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ISBN-13: 978-0-7897-3687-1
ISBN-10: 0-7897-3687-x
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Poulton, Don.
MCTS 70-620 exam prep : Microsoft Windows Vista client, configuring / Donald Poulton. — 1st ed. p. cm.
ISBN 978-0-7897-3687-1 (pbk. w/cd)
1. Electronic data processing personnel—Certification. 2. Microsoft software—Examinations— Study guides. 3. Microsoft Windows (Computer file) I. Title.
QA76.3.P665 2008
005.4’46—dc22
Printed in the United States of America
First Printing: October 2007
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Warning and Disclaimer
Every effort has been made to make this book as complete and as accurate as possible, but no warranty or fitness is implied. The information provided is on an “as is” basis. The author and the publisher shall have neither liability nor responsibility to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damages arising from the information contained in this book or from the use of the CD or programs accompanying it.
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Publisher Paul Boger
Associate Publisher
David Dusthimer
Acquisitions Editor
Betsy Brown
Development Editor
Dayna Isley
Managing Editor
Patrick Kanouse
Senior Project Editor
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Book Designer
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Contents at a Glance
Quick Reference5 Study and Exam Preparation Tips7
Part I: Exam Preparation
CHAPTER 1 Introducing Windows Vista29
CHAPTER 2 Installing Windows Vista55
CHAPTER 3 Upgrading to Windows Vista127
CHAPTER 4 Configuring and Troubleshooting Post-Installation System Settings155
CHAPTER 5 Configuring Windows Security Features225
CHAPTER 6 Configuring Network Connectivity301
CHAPTER 7 Configuring Applications Included with Windows Vista385
CHAPTER 8 Maintaining and Optimizing Systems That Run Windows Vista465
CHAPTER 9 Configuring and Troubleshooting Mobile Computing541
Part II: Final Review
Part III: Appendixes
About the Author
Don Poulton (A+, Network+, Security+, MCSA, MCSE) is an independent consultant who has been involved with computers since the days of 80-column punch cards. After a career of more than 20 years in environmental science, Don switched careers and trained as a Windows NT 4.0 MCSE. He has been involved in consulting with a couple of small training providers as a technical writer, during which time he wrote training and exam prep materials for Windows NT 4.0, Windows 2000, and Windows XP. Don has written or contributed to several titles, including Security+ Lab Manual (Que, 2004), MCSA/MCSE 70-299 Exam Cram 2: Implementing and Administering Security in a Windows 2003 Network (Exam Cram 2) (Que, 2004), and MCSE 70-294 Exam Prep: Planning, Implementing, and Maintaining a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Active Directory Infrastructure (Que, 2006).
In addition, he has worked on programming projects, both in his days as an environmental scientist and, more recently, with Visual Basic to update an older statistical package used for multivariate analysis of sediment contaminants. When not working on computers, Don is an avid amateur photographer who has had his photos displayed in international competitions and published in magazines such as Michigan Natural Resources Magazine and National Geographic Traveler. Don also enjoys traveling and keeping fit.
Don lives in Burlington, Ontario, with his wife Terry.
About the Technical Reviewer
Chris Crayton is a technical consultant, security consultant, and trainer. Formerly he worked as a networking instructor at Keiser College and as a network administrator for Protocol, an electronic customer relationship management (eCRM) company. Chris has authored several print and online books, including Microsoft Windows Vista 70-620 Exam Guide Short Cut (O’Reilly, 2007), CompTIA A+ Essentials 220-601 Exam Guide Short Cut (O’Reilly, 2007), A+ Adaptive Exams (Charles River Media, 2002), and TheSecurity+ Exam Guide (Charles River Media, 2003). He holds MCSE, MCP+I, A+ and Network+ certifications.
Dedication
I would like to dedicate this work to my grandson, Nolan, whose great smile and “always-happy” disposition will carry him far in his life’s journeys.
—Don Poulton
Acknowledgments
I would like to thank the staff at Que Publishing, in particular, Betsy Brown, who guided me throughout the progress of the work, Dayna Isley, who provided many helpful suggestions for improving the manuscript, and Tonya Simpson, who guided the manuscript through the production process. I am also indebted to Chris Crayton for his technical comments, which proved very helpful in completing this project. I would also like to thank my wife, Terry, for standing by me during the hours I had to devote to completing this work.
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Introduction
MCTS 70-620 Exam Prep: Microsoft Windows Vista, Configuring is designed for network administrators, network engineers, and consultants who are pursuing the Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist (MCTS) or Microsoft Certified IT Professional (MCITP) certifications for Windows Vista. This book covers the “TS: Microsoft Windows Vista, Configuring” exam (70-620), which earns you the Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist: Windows Vista, Configuration certification. The exam is designed to measure your skill and ability to implement, administer, and troubleshoot computers running all editions of Windows Vista. Microsoft not only tests you on your knowledge of the desktop operating system, but it has purposefully developed questions on the exam to force you to problem-solve in the same way that you would when presented with a real-life error. Passing this exam demonstrates your competency in administration.
