The Merge Housing Project

Merging homes and land Amy Alexandra Marsden 180187122

as one.

Context Vision and Concept 4- 13 Strategic Masterplan 14- 26 Public/ Private Interface Design 27- 39

Vision A sustainable housing development driven by the community.

Promoting environmentally sustainable behaviour in residents through the integrated connection with nature merging homes and land as one.

References 40-41

What does sustainable housing mean to this project?

Sustainable housing can mean many things but specifically to us we focus on three areas environmental, economic and social space for residents to create an overall coherent housing development that makes livability;

Environmental

Environmental- Producing less waste through the environmentally sustainable mindset of less-

waste more recycling, Long term flooding mitigation being part of the design.

Economic- flourishing local economy in walking distance to provide jobs and wealth, supporting basic amenities in the neighbourhood.

Economic Socially- considering appropriate sizes, scales and densities to enrich the community outcome,

range of housing to help a range of housing sizes, a safe local environment, effective engagement and participation by local people.

Social

Figure 1 The Merge projects main three drives

Merging homes and land

Informed Vision and Concept

as one.

Amy Alexandra Marsden 180187122

S i t e

Sheffield

1

The 4th biggest city in England. The previous reputation of being the ‘’steel city’’ gives a unique identity to Sheffield and although the industrial revolution has long gone pride and preservation of its history is still prevalent in the city.

Sheffield is still booming and now has the greenest space in England having more trees per person than any other in Europe.

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Devonshire Quarter

C o n t e x t

y

Tourists describe it as an ‘urban village’ rather than a city centre due to the vibrant array of independent cafes/ bars/ pubs and shops that flood the street making the space alive both day and night. The collection of independent businesses connect the users to the space at a human scale, engaging them in their surroundings.

The contrast to this is the housing that follows with large tower blocks overshadowing people and providing them with very little engagement. Residents in the area show limited diversity, seeing that 94% of residents aged between 18-24, and 84% of residents being white.

e a r s

f

Car parking facilities currently dominate the site, due to the proximity to the centre of town. High rise housing tower blocks overshadow it with small remnants of its industrial past still present with old factory buildings coated in graffiti. Vegetation in the space is almost zero with only weeds, and a tiny slither of grass present.

The surroundings do suffer from antisocial behaviour, burglary and in-hand robbery.

d e v Figure 2 Map showing the site's context in Sheffield

Car ParkPrivate Industrial building

1890s Rapid urbanisation has occurred with terraced housing, factories, independent shops and a school in and around the site. The design shows the understanding of creating a space at a human scale to fulfil all amenities needs nearby.

1930s

Large volumes of small shared gardens with dense housing.

The living conditions would have been very cramped but still provide all the amenities needed for the area with a great sense of community and shared space.

e l o p m e

Car ParkCharity Car Park

Dominated large open spans of land (in field patterns); the site is surrounded by but not affected by housing due to the development generated by opportunities from the construction of the railway in the 1840s.

o

Site Specific

Car Park78 Milton Street

1850s

n t

1950s

Job opportunities on-site for the working class in the Culter Works with housing surrounding for the workers. At this time cars are still not used with 86% of households not have a car in 1951, with the working class being the proximate percentage resulting in amenities and work still having to be in walking distance.

In 100 years rapid urbanisation has enveloped the site from fields into dense housing and factories..

Figure 3 Historical development of the site

C U R R E N T

The current housing supply is failing to provide what is required by society, creating a high-density low livability scheme to ensure they are meeting the government’s policy of quick and high-density housing estates. The current immediate built housing provides minimal amenities needed by the residents creating a neighbourhood that is not supported, making residents less connected. There are four main things this residential quick build plan is not meeting which is a massive downfall in the current housing market;

Design quality

Bulk housing is resulting in a reduction in the quality of life provided for the residents.

The design stage is not being personalised to the area using a generic housing structure that is not considering factors including health and wellbeing of the residents. The developers should be designing housing and spaces according to the UK Green Building Council guidance. The design of housing should have a positive influence on mental, social and physical conditions of the occupants.

Amenities and facilities are mainly lost in new housing developments being the last point of consideration in place to get planning permission.

Providing sufficient private and public green space (not currently the main priority) evident in survey’s with UK residents (BATESON, A., 2018), a third of people said gardens/ green space is one of the critical aspects of a house.

Construction quality

With the government putting pressure on builders to create a lot of quickly built housing, it puts the quality at risk.

People want good quality builds to have a stable home that gives them efficient and resilient housing that avoids high energy bills and maintenance.

Good environmental conditions Quality of green space and ability for pedestrianised areas (omitted in current schemes instead scraps of land left for greenery and cars dominating all of the streets).

Creating an undesirable environment for residents wanting good air quality and little noise.

The lack of quality public green spaces in current housing designs in the UK results in disconnected neighbourhoods and communal meeting places.

Sense of community

In the UK modern housing no longer has the desired sense of community embedded in the development of a site. Resulting in limited social interaction and/or communal space in typical designs.

Housing often doesn’t provide the opportunity for social interaction with housing developments often segregated by parking areas and private strips of land resulting in neighbours and local communities not having the oppotunities to form communities.

Occupants express their need to live in a safe community with an opportunity to interact with neighbours in green spaces. By creating social networks residents will develop groups such as neighbourhood watches automatically; community engagement creates community development this is something that current housing schemes are lacking.

H O U S I N G P R O B L E M S

S W O T

Weaknesses

Strengths

Overlooked Shadows onto the site from highrise buildings Lots of cars moving through the area A large amount of construction taking place A large volume of concrete on site creating large amounts of runoff.

Lack of vegetation in the area.

Noisy from the large volume of traffic on the Ring Road Character/ identity continually changing due to new developments taking place.

Antisocial behaviour and crime Surrounding schools at Maximum capacity

Central location.

Up and coming area- independent cafes and bars for leisure.

Presence of student bought and rented accommodation living harmoniously currently in the surrounding area.

The housing grid structure is unique, giving a sense of place.

Historic site.

Surrounding facilities- The Moor (shopping precinct/indoor market), shops, nightlife, bars, cafes and most other community ammenities.

Local schools rated as Good by OFSTED.

A N A L Y S I S

Site boundary

Opportunities

Integrating the historic character of the site.

To integrate modern housing into an architecturally designed landscape.

Creating green corridors using existing street trees for birds.

Existing pedestrian routes.

Reducing parking or creating underground parking to minimise the domination of cars in the area.

Using the runoff as a potential for SuDS and water features.

The layout of the site allows the protential of spaces for social interaction for the community.

The overland flow path of water Figure 4 SWOT analysis of the site and its surroundings based on on-site visits

Threats

Built-up towers overshadowing the project.

Mass of surrounding roads.

Graffiti/ anti-social behaviour.

Future developments overshadowing the site casting a greater shadow.

Private spaces overlooked by skyrises Main roundabout disturbing noise Road noise disturbing living

Broomhall

Type: Apartments, with the area becoming gentrified due to increased occupancy of students and locals.

Price: £625PCM one-bed apartment including parking space The volume of housing: 3-6 apartments per block

Exeter Drive

Type of accommodation: 64% council properties and 9% owned outright (lack of ownerships leads to antisocial behaviour) 3- bed to 1-bed housing Price: 1- bed housing 40 thousand pounds to buy.

The volume of housing: Varies in towers and lower storey apartments

Beehive Works Type of accommodation: Offices and one-bedroom or small housing for students Price: £347PCM one bedroom two bathroom apartment The volume of housing: Mainly offices

Price: £N/A pcm - Still under construction.

High-end flats for professionals The volume of housing: Development has not specified but suggesting upto 20 flats depending on development.

Figure 5, 500 metre radius graphic showing amenities, transport and possible employment opportunities.

In a 500 metre radius (the ideal walking distance according to WYG researching into housing proximity to amenities) of the site, there are large volumes of amenities and employment opportunities. This provides an excellent opportunity for a sustainable housing development as amenities, and transport links are already in walking distance, and although a more eco-friendly transport link (walking, bikes and buses) needs to be improved there is still massive potential for the site.

Employment is essential in ensuring an environmentally sustainable housing development where walking to work is the norm, around the site there are opportunities for work with some establishments even offering multiple disciplinary work environements, with the only job sector not considered in the area is in fitness (gyms).

