Endnotes 1. World Bank (2011). The Changing Wealth of Nations: Measuring Sustainable Development for the New Millennium.
12. See http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/beyond2015-news.shtml for more details regarding the post-2015 development agenda.
2. Narayan et al. (2000) Voices of the Poor: Crying Out for Change. New York, Published for the World Bank by Oxford University Press.
13. Molnar, A., S. Scherr, and A. Khare. 2004. “Who Conserves the World’s Forests: Community Driven Strategies to Protect Forests and Respect Rights.” Forest Trends and Ecoagriculture Partners, Washington, DC. Murphy, P., and A. Lugo. 1986. “Ecology of Tropical Dry Forest.” Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 17:67–88.
3. Poverty is mainly viewed as a lack of access to resources and opportunities, but it also has other dimensions including deprivations in key aspects of human wellbeing such as health, and education and the millennium development goals as well as the Human Development Index attempt to capture these broader elements. Definitions of poverty vary and continue to be widely debated. Differences persist on the appropriate concept of poverty, how it is measured and how given measures are to be interpreted. It is not the intent of this short note to revisit these issues. Whatever definition is used there is no denying that much of poverty is rural and especially deep in arid biomes of developing countries. 4. See UNDP (2010) Human Development Report, for more details regarding the Multidimensional Poverty Index launched in 2010. 5. Landholdings vary widely across drylands. In South Asia landholdings are small and of limited productive potential. This is among the root causes of poverty in these biomes. Elsewhere, livelihoods are determined by pastoralism—though the low productivity of the land remains a development constraint. 6. World Bank (2012) Turn Down The Heat: Why A 4°C Warmer World Should Be Avoided. 7. UNCCD-UNDP (2011) The Forgotten Billion. MDG Achievement in the Drylands. 8. See the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment for more detailed information on the world’s drylands. 9. UNDP (2013) Human Development Report. 10. See http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/poverty.shtml for more detailed progress updates on MDG1.
14. White, A., A. Molnar, and A. Khare. 2004. “Who Owns, Who Conserves, and Why It Matters.” August, Forest Trends Association, Washington, DC. 15. Grunzweig, J. M., T. Lin, E. Rotenberg, A. Schwartz, and D. Yakir. 2003. “Carbon Sequestration in Arid-Land Forest.” Global Change Biology 9: 791–99. 16. Glenn, E., V. Squires, M. Olsen, and R. Frye. 1993. “Potential for Carbon Sequestration in Drylands.” Water Air Soil Pollution 70: 341–55. 17. D. B. Lobell, M. B. Burke, C. Tebaldi, M. D. Mastrandrea, W. P. Falcon, and R. L. Naylor, “Prioritizing Climate Change Adaptation Needs for Food Security in 2030,” Science 319 (5863): 607–10 (2008). 18. TerrAfrica is an African-led program that addresses land degradation in Africa by scaling up harmonized support for effective, country-driven sustainable land and water management practices. Partners include 23 Sub-Saharan countries, the African Union, regional economic communities, United Nations bodies, and international organizations such as the World Bank, the European Union, bilaterals, and civil society. Partners collaborate on knowledge dissemination, coalition building, and scaling investments. 19. Many Heavens, One Earth, Our Continent: African Faith Commitments for a Living Planet. 20. Desire for Greener Land: Options for Sustainable Land Management in Drylands (2012).
11. UNDP (2011) Human Development Report.
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