This book covers all the objectives that Microsoft has established for exam 70-620. It doesn’t offer end-to-end coverage of the Windows Vista system; instead, it helps you develop the specific core competencies that you need to master as a desktop support specialist. You should be able to pass the exam by learning the material in this book, without taking a class.
How This Book Helps You
When anyone embarks on a certification track, the first thought is to get certified, put some letters after your name, strengthen your resume, and move on to the next step. Selecting a method of study for that certification often is a choice between a hands-on laboratory class of a few days or a self-study method pieced together with books and your own lab environment that is not bound by any time limits. Your choice depends on how you study best and what type of reference material you want available to you after you have passed the exam.
This book gives you a self-guided tour of all the areas that are covered by the “TS: Microsoft Windows Vista, Configuring” exam. The goal is to teach you the specific skills you need to achieve your MCTS certification. You’ll also find helpful hints, tips, examples, exercises, and references to additional study materials.
Organization
This book is organized around the individual objectives from Microsoft’s preparation guide for the “TS: Microsoft Windows Vista, Configuring” exam. Every objective is covered in this book. The objectives are not covered in exactly the same order in which you’ll find them in
the official preparation guide (which you can download from www.microsoft.com/ learning/exams/70-620.asp), but they are reorganized for more logical teaching. We have also tried to make the information more accessible in several ways:
. This introduction includes the full list of exam topics and objectives.
. The “Study and Exam Preparation Tips” section helps you develop study strategies. It also provides you with valuable exam-day tips and information. You should read it early on.
. Each chapter starts with a list of objectives that are covered in that chapter.
. Each chapter also begins with an outline that provides an overview of the material for that chapter as well as the page numbers where specific topics can be found.
. Each objective is repeated in the text, where it is covered in detail.
Instructional Features
This book is designed to provide you with multiple ways to learn and reinforce the exam material. Here are some of the instructional features you’ll find inside:
. Step by Steps—These are hands-on, tutorial instructions that lead you through a particular task or function related to the exam objectives. MCTS 70-620 Exam Prep: Microsoft Windows Vista, Configuring
. Objective explanations—As mentioned previously, each chapter begins with a list of the objectives covered in the chapter. In addition, immediately following each objective is a detailed explanation that puts the objective in the context of the product.
. Study strategies—Each chapter offers a selected list of study strategies: exercises to try or additional material to read that will help you learn and retain the material in the chapter.
. Exam alerts—Exam alerts appear in the chapters and provide specific exam-related advice. Exam alerts address what material is likely to be covered (or not covered) on the exam, how to remember it, or particular exam quirks.
. Review breaks and chapter summaries—Crucial information is summarized at various points in the book, in lists of key points you need to remember. Each chapter ends with an overall summary of the material covered in that chapter as well.
. Challenge exercises—Challenge exercises offer additional opportunities to practice the material within a chapter and to learn additional facets of the topic at hand.
. Key terms—A list of key terms appears at the end of each chapter.
. Exercises—Found at the end of each chapter in the “Apply Your Knowledge” section, the exercises include additional tutorial material and more chances to practice the skills that you learned in the chapter.
Extensive Practice Test Options
The book provides numerous opportunities for you to assess your knowledge and practice for the exam. The practice options include the following:
. Exam questions—These questions appear in the “Apply Your Knowledge” section. They reflect the kinds of multiple-choice questions that appear on the Microsoft exams. You should use them to practice for the exam and to help determine what you know and what you might need to review or study further. Answers and explanations are provided later in the section.
. Practice Exam—The “Final Review” section includes a complete exam that you can use to practice for the real thing. The “Final Review” and the Practice Exam are discussed in more detail in the next section.
. MeasureUp—The MeasureUp software included on the CD-ROM provides additional practice questions.
Final Review
The “Final Review” section of the book provides two valuable tools for preparing for the exam:
. Fast Facts—This condensed version of the information contained in the book is extremely useful for last-minute review.
. Practice Exam—A full practice test for the exam is included in this book. Questions are written in the style and format used on the actual exams. You should use the Practice Exam to assess your readiness for the real thing.
Appendix A includes details about the content of the CD-ROM, and a glossary defines terms used throughout the book.
These and all the other book features mentioned previously will provide you with thorough preparation for the exam.
MCTS 70-620 Exam Prep: Microsoft Windows Vista, Configuring
For more information about the exam or the certification process, you should contact Microsoft directly:
By email: mcphelp@microsoft.com
By regular mail, telephone, or fax, contact the Microsoft Regional Service Center (RSC) nearest you. You can find lists of RSCs at www.microsoft.com/learning/support/northamerica.asp (for North America) and www.microsoft.com/learning/support/worldsites.mspx (worldwide).
