakroom, toilets, information booth • Banquet hall- Service lobby, banquet kitchen- main kitchen, deliveries, beverage stores, linen, silver stores, furniture stores.

• Function rooms- Service corridor, satellite kitchen- main kitchen, deliveries, beverage stores, linen, silver stores, furniture stores.

• Foyer to meeting rooms- Refreshments, information, service lobby, kitchens, stores, CCTV systems.

• Meeting rooms- Interpretation booths, operator’s/control booths, furniture arrangements equipment, access corridor, restrooms access routes, equipment stores, service lobby, stores, loading dock.

• Foyers to Auditorium- Refreshments, service lobby, food service stores, beverages and glass stores, deliveries.

• Information desk- CCTV system, public address system.

• Auditorium- Interpretation booths, operator’s/control booths, stage, access corridor, restrooms, access to equipment housings, stores, back-stage, equipment, stores, scenery dock, stage management, property stores, production workshops, assembly areas, performers areas.

• Green room- Food and beverage service, practice room(s), instrument stores etc.

Other services Administration Electrical Security Circulation Services Engineering

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There are some other services that need to be considered in a hotel such as :

UPS Room • Air conditioned space: UPS units generate heat.

• 2.5m wide rolling shutter for shifting equipment • 1m (min) spacing b/w units

LT Panel Room • Air conditioned • Adjacency to Transformer Room • Panels placed away from walls (approx.

1m) to enable easy access for maintenance • Controlled Temperature (30 degree Celsius) • Panels placed on platform (120mm high)

Fig 125, LT Panel Room Circulation

DG Room • Regulated air to supply enough oxygen for combustion • Insulated to prevent escape of heat and sound (perforated Al sheets rolled over glass wool)

Transformer Room • Double height space, false ceiling can be used • Flooring with special rubber mats underneath transformers and panels to cut down electric circulation • 2.5m wide rolling shutter for shifting equipment

Fig 126, Transfer Room Circulation

• Legally cannot be placed in basement

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Chiller Plant Room • Double ht.

• Insulated Pipelines • Provide Drainage Gutters throughout the space for spillage ( slope 1:100)

Fig 127, Chiller plant Dimensions

STP • Should be isolated to avoid the odours • Treated water piped through UPVC (un-plasticized)

Boiler Room • 1.5m spacing between individual boilers • Located separate from other services • Provide space ht. 4.5m (min)

Laundry • Laundry Room should be located at the lowest floor of the hotel to isolate from noise and vibration.

• Provide Laundry Chutes for delivery of soiled clothes from guest floors

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• Service lift nearby • Separate zoning for sorting, washing, drying, ironing and folding • Adjacency to linen store • Non-slip flooring and drainage, and • Adequate ventilation: air exchange of 15 to 20 per hour • Storage for chemicals

Uniform Distribution Center Locate uniform issue area off main service corridor, convenient to locker rooms.

Establish separate locked linen storage for particular departments, such as food and beverage or spa/health club.

Linen Storage The storage area must be isolated from the solid linen and kept clean.

Should be well protected against dampness and dirt.

Break room • Segregation by gender • Contains standard security lockers (300X750mm), rest rooms, sleeping areas(bunk beds) • Provide shower cubicles in rest room for staff during shift change • Adjacency to Staff Cafeteria

Training room • For new Staff • A Table with capacity for 20 people • Audio-Visual facilities

Purchase and Checking • Entry of materials through ramp and platform Page 164 of 170

• Ramp: 4m wide • Small office for records • X-Ray and weighing machine • Wash area

Engineering Spaces Mechanical and Electrical Equipment Rooms • Should be close to the laundry, kitchen, and other high-energy use areas for most economical operation • Equipment rooms can be organised along a separate service corridor for better control and supervision.

• Locate mechanical areas in high-ceiling space (16 ft or 5 m) where noise and vibration will not disturb guests or public activities.

• Locate rooms where large equipment can be replaced reasonably easily.

The engineering and mechanical spaces may approach 4 %of the total gross hotel area.

Fire Safety • While these chutes are a convenient way for occupants to dispose of garbage or send dirty linen to a laundry room, they create a potential fire hazard because they are an unobstructed vertical path for fire and smoke.

• To minimise the hazard, the model fire and building codes require that automatic sprinklers be installed in the top of the chutes as well as the “terminal room:” the space at the bottom of the chute where the rubbish and linen accumulate.

• When the chute extends through three or more floors, additional sprinklers must be installed at alternate floor levels.

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CHAPTER 10: CONCEPTâ&#x20AC;©

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10.1 Design Ideology The basic approach in the design of the hotel will be to search through the possibilities of variations within a restricted urban site. The variations of public private use will be experienced in design phase. The aim of the design will be to reflect the variations of public and private spaces in sections as well as plans.

10.2 Design Decisions Located on such a prime location, the site needs to be very efficiently designed. Some buffer zone would be designed linearly around the borders to assure both the visual and sound insulation that would be required. The main entrance to be designed carefully because all the three roads accessible to the site are connected to major highways.

The spatial structure of the building has to be constructed on the idea that the building has to perform both the identity of a public building and private residential identity of the guest floors. The degradation of privacy has to be expressed both in public floors and guest-room floors. The convention activity literally means the sharing and marketing of ideas under one roof.

So, there must be an integration of delegates and the pre-function spaces should be overlapped.

The aim would be locating meeting venues in different layers to separate different user groups if different organisations are to take place in the hotel. The flexibility should be maintained within the building by vertical connections both visually and physically.â&#x20AC;Š

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Bibliography : • http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=138299 • https://dda.org.in/ddanew/pdf/hot_links/tender/Vol_3_-_PIM.pdf • https://issuu.com/yashimajain/docs/convention_center_theoretical_study • Molly W. Berger, Hotel Dreams: Luxury, Technology and Urban Ambition in America, 1829-1929, 2011 • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_center • http://dipp.nic.in/English/default.aspx • Diana Budds, ‘Radically reinventing The Luxury Hotel to Compete with Airbnb’ , 2017 • Michele Ciavarella, ‘Necessary, Not Superfluous: Reflections on Inevitable Luxury,’ 2002 • https://www.slideshare.net/HICC/hyderabad-international-convention-centre? qid=09cfd5b4-790e-463b-a0a8-a5433994434f&v=&b=&from_search=3

Books referred • Molly W. Berger, Hotel Dreams: Luxury, Technology and Urban Ambition in America, 1829-1929, 2011 • Time-saver Standards for Building Types • Time saver standards for interior design • MPD 2021 • [Architecture EBook] Neufert 3 Edition • NBC_2005

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