Solution manual for elementary statistics 3rd edition william navidi barry monk 2

Solution Manual for Elementary Statistics, 3rd Edition William Navidi Barry Monk

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Chapter 1:Basic Ideas 25.

26.

Exercises

13. False. In some cases it is difficult or impossible to draw a sample in a truly random way. In these cases, the best one can do is to sample items by some convenient method. A sample of convenience is one way.

14. False. In a stratified sample, the population is divided into groups, and a random sample from each group is drawn.

15. True

16. True

Practicing the Skills

17. Statistic

18. Parameter

19. Parameter

20. Statistic

21. Answers will vary.

22. Answers will vary. Stratified sample

23. Answers will vary. Cluster sample

24. Answers will vary. Systematic sample

Working with the Concepts

39. It will be necessary to draw a sample of convenience. There is no list of all headache sufferers from which to draw a simple random sample.

40. It is feasible to draw a simple random sample of students from a list of all students enrolled.

41. Answers will vary. A simple random sample could be drawn from a list of all registered voters in the town.

42. Answers will vary. A systematic sample could be used in which every tenth item was sampled

43. Answers will vary. A stratified sample, consisting of simple random samples of 100 men and 100 women, could be drawn.

44. Answers will vary. A simple random sample of tax forms could be drawn.

Extending the Concepts

45. Answers will vary.

46.

say we will sample every kth item.

This determines k 1 clusters; the first

items

second cluster consists of items

k + 2, …; and so on. Choosing a

sample is like choosing one of

Belgian Refugee to His Dutch Brother

In this cartoon Raemaekers endeavours to bring home to his compatriots one lesson of the War. That as human nature now is—and especially German in-human nature—the only guarantee, not necessarily of peace but of life, for the smaller nations on the borders of the German Empire is the provision of a force sufficient to give pause to wanton aggression.

A large and more efficient Army might not have saved Belgium. It would, however, possibly have diverted the German advance to another quarter. It would undoubtedly have gained much valuable time for the Allies in their fight for the cause of freedom and the preservation of small nations.

Of the importance of a large and efficient Army to Holland at the present juncture there can be no question. Germany in retreat may invade the territory of the gallant little nation of free people, whose history is a glorious and eloquent plea for their continued existence as a separate nation, unless they are prepared to offer effective resistance. Often the dying throes of a wild beast involve an unexpectedly wide area in destruction. And if Germany wins, Holland may make up its mind to becoming an appendage of the Hunnish Empire.

That this is realised by the more thoughtful and prescient Dutch no one who knows them doubts; but the wave of prosperity in war time which Holland has experienced may serve to dull the apprehension of the less suspicious and far-sighted of her people.

With the case of the Belgian refugees before their eyes one may hope that the lesson may strike home. Indeed, we cannot believe that the wrongs of Belgium will be readily forgotten.

The central figure of the cartoon is not less eloquent because the despair that is written upon the face is less emotional than that of the girl

and woman, or even the little boy. But it grips. Wisdom, too often, alas! is purchased only with the bitter coin of experience.

CLIVE HOLLAND

THE BELGIAN REFUGEE TO HIS DUTCH BROTHER

“I, too, always voted against any increase of my Army.”

The “Falaba”

Amongst my most treasured possessions is a photograph taken on board the lost Invincible after the battle of the Falkland Islands was over. Three-quarters of a mile away Inflexible is silhouetted against the evening sky, and between the two ships lies the flotsam of the Gneisenau, with 200 or more German sailors clinging to wreckage or swimming for their lives. A few steam pinnaces and cutters are picking up these poor drowning fellows as fast as they can. The fighting navy, having conquered its foe, is engaged upon the task, always dear to it, of saving life. It is an added pleasure to befriend those who have fought gallantly.

I do not know whether Raemaekers has ever seen this photograph, but this drawing shows the drowning people, the wreckage, exactly reproduced. But here the only boat has itself been smashed by a shot, so that the last hope of safety of those in the water has been taken from them. And the ship that sinks is not a fighting ship, and the poor souls struggling for their lives are not fighting men. Can these men in the foreground be the sailors of a fighting navy?

For the officer of this submarine is not content to warn the Falaba and give its people a chance to save themselves before sinking her. He has, indeed, warned her, but, with a refinement of cruelty, has torpedoed the ship while the women and children were being hastily got off; and, not content with this, has fired on and sunk the boats in which his terrified victims hoped to escape.

There is here no artistic exaggeration. The picture is horrible just because it is photographically accurate.

It is a hideous negation of all that the word “navy” has stood for in every country that has ever possessed one. In nothing does Raemaekers show his Dutch blood more than in his savage anger at this gruesome perversion of the sea tradition. For the Dutch have a great naval history and know the meaning of a seaman’s honour.

The true sailor is great in his bravery because he is still greater in his chivalry. What will history say of these debauched brutes who revel in their hangman’s task?