On the Internet: www.microsoft.com/learning/default.asp
There’s no substitute for experience The single best study tip that anyone can give you is to actually work with the product that you’re learning! Even if you could become a “paper MCSE” simply by reading books, you wouldn’t get the real-world skills that you need to experience success with Windows Vista.
Microsoft 70-620 Exam Objectives
TS: Microsoft Windows Vista, Configuring
Exam Number: 70-620
Associated Certifications: MCTS: Windows Vista, Configuration
Length: 50 questions, including simulations
Exam Description
The TS: Microsoft Windows Vista, Configuring exam is designed to measure your skill in supporting all editions of Windows Vista on home and enterprise networks. Each top-level exam objective is related to a job skill that the candidate is expected to have and demonstrate.
Exam Objectives
Exam 70-620 consists of the following seven objectives, each with several subobjectives.
NOTE
The exam objectives are taken verbatim from the Microsoft Web page titled “Preparation Guide for Exam 70-620,” at http://www.microsoft.com/learning/exams/70-620.asp.
Installing and Upgrading Windows Vista
Identify hardware requirements.
Perform a clean installation.
Upgrade to Windows Vista from previous versions of Windows.
Upgrade from one edition of Windows Vista to another edition.
Configure Dynamic Security for Internet Explorer 7.
Configure security settings in Windows Firewall.
Configuring Network Connectivity
Configuring networking by using the Network and Sharing Center.
Troubleshoot connectivity issues.
Configure Remote Access.
Configuring Applications Included with Windows Vista
Configure and troubleshoot media applications.
Configure Windows Mail.
Configure Windows Meeting Space.
Configure Windows Calendar.
Configure Windows Fax and Scan.
Configure Windows Sidebar.
Maintaining and Optimizing Systems That Run Windows Vista
Troubleshoot performance issues.
Troubleshoot reliability issues by using builtin diagnostic tools.
Configure Windows Update.
Configure Data Protection.
Configuring and Troubleshooting Mobile Computing
Configure Mobile Display Settings.
Configure Mobile Devices.
Configure Tablet PC.
Configure Power Options.
Study and Exam Preparation Tips
It’s a rush ofadrenaline during the final day before an exam. If you’ve scheduled the exam on a workday, or following a workday, you will find yourself cursing the tasks you normally cheerfully perform because the back of your mind is telling you to read just a bit more, study another scenario, practice another skill so that you will be able to get this exam out of the way successfully.
The way that Microsoft has designed its tests lately does not help. I remember taking Microsoft exams many years ago and thoroughly understanding the term “paper certified.” Nowadays, you can’t get through a Microsoft exam without knowing the material so well that when confronted with a problem, whether a scenario or real-life situation, you can handle the challenge. Instead of trying to show the world how many MCSEs are out there, Microsoft is trying to prove how difficult it is to achieve a certification, including the newly created Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist (MCTS) and Microsoft Certified IT Professional (MCITP) as well as the MCSE and MCSA, thereby making those who are certified more valuable to their organizations.
This element of the book provides you with some general guidelines for preparing for any certification exam, including Exam 70-620, TS: Microsoft Windows Vista, Configuring. It is organized into four sections. The first section addresses learning styles and how they affect preparation for the exam. The second section covers exam-preparation activities and general study tips. This is followed by an extended look at the Microsoft certification exams, including a number of specific tips that apply to the various Microsoft exam formats and question types. Finally, changes in Microsoft’s testing policies and how they might affect you are discussed.
Learning Styles
To best understand the nature of preparation for the test, it is important to understand learning as a process. You are probably aware of how you best learn new material. You might find that outlining works best for you, or as a visual learner, you might need to “see” things. Or as a person who studies kinesthetically, the hands-on approach might serve you best. Whether you need models or examples or just like exploring the interface, or whatever your learning style, solid test preparation works best when it takes place over time. Obviously, you shouldn’t start studying for a certification exam the night before you take it; it is very important to understand that learning is a developmental process. Understanding learning as a process helps you focus on what you know and what you have yet to learn.
People study in a combination of different ways—by doing, by seeing, and by hearing and writing. This book’s design fulfills all three of these study methods. For the kinesthetic, there are hands-on study strategies listed at the beginning of each chapter. You will also discover “Challenge” exercises and “Step by Step” instructions that walk you through the skills you need to master in Windows Vista. The visual learner can find plenty of screen shots explaining the concepts described in the text. The auditory learner can reinforce skills by reading out loud and copying down key concepts and exam tips scattered throughout the book. Finally, the Fast Facts section enables everyone to brush up on the essentials and be wholly prepared when walking into the test center to take the exam. While reading this book, you will realize that it stands the test of time. You will be able to turn to it over and over again.