Eyewitness

Type of accommodation: Flats- modern housing using a design-led approach

Velocity Tower

Type of accommodation: 21- floor predominately glass tower Luxury apartments Price: £625 PCM The volume of housing: 169 apartments

Bosten Street- Unite StudentsThe Forge 2

Type of accommodation: Student housing. including self- contained, private studios and shared accommodation Price: £432 PCM (for shared accommodation with 2-4 people) The volume of housing: 244 Students

Figure 5 surrounding housing in a 500-metre radius to the site

A M E N I T I E S & H O U S I N G

L I T E R A T U R E R E V I E W

Taking the principles into a section view helps visually understand the methods in the literature review, this transferable illustration Trees in place influences the design ideas reduce the carbon as a whole with apparent emissions in the similarities between theoarea providing ries/ principles.

Picking food rather the residents with cleaner air. than buying it.

Environmental and social harmony

Lessening the human dimension on the ecosystem

Integrated into everyday life.

Community involvement results in a more environmentally friendly viewpoint.

Internal engagement education

Maintaining the landscape connects people to the environment.

The relationship to the idea of sustainability

Wildlife benefits

Community awareness of the environment Visible water management cycle/ Hydrological filtration systems

Creating communal spaces outside brings the community into the outside environment.

The ability for physical exercise

Mental aid restoration

Unconscious linkage to the environment as a benefit

Creating social infrastructure

Using landscape as a Volunteers make connecting point from one communities with community to the next similar interests Community cohesion

Community space should range between 0.025 - 7.4 acres

Md Saidul Islam

More trees- help to reduce heat-island effect and absorb carbon dioxide.

Planting street trees improves the urban Cycling and walking environment connections

Improving look, feel and performance of urban spaces

Landscape architecture and environmental sustainability Creating positive change through design Joshua Zeunert

Less desirable apartments (middle) can be business use one block doesn’t Small community interactions need to be one use create good habits and daily A relationship created Neighbourhood routines, where small events relationships with nature blossom in the area.

Space for Positioning businessCreating a structure community Removal of cars es near public transto give people private interaction introduction of port and other vital green spaces open space areas of interaction increase custom.

Creating a front Sense of security and safety

School gardens, rooftop agriculture, temporary gardens

Supporting social connections

Recreational amenities and education opportunities involving water

Sustainability through the lens of environmental sociology

Public transport located close to encourage a more sustainable transport mode.

Community development

and back yard and entrance point Making housing on the bottom floor the desired

Providing short walking distances, active public areas and a variety of urban functions is critical to make people stay in the city.

4 Semi-private yard acts as a social zone

Creating meeting points

2

Squares create an invitation for stopping whereas streets indicate move on

1

Soft cities

David Sim and Jan Gehl

Private personalised space 0.9- 1.8m

Private courtyards 1m2 Social (D) 0 to 45cm 45cm to 1.2m 1.2 to 3.7m

Cities for people Intimate (D) Personal (D) Jan Gehl

3

Should only be four stories, so the residents still feel involved in the surroundings

Amenities on the ground level creates time for leisure supporting buying and selling dynamic.

Public (D) more than 3.7

Distances (D) determine private, public and communal spaces depending on the distance people can separate.

Pla n n in g fo r th e fu tu re - Wh it e paper Policies 1. Streamlining the planning process with more democracy taking place more effec-

S This is

tively at the plan-making stage, and will replace the entire corpus of plan simplifying the role of local plans identifying land under three categories: 1. Growth areas that are sustainable for substantial housing development.

2. Renewal areas suitable for some development 3. Protected areas where development is restricted.

2. Digital-first approach to modernising the planning process 3. Bringing a new focus on design and sustainability 4. Improve infrastructure delivery in all parts of the country and ensure developers play their role, through reform of developer contributions.

5. Ensure more land is available for the homes and developers need to support communities, to support renewal of our town and city centres.

8 8- 202 1 0 2 n c it y pla r u O h e ff i e l d

Policies/ visions for 2028 1. A better place to work and live.

2.A unique identity to Sheffield celebrating its distinct history.

3. Buildings, public spaces and amenities will be welcoming and accessible to all ages, abilities, cultures and income levels.

4. The good quality, truly public realm will continue to act as a key instigator of regeneration, reflecting green city reputation.

5. A safe place, where walking or cycling is often the first choice, but well connected by all transport modes.

6. An expanded and more densely occupied central area, where people can choose to live at all ages to enjoy health, sustainable lifestyle and including well- designed tall buildings in the right locations and uses.

7. Preparedness for climate change with innovative physical and organisation solutions.

8. 43, 000 additional homes are required in Sheffield by 2034 9. Creating a more sustainable city through multiple ways including local energy network, planning for flood and drought resilience, preparing for the heat island effects and increasing the air quality to good in all parts of the city.

Professionals take on the white paper Paul Bedwell- town planner, Ian Harvey- Pegasus Group Andrew Taylor- Countryside property.

Document issues- 1 million homes a year (proposed) would only provide proposed housing for three years of building under the plan, absent of how it is going to deliver affordable housing; design codes need to be better quality and delivery.

Potential housing sites

Issues of coherence from local councils- not working for everyone as it lacks the clarity of a clear national policy, a proper strategic planning protocol needs to be set above the council, local council development creates complexity (this should be part of the policy).

Key pedestrian routes

Policies for change in the Devonshire Quater 1. Promote more diverse housing

Schools

on sites around Milton street 2. Promote better dialogue between residents and night time businesses 3. Construction new high-quality cycle routes from Collegiate Campus to Central Campus via Wellington Street 4. Promoting public transport

Amenities Strategic cycle routes Signed cycle route Open space proposed

Engagement with community- clear boundaries need to be in place where community needs and wants are central to the scheme; the community need to be able to input when they want not just ‘at the right time’, needs to be a coherent scheme for affordable housing with a cross-section of society being considered.

P O L I C I E S

Proposed parking sites Potential listed housing sites Potential housing sites Figure 6 Proposed changes under the Our City plans (Sheffield)

Beneficiaries Gaining more of a say concerning what they want Community

Allowed to focus on the crucial projects Local authorities

Safety Walking traffic

Placemaking and amenities provided Residents

Saving the environment

Future generations

Encouraging local amenities and facilities in housing plans Businesses

Encouraging housing developments to make cycling safe.

National government meeting their environCycle Clear and quicker mental quota traffic planning applications Developing home market Builders

Figure 7 Beneficiaries of the national and local policies

C A S E S T U D I E S

Taking the case studies into a section view helps visually understand the principles concerning the environmental and social benefits of the housing scheme. The schemes all have their strengths and weaknesses, and critical positives can be taken into the next design process using the analysis and section views of the sites.

Community management of maintenance

Laundry Extra bedrooms

Community decision making/ shared spaces

Sofa/ seating areas

Growing fruit/ vegetables

Kitchen

Compost waste

Cycling encouragement

Shared cars

Energy-efficient homes

Community facilities Taller planting used Creates a near the housing space for all (privacy) generations Different levels to create private spaces.

Climate Change movement Creates spaces of use without disturbance

Planting allowing To ensure that people different interpreta- don’t assemble in front tions and uses of one house.

Public space that feels private

Multiple meeting points

Merging homes and nature as one to create a shared garden

Development drive by community interaction

Long Term The feasibility to change the space as the community changes Encouraging resident adaptation through the years

Width 13.57 m The landscape is maintained and changed by the residents, making it feel like a private garden.

Creates a safe communal space for all ages to socialise Removed stereotyping need for cars next to a home

S T R E N Lacks individual G identity due to crisp T design H S

The housing lack the ability for residents to personalise their exterior due to design

Top-heavy design

Lack of ability to host &

A small private patio space guests outside in defined by a raised topogW private area due to size raphy and wood space E and lack of dining are- A provide personal space. as in communal space. K Private green roof and Only the ground floor N spaces housing has direct E Large windows appear access to the area S to bring nature into the S The outside community E homes. doesn’t benefit S

Shared green space/ gardens

Marmalade Lane, Cambridge

Length 96.12 m

BIGyard Gartenhof, Berlin

SuDS

Long Term Involving group meetings and negotiation in the communal room, taking a hands-on approach to the development of the sites drive (currently being more environmentally sustainable) The size of the community causes challenges regarding long term decision making requiring a leader to co-ordinate the process.

Space accommodates for future community changes. With the community initially deciding to create a wildlife shrub area near the oak trees.

S

The ‘ideal’ model of shared T SuDS, growing and housing, selecting who R composting are used, can live in a place not E creating environmental giving an accurate rep- N awareness in the resiresentation of the society. G dents.

There are small private It occupies a large T H spaces for individual amount of time for resiS household usage. dents organising multiple events. & Still provides the same amount of housing as Some spaces would not it’s surrounding whilst feel welcoming to peo- W E creating livability. ple outside the commuA nity, creating a ‘bubble.’ K Communal facilities provide a more sustainThe biodiversity of the N able approach, such as area is low with grass E washing machines all in and paving dominating S one location. the landscape. S The community is driven by sustainability, creating a more sustainable neighbourhood.