ARTHUR POLLEN

“We have better luck with passenger boats than with war ships, for they cannot shoot.”

The “Katwyk”

In this one picture is the whole story of German submarine war, which heeds the presence of neither women nor children, but strikes swiftly, secretly, and without giving its victim the opportunity of defence. Not that in war it is demanded that the opponent should be given chance of a fight on equal terms; for in sea war the whole object of a naval commander is to concentrate an overwhelming superiority of fire on his enemy, and to destroy.

It remained for Germany, however, to apply this doctrine of destruction to mercantile craft and to neutral shipping, and to conduct war on the principle that war justifies any means, any barbarity, even the indiscriminate slaughter of non-combatants. This assassin striking from behind has called the British blockade barbarous; but that blockade at least gives the nation against whom it is exercised a choice between evils, so much so in fact that all nations recognise it, and for ages have recognised it, as part of the procedure of war—no accusation of barbarity was made against Germany in 1871 for the starvation of the civilian population of Paris. But this sea-murder is a different thing, a thing that does not advance the end of the war, and a sign of a claim on the part of its authors that civilisation cannot allow. It is as if they questioned: “Since we have a certain power of destruction, shall we not use it as pleases us?”

And the answer? There were, after the sinking of the Lusitania, rows of bodies of women and children laid out for identification; there were many other instances, almost equally tragic, and the answers that they afford are eloquent enough. May they be well remembered in the day of settlement.

E. CHARLES VIVIAN

THE “KATWYK” MURDER

(A Dutch ship of this name was torpedoed by the Germans.)

Arcades Ambo

Looking at this cartoon one can understand why Raemaekers is not persona grata in the Happy Fatherland. With half a dozen touches he has changed Satan from the magnificent Prince of Evil whom Gustave Doré portrayed into a—Hun. Henceforth we shall envisage Satan as a Hun, talking the obscene tongue—now almost the universal language in Hades— and hailed by right-thinking Huns as the All Highest War Lord. Willy senior must be jealous.

With the learned Professor, the cartoonist not only produces a composite portrait of all the Herren Professoren, but also drives home the point of his amazing pencil into what is perhaps the most instructive lesson of this monstrous war—the perversion to evil uses of powers originally designed, nourished, and expanded to benefit mankind. When the Furor Teutonicus has finally expended itself, we do not envy the feelings of the illustrious chemists who perfected poison gas and liquid fire! Will they, when their hour comes, find it easy to obey the poet’s injunction, and, wrapping the mantle of their past about them, “lie down to pleasant dreams”?

We are assured that these professors have not exhausted their powers of frightfulness. It may be so. This is certain: Such frightfulness will ultimately exhaust them. With this reflection, we may leave them, grist to be ground by the mills of God.

HORACE ANNESLEY VACHELL

ARCADES AMBO

T P: “I have discovered a new mixture which will blind them in half an hour.”

S: “You are in very truth my master.”

Neuve Chapelle

Nothing could be more thoroughly characteristic of the Prussian mind than its utter misunderstanding of England. It exhibits all the characteristics which we are accustomed to associate with “German Thought,” and especially the combination of enormous industry in the accumulation of facts with an utter inability to appreciate such facts as cannot be catalogued and an amazing stupidity in passing judgment even upon the facts which are recognised.

Thus, before the outbreak of war, the Prussians, knowing that we were in the main a commercial people, immediately deduced the conclusion that we should never fight for any other purpose than that of making money. They found themselves in error. Similarly, after our intervention, they looked up their documents and, discovering that we had never had a very large army, concluded that we were not to be reckoned with seriously in the field of military operations. Our naval power they allowed for, for they could count the ships and had them all duly docketed. But our army was “contemptible,” and would certainly remain so.

That a nation, not originally military, could transform itself into a nation in arms by the mere action of patriotic enthusiasm and anger was a thing altogether undreamed of in the Prussian philosophy. The revelation that the thing was so has produced first, incredulity, and then a sort of bewilderment, as if all the foundations of “scientific thought,” as the Germans understand it, had collapsed—as, indeed, they had.

The thing that has not collapsed is the eternal strength which belongs to a nation utterly convinced with the justice of its cause. The thing is not possible to Prussians; but it is possible to Englishmen, as the Prussians are already beginning to know.

CECIL CHESTERTON

NEUVE CHAPELLE

O C P B: “You must give those English heavy blows.”

T (to prisoners after Neuve Chapelle): “Weren’t they heavy?”

Atrocities

The lecturer, with true German casuistry, minimises the rhinoceros and magnifies the fly, so that there is “very little difference” between them, as far as his arguments are concerned. Fortunately for the cause of the Allies, casuistry is not a military asset; had it been one, Germany would long since have won the war, and that not only on this count, for the saying that “the wish is father to the thought” is nowhere more true than in Germany.