Thinking about how you learn should help you recognize that learning takes place when you are able to match new information to old. You have some previous experience with computers and networking. Now you are preparing for this certification exam. Using this book, software, and supplementary materials will not just add incrementally to what you know; as you study, the organization of your knowledge actually restructures as you integrate new information into your existing knowledge base. This leads you to a more comprehensive understanding of the tasks and concepts outlined in the objectives and of computing in general. Again, this happens as a result of a repetitive process rather than a singular event. If you keep this model of learning in mind as you prepare for the exam, you will make better decisions concerning what to study and how much more studying you need to do.
Study Tips
There are many ways to approach studying, just as there are many different types of material to study. However, the tips that follow should work well for the type of material covered on Microsoft certification exams.
Study Strategies
Although individuals vary in the ways they learn information, some basic principles of learning apply to everyone. You should adopt some study strategies that take advantage of these principles. One of these principles is that learning can be broken into various depths. Recognition (of terms, for example) exemplifies a rather surface level of learning in which you rely on a prompt of some sort to elicit recall. Comprehension or understanding (of the concepts behind the terms, for example) represents a deeper level of learning than recognition. The ability to analyze a concept and apply your understanding of it in a new way represents further depth of learning.
Your learning strategy should enable you to know the material at a level or two deeper than mere recognition. This will help you perform well on the exams. You will know the material so thoroughly that you can go beyond the recognition-level types of questions commonly used in fact-based multiple-choice testing. You will be able to apply your knowledge to solve new problems.
Macro and Micro Study Strategies
One strategy that can lead to deep learning includes preparing an outline that covers all the objectives and subobjectives for the particular exam you are planning to take. You should delve a bit further into the material and include a level or two of detail beyond the stated objectives and subobjectives for the exam. Then you should expand the outline by coming up with a statement of definition or a summary for each point in the outline.
An outline provides two approaches to studying. First, you can study the outline by focusing on the organization of the material. You can work your way through the points and subpoints of your outline, with the goal of learning how they relate to one another. For example, you should be sure you understand how each of the main objective areas for Exam 70-620 is similar to and different from another. Then you should do the same thing with the subobjectives; you should be sure you know which subobjectives pertain to each objective area and how they relate to one another.
Next, you can work through the outline, focusing on learning the details. You should memorize and understand terms and their definitions, facts, rules and tactics, advantages and disadvantages, and so on. In this pass through the outline, you should attempt to learn detail rather than the big picture (the organizational information that you worked on in the first pass through the outline).
Research has shown that attempting to assimilate both types of information at the same time interferes with the overall learning process. If you separate your studying into these two approaches, you will perform better on the exam.
Active Study Strategies
The process of writing down and defining objectives, subobjectives, terms, facts, and definitions promotes a more active learning strategy than merely reading the material does. In human information-processing terms, writing forces you to engage in more active encoding of the information. Simply reading over the information leads to more passive processing. Using this study strategy, you should focus on writing down the items that are highlighted in the book—bulleted or numbered lists, exam tips, notes, warnings, and review sections, for example.
You need to determine whether you can apply the information you have learned by attempting to create examples and scenarios on your own. You should think about how or where you could apply the concepts you are learning. Again, you should write down this information to process the facts and concepts in an active fashion.
The hands-on nature of the exercises at the end of each chapter provides further active learning opportunities that will reinforce concepts as well.
Common-Sense Strategies
You should follow common-sense practices when studying: You should study when you are alert, reduce or eliminate distractions, and take breaks when you become fatigued.
Pretesting Yourself
Pretesting allows you to assess how well you are learning. One of the most important aspects of learning is what has been called meta-learning. Meta-learning has to do with realizing when you know something well or when you need to study some more. In other words, you recognize how well or how poorly you have learned the material you are studying.
For most people, this can be difficult to assess. Challenge exercises, practice questions, and practice tests are useful in that they reveal objectively what you have learned and what you have not learned. You should use this information to guide review and further studying. Developmental learning takes place as you cycle through studying, assessing how well you have learned, reviewing, and assessing again until you feel you are ready to take the exam.
You might have noticed the practice exam included in this book. You should use it as part of the learning process. The MeasureUp test-simulation software included on this book’s CDROM also provides you with an excellent opportunity to assess your knowledge.
You should set a goal for your pretesting. A reasonable goal would be to score consistently in the 90% range.
See the element “What’s on the CD-ROM” near the back of the book for further explanation of the test-simulation software.
Exam Prep Tips
After you have mastered the subject matter, the final preparatory step is to understand how the exam will be presented. Make no mistake: A Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist (MCTS) exam challenges both your knowledge and your test-taking skills. The following sections describe the basics of exam design and the exam formats, as well as provide hints targeted to each of the exam formats.
Preparing for the 70-620 exam is a bit different than preparing for those old Microsoft exams, too. The following is a list of things that you should consider doing:
. Combine your skill sets into solutions—In the past, exams would test whether you knew to select the correct letter of a multiple choice answer. Today, you need to know how to resolve a problem that can involve different aspects of the material covered. For example, on exam 70-620 you could be presented with a problem that requires you to understand how to incorporate drivers in an unattended installation, as well as what errors you might see if you installed a computer that used a device driver incompatible with Windows Vista. The skills themselves are simple. Being able to zero in on what caused the problem and then to resolve it for a specific situation is what you need to demonstrate. In fact, you should not only be able to select one answer, but also multiple parts of a total solution.