Shared private spaces are created residents feel they can edit it as a whole A social community created.

E The houses and small pri- S

vate garden areas lack the ability for individual adaptation/development.

Top-down design approach.

C A S E

Dividing rooftop gardens Green roof

Solar panels

Sustainable housing Meeting point Recreational swimming

Creating a community living environment.

Providing the potential for other uses

Private space away from cars (safe).

All housing uses 100% renewable sourced electricity

Private social space

Removing the Reduces Small develcars from opment of runoff Strict ground vegetation Private raised rules level residents garden Permeable have to Underground paving abide by car park

Little Kelham, Sheffield

Local housing development

Large balcony spaces

The landscape is maintained and changed by the residents, making it feel like a private garden.

Creates a safe communal space for all ages to socialise Removed stereotyping need for cars next to a home A small private patio space defined by a raised topography provide personal space.

Large windows bring nature into the homes.

Long Term Housing and amenities will be developed in different stages with stage 2 currently underway.

There is minimal long term plan for change with little community development coherently changing the space.

Communal socialising space

Created by raised wooden area

Paths for pedestrians and cyclists

Water storage

Pathways with integrated drainage

Water cleaning

Small private areas on the ground level

Bo01, Malmo Wide range of housing

Social interaction with water and the idea Creates the positive idea of using wa- Very little private space for of natural sustainability ter retention as a social/ recreational the residents point in the community The buildings are very Integrates SuDS into paving and similar, consisting mainly innovative solutions allowing bikes of tower blocks. to still go over the area.

There are only a few Provides natural water filtration which amenities on site. results in the water stores being safe Top-down design approach for swimming use.

Cars dominate the space reducing the safety S and social interaction between houses. T

R

The surrounding community would not feel E welcome in this space as it feels private. N Top-down design approach G

T

Lack of ability to adapt the exterior to individual H style. S

Very small private balcony area with little surrounding communal usable space. &

Amenities are not present (such as the bakery W in the initial plan) due to rent costs.. E Restricting what people can do by enforcing A fines restricts the resident’s movement. K

N

Little biodiversity value is present on-site with E no green roofs and small sections of vegetation S planted in spaces left after the housing plan. S

E

Not meeting its aim to provide community livS ing where walking and cycling is encouraged by creating a car-dominated landscape.

You have to buy a car parking space for ten thousand pounds on top of the housing price.

Not affordable housing

Focuses on walking and biking being the primary mode of transport, making a more sustainable transport mode.

Have green roofs increasing the biodiversity value of the area

Lack of individually in the building design between each resident’s home due to the design look not allowing for adaptations.

Uses solar panels as a driving point for the rooftop garden, using a sustainable generator to created privacy Public feel to landscape invites the broader community.

The urban sustainability development sees the importance of social cohesion as the top priority, with a sustainable city only being able to be created between the cooperation of residents and business.

Aimed to create more affordable housing that improved the residents quality of life Involvement of potential residents in the design process

S T U D I SE T R ES

N G T H S &

W E A K N E S S E S

Long Term Long-term development of cyclling being the main transport (30% of all trips made in Malmo are by bike currently).

Developing participation regarding schools, health care and spatial planning in the area.

Ensuring the design of the space enables residents to remain throughout all stages of life by providing different facilities.

B R I E F

Vision

A sustainable housing development driven by the community. Promoting environmentally sustainable behaviour in residents through the integrated connection with nature merging homes and land as one.

2 Creating a communal living space tailored around sustainability

1 A bottom-up approach to design and long term planning

1 A bottom-up approach to design and long term planning Creating the expectation for potential residents and the surrounding community to be heavily involved in the design process to provide a socially coherent design incorporating the current needs for the community and ensuring long term development is possible.

Incentives for environmentally sustainable and individuality of housing will be set in place to encourage residents to have solar panels, and green walls in their home if they wish whilst having an unmistakable identity to each house, promoting bold window colours, adaptable inside spaces, balconies, private gardens and thresholds to give the space character.

Long- term these adaptations should continue with the residents feeling comfortable in creating their individuality both on their property and in the communal spaces as a whole as they develop their needs and wants.

3 Creating an environmental focus for residents

2 Creating a communal living space tailored around sustainability

3 Creating an environmental focus for residents

A multiple purpose social space (common house) acting as a nuclei point for residents, providing social, practical and educational spaces that might be required by the residents. The area offers a more sustainable way of completing everyday tasks such as laundry or cooking done as a community rather than individuals.

Social rooms including a communal kitchen, sofa and play area (with multiple uses as daycare facilities), providing spaces for social interaction away from a private house environment creating a community feel taking the principles from the success of Marmalade Lanes common house.

Practical/educational rooms including laundry rooms, greenhouses, lecture/ education room, workshop and a study room are providing the community with a range of resources required nearby for residents.

Changing the resident’s mindset into a more sustainable outlook by emphasising environmental processes in the space and the lack of travel required by the community, creating a new perspective on living in a city through design and facilities provided.

Designing visible SuDS, waste management (compost area), green roofs, renewable energy on/off-site, allotments, providing charging points for cars/ favouring electric cars and a common house as a place for services such as laundry, whilst ensuring amenities all in walking distance, with a post office, local vegetable shops and Zero-waste shops located in the high street area and work located above or around this district.

4 Taking an environmental sociological approach to housing

6 Housing and adaptability 5 Creating active edges

4 Taking an environmental sociological approach to housing The housing scheme is taking on the environmental sociology principles using the environment to increase social interaction creating positive associations with nature, designing in a way that makes meeting points and amenities (such as cafes) in and around a communal landscape.

7 Environmentally sustainable transport

5 Creating active edges

6 Housing and adaptability

7 Environmentally sustainable transport

Taking the principles found throughout the case studies and creating cities for people ensuring the importance of creating an active edge is essential to develop a coherent community. Creating fluid boundaries between public and private builds develops an integrated community encouraging continual socialising opportunities in the city. By creating active frontages and clear meeting points for the residents and the wider community, it creates spaces for positive social interaction.

At the residential level having a ground floor and low lying buildings allow for interaction to take place between residents alongside communal garden space that will enable residents to feel like they are part of the community spaces.

Different housing typologies need to be incorporated in the design to encourage a wider age demographic in the area from diverse financial backgrounds providing renting and buying opportunities.

Removing the general need for cars in residents everyday life with amenities and facilities in walking distance such as work and shops being on-site along with promoting a more sustainable transport method.

Increasing cycle, walking and public transport routes in and around the site give the residents the opportunities to get to facilities such as The Moor, local schools and hospitals on other modes of transport creating a safer and more sustainable way of transportation.

Cars are still considered required for residents as occasional usage needs, using the principle of shared vehicles as used in Marmalade Lane it allows a more sustainable way of residents having access to a vehicle, along with promoting the idea of having an electric vehicle by giving them priority parking on site.

Merging homes and land

Strategic Masterplan

as one.

Amy Alexandra Marsden 180187122

Rachel’s Trip to the shop

Taking the needs of the residents into account through roleplaying everyday activities to gain an understanding if the design would provide an effective susinable housing project.

Rachel is a single 25-year-old female who loves her friends especially meeting up for lunch at the local cafe; she uses the trip to improve her mental health and get her weekly shopping done after she has finished meeting the girls for a chat.

Rachel sets off with her reusable coffee cup in going down the hand (sustainability), steps from her apartment to the more public green space,

Bob’s Trip to the shop

Bob is a 60-year-old male who loves meeting up with Richard (another senior in the area) to go swimming every Tuesday at 3 pm. Bob’s journey to the shops is to pick up his milk, nuts and flowers for his wife and carries on to collect Vegetables from the communal allotment.

Walks from the house over the SuDS into a public woodland space,

he then sees Richard has a chat near the water (social interaction),

back up the stairs to her private balcony and sits and drinks her coffee, they have lunch and a conversation together (social interaction) and then head on their way, she then sees her friends waiting at the cafe,

she then moves through the public green space,

she gets a coffee for the road,

She bumps into her neighbour Steve and has a quick chat (social interaction),

before heading back inside.

walking back she picks up some carrots from the community vegetable patch,

After drying Bob heads to the shop (close amenities),

followed by his ten laps in the water to improve his health (health and well-being), followed by an open area,

before heading back through the woodland and Bumping into Richard home to give his wife her and decided to stop flowers and food. for a coffee and chat he then gets going past (social interaction) the vegetable patch and picks some vegetables for tea (sustainability),

Figure 8 Possible Journeys taken by potential residents to understand the design in practice.