There, the people are now firmly convinced that the war was forced on them, thanks to the casuistry of their leaders; they honestly believe, if professorial writings have any sincerity in them, that the invasion of Belgium was justified by their need, and that scraps of paper are only scraps of paper where they, the chosen nation for the spread of culture, are concerned; they believe that Britain’s blockade is barbarous and unjust, that France is an effete nation, that Russia is peopled by a horde of savages, that the starvation of their civilian prisoners instead of exchanging them is a just measure on their part—and many other things which sane reasoning shows to be false. They have, apparently, an endless credulity.

If one would question the cause for this, the answer lies in one word —“Pan-Germanism,” that disease which has sapped away the moral fibre of a nation and implanted colossal conceit in its place. No statement is more true than that Germany is devoid of a sense of humour, for this sense is in its essence that of proportion, and not only in her methods of war and her dealings with the rest of the world has Germany lost all sense of proportion, but also in her estimate of herself and her place in the scheme of things. A proper sense of proportion is incompatible with Pan-Germanism.

E. CHARLES VIVIAN

ATROCITIES

T L: “From a comparison of the two subjects, gentlemen, you will perceive that there is very little difference between Germany and the Allies.”

“Is it You, Mother?”

Since the opening of hostilities in the present war the Scottish regiments have given repeated proofs of a valour which adds new lustre to the great traditions of Scottish soldiership. Through all the early operations —on the retreat from Mons and at the battles of the Marne and the Aisne— the Royal Scots Guards, the Scots Greys, the Gordon, the Seaforth and the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders, the King’s Own Scottish Borderers gained many fresh laurels by their heroism and undaunted spirit. The London Scottish Territorials, too, have shown a prowess as signal as that of the Scots of the Regular Army; while the mettle of men of Scottish descent has made glorious contribution in France and elsewhere to the fine records of the Overseas armies.

It is the inevitable corollary that death should levy a heavy toll on Scottish soldiers in the field. Thousands of kilted youth have suffered the fate which Raemaekers depicts in the accompanying cartoon. It is not, of course, only the young Scot whose thought turns in the moment of death to the hearth of his home with vivid memories of his mother. But the word “home” and all that the word connotes often makes a more urgent appeal to the Scot abroad than to the man of another nationality. There is significance in the fact that, far as the Scots are wont to wander over the world’s surface, they should, under every sky and in every turning fortune, treasure as a national anthem the song which has the refrain:—

“For it’s hame, an’ it’s hame, fain wad I be, O! it’s hame, hame, hame, to my ain countrie!”

The German soldier in this war would seem to have lost well nigh all touch of humanity. Yet the draughtsman here suggests that even the German soldier on occasion yields to the pathos of the young Scot’s death-cry for

home and mother. There is grim irony in the dying man’s blurred vision, which mistakes the hand of his mortal foe for that of his mother.

Of such trying scenes is the drama of war composed.

SIDNEY LEE

“IS IT YOU, MOTHER?”

Germany’s Dummy

England has without doubt been Germany’s favourite bug-a-boo for the war. Once she threatened to exalt France to pride of place, but her allegiance soon returned to John Bull, and she has left no trick of hate untried to place him in the pillory before her own subjects and neutral nations.

“Let shame,” said Herr Maximilian Harden, who, as a German-Jew, may perhaps view the wider issues with some detachment and plead to his adopted people for philosophy and self-control—“let shame spread a thick veil over self-deification and enemy-bedevilment.” A futile appeal must this be to a nation that knows no shame, from its Emperor to his humblest slave. Self-deification is the marrow in German bones, the oil in German joints; while as to bedevilment of the enemy, in this they naturally excel, since supreme power of detraction is a complement of envy and jealousy: the one involves the others.

Michael’s dummy “John Bull” was, however, very clearly made in Germany, and Holland is not deceived. She adjoins Belgium—a circumstance the man behind the scarecrow perhaps forgot—and they who have been watching Germany at work in their neighbour’s country are not going to be alarmed at this silly German “John Bull.” They know the real John Bull at first hand, and his methods of conducting commerce and practising war. It was not John Bull who torpedoed the Tubantia and committed a thousand other pirate and brigand acts against this neutral power. It was not John Bull who in August of last year wrote to the Burgomaster of little Wavre and demanded £120,000, failing which Wavre would be set on fire and destroyed “without distinction of persons, the innocent to suffer with the guilty.”

Holland is staunch, for she knows that Germany’s care for the weak nations is the good wife’s love for the chickens and the butcher’s for the lamb. Michael would like to thrust his revolver into John’s hand and

pretend afterwards that he had pulled the trigger; but the smiling Dutch frontier guard is in no danger of being deceived.

EDEN PHILLPOTTS

M: “Boo-hoo!”

T D: “Come out from behind there, Michael, you can’t frighten me.”