What is the problem in Bilbao?

What is the problem in Bilbao?

A sustainable future for Zorrozaurre peninsula?

Andrew Morris 10275174 ARCH 653 Connecting Sustainable Practices

Abstract

The peninsula of Zorrozaurre in Bilbao,

will help protect the site from flooding

Spain is currently in a state of uncertainty.

(Lean, 2014) and also remove the many

Much of its industry has departed due to a

pollutants that have entered the land over

government led masterplan that does not

the last century facilitating development on

appear to address many of the issues the

the brownfield site (Sassi, 2006, p. 17). The

fragile site faces. The site is susceptible to

new and much needed green spaces will

flooding due to its topography and is at risk of

entice wildlife and improve the appearance

being eradicated if a one in one hundred year

of the site. In addition the retrofitting of the

flood event or storm surge occurrs. Through

dilapidated industrial buildings will be a

the utilisation of international precedents

more feasible proposition as the damaging

and case studies this essay proposes

effects of flooding will have been prevented.

measures that could be implemented on the

The rejuvenated and protected buildings

peninsula to ensure proposed intervention

will

for the site is both protected and resilient.

creating work particularly for young people

The post industrial brownfield qualities of

who are statistically in greatest need of

the toxic site are discussed, therefore the

employment. The findings of the paper

recommendations are that phytoremediation

suggest that Zorrozaurre can once again

is implemented through a sustainable urban

become a significant destination if resilient

drainage system [SuDS]. This intervention

considerations are made.

provide

enterprising

possibilities

Contents

Problem Statement

05

Problem context analysis

15

Proposition

28

Conclusion

34

References

36

Figure References

44

San Mames Stadium

Ria De Bilbao Maritime Museum

Puente Euskalduna

Disused Industrial building

Club de Remo

Residential building

Residential building

Retrofitted building

Vacant Plot

Residential building

Disused Industrial building Residential building

Vacant Plot

Disused Industrial building Residential building

Residential building

Disused Industrial building Hostel

Nervion River

Basurto-Zorroza

San Mames Stadium Ria De Bilbao Maritime Museum Puente Euskalduna Zorrozaurre

Guggenheim Museum

Azkuna Zentora

Bullring

Estacion de Abando I. Prieto

Parque Miribilla

San Nicolas Church Santiago Cathedral Bilbao Arena

Parque Etxebarria

Basilica of Bego単a

Page 01

Figure 1 Bilbao city context

Figure 2 Zorrozaurre peninsula

Page 03

Figure 3 Existing qualities of Zorrozaurre

Problem statement

Page 05

Zorrozaurre is a former port and industrial

has resulted in a considerable amount of

district

industrial

north

of

Bilbao

city

centre

becoming

obsolete

(Zorrotzaurre.com, n.d.). It is almost entirely

and empty. Many of the properties are now

surrounded by water, on the east side by

dilapidated and forgotten, causing them to

the River Nervion and on the west by the

enter a state of disrepair. However due to

Deusto channel. This channel was excavated

their post industrial appearance they are

in the 1960’s to allow better access for

somewhat appealing and some opportunities

shipping transporting goods produced by

for retrofitting and employment have been

the industrial factories up and down the

implemented by young artistic entrepreneurs

peninsula. Much of this industry has now left

(Michael, 2015). This is significant because

Zorrozaurre due to Government policy over

45 percent of those under the age of 30 in

the last 30 years and has moved to locations

Spain are currently unemployed.

out of town to ensure that the city centre is not dominated by secondary industry. This imposed migration away from the peninsula

Figure 4 Cross section of Zorrozaurre

buildings

Page 07

Bay of Biscay

Greater Bilbao

Figure 5 Greater Bilbao Context

Bilbao Municipality

Page 09

Another reason for this forced removal of

at the level that the current global climatic

industry is because the city’s politicians

situation requires nor the issues that a toxic

and property developers have realised the

brownfield site carries.

potential of the flat land in close proximity to Natural forces have begun to claim back

peninsula offers (Alcock, 2015, p. 25). These

particular areas of the peninsula with some

appealing plots however, come with the

derelict and ruined plots being covered by

attached stigma of being brownfield sites

wild vegetation and undergrowth. However, It

that have been contaminated over many

is currently lacking any intentional expanses

years by heavy industry. Zaha Hadid, the

of green space which would compliment

Pritzker Prize award winning architect, was

the waterways that are on both sides of the

employed to design a sparkling masterplan

site. It is the only dual water aspect location

for the whole 57 hectare site (Zaha Hadid,

in the whole of Bilbao and so this should

2007). Unfortunately the design does not

be celebrated and promoted through the

appear to have considered sustainability

interventions that are to be proposed.

