Week 8 Anita Nicholls 698556
Strategies for Openings: Doors and Windows -‐Timber doors might be internally hinged with a door jam head and architrave. -‐Aluminium doors: Common in commercial and office buildings -‐Steel frames oFen used in combinaGon with other types of doors Steel windows and frames: Frames welded together, steel readily transmits heat thus there is a thermal break within to reduce heat loss. Curtain Walls: Windows and walling system (e.g. Wilson Hall building, city buildings oFen clad in a curtain wall system, window system is hung off the concrete structure of the building, carries its own load transferring loads back into the concrete structure. Note: Need to ensure loads are transferred around window opening rather than through the windows
LEARNING LOOP Glass (W08_m1): COMPONENTS Formers: are the basic ingredient used to produce glass. Any chemical compound that can be melted and cooled into a glass is a former (e.g. silica) Fluxes: Help formers to melt at lower and more pracGcal temperatures (e.g. soda ash/potash/Lithium Carbonate) Stabilizers: combine with formers and fluxes to keep the finished glass from dissolving or crumbling (e.g. Limestone/Magnesia) History: Blown Glass, Sheet glass, Lead Crystal, Plate Glass, LaminaGon, Float Glass ProperLes: High hardness, high fragility (although tempered glass is not as briZle as float glass), low ducGlity, high flexibility and plasGcity when molten but low when cooled. Very durable (chemical, rust and rot resistant), very high reusability and recyclability, high embodied energy and carbon footprint but ease of recycling/reuse makes it a popular sustainable product, generally expensive to produce and transport. TYPES & MANUFACTURE Two main types: Flat Glass (sheets of clear or Gnted float, laminated, tempered, wired etc.), and Shaped Glass (curved, blocks, channels, tubes, fibres) Float Glass is now the most common glass producGon process in the world. Float Glass types: 1. Clear Float Glass: The simplest and cheapest glass product available. Ideal in low risk/low cost/small size glazing scenarios as it breaks into very sharp and dangerous shards 2. Laminated Glass: A tough plasGc interlayer (PVB) is bonded together between two glass panes, this improves the security and safety of the glass product as even though the glass can crack, the sharp fragments tend to adhere to the plasGc rather than fall apart. 3. Tempered glass (toughens glass). Produced by heaGng annealed glass and rapidly cooling the surface, creaGng a state of high compression in the outer surfaces of the glass. Breaks into small pellet shaped pieces rather than sharp shards, improving the safety of the product. Ideal to use in highly exposed situaGons (e.g. balustrades, parGGons and facades) or when the sizes required are parGcularly large. OTHER TYPES AND PRUDUCTS: Tinted glass (useful in sun-‐exposed situaGons), wired glass (low-‐cost fire glass. A steel mesh is used instead of a plasGc film), paZerned glass, curved glass (produced in moulds created to meet the specific design requirements, expensive), photovoltaic glass (with integrated solar cells), glass channels (use in façade systems), slumped and formed glass (used as design features), glass fibres (hair-‐like strands-‐used in telecommunicaGons) DOUBLE AND TRIPLE GLAZING: Strategies, reduce the amount of heat loss or transmission Double glazing-‐ keeps a room warmer in winter by prevenGng heat loss, helps with insulaGon. In summer, a building will sGll need to be shaded effecGvely, as the double glazing is not so useful in prevenGng heat transmission. It is beZer in reducing ambient heat loss. However, for summer Low-‐e glazing is useful and absorbs radiant energy (useful in summer).
STUDIO ACTIVITY OVAL PAVILION POP UP WINDOW HEAD DETAIL -‐Fabricated Steel Hood 1:1 Drawing aZached in Final Logbook
Exterior View
Interior View
Glossary
Window Sash: A window sash is the fixed or moveable framework of a window that holds the sheets of glass in place DeflecGon: A change in course of direcGon, a deviaGon. “The perpendicular distance a spanning member deviates from a true course under transverse loading, increasing with load and span, and decreasing with an increase in the moment of inerGa of the secGon of the secGon or the modulus of elasGcity of the material.”(Ching, 2014, 2.14) Moment of InerGa: “The sum of the products of each element of an area and the square of its distance from a coplanar axis of rotaGon. It is a geometric property that indicates how the cross-‐secGonal area of a structural member is distributed and does not reflect the intrinsic physical properGes of a material”. (Ching, 2014, 2.14) Door Furniture: Metal fastenings, fijngs, hinges, locksets, handles and other fixtures on a door. Stress: Pressure or tension applied to an object Shear Force: Unaligned forces pushing in opposite direcGons that subsequently pull a material or element apart.
AddiGonal terminology
Jamb: The side members of a doorframe Head: The uppermost member of a door frame Threshold: The sill of a doorway, covering the joint between the two flooring materials or providing weather protecGon at an exterior door Casing: The trim that finishes the joint between two flooring materials or providing weather protecGon at an exterior door Stop: The projecGng part of a doorframe against which a door closes Rough opening: The wall opening into which a doorframe is fiZed Saddle: A raised piece of flooring between the jambs of a doorway, to which a door fits closely so as to prevent its binding when opened (Ching) 8.03 Sand + soda + lime=Glass Notes: • Architrave neatens things up (cover) • Head (load bearing) rests on top of the jams • Door hinges screwed into the jams • Hinges aZach the door to the jam. • Sills at the boZom of doors and windows (only external doors and windows) • Steel lintel above to carry the load