. Delve into excruciating details—The exam questions incorporate a great deal of information in the scenarios. Some of the information is ancillary—it will help you rule out possible issues but not necessarily resolve the answer. Some of the information simply provides you with a greater picture, like you would have in real life. Some information is key to your solution. For example, you might be presented with a question that lists a computer’s hard disk size, memory size, and detailed hardware configuration. When you delve further into the question, you realize that the hardware configuration is the problem. Other times, you will find that the hardware configuration simply eliminates one or more of the answers that you could select. For example, a portable laptop does not support dynamic disks, so if the hardware configuration is a portable laptop and one of the answers is a dynamic disk configuration, you can eliminate it. If you don’t pay attention to what you can eliminate, the answer can elude you completely. And other times, the hardware configuration simply lets you know that the hardware is adequate.
. TCP/IP troubleshooting is built right in—Because TCP/IP is a core technology to the Windows Vista operating system, you are expected to know how to configure the operating system, how to recognize IP conflicts, and how to use the TCP/IP tools to troubleshoot the problem. Furthermore, Microsoft expects you to know how to work with the new version 6 of TCP/IP along with the traditional version 4 that has been used
for many years. You should also be able to discern between an IP problem and something wrong with the OS or hardware, or even some combination that involves IP along with some other element.
. It’s a GUI test—Microsoft has expanded its testing criteria into interface recognition. You should be able to recognize each dialog box, properties sheet, option, and default. You will be tested on how to navigate the new interface—for example, the new Aero and Aero Glass desktop themes used by Windows Vista and the Category View shown in Control Panel. If you have reverted your Windows Vista desktop to the Windows Classic theme and you have not yet learned the new interface, you might end up selecting answers that are deliberately placed to confuse a person used to the old Windows desktop. Of course, if you know the difference between the two, you’ll be able to spot the old ones and avoid them.
. Practice with a time limit—The tests have always been time restricted, but it takes more time to read and understand the scenarios now, and time is a whole lot tighter. To get used to the time limits, test yourself with a timer. Know how long it takes you to read scenarios and select answers.
MCP Exam Design
Every MCP/MCTS/MCITP exam is released in one of three basic formats. What’s being called “exam format” here is really little more than a combination of the overall exam structure and the presentation method for exam questions.
Understanding the exam formats is key to good preparation because they determine the number of questions presented, the difficulty of those questions, and the amount of time allowed to complete the exam.
All the exam formats use many of the same types of questions. These types or styles of questions include several types of traditional multiple-choice questions, multiple-rating (or scenariobased) questions, and simulation-based questions. Some exams include other types of questions that ask you to drag and drop objects onscreen, reorder a list, or categorize things. Still other exams ask you to answer various types of questions in response to case studies you have read. It’s important that you understand the types of questions you will be asked and the actions required to answer them properly.
The following sections address the exam formats and the question types. Understanding these will help you feel much more comfortable when you take the exam. MCTS 70-620 Exam Prep:
Exam Formats
As mentioned previously, there are two basic formats for the MCP exams: the traditional fixedform exam and the case study exam. As its name implies, the fixed-form exam presents a fixed set of questions during the exam session. The case study exam includes case studies organized into testlets that serve as the basis for answering the questions. Most MCP exams these days utilize the fixed-form approach, with the case study approach running second.
Another test format previously used was the adaptive exam; however, Microsoft no longer employs adaptive algorithms in its exams. The adaptive exam uses only a subset of questions drawn from a larger pool during any given exam session. It might present each test-taker with a different number of questions, depending on how the person answers the initial questions.
Fixed-Form Exams
A fixed-form computerized exam is based on a fixed set of exam questions. The individual questions are presented in random order during a test session. If you take the same exam more than once, you won’t necessarily see exactly the same questions. This is because two or three final forms are typically assembled for every fixed-form exam Microsoft releases. These are usually labeled Forms A, B, and C.
The final forms of a fixed-form exam are identical in terms of content coverage, number of questions, and allotted time, but the questions for each are different. However, some of the same questions are shared among different final forms. When questions are shared among multiple final forms of an exam, the percentage of sharing is generally small. Many final forms share no questions, but some older exams may have a 10%–15% duplication of exam questions on the final exam forms.
Fixed-form exams also have fixed time limits in which you must complete them.
The score you achieve on a fixed-form exam, which is always calculated for MCP exams on a scale of 0 to 1,000, is based on the number of questions you answer correctly. For several years early in this decade, Microsoft no longer reported the actual score to you; however, more recently, Microsoft has again provided your exam score. In addition, most recent exams have standardized on a passing score of 700. In all cases, the scoreis calculated in this fashion.