Margaret has just made some cake hence, stops for cake and a chat (social interaction),

Heading over the SuDS from private to public green space, Starting at home going into the communal by collecting all house, he puts his washing in the washing, the drying room (sustainability)

Joe’s Trip to the shop

Joe is a 40-year-old father of 2 girls; his wife has given him the shopping list and laundry to do before the kids get back from playing outside with other neighbourhood kids. He takes the trip to the community house to put the laundry in and heads to the shop, taking a cheeky stop for tea and cake before heading home.

stopping at the cafe for a cup of tea,

Joe then heads to the shop to pick up shopping on the grocery list (close amenities),

he then carries on back home seeing his children playing in the park on his way back (social interaction).

R E S I D E N T S J O U R N E Y

M A S T E R P L A N D E V E L O P M E N T

Exploring how different concepts and journeys would work on the site whilst developing my plan, allowed me to consider the different social benefits to create a realistic balance between nature and housing that provides the correct spaces for social interaction between residents and their surroundings. .

Housing Amenities Common House Bike parking Figure 9-13 Development of housing layout based on the 2-dimensional scale

Initially placing all the amenities and green/ water space on-site. Taking the first approach of the housing plan without any housing to try and incorporate ‘Sustainability through the lens of environmental sociology’ principles.

I was looking at creating a flowing landscape for users, determined by the SWOT analysis (overflow path) and inspiration from Bo01 principles of large open spaces and water as a social meeting point.

Improvements; Add possible building struture

Placing a housing structure in rows such as in Marmalade lane and BIGcity design (creating 13m gaps between the buildings) to try and start to determine the feel of the space with corridors of green, considering if this would create a connection of social interactions through the first journey analysis.

The communal space is determined by water drainage, aimed to create awareness to residents of living with residents that is aware of natural flooding mitigation methods in a city context. Taking landscape architecture and environmental sustainability principles to consider the path layout concerning where they lead to and what activities they might encourage the users to partake in; for example, creating a loop near the amenities area to encourage running.

Decreasing house volume (to reduce overlooked views) and create a more communal space as found in Marmalade Lane where the community is the focal point of the design, these concepts increase the collaborative green space and places two communal houses on site. The idea considers if the lower density will remove the community in the area.

Considering where amenities should be to incorporate Soft Cities principles relating to connections. Thinking about the journey from going to the bus stop (black circle), placing cafes closer to this space to encourage more interaction.

Improvements; consider the journey more, reduce water area to create more communal green space

Improvements; increase housing density, consider shade analysis in layout.

The layout of the buildings creates a more communal feel whilst still keeping a large communal green space. The housing layout focuses on the privacy found in BIGyard through the use of corridors and strategically placed buildings.

By moving the transport area, it creates a large space at the top of the site where amenity overspill can take place such as cafes mainly being outside.

The journey through this space was not as easy as other concepts as there were points blocked off, not allowing easy access for all housing.

Improvements; include the Eyewitness current plans into the design, consider the BIGyard layout more to provide social interaction.

I was placing the focus back on the space required to provide high volume housing that brought people back into nature due to the correct balance between open space and mass of housing.

Considering how the broader context (focusing on the eye- witness building) could shape the area's redesign incorporating the design and amenities (cafes) of the new development into the development of merge.

The building becoming the proirity, creating a journey for the users with a nuclei point being created at the centre of the site rather than at the left-hand side, increasing the likelihood of social interaction taking Kelham Islands concept of a central social point.

Improvements; consider the routes through space, how the building is defining each space

3 D M A S T E R P L A N Figure 14-20 Development of the housing layout based on a 3-dimensional outlook

I am using lego to get the initial grasp of the 3D aspect to produce a quick model and gauge the heights of the buildings;.

Placing the taller buildings near the road tiering down towards the communal green space, taking on sustainability through the lens of the environmental sociology approach of connecting society to nature through a constant reminder of outside social spaces.

The model takes on many literature and case study concepts but mainly focuses on BIGyards 13m distance of green space between the buildings to accommodate for green space and bike parking.

Taking a view from the more communal space into the housing the tiered effect is apparent; this model was exploring the entrance point that runs through the housing as a focal point, considering how the green roofs and open spaces such as the allotments and water areas join together to try and bring nature into the buildings even at this early development stage taking on the principles of landscape architecture and environmental sustainability; showing volunteering, community engagements, activities and nature as one providing a constant reminder of the environment to the residents.

Moving from Lego to a scaled cardboard layout to start exploring sketches influenced by Soft City’s and Cities for Peoples connection with balconies and the surrounding space, creating a tiered effect providing each appartment/ house with a private green space (large balcony), semi-private (roof) and open green space (between the buildings) to integrate nature into every aspect of the building.

Taking it to the more accurate heights from Lego allows a better understanding of the levelling and overall design aspects of the site along with adjusting aspects to accommodate the ideal green spaces for the residents. The site provides large amounts of green space of all kinds to accommodate the residents with sufficient standard of living inside and outside of their house.

Positives; the design incorporates large public areas and smaller communal spaces to connect every person in the area to residents, a high density of housing that still has an adequate room with the outdoor spaces, utilises every possible space to connect people to nature.

Negatives; the paths need developing further to create a clear distinction between public and communal areas.

D E V E L O P M E N T

S H A D O W A N A L Y S I S

The shadow analysis was done in Sketch up and taken into Photoshop to clearly show the three levels of shade density comparing spring and summer against winter and autumn as there will be different needs for the resident’s outdoor space depending on the season.

The seasonal changes took inspiration from Kelham Islands lack of consideration for the light at the ground level in places that should have been at the heart of the community.

The mass structure of the design dramatically enhances all the possible light in the space using the shadow analysis to ensure that the majority of the buildings face the way of the shading.

Not only bringing light into a wide range of communal areas but also increases the amount of social interaction that is comfortability possible outdoors throughout the year.

There will be a large number of ground-level activities taking place in Summer and Spring with the heat encouraging a more outside style of living, providing recreational and social points for adults and children.

The layout of the space not only is designed to encourage this social interaction point but the mass structural arrangement of the space ensures that there are minimal spaces that are shaded and would consequently be cooler and underused. One area that this is the case is in the bottom right building due to the overshadowing buildings surrounding the site, by using vegetation such as trees it ensures that the area is still desired and utilised by providing a natural cooled area rather than one overshadowed by the shade of the buildings.

‘Shall we have a bbq’ ‘its midwinter’ ‘there is no shade it still feels warm’ ‘I will get the fire going’

The use can be dramatically changed by the amount of shade in a space if there is limited shade, it creates a warmer environment even in winter, encouraging the connection with nature all year round.

The main activities in Winter and Autumn are more likely to be children playing, adults doing exercise such as running or gardening with a reduced number of people choosing to sit and relax outside due to the weather.

The shading still considers that the vegetable patch and swimming area need to receive sun to try and retain as much sunlight and heat as possible to encourage use.

The likelihood is there will be a shift to the top left-hand side of the site seeing people choosing the sunnier areas along with using the communal rooftop gardens more than in the Summer.

Figure 22 Summer and Spring shadow analysis

Figure 21 Winter and Autumn shadow analysis

Figure 23 The main focus area designed to retain the sunlight all year round (communal spaces)

Taking on the governments literature and case studies the importance of scale in terms of overlooking views is essential to create a space that enhances social interaction.

Every home needs to feel private, and every public space needs to be social; taking an environmental orientated approach to enhance the needs of the residents.

Thinking of the correlation between buildings and people allows a new perspective on private and public space, considering how the buildings could shape these transitions between public and private without directly placing a barrier, for example, placing one building slightly over the other allows the ground floor to have an area that feels too private for others to enter naturally.

The slight changes that create a private and public space are essential to creating a social community.

Figure 27 Considering house layouts to provide a range of housing.

Figure 24 considering flats relationship to nature

This house takes on the concept of bringing nature to people to create a more sustainable outlook by bringing vegetation into their homes.

There are large areas of private space on the roof and balconies. However, at the lower level there is a conscious decision to make a lot of the surrounding area public or semi-public to allow the children occupying the family homes to be able to explore their surroundings in a safe proximity, this not only gives them independence but the opportunity to socialise with other children in the area.

This layout allows every height of the windows between buildings to be slightly different, ensuring that no flat has a direct view into their neighbours home.

This sketch considers the relationship between providing privacy and views into nature, even for flats above ground level.

The window levels are not at the same heights to stop direct views into each other property to increase the level of privacy whilst still maintaining large windows.

The sketch shows consideration that some shade may be created by using trees but merge takes the connection point to the surrounding environment as a point at all levels outweigh the slight shade caused.

