Endnotes

1. World Bank (2011). The Changing Wealth of Nations: Measuring Sustainable

Development for the New Millennium.

2. Narayan et al. (2000) Voices of the Poor: Crying Out for Change. New York,

Published for the World Bank by Oxford University Press.

3. Poverty is mainly viewed as a lack of access to resources and opportunities, but it also has other dimensions including deprivations in key aspects of human wellbeing such as health, and education and the millennium development goals as well as the Human Development Index attempt to capture these broader elements. Definitions of poverty vary and continue to be widely debated.

Differences persist on the appropriate concept of poverty, how it is measured and how given measures are to be interpreted. It is not the intent of this short note to revisit these issues. Whatever definition is used there is no denying that much of poverty is rural and especially deep in arid biomes of developing countries.

4. See UNDP (2010) Human Development Report, for more details regarding the

Multidimensional Poverty Index launched in 2010.

5. Landholdings vary widely across drylands. In South Asia landholdings are small and of limited productive potential. This is among the root causes of poverty in these biomes. Elsewhere, livelihoods are determined by pastoralism—though the low productivity of the land remains a development constraint.

6. World Bank (2012) Turn Down The Heat: Why A 4°C Warmer World Should Be

Avoided.

7. UNCCD-UNDP (2011) The Forgotten Billion. MDG Achievement in the Drylands.

8. See the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment for more detailed information on the world’s drylands.

9. UNDP (2013) Human Development Report.

10. See http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/poverty.shtml for more detailed progress updates on MDG1.

11. UNDP (2011) Human Development Report. 12. See http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/beyond2015-news.shtml for more details regarding the post-2015 development agenda.

13. Molnar, A., S. Scherr, and A. Khare. 2004. “Who Conserves the World’s Forests:

Community Driven Strategies to Protect Forests and Respect Rights.” Forest

Trends and Ecoagriculture Partners, Washington, DC.

Murphy, P., and A. Lugo. 1986. “Ecology of Tropical Dry Forest.” Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 17:67–88.

14. White, A., A. Molnar, and A. Khare. 2004. “Who Owns, Who Conserves, and Why

It Matters.” August, Forest Trends Association, Washington, DC.

15. Grunzweig, J. M., T. Lin, E. Rotenberg, A. Schwartz, and D. Yakir. 2003. “Carbon

Sequestration in Arid-Land Forest.” Global Change Biology 9: 791–99.

16. Glenn, E., V. Squires, M. Olsen, and R. Frye. 1993. “Potential for Carbon

Sequestration in Drylands.” Water Air Soil Pollution 70: 341–55.

17. D. B. Lobell, M. B. Burke, C. Tebaldi, M. D. Mastrandrea, W. P. Falcon, and R.

L. Naylor, “Prioritizing Climate Change Adaptation Needs for Food Security in 2030,” Science 319 (5863): 607–10 (2008).

18. TerrAfrica is an African-led program that addresses land degradation in Africa by scaling up harmonized support for effective, country-driven sustainable land and water management practices. Partners include 23 Sub-Saharan countries, the African Union, regional economic communities, United Nations bodies, and international organizations such as the World Bank, the European Union, bilaterals, and civil society. Partners collaborate on knowledge dissemination, coalition building, and scaling investments.

19. Many Heavens, One Earth, Our Continent: African Faith Commitments for a

Living Planet.