The typical design of a fixed-form exam is as follows:
. The exam contains 50–60 questions.
. You are allowed 75–90 minutes of testing time.
. Question review is allowed, including the opportunity to change your answers.
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the reflection of Conscience upon actions of a dubious nature; whilst one Self accuses, another Self defends, and the third Self passes judgement upon what hath been so done by the man!” This he adduced as among various “mean and unworthy comparisons, whereby to show that though the mysterious doctrine of the Trinity” far exceeds our reason, there want not natural instances to illustrate it. But he adds most properly that we should neither “say or think ought of God in this kind,” without a preface of reverence and asking pardon; “for it is sufficient for us and most suitable to the mystery, so to conceive, so to discourse of God, as He himself has been pleased to make Himself known to us in his Word.”
If all theologians had been as wise, as humble and as devout as Adam Littleton, from how many heresies and evils might Christendom have been spared.
In the Doctor's own days the proposition was advanced, and not as a paradox, that a man might be in several places at the same time. Presence corporelle de l'homme en plusieurs lieuxprouvéepossible par lesprincipesdelabonnePhilosophie, is the title of a treatise by the Abbé de Lignac, who having been first a Jesuit, and then an Oratorian, secularized himself without departing from the principles in which he had been trained up. The object of his treatise was to show that there is nothing absurd in the doctrine of Transubstantiation. He made a distinction between man and his body, the body being always in a state of change, the man remaining the while identically the same. But how his argument that because a worm may be divided and live, the life which animated it while it was whole, continues a single life when it animates all the parts into which the body may have separated, proves his proposition, or how his proposition if proved could prove the hypermysterious figment of the Romish Church to be no figment, but a divine truth capable of philosophical demonstration, Œdipus himself were he raised from the dead would be unable to explain.
CHAPTER CCV.
EQUALITY OF THE SEXES,—A POINT ON WHICH IT WAS NOT EASY TO COLLECT THE DOCTOR'S OPINION. THE SALIC LAW.—DANIEL ROGERS'S TREATISE OF MATRIMONIAL HONOUR.—MISS HATFIELD'S LETTERS ON THE IMPORTANCE OF THE FEMALE SEX, AND LODOVICO DOMENICHI'S DIALOGUE UPON THE NOBLENESS OF WOMEN.
Mirths and toys
To cozen time withal: for o' my troth, Sir I can love,—I think well too,—well enough; And think as well of women as they are,— Pretty fantastic things, some more regardful, And some few worth a service. I'm so honest I wish 'em all in Heaven and you know how hard, Sir, 'Twill be to get in there with their great farthingals.
BEAUMONT and FLETCHER.
And not much easier now with their great sleeves.
AUTHOR, A.D. 1830.
The question concerning the equality of the sexes which was discussed so warmly some thirty years ago in Magazines and Debating Societies, was one upon which it was not easy to collect the Doctor's real opinion. His manner indeed was frequently sportive when his meaning was most serious, and as frequently the thoughts and speculations with which he merely played, and which were sports or exercitations of intellect and humour, were advanced with apparent gravity. The propensity however was always restrained within due bounds, for he had treasured up his father's lessons in his heart, and would have regarded it as a crime ever to have trifled with his principles or feelings. But this question concerning the sexes was a subject which he was fond of introducing before his female acquaintance; it was like hitting the right note for a dog when you play the flute, he said. The sort of half anger, and the indignation, and the astonishment and the merriment withal which he excited when he enlarged upon this fertile theme, amused him greatly, and moreover he had a secret pleasure in observing the invincible good humour of his wife, even when she thought it necessary for the honour of her sex to put on a semblance of wrath at the notions
which he repeated, and the comments with which he accompanied them.
He used to rest his opinion of male superiority upon divinity, law, grammar, natural history, and the universal consent of nations. Noting also by the way, that in the noble science of heraldry, it is laid down as a rule “that amongst things sensitive the males are of more worthy bearing than the females.”1
1 GWILLIM.
The Salic law he looked upon as in this respect the Law of Nature. And therefore he thought it was wisely appointed in France, that the royal Midwife should receive a fee of five hundred crowns upon the birth of a boy and only three hundred if it were a female child. This the famous Louise Bourgeois has stated to be the custom, who for the edification of posterity, the advancement of her own science, and the use of French historians published a Recit veritable de la naissance de Messieurs et Dames les enfans de France, containing minute details of every royal parturition at which she had officiated.