Figure 28 Axonometric drawing considering the private and public interface

The layout of the housing places no bedrooms on the ground floor and private outdoor spaces. The private communal rooftop on every apartment building; acting as a private social point exclusively for the use of residents.

One of the main focuses is to ensure that private areas both indoor and outside are not overlooked, but the public spaces have high volumes of visual eyes to ensure safety and inclusion for all; not only allowing for greater use of the public spaces but removes the typical flat layout with every house directly overlooking each other and their neighbours.

Figure 25 considering how the designing for undesirable features can provide environmental and social benefits.

A car park is only ever used for parking a car with minimal social benefits. It is considering the need for cars, but the lack of social benefits resulted in an underground car park that still provides the physical and social needs. By placing a public area on top of the car park, it connects people to nature but also provides a social space used for several recreational activities such as football.

Figure 29 Considering how the building structure can make a space feel private

Figure 26 A, Considering Cities for peoples design approach

Cities for peoples allows for a maximum of 5 floors to ensure a clear social connection with the public spaces, for example allowing families to feel safe letting their kids play in public spaces and inviting people to use the space.

The view is blocked on the rooftop and no longer provides a view into the public space on the ground floor.

By having the building overhang on the ground floor allows it creates a private outdoor space without any direct barrier in place.

Figure 26 B, Enhancing cities for people principles to connect people to nature and society.

An apartment usually means a small balcony, but by changing the layout of the building itself, it gives every apartment with a garden providing a more extensive private space to connect with the environmental surroundings.

The view itself over the public space is enhanced, allowing the two private spaces on the roof and ground floor to have a visual connection.

Figure 30 Axometirc drawings considering the relationship between public and private space.

Using trees as a separation point between the very public-private interface. The trees and vegetation not only private privacy for the ground level but also the flats at 2 and 3 story height.

S k e t c h e s

E N T R A N C E & C I R C U L A T I O N

The majority of the entrance points are public to encourage use for all the community and not just the residents to encourage community involvement as a whole.

Public entrance leading to the public area adjoining the main cafe area.

The entrance takes users next to private spaces that are kept private due to the multiple vegetation layering.

Public entrance leading to a very public space adjoining the main cafe areas to provide a space for social interaction.

Public entrance leading to the Common House, positioning the Common House at a 90-degree area towards the entrance directs people in two different public areas.

Public entrance leading to the public green space.

The entrance provides a quick access point to the large public green space in the centre of the site.

Public entrance, the public transport entrance point, which is the only access point where cars and buses can use, cycling and walking option, is still possible.

Figure 31-37 Entrance points created from 3D models/ Sketch-up model

Semi-private entrance The smaller path and high-density vegetation make it less welcoming to the public community because it leads to the semi-private area.

Creating housing typologies from the principles in Soft Cities and Cities for peoples principles in the literature review to generate engagement with nature and people at every level.

The housing typology layout creates a mixed community development dominated by the environmental surroundings with each apartment or house directly connecting to the outdoors merging each home with nature.

Providing a high-density housing area providing 238 bedrooms without compromising on the outdoor space.

3 Story 2x house (2 bed)

3 Story 3x Apartments

‘The entire residential area has 238 bedrooms but still has vast amounts of private and public green space perfect to be close to nature.’

The site’s idea is to provide a high-density housing area due to its location that does not comprise the vision’s values, designing vast community and natural connection through green space on site.

3m 3m 3m

A2

8m

2m 1m

4m

13 m

Figure 38 Housing section between; Road/ wooded public to Semi-private

4m

2.5 m

2 Story 2x Apartments

A1

2 Story 1x House

3 Story 1x House (2 bed) 1x Apartment

3 Story 1x House

3m 3m 3m

B2

1m

8m

1m

10 m

Figure 39 Housing section between; Semi-private areas

3m

3. 8 m 1m

B1

8m

4 Story 4x Apartments

4 Story 1x House (2 beds) 2x Apartments

3m 3m C2

3m 8m

1m

10 m

Figure 40 Housing section between; Public to Semi-private to Public

3. 8 m

3m 1m 4m

4m 3m

C1

5 Story 5x Apartments

5 Story 5x Apartments

Figure 41 Potential housing layouts

H O U S I N G T Y P O L O G Y

L A N D S C A P E

The merging of spatial layout creates apparent public and private spaces to connect each house to nature without intruding on each home’s privacy. The public space provides an easily adaptable space for all to use.

S P A T I A L L A Y O U T

Private- An area for each resident’s personal needs and desires, creating a direct relationship to nature in every home. The private space creates a stopping point between public or semi-private areas to ensure the residents do not feel their house is overlooked or intruded.

Public- The public spaces are creating an open feel to invite the broader community in from outside the housing estate to create a social interaction point, encouraging the use of cafes/ shops and bars and the formation of groups such as boot camps, using the public space to its full potential to connect people back to nature.

Social Stopping Point- An area designed to encourage cafes to overspill into their surroundings, to create an indoor-outdoor eating experience, the social stopping points location is in the public spaces taking s Soft Cities principles to increase footfall around and near the cafes space.

Community Allotment Space- Locating this area between the public and semi-private area gives a clear sense of semi-public use for the residents to use and produce vegetables allowing to connect with nature and try and live a more sustainable lifestyle.

Recreational Swimming Space- The recreational swimming space is placed in the public area to encourage extensive use from the residents and the surrounding area.

Residential Semi-Private Space- The housing encloses the semi-private space to provide a separation point between the public spaces creating an environment that people feel safety and secure to make joint decisions to make the space personal.

Residential building private green roof space- This is a semi-private space for each building block where each residential buildings’ personal needs can be fulfilled, providing ample outdoor space suited to most.

Bus/ Transport areas- This is in the public green space to bring the majority of the users into the public area, providing a central location to allow residents quick access to their homes, along with taking soft cities approach to have shops/ cafes near the public transport to increase revenue and ease of facilities when required.

Figure 42 Landscape Spatial Layout *Please note scanning facilities were limited resulting in a lower resolution than desired

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Social Spaces Combining the theories of BIgYard and Bo01 not only to create a very public and very private area for only the residents creates places for locals to occupy but also surrounds the buildings with open public areas.. The reasoning behind having a large central open public area is to allow for social interaction between people from all backgrounds, not just the residents.

The public area acts as a nuclei space for people together in a dense area of Sheffield.

The design stated that community engagement should be sustainable through environmental sociology thus this is central to the public areas. The large open space allows for high levels of adaptivity of the environment by the residents (with a long term design plan in place) encouraging adaptions such as increasing allotment areas as the density of families increase or increase in seating areas in the cafe area as more young couples become residents.

Ownership

Amenities Designing multiple small focus points, such as bike parking, takes principles taken from Bo01 to encourage the convenience of a bike as a mode of transport to try and change the residents’ mindset.

The community house and shops are in the main public areas to encourage large volumes of use for the community as a whole. The leading shops near the public transport area and corners entering the site take the principles from soft cities to increase the use through footfall past the shops.

The largest private spaces are on the shops’ roofs after research into the most undesired housing was above shops; this design turns the least desirable housing into the most desirable.

The public and semi-public area still have strong community ownership as the residents/users underpinning and being consulted ongoing relating to the future development of both areas, contributing to the long term design of the area to accommodate their needs.

The semi-private areas take inspiration from BigYard with multiple focal points to ensure that large groups do not gather around one area of the housing causing disturbance.

The private areas provides the residents with personal ownership giving them the ability to use their private space to adapt it as the needs arises, this gives the possibility not only to adapt but enhance the social interaction with nature as a whole; not only developing their private area but increasing social interaction with the neighbourhood.

S O C I A L

(P)

Figure 44 Mapping of Amenities

Bins Figure 43 Mapping of Social spaces

A M E N I T I E S

Cafes/ resorts Figure 45 Mapping of ownership

Secondary Social Hub

Shops

Main Social Hub

Allotments

Common house (social house)

Common house

Interaction between built form and Social areas

Cycle parking/ Car parking (P)

Residentially shared

Social pedestrian routes

Natural sports facilities- swimming

Private (rooftop)

Private Shared

O W N E R S H I P

F U R T H E R

‘The bins are full.’

‘I will take them out now they are only two seconds away.’ ‘and on the way to the shop.’

It is essential to consider the smaller details to make the project sustainable for the future without the smaller details in place the entire project would have become disjointed. The mapping considers daily activities that can encourage users to take a more sustainable way of living such as providing natural outdoor exercise facilities to providing extensive cycle parking to change their relationship with the environment.