INCREASED

WATER W E AT H E R

EXTREME

W I L L BECOME MORE

RISING

TEMPERATURES

Figure 6 Climate change issues

the city and the prime waterfront plots the

PERCIPTIATION

INTESNE AND MORE FREQUENT

RISING

IF EVERYONE IN THE WORLD CONSUMED AS MUCH AS THE UK WE WOULD NEED

Page 11

BILBAO 1 in 100 YEAR RIP

RIP

RIP

WORST 1983

6000

RIP

RIP

Bilbao.

The

existing

topography

and

context of Zorrozaurre result in it being extremely susceptible to flooding and all the existing properties are at risk; If a 1 in the effects would be detrimental and cause

RIP

60000

a large amount of damage. As the risk of flooding becomes greater due to changes in the climatic conditions (Department of Environment & Regional Planning, 2008, p. 14), consideration needs to be taken on how buildings and the spaces around them

HOMELESS

can be made more resilient (Carpenter et al.,

JOBLESS Figure 7 Floods of 1983 information

there is a collective fear of flooding in

100 year flood event were to happen again

FLOOD

3 9 D E A T H S

Due to the catastrophic floods of 1983

RIVER TOXICATED

2001).

Page 13

Figure 8 Zorrozaurre context in the municipality of Bilbao

Problem context analysis

Page 15

The need to build on brownfield sites has

Bioremediation is a waste management

become a major focus of attention in the

technique that utilises organisms in order

construction industry as suitable ‘green

to remove or neutralise pollutants from a

field’ sites are becoming far less available

contaminated site. The process happens

(Sassi, 2006, p. 17). However, these sites

over a long period of time and makes use of

are often discarded industrial or commercial

the biodegradation processes that naturally

buildings and plots that have had a toxic

occur. The benefits of this procedure are that

past such as Zorrozaurre. If these sites

large quantities of soil, sediment or water do

are to be redeveloped they will need to

not need to be extracted from the ground

be decontaminated. Currently there are

to allow the treatment to take place and

minimal sustainable and financially viable

so it causes less disruption than traditional

cleansing procedures available but several

decontamination processes (Environmental

new remediation techniques are being

Enquiry, 2015).

tested, which appear to be relatively low cost and beneficial to the environment (Gray,

Phytoremediation utilises the leaves, stems

2015). These experimental processes are

and roots of plants to store and remove

Bioremediation and Phytoremediation which

pollutants

utilise natural processes to decontaminate

process utilises metal-accumulating plants

toxic locations.

that clean soil and water that have been

from

the

environment.

The

polluted. It is rapidly becoming an important

Page 17

environmentally friendly and cost effective

is one attempt at moving away from linear

technology (Raskin, Smith and Salt, 1997).

into a more circular metabolism for cities

‘Phytofilration’ plants can be used in filtration

(Girardet, 1999, p. 33) considering ways of

systems to ‘bioaccumulate’ impurities such

utilising the waste and pollutants that are

as heavy metals which can be harvested

produced at industrial locations.

and mined for reuse by a process named ‘phytomining’ (Gray, 2015). This process

A severely contaminated location that has been transformed into a wonderful sanctuary in the middle of one of the busiest capital cities in the world is Camley Street Natural Park in London. This inner city green space adjacent to St Pancras international train station was historically a coal store. It is now a hub for wildlife and an oasis for residents in the densely populated area of Camden.

The green public space also functions as an educational facility which teaches children and adults outside of the classroom, giving

Figure 9 + 10 Camley Street natural park

hands on learning experiences (London Wildlife Trust, 2015).

Page 19

More recently one of the most contaminated brownfield spaces in London, a site in Stratford, became the location for the government funded development of the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park. This site contained a postwar munitions dump, factories, 52 electricity pylons, neglected waterways and a ‘Fridge Mountain’. The transformation provided the infrastructure for an expansion of London, leaving a lasting legacy of 6.5km of new and revitalised waterways, that are considered in the landscaping and green infrastructure of the beautiful 21st Century parkland (LDA Design, 2013). One of the main intentions of the development was to relieve pressure from the over crowded residential areas of north and east London. The substantial regeneration is a pertinent example of how a Figure 11, 12 + 13 Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park

neglected, polluted and disused location can be converted into something that is ground breaking and beneficial to the whole country.