20. Desire for Greener Land: Options for Sustainable Land Management in Drylands (2012).

Web sites and Addresses

http://www.cecodug.org/

<l.dimeyeva@mail.ru>,

cciccd@forestry.gov.cn, quhaihua9@sina.com

http://english.tema.org.tr/

http://fes.org.in/

http://holisticmanagement.org/ “Conservation efforts for Community Development (CeCoD-Fee), UgaNDa Plot 1305 Najeera, kampala Uganda”

“Institute of Botany and Phytointroduction 36-D timiryazev str. almaty 050040 kazakhstan”

Forestry and environmental Protection Bureau of Qinghai Province shunliang, No.18 Hepingli DongJie, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100714, CHINa

“tema, Çayır Çimen sokak emlak kredi Blokları a-2 Blok kat:2 Daire:8 34330, levent-İstanbul, tUrkeY”

“Foundation for ecological security (Fes) a-1 madhuram Park, Near srinathji society ganesh Crossing, anand-388001 gujarat, India”

“the savory Institute, Zimbabwe 5941 Jefferson st. Ne, suite B albuquerque, Nm 87109 United states” http://mindaterrapretabiochar. blogspot.de/

http://www.abelloncleanenergy. com/

http://www.ccmss.org.mx/

http://www.deco-farming.com/

http://www.desire-project.eu “elmer sayre the Wand Foundation, lubluban, libertad,Cagayan di oro, misamis, oriental 9021 Philippines”

“Head r & D abellon Cleanenergy limited sydney House, Premchand Nagar road, Bodakdev, ahmedabad-380054, India”

“Consejo Civil mexicano para la silvicultura sostenible (CCmss), mexico, miguel angel de Quevedo 103 Chimalistac, Álvaro obregón, 01070 Distrito Federal, méxico “

“DeCo! - Ngo ltd. by guarantee P.o. Box tl 1634 tamale N.r., ghana”

“DesIre alterra, P.o. Box 47 Droevendaalsesteeg 3 6700 aa Wageningen Netherlands”

http://www.excellentdevelopment.com/home

http://www.futureforest.org/

http://www.negev.org.il/

http://www.oursoil.org/

http://www.royalbotanicgarden. org/page/community-basedrangeland-rehabilitation

http://www.scidev.net/en/features/getting-to-the-root-of-killerdust-storms.html “excellent Development, studio 59, the market Building, 195 High street, Brentford, tW8 8lB, United kingdom”

Future Forest, kwon Byong Hyon, Hyundai Plaza #201 muak-dong 82, Jongro-gu, seoul, south korea, 110-080

“sustainable Development for the Negev Dafna 4 omer 84965 Israel”

“soIl #4 Impasse Chandou, Delmas 33 Port-au-Prince, Haiti”

“Jordan royal Botanic, Po Box 99, amman 11910, Jordan “

“Institute of Botany, the Chinese academy of sciences room 312, ecology building, Institute of Botany,Nanxincun 20, Xiangshan Beijing 100093, China “ http://www.wildlifeworks.com/ index.php

www.biovision.ch

www.cfly.gov.cn

www.conservation.org

www.ecoagriculture.org

www.fadeafrica.org/

www.fidaf.it “Wildlife Works 242 redwood Highway - Frontage road mill Valley, Ca 94941, Usa”

“Biovision Foundation stiftung für ökologische entwicklung, schaffhauserstr. 18, 8006 Zürich, switzerland”

Chifeng City, No.18 Hepingli DongJie, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100714, CHINa

Conservation International, Jl. Pejaten Barat No.16a, kemang, Jakarta, 12250, West Java, INDoNesIa

ecoagriculture Partners, 1100 17th st NW, suite 600, Washington, DC 20036, Usa

FaDe africa, 175 akin adesola street. Victoria Island. lagos, Nigeria

Federazione Italiani Dottori in agraria e Forestali (FIDaF) President luigi rossi, Via livenza 6, rome, 00198, ItalY

www.gade.org.ar

www.lpn.pt “gaDe argentina, Pedro Únzaga sur 21 santiago del estero argentina g4200BBa”

“liga para a Protecção da Natureza (lPN) Portugal estrada do Calhariz de Benfica, 187, 1500-124 lisboa, Portugal” www.reatrust.org

www.worldvision.com.au “the rae trust P.o. Box 1051 Nakuru, kenya”

World Vision australia, gPo Box 399, melbourne, Victoria, 3001 australia