The design layout is aimed to provide all facilities required in a short distance to make living easy

Bins- The bins location next to each housing area and roads to provide bin access.

Cycle parking- Each cycle area accommodates easy access to each housing , swimming and shops facilities.

Car parking- Located near the only main road into the site, leading to the family housing, predicting that these residents may be the most reliant on cars.

Local shops- Locating them in a central public area to allow all the wider community to use the facilities, these will be a zero-waste shop and other amenities decided by the residents. Other amenities such as bread will be sold in the cafe facilities as part of a multiuse scheme to maximise the range of amenities.

Cafes/ restaurants/ bars- A range of facilities to try and accommodate all of the age ranges and encourage a wide range of social interaction, the idea behind the renting and management is decided by the residents, gaining joint funding and deciding which socialising spaces will remain in the facility at the end of each lease—full development of the site according to the residents.

Common House- Creating a common house provides a space to gather and communal facilities such as washing machines to reduce the site’s environmental impact.

Exercise- Exercise can occur on the path with a designed part being the natural swimming area that can also be used as a learning space.

Play areas- Play areas are staggered taking inspiration from BIGyard to ensure there is not one main play area to avoid undesirable housing to other groups ie older people, young couples.

D E V E L O P M E N T Humankind 'revolve their actions and relationship with

nature based on meanings that they assign to nature themselves....... meanings received from social interactions can influence and interpret the relationships between human society and the environment.' (Islam, n.d.)

Taking the concept of if nature is part of everyday life the relationship between society and the environment changes

Figure 46 Further Development *Please note scanning facilities were limited resulting in a lower resolution than desired

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Vegetation

Water Management-SuDS

The enhanced Sketchup model shows the barrier SuDS create between a very private and very public area. The SuDS still allow a connection to the public space as there is no physical wall in place to encourage social interaction.

SuDS provide not only a barrier but also a connection with nature and the natural processes on-site to make the residents more environmentally aware.

Private

Public

SuDS Make Private

Figure 47 Mapping of SuDS and privacy levels created.

Using vegetation as a point of connection to nature, to ensure the resident’s surroundings are shaped by the environment; creating public and private spaces, enhancing undesired views and shaded areas.

SuDS connect people with the process of natural water purification and drainage, creating environmental awareness. The SuDS provide an exact separation point between very public and very private spaces through the use of reeds, water and topography change Placing a SuDS to create a barrier of movement and view through the change in topography, water and use of reeds, this allows for a semi-permable barrier between the public and private gardening space without a defined barrier needed.

All of the residents have a direct connection with nature around them; trees create a view at all levels connecting the residents to greenery.

The constant association to nature creates a society connected and respecting the environment around them.

Prevent view Make Private Undesired Shaded areas

Figure 48 Initial mapping of vegetation

Enhancing, the Sketchup model shows the main road next to the site and how by introducing trees it reduces the visual, noise and pollution of the road for the residents.

Woodland area Shared green roof Private green roofs Cut/ Uncut grass

Figure 49 Finalised mapping of vegetation

V E G E T A T I O N & S u D S

C O N C E P T U A L M A S T E R P L A N

The Reasoning Behind the Design Housing

(1) Housing - The housing complex is made up of 1, 2, 3 and 4-bed flats and to encourage a cross section between intergeneration creating a diverse community . Each flat has 1.5 m balcony to allow for a private ‘garden’.

(2) Shared Green Roofs- A semi-private space shaped by the residents social and environmental needs.

(3) Private Green Roofs- Making the most undesirable housing the most desired, by giving a large balcony space if residents live above the shops.

(4) Partially Underground Bedrooms- By creating a partial underground layer, it means the residents are not directly looking into each others windows, providing a pleasant view of sloping vegetation.

The conceptual master plan understands how each component works as a whole to create housing that promotes sustainable behaviour through the integrated connection with nature at every aspect of the design of the accommodation, communal facilities, transport and drainage.

Communal facilities

(5) Amenities- Located in central communal spaces, with social and shopping facilities, considering Eyewitness proposed facilities as part of the development.

(6) Green roofs- the business owner and community decide this creating control over the long term use of spaces.

(7)Common House- a communal space for socialising and shared facilities such as the washing machine room (creating shared facilities to reduce environmental impact).

(9)Allotments- Creating more sustainable food production, a connection with the environment and social community point.

(10) Wooded Areas- Strategically placed to prevent undesired views, make spaces more private and enhance areas of shade that may otherwise be underused.

(11) Cut/ uncut grass areas- left to the community to decide the type of maintenance, creating an adaptable social space.

(12) Paved seating areas- Merging the edges of the cafes and the surrounding environment through the use of outside seating areas.

D

Transport

(13) Cycle Parking- multiple locations to encourage as the easiest mode of transport.

(14) Car Parking- Whilst initially more investment is required to build an underground car park it ensures minimal impact on the social and environmental development.

(15) Bus Stops- multiple bus routes to encourage the use of public transport.

(16) Primary Cycle and Walking Routes- The more public routes to encourage the main flow of cyclists out of the more private areas.

(17) Secondary Routes- the more private residential routes.

A1 B1 A2 B2

C1

C2

SuDS/ Water Retention

(18) Drainage Toughs- Using them as a separation between the public and private areas on-site, bringing people close to nature by visually seeing the runoff and drainage process above ground.

(19) Water retention/ Swimming Area- Reduces the risk of flooding, providing a recreational swimming point and potential for educational development.

1:500 @A3

Merging homes and land

Public/ Private Interface Design

as one.

Amy Alexandra Marsden 180187122

S E M I P R I V A T E

The detailed section is exploring the relationship between a open public area to a very small individual areas at a human level to understand the design relationships required at each interface. The area is a space which takes Bo01s open space and BIGyards semi-private gardens into consideration to create a residential area that merges nature and social interaction as one whilst still creating a sense of privacy.

5

3

7

Public by Design Designing specific points that you would typically find in a public space, such as larger paths and open green spaces, gives the sense of a public space creating a relationship of welcomed interaction with the wider community.

1

2

6

&

S P A C E

1. Large areas of open green space to allow for a larger vol-

ume of users in the area 2. Large recreational pond area to provide a recreational focal point 3. Public transport area adjoining the space (drops people off in the area making them feel welcomed into the space and introducing as part of their daily lives to feel like a comfortable and safe place ) 4. Large paths for multiple users of bikes and walkers 5. Cafes adjointing the space to create social facilities ajointing the landscaping.

6. Cycle parking to allow a large volume of cyclists in the area 7. Allotment areas are used to create the first indication of a more private area to create a gradual and green approach from a semi private area leading to residents only areas.

4

P U B L I C

Creating a public feel to the space by designing:

Communal by Design The semi-private areas are designed to feel personal to the residents through smaller paths and more intimate areas that should be regularly reviewed and altered by a bottom-up design approach to accomodate for the resident’s current and changing needs.

1

Creating a communal area by designing: 5

1. Small woodland areas are in place to provide a level of pri-

2 5 7

3 6

1:250 @A3

D

vacy to the area along with encouraging a natural play space.

2 . Tree-houses are equipt with their very own green roof providing an intimate space for residents children to play 3. Narrow paths are designed to make the space feel private to encourage only the residents to feel comfortable 4. Tall grasses are in place to provide separation and movement in the area 5. Small grassed areas design a space for intimate meetings between friends 6. Sandpits provide spaces for children of all ages to play 7. Small pond and play water features create a tranquil atmosphere at a small scale, with topography ensuring the play area does not meet the water directly for safety reasons.

The local housing adaptability levels indicate what people in the area desire concerning adaptability and affordability of their private space.

By understanding people’s modifications at a local level, the bottom-up approach design will work effectively to provide facilities people would prefer on their balcony spaces to encourage residents use of outdoor spaces adjecent to their living space creating a natural flow between inside and outside.

Broomhall Housing- On Fitzwilliam Street, the first main road to the site.

‘The immediacy and ease of access is vital to increase the likelihood of their use... the feeling of freedom to move between inside and outside.’

(Sim, D. and Gehl, J., 2020.)

Thomas Street housing-The road adjoining the site The current level of adaptability:

The current level of adaptability:

The level of adaptability in the housing block is abysmal due to the top-down design approach.

It creates an aesthetically pleasing building that does not work for the residents, reflected by that large numbers of residents that are beginning to adapt the glass railing to be more private through wooden screening.

The height of these balconies takes the Cities for Peoples approach into reality with the top floors having little engagement with their surroundings, this is clear by the apparent want to block off their space or even not use their outside space.

Currently, there is minimal adaptability that can be taken by the residents of the Broomhall housing area with the pink planters being the highest level of personalisation without consequences such as fines for changing the colour of the railing.