Page 21

Over the last thirty years the Swedish city of

In an intriguing correlation with Bilbao,

Malmรถ has shifted from traditional drainage

Bangladesh is susceptible to flooding due

to sustainable drainage systems [SuDS]

to its proximity to the Ganges Delta and

(Landa Mendez, 2014, p. 41). This move

the many tributaries that flow into the Bay

was made because neighbourhoods were

of Bengal (Brammer, 1990). It is a common

frequently suffering from floods because

occurrence and it has a large impact on the

the drainage systems could not handle the

landscape and society of Bangladesh. This

influx of water when high rainfall events

has resulted in small scale flooding being

happened. Through the addition of various

seen as beneficial and aids the functioning

measures including green spaces, swales,

of the agricultural industry, it replaces the

green roofs and attenuation lakes there has

requirement for artificial irrigation systems.

been a significant reduction in surface run-

This utilisation of flood water prevents

off after downpours in Malmรถ. The green

the land from becoming infertile as the

spaces that were a byproduct of the SuDS

floodwaters transport vital nutrients. The

implementation have improved the image of

positivity that Bangladeshi communities

the location and created a more pleasurable

have in regards to small scale flooding is an

place for the residents to live (Kazmierczak

interestingly sustainable attitude that is not

and Carter, 2010).

shared internationally.

Page 23

Torpedo Factory Art Center is an example of a building which has been retrofitted and is no longer used for its original purpose. This munitions factory in Washington DC became obsolete due to the peace at the end of WWII and was abandoned (Torpedofactory. org, n.d.). A proposal was put forward to covert the large, empty and disused factory into art studios as the cost to demolish the building and start again would have been too expensive to make it a feasible proposition.

It has been successfully in action since 1974 however the amount of effort needed to convert it into a remarkable art centre was significant. Further renovation work took place over several years to improve it further into a centre that now houses over 150 artists.

Figure 14, 15 + 16 Torpedo Factory Art Center

Page 25

SPAINISH UNEMPLOYMENT 1/4 JOBLESS

45%

UNDER 30s UNEMPLOYED

A

small

collection

of

young

artistic

entrepreneurs have begun to retrofit several disused buildings in Zorrozaurre (Espacio Open,

n.d.)

(Zorrotzaurre

art

work

in

progress, n.d.). This has been encouraged by the low rent charged for the obsolete buildings at present. In 2014 one out of every four adult Spaniards were out of work however, an even more staggering statistic is that 45 percent of those under the age of 30 are currently unemployed “Ours is a lost or wasted generation” as stated by Alvaro Garcia (Ham, 2014). In addition the lack of

€0.00

LOW EARNINGS Figure 17 Spanish Unemployment

employment for graduates in Spain has resulted in many of them migrating in search

GRADUATES

€0.00 MIGRATING

of more prosperous careers leaving the moral in the younger generations low. The economical opportunities that the previously disused buildings on the peninsula in Bilbao are beginning to provide is helping to combat this issue.

Page 27

G

Figure 18 University campuses in vicinity of the peninsula

Proposition

Page 28

The potential for development in Zorrozaurre

resilience to be tested, to help understand

is considerable however, due to its current

how existing buildings and brownfield sites

state and context many challenges lie ahead

can be remediated and retrofitted to protect

and these will only increase if appropriate

them from the effects of flooding. Due to

action is not taken. The high quantity of

the sites proximity to natural and manmade

disused, obsolete industrial buildings and

waterways it gives many opportunities for

vacant plots create many opportunities for

green infrastructure to be put in place with

improving the outlook. The case studies that

which resilience, remediation, prevention

have been analysed in this paper raise several

and protection can be experimented.

key issues that highlight actions that have been taken at similar sites. If these acts of

At present there is a lack of flood protection on

brownfield remediation, flooding protection

the peninsula, there are no sacrificial areas and

and building retrofitting are undertaken it

minimal green spaces. If phytoremediating

will secure a positive future for the site and

plants can be incorporated within the SuDS

the people of Bilbao. This will ensure that

green infrastructure this already protective

Zorrozaurre is firstly an asset to the city

and

but also to the development of sustainable

decontaminate (McDonough and Braungart,

practices across the world.

2002, pp. 125 - 126) and protect the post

proactive

measure

can

begin

to

industrial site that will otherwise need to be The peninsula is an ideal location for

cleansed through unsustainable processes

Page 30

are prevalent in 21st century cities (Girardet,

invitation of wildlife will reinstate the riverside

1999, p. 33). The network of attenuation

location back to it’s original state “[a]

ponds, swales and reed beds will provide

hundred years ago,…a fertile alluvial plain

natural preventers that help minimise the risk

on the edge of the city” (Alcock, 2015, p.

of floods whilst detoxicating the brownfield

24). The natural remediating processes will

site. These interventions act as temporary

help to ensure that the ground water run off

storage and improve the quality of water and

is cleansed and reduced in a cost effective

land, whilst simultaneously creating wetland

manner (Nature Conservancy, 2013). The

habitats for wildlife in an attractive manner.