But he dwelt with more force on the theological grounds of his position. “The wife is the weaker vessel. Wives submit yourselves to your husbands: be in subjection to them. The Husband is the head. Sarah obeyed Abraham, calling him Lord.” And here he had recourse to the authority of Daniel Rogers (whom he liked the better for his name's sake) who in his Treatise of Matrimonial Honour teaches that the duty of subjection, is woman's chief commandment; and that she is properly made subject by the Law of Creation and by the Law of Penalty. As thus. All other creatures were created male and female at the same time; man and woman were not so, for the Man was first created—as a perfect creature, and afterwards the woman was thought of. Moreover she was not made of the same matter, equally, with man,—but of him, of a rib taken from him, and thirdly, she was made for his use and benefit as a meet help-mate, “three weighty reasons and grounds of the woman's subjection to the man,
and that from the purpose of the Creator; who might have done otherwise, that is, have yielded to the Woman co-equal beginning, sameness of generation, or relation of usefulness; for he might have made her without any such precedency of matter, without any dependency upon him, and equally for her good as for his. All shew at ennobling the Man as the Head and more excellent, not that the Man might upbraid her, but that she might in all these read her lesson of subjection. And doubtless, as Malachi speaks, herein is wisdom, for God hath left nothing to be bettered by our invention.
“The woman, being so created by God in the integrity of Nature had a most divine honour and partnership of his image, put upon her in her creation; yea, such as (without prejudice of those three respects) might have held full and sweet correspondence with her husband. But her sin still augmented her inequality, and brought her lower and lower in her prerogative. For since she would take upon her, as a woman, without respect to the order, dependence and use of her creation, to enterprize so sad a business, as to jangle and demur with the Devil about so weighty a point as her husband's freehold, and of her own brain to lay him and it under foot, without the least parley and consent of his, obeying Satan before him,—so that till she had put all beyond question and past amendment, and eaten, she brought not the fruit to him, therefore the Lord stript her of this robe of her honour, and smote into the heart of Eve an instinct of inferiority, a confessed yielding up of her insufficient self to depend wholly upon her husband.”
This being a favourite commentary with the Doctor upon the first transgression, what would he have said if he had lived to read an Apology for Eve by one of her daughters, yes, an Apology for her and a Defence, showing that she acted meritoriously in eating the Apple. It is a choice passage and the reader shall have it from Miss Hatfield's Letters on the Importance of the Female Sex.
“By the creation of woman, the great design was accomplished,—the universal system was harmonized. Happiness and innocence reigned
together. But unacquainted with the nature or existence of evil,— conscious only of good and imagining that all were of that essence around her; without the advantages of the tradition of forefathers to relate, or of ancient records to hand down, Eve was fatally and necessarily ignorant of the rebellious disobedience of the fallen Angels, and of their invisible vigilance and combination to accomplish the destruction of the new favourites of Heaven.
“In so momentous an event as that which has ever been exclusively imputed to her, neither her virtue nor her prudence ought to be suspected; and there is little reason to doubt, that if the same temptations had been offered to her husband under the same appearances, but he also would have acquiesced in the commission of this act of disobedience.
“Eve's attention was attracted by the manner in which the Serpent first made his attack: he had the gift of speech, which she must have observed to be a faculty peculiar to themselves. This appeared an evidence of something supernatural. The wily tempter chose also the form of the serpent to assist his design, as not only in wisdom and sagacity that creature surpassed all others, but his figure was also erect and beautiful, for it was not until the offended justice of God denounced the curse, that the Serpent's crest was humbled to the dust.
“During this extraordinary interview, it is evident that Eve felt a full impression of the divine command, which she repeated to the tempter at the time of his solicitations. She told him they were not to eat of that Tree.—But the Serpent opposed her arguments with sophistry and promises. He said unto the Woman, ye shall not surely die—but shall be as Gods. What an idea to a mortal!—Such an image astonished her!—It was not the gross impulses of greedy appetite that urged her, but a nobler motive that induced her to examine the consequences of the act.—She was to be better and happier;—to exchange a mortal for an angelic nature. Her motive was great,—virtuous,—irresistible. Might she not have felt herself
awed and inspired with a belief of a divine order?—Upon examination she found it was to produce a greater good than as mortals they could enjoy; this impression excited a desire to possess that good; and that desire determined her will and the future destiny of a World!”
It must be allowed that this Lady Authoress has succeeded in what might have been supposed the most difficult of all attempts, that of starting a new heresy,—her followers in which may aptly be denominated Eveites.
The novelty consists not in excusing the mother of mankind, but in representing her transgression as a great and meritorious act. An excuse has been advanced for her in Lodovico Domenichi's Dialogue upon the nobleness of Women. It is there pleaded that the fruit of the fatal tree had not been forbidden to Eve, because she was not created when the prohibition was laid on. Adam it was who sinned in eating it, not Eve, and it is in Adam that we have all sinned, and all die. Her offence was in tempting him to eat, et questo anchora senza intention cattiva, essendo stata tentata dal Diavolo. L'huomo adunque peccò per certa scientia, et la Donna ignorantemente, et ingannata.
I know not whether this special pleading be Domenichi's own; but he must have been conscious that there is a flaw in it, and could not have been in earnest, as Miss Hatfield is. The Veronese lady Isotta Nogarola thought differently; essendostudiosamoltodiTheologiaet di Philosophia, she composed a Dialogue wherein the question whether Adam or Eve in the primal transgression had committed the greater sin. How she determined it I cannot say, never having seen her works.