This adaptability level is low, taking the opposite approach to projects such as Marmalade Lane through the top-down design approach.

Design adaptations from a bottom-up design approach:

Design adaptations from a bottom-up design approach:

1. Painting the railings pink to match the planters.

2. Windows could be pink to provide individuality.

1. Changing the type of railings to provide more privacy if required.

2. Being able to place plants on the balcony without feeling out of place.

3. Changing the colours of the balcony and windows to become personal.

Design adaptations to improve the relationship to nature:

1. Provide a useable balcony with an area to grow plants or have seating.

2. Lower level flats having direct access to the outside through bi-folding doors.

Figure 50 Broomhall housing adaptations

Design adaptations to improve the relationship to nature:

Figure 51 Thomas Street Housing adaptations

1. Providing different balcony frontages depending on the resident’s desires some with glass some with a less opaque screening 2. Placing vegetation such as grass or even trees on the balconies to connect people to nature.

H o m e s p e r s o n a l i s a t i o n

A F F O R D A B I L I T Y

Creating adaptability and affordability through the bottom-up design approach to encourage long term involvement in designing for change.

This approach to designing the small level details acknowledges the need to adapt personal space over time as part of the initial design plan to create an effective design solution at a human scale.

All private spaces will be adapted over time internally and externally from door colour to the need for outdoor space activities; considering how these changes could impact the social interaction to people and nature to drive the principles of sustainable housing in every small stage of change to create an effective indoor/ outdoor relationship.

Tree + Wall With Increasing wall Bench size to create more separation between public and private by having to physically step over the threshold.

Defining the human scale implications of each design adaptation Seated wall (SW)- Creates a space for social interaction.

Trees (T)- Brings the outdoors indoors and provides environmental benefits.

Shrubs (S)- Provides environmental benefits.

Fence (F)- Provides a clear separation point Fence with ivy (FI)- provides environmental benefits

Hedges + tree to create private space Increasing the size of the patio

Wall With Seating Introduction of shrubs + Seating and table

Initial The initial design to create definitive private thresholds considers multiple options looking at the environmental and social impact this initial installation Secondary has on the community. Increase or decrease of vegetation, making more areas private or public, adding items such as furniture.

Wall with seating Introduction of trees + Climbers to obstruct the view

‘ I cannot seem to find number 24’ ‘Its the one with the orange door.’

By encouraging bold, bright individual colours in the initial design stage allow for each apartment and house to have the individual distinction.

Tree + Metal Fence Climbers to obstruct the view Wall with seating Shrub

near window

& A D A P T A B I L I T Y

(T) (SW)

Wall with seating + Tree near window

(T ) (F) (S) (SW)

Shrub near window

(S) (SW)

(T ) (FI) (S) (SW)

Wall with seating Climbers to obstruct the view + Shrubs for separation

(S) (T)

(T) (FI) (SW)

(T) (FI) (F)

(S) (SW) (F)

(F) (S) Metal Fence

Shrubs near the fence to create more separation

Gate to provide No gate a secure private (S) (T) (FI) (S) (FI) space for chilOutside Gate to provide dren and animals seating a secure private Climbers to obarea space for children Climbers to struct the view and animals obstruct the + + view Shrubs near Tree window

(F)

Taking inspiration from Soft Cities publications to explore the relationship nature can have on the residents inside life through the use of windows and bi-folding doors to shape the living space.

By creating views into the natural surroundings it reinforces this constant connection with nature, considering that even when people are not on the ground floor close up nature is brought to them through the use of trees and grasses at lower levels.

By placing a thin but long window in the basement room, creating a flood of natural light along with creating the ‘picture frame’ feel displaying the reeds at ground level.

By placing a private patio area and sloping grasses, it makes the basement rooms the most desired of the block with an abundance of light and privacy.

The use of bio folding doors into a small private space provides a view of vegetation reinforcing the connection with nature.

‘Quick, quick look at the robin’. ‘and Joel swimming in the lake.’

By strategically designing windows to bring the residents views into nature and people, it creates a constant level of interaction with outside.

’windows and doors better connect inside to outside, sometimes blurring the two... improving our relationship with the outside’ (Sim, D. and Gehl, J., 2020.)

Placing the sink below the window to increase the time they spend interacting visually with nature whilst doing household activities such as washing. The window creates a direct connection with nature at eye level due to the tree height but also with the public green space.

Looking into the communal spaces provides a sense of security and allows for greater independence for children.

Bringing the community garden into every home by decreasing the volume of trees to increase the view; to encourage social interaction encouraging people to leave their homes to join in.

The third floor repeats the location of the kitchen, but the view is dramatically changing; creating a view over a wider area whilst still allowing a clear view of what is happening at ground level.

The initial tree height will grow overtime to eventually get to the height of the 3rd floor to provide the at eye level experience with nature.

By creating a built-in seating area, it encourages residents to sit and look out of their window; encouraging the constant interaction with nature and people.

W I N D O W V I E W S C O N T A C T W I T H N A T U R E

Z O N I N G

A- Zoning created at the frontage of

The Merge project considers how the initial thresholds from communal/ public to private can affect the resident’s experience, considering how vegetation, structural and overall design can impact the private thresholds.

1 bed Flat 56m2 compared to 31m2 recommended minimum

housing (Sim, D. and Gehl, J., 2020.)

(2015. Space Standards For Homes)

8m

&

7m

3 bed house/Flat 112m2 compared to 93m2 recommended minimum (2015. Space Standards For Homes)

T H R E S H O L D S

8m

7m

7m

8m Communal

The site’s visuals are defined by the bold door and window colours, which provides a sense of identity with each resident placing their stamp of personalisation on the building. The structure of the door and windows themselves are positioned in the same locations to provide unity.

A- The first view shows the thresholds and main housing variations (including potential layouts) to show the lower floor containing no bedrooms, ensuring people do not directly look into more private spaces. The vegetation provides a sense of diversity and individual adaptations for each user to define their private area. The sense of community involvement and socialising is encouraged due to the small zone change which allows residents to easily communicate between the public and private areas as discussed by cities for people (when a small social space created near the main path large volumes of interaction take place).

B- Dominated by the 13m communal space this section looks at the transition between private and communal spaces, defined by a single-seated wall area and building overhanding which creates a sense of intrusion to the private area.

The wall is influenced by Marmalade lanes design to encourage social interaction. The areas topography is flat to allow for a use change and create a cohesive community area accessible and visual to all. The total height does not exceed five floors to take the principles found in cities for people to engage people in the communal area even when they are not on the ground floor.

C- The space between very public and private areas has multiple defined zoning points indicating a change in thresholds. This ranges from decreasing sense of open space by introducing trees to changing the topography level with raised balcony spaces; the gradual change in thresholds creates a private space undisturbed by the public area’s using vegetation to hide the private/ communal areas to give privacy. The interface plays with topography changes and defined natural points (such as the SuDS) to not only create separation but bring people closer to the natural world around them.

2m

2m

B- Threshold between private

8m Communal

2m

and communal (Gehl, J. 2013.)

C- Threshold between private and public

2m 2m 4m

2m

2m

1m

1m 13m Communal

2m

8m Figure 52- 54 Zoning and thresholds created by design

8m

5m Communal

3m

4m

‘The meeting concludes that residents would like more allotment space.’

‘Perfect let us get to work.’

The Merge project takes a bottom-up design approach understanding as the residents change so will the private and public spaces’ requirments, these adaptions tries to predict some possible adaptations to understand the potential design needs to the future.

The bottom-up design approach means that the residents can adapt even the public spaces to their current needs to ensure their residents are using the natural surroundings to their full potential.

Figure 55, possible adaptations in 25-years of development of communal, private and public space

The 25 years of development takes on the residential population scenario increase through increased volumes of families and the decrease as the main pattern for development, intending to understand the possible development of a bottom-up design approach that addresses the issues that might arise residents. The 25-year adaptation plan is taken into the public to private interface sections to understand how these changes would affect the residents’ human-scale experience.

More people start to permanently occupy the space resulting in more vegetation needing to be grown at the communal allotment space resulting in more allotments.

D E V E L O P M E N T

10 years of development

The population size of the merge residents begins to grow as more people have families expanding the allotments at the public and area and rooftop along with the communal areas increasing the play facilities.

15 years of development

Families start to move out, or children no longer want the play facilities, resulting in the removal of the play facilities in the communal area and reducing the allotment size as population decreasing, increasing the cafe capacity as more young couples move into the area seeing personal balcony adaptions by new residents. The allotments on the roofs develop as the primary source of vegetables for the residents.