‘phytostabilization’ (Raskin, Smith and Salt,

These natural environments will not only

1997) will be beneficial in decontaminating

improve the appearance and resilience of the

the brownfield site but also highly reducing

peninsula but also have a positive influence

the amount of pollutants that are washed into

on the inhabitants and visitors quality of life,

the river Nervion in the event of high rainfall

improving their psychological and mental

and/or flooding.

RUNOFF

STORING Figure 19 SuDS principles

ALLOWING WATER TO

SOAK

INTO THE GROUND

FILTERING OUT POLLUTANTS

wellbeing (Chiesura, 2004, p. 130). The

SLOWLY RELEASING IT

in keeping with the linear metabolisms that

S L O W L Y TRANSPORTING WATER ON THE SURFACE

Page 32

The various flood protection measures

the buildings would out weigh the cost of

proposed ensure that the existing and new

retrofitting and consequently retain the

buildings on the peninsula have the possibility

eloquent stories of their past and celebrate

of a resilient future. Consequently the value

their histories (Eisinger, 2012, p. 84). Efforts

of disused industrial buildings and land will

should be made to ensure that these buildings

increase. The cost to demolish and rebuild

are cared for and given a flourishing new lease of life. Lateral thinkers such as Espacio Open and ZAWP have already begun to retrofit and utilise some of the buildings that are on the site initiating employment and education for the younger generations

Figure 20 Espacio open flea market initiative

(Espacio Open, n.d.) (Zorrotzaurre art work in progress, n.d.). However, the future of these buildings is uncertain as without the resilience that is being promoted in this essay these enterprises could be wasted as the buildings would be damaged in the event of a serious flood or demolished if/when the

Figure 21 ZAWP function space

government led masterplan is implemented.

Conclusion

Page 34

Through the decontamination, flood resilience

combatting the high levels of unemployment

and rejuvenation of Zorrozaurre it can once

currently experienced in the demographic of

again become an important location in Bilbao

18 - 30 year olds in Spain. With a number

as it was fifty years ago. The flood preventing

of academic institutions in the vicinity of the

green spaces and retrofitted buildings will

site (University of the Basque Country, n.d.)

create a desirable location. The site can

graduates could be provided with places to

help to educate people about the effects of

live and work on the peninsula furthering the

climate change and the measures that should

endeavours of the proposed interventions.

be implemented to protect fragile locations

These processes will take time but through

from flooding and extreme weather events.

the various stages Zorrozaurre will begin to

The various experimental technologies and

manifest itself as a resilient and sustainable

techniques that are proposed also provide the

location that will be of benefit not only in

potential for employment, a possible way of

Bilbao but also internationally.

SuDS + Phytoremediation + Retrofitting =

Figure 22 Concluding Diagram

Education

Housing

Employment

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Page 36

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Figure 22: Authors own illustration

The peninsula of Zorrozaurre in Bilbao,

will help protect the site from flooding

Spain is currently in a state of uncertainty.

(Lean, 2014) and also remove the many

Much of its industry has departed due to a

pollutants that have entered the land over

government led masterplan that does not

the last century facilitating development on

appear to address many of the issues the

the brownfield site (Sassi, 2006, p. 17). The

fragile site faces. The site is susceptible to

new and much needed green spaces will

flooding due to its topography and is at risk of

entice wildlife and improve the appearance

being eradicated if a one in one hundred year

of the site. In addition the retrofitting of the

flood event or storm surge occurrs. Through

dilapidated industrial buildings will be a

the utilisation of international precedents

more feasible proposition as the damaging

and case studies this essay proposes

effects of flooding will have been prevented.

measures that could be implemented on the

The rejuvenated and protected buildings

peninsula to ensure proposed intervention

will

for the site is both protected and resilient.

creating work particularly for young people

The post industrial brownfield qualities of

who are statistically in greatest need of

the toxic site are discussed, therefore the

employment. The findings of the paper

recommendations are that phytoremediation

suggest that Zorrozaurre can once again

is implemented through a sustainable urban

become a significant destination if resilient

drainage system [SuDS]. This intervention

considerations are made.

provide

enterprising

possibilities

Andrew Morris 10275174 ARCH 653