Domenichi makes another assertion in honour of womankind which Miss Hatfield would undoubtedly consider it an honour for herself to have disproved in her own person,—that no heresy, or error in the faith ever originated with a woman.
Had this Lady, most ambitious of Eve's daughters, been contemporary with Doctor Dove, how pleasant it would have been to have witnessed a debate between them upon the subject! He would have wound her up to the highest pitch of indignation, and she would have opened the flood-gates of female oratory upon his head.
CHAPTER CCVI.
THE SUBJECT CONTINUED.—OPINIONS OF THE RABBIS. ANECDOTE OF LADY JEKYLL AND A TART REPLY OF WILLIAM WHISTON'S.—JEAN D'ESPAGNE.—QUEEN ELIZABETH OF THE QUORUM QUARUM QUORUM GENDER. THE SOCIETY OF GENTLEMEN AGREE WITH MAHOMET IN SUPPOSING THAT WOMEN HAVE NO SOULS, BUT ARE OF OPINION THAT THE DEVIL IS AN HERMAPHRODITE.
Sing of the nature of women; and then the song shall be surely full of variety, old crotchets, and most sweet closes: it shall be humourous, grave, fantastic, amorous, melancholy, sprightly, one in all and all in one.
MARSTON.
The Doctor had other theological arguments in aid of the opinion which he was pleased to support. The remark has been made which is curious, or in the language of Jeremy Taylor's age, considerable, that we read in Genesis how when God saw every thing else which he had made he pronounced that it was very good, but he did not say this of the woman.
There are indeed certain Rabbis who affirm that Eve was not taken out of Adam's side: but that Adam had originally been created with a tail (herein agreeing with the well-known theory of Lord Monboddo) and that among the various experiments and improvements which were made in his form and organization before he was finished, the tail was removed as an inconvenient appendage, and of the excrescence or superfluous part which was then lopt off, the Woman was formed.
We are not bound to believe the Rabbis in every thing, the Doctor would say; and yet it cannot be denied that they have preserved some valuable traditions which ought to be regarded with much respect. And then by a gentle inclination of the head—and a peculiar glance of the eye, he let it be understood that this was one of those traditions which were entitled to consideration. It was not impossible he said, but that a different reading in the original text might support such an interpretation: the same word in Hebrew frequently signified different things, and rib and tail might in that language be as near each other in sound or as easily miswritten by a hasty hand, or misread by an inaccurate eye as costaand caudain Latin. He did not pretend that this was the case—but that it might be so. And by a like corruption (for to such corruptions all written and even all printed books are liable) the text may have represented that Eve was taken from the side of her husband instead of from that part of the back where the tail grew. The dropping of a syllable might occasion it.
And this view of the question he said, derived strong support from that well known and indubitable text wherein the Husband is called the Head; for although that expression is in itself most clear and significative in its own substantive meaning, it becomes still more beautifully and emphatically appropriate when considered as referring to this interpretation and tradition, and implying as a direct and necessary converse that the Wife is the Tail.
There is another legend relating to a like but even less worthy formation of the first helpmate, and this also is ascribed to the Rabbis. According to this mythos the rib which had been taken from Adam was for a moment laid down, and in that moment a monkey stole it and ran off with it full speed. An Angel pursued, and though not in league with the Monkey he could have been no good Angel; for overtaking him, he caught him by the Tail, brought it maliciously back instead of the Rib, and of that Tail, was Woman made. What became of the Rib, with which the Monkey got clear off, “was never to mortal known.”
However the Doctor admitted that on the whole the received opinion was the more probable. And after making this admission he related an anecdote of Lady Jekyll who was fond of puzzling herself and others with such questions as had been common enough a generation before her, in the days of the Athenian Oracle. She asked William Whiston of berhymed name and eccentric memory, one day at her husband's table to resolve a difficulty which occurred to her in the Mosaic account of the creation. “Since it pleased God, Sir,” said she, “to create the Woman out of the Man, why did he form her out of the rib rather than any other part.” Whiston scratched his head and answered. “Indeed Madam I do not know, unless it be that the rib is the most crooked part of the body.” “There!” said her husband, “you have it now: I hope you are satisfied!”
He had found in the writings of the Huguenot divine, Jean D'Espagne, that Women have never had either the gift of tongues, or of miracle; the latter gift according to this theologian being withheld from them because it properly accompanies preaching, and women are forbidden to be preachers. A reason for the former exception the Doctor supplied; he said it was because one tongue was quite enough for them: and he entirely agreed with the Frenchman that it must be so, because there could have been no peace on earth had it been otherwise. But whether the sex worked miracles or not, was a point which he left the Catholics to contend. Female Saints there certainly had been,—“the Lord,” as Daniel