20 years of development

Climate change in a city environment is beginning to cause massive air pollution levels and increase the risk of flooding resulting in the residents deciding to increase the volume of trees and size of the pond in the public areas and increasing tall grasses in the communal area.

Climate change increases resulting in the residents increasing the flooding capacity and air pollution measures in the public area and increasing the growing capacity of the allotments on the roofs as families start to emerge from the young couples increasing the play areas communal area.

Y E A R S O F

5 years of development

25 years of development

2 5

5 years of development

10 years of development

15 years of development

20 years of development

25 years of development

P R I V A T E

The Merge project looks at the primary interface between public and private space addressing clear separation points through a change in topography (through the use of SuDS) and structural aspects such as balconies to create an exact distinction point between public and private reinforced by the use of trees to obstruct the public eye into private housing whilst still connecting the residents to

Interface adaptations

T O

25 years of development

Interface adaptations

P U B L I C I N T E R F A C E

The interface between the public and private areas is completely transformed through the change in vegetation density, mature trees surrounding the private area and smaller public grass areas remain at a human scale, this will bring the residents closer to nature but block the view of the public surroundings.

15 years of development

The interface between the public and private areas becomes a lot closer in proximity with the first stopping point at a human scale being the tree; this takes on Soft Cities approach to housing design through allowing the users to be connected directly to the public space to feel included in the environment.

Interface adaptations

5 years of development

4m 4m

20m

6m

The interface between public and communal is moved further into the previous public area through the developed allotment area; this creates a different experience at a human level with the private area feeling further away from the primary public social interaction.

9m

3m

2m

Figure 56, 25 years of adaptations taken into a human scale for private and public spaces

The section view and the axonometric drawing consider the interface between a very public area and a private area, ensuring that the private area is not intruded and the private area still has a connection to the surroundings.

A

B The section view shows the relationship between the public and private interface.

An initial-boundary is created by using trees, creating a change in space that is less inviting at a human scale than large open spaces directing people to walk towards and stop in the open area.

The first direct boundary is, however, the change in structures with steps leading to a balcony, this not only creates an exact point of intrusion of the private space through the change in material from grass to wood but places the private space with a clear view of the public area placing eyes over the ground to create security.

At ground level, the SuDS creates a specific stopping point by a topographic change and high grasses distinguishing between public and private areas.

C D

E Figure 58 isometric drawing of the public to the al private interface n mu

m

Co te iva r P

l na u mm

Co lic

b Pu

Figure 57, section view of a private and public interface at a human scale

The axonometric drawing shows the interface between public and private at multiple levels whilst still maintaining the straightforward interface between public/ communal and private areas through clear vegetation, topographic and structural separation, aiming for the general levels to feel part of the public space and not feel intruded.

A- Communal rooftop space, this is communal only for the residents with step access to the site resulting in other users not feeling welcome in the area, its design focuses on a wide range of trees, grasses and seating to provide a social experience.

B- 2mx 8m balcony space (3rd-floor) provides a view over the public site, with optional privacy by replacing the glass balcony with a less opaque option, this provides a space where the private space feels adaptable and makes public areas feel secure.

C- 3mx 4m wooden balcony area that provides a clear distinction between public and private required in a short transition to overcome issues of intrusion, it gives the users a space to relax hidden from public view by the trees.

D- 2x 8m balcony overlooks the communal area providing the eyes people need to feel secure in letting their children play unattended, addressing security risks in an urban city housing area.

E- 5m long This is the below ground level area and is strategically designed to ensure that no house directly looks into their neighbours to provide a level of privacy, the lower level also provides a small seating area surrounded by nature, making the basement rooms feel bright a clear connection to nature.

P R I V A T E T O P U B L I C I N T E R F A C E

P R I V A T E

Interface adaptations

The private to communal interface focuses on Marmalades Lane’s use of structural separation that does not create a barrier with socialising and immersing residents with the natural surroundings.

This page looks at the private to communal interface to try and address changes in potential needs to space at a human scale as the residents develop their needs as a full understanding that the initial design will not be appropriate as the age demographic and other factors change over time.

25 years of development

Interface adaptations

T O

The interface between the private and communal area dramatically changes through the introduction of trees, creating a new height of vegetation in the space seeing that the second and third-floor views are trees and not the communal space.

15 years of development

C O M M U N A L I N T E R F A C E

The introduction of play facilities for children turns the communal area from an adult orientated social space into a child-orientated play space addressing the needs of most residents at a specific time; this still provides adults interaction through the positioning of the paths and the seating/ wall separation between the communal and private space.

Interface adaptations

The private interface is a lot more subtle than public to private with small vegetation changes changing the interface such as the grasses blocking intricately the social point between the wall/ seating boundary and the other users.

5 years of development

8m

2m

13m Communal 3m

8m

Figure 59 25 years of adaptations taken into a human scale for private and communal spaces

‘Hi, Bob how are you?’

Hi, Rachel I’m great, do you fancy a cup of tea and a catch-up?’

‘I would love one.’

‘Great I will put the kettle on’

If you raise the physical barrier between the residents to the point where they lose connection their surroundings, the level of social interaction that creates the community atmosphere is lost.

The contrasting design between a private and communal space needs to accommodate a privacy level without losing the social interaction discussed in Cities for People that create a sense of security and community between residents.

The communal space design is taken from BIGyard to make a space that feels like the residents back garden to overcome any worries about common adaptations.

The relationship between the private and communal space is defined predominantly by a brick wall with a wooden topper to allow for seating, towards the communal area for social interaction or towards their homes for more privacy. This is not the case for every house as residents choose between the wall, hedges or trees depending on their ideal preferences.

This interface creates a level of separation without excluding residents from the communal area.

The flats above ground level are specifically designed with large window seats to connect the users to the communal gardens at all levels considering that if you see the communal area’s events, you feel part of the space and are more likely to use the natural space provided.

The basement bedrooms are not directly connected to the communal space but separated by vegetation, and topography changes as non of the bedrooms in the merge project are viewable from the communal spaces to avoid any level of intrusion, instead, the sloping structure provides large volumes of light, and the vegetation gives a strong connection to the environment.

The interface at a human scale between a communal and private area needs to physically provide a distinct barrier at a human scale whilst still ensuring that the aspects of social interaction with people and nature are not lost.

Figure 60 Section view of private to communal interface at a human scale

P R I V A T E T O C O M M U N A L I N T E R F A C E

P U B L I C

Bo01 and Soft Cities’ approaches are incorporated to provide large open spaces with adjacent facilities.

This focus of amenities and wide-open spaces contrasts the private space with apparent structural and vegetation changes.

The type of social interaction taking place in this area at a human scale would be using the cafes and groups using the grass areas as seating or recreational facilities.

I N T E R F A C E S

‘Hey, fancy seeing you here. how are you?’

‘Hi, yeah I’m good, how are you?’

‘Why don’t you join me for a coffee?’

‘I would love too.’

The spontaneous social interaction between Neighbours happens naturally due to the soft edges created, and neighbourhood connection through shared gardens, a common house and outdoor activities such as allotments with the idea of making the oudoor spaces the desired social interaction points at a human scale.

Affordability of the shops

Shops are an essential part of the public space attracting residents and local people in the area; bringing the communityfeel to the merge project with the small independent start-up shops/ cafes and bars creating unique hotspots that provide jobs for the local people along with supporting other local industries.

The shops are encouraged to spill out onto the adjacent outdoor areas to take the Soft Cities principles to make people stop and look whilst also creating a soft edge to the spaces to increase social interaction. The cafes are placed at entrance points to the public areas and directly next to the public transport area to create high affordability levels to get ‘the daily coffee before work’.

Fruit and Vegetable shop

The fruit and vegetable shop provides fresh produce not packaged (or package is reduced) to reduce the carbon footprint. The shop could provide items such as cheeses from local cheesemongers and other essentials desired by residents as the company grows supporting other small enterprises.

Figure 61 Human scale interaction between amenities and residents/ locals

Zero Waste

Changing the local people shop to create a more sustainable attitude to shopping with no waste products is sourced from small independent companies as close as possible to reduce travel pollution.

Having these facilities in walking distance also reduces the carbon footprint of the user’s journey to the shop to a minimum.

Cafés/ Bars/ Restaurants

These spaces’ importance is to promote small independent businesses that promote fewer waste schemes such as reduced coffee cost if reusable cups are provided.

The types of cafes, bars and restaurants that are at the site decided by the residents. A potential committee being put in place to decide which small independent companies get the lease based on need and potential benefits to the residents.

This gives full control over what type of social interaction the residents prefer and creating the desired neighbourhood outcome such as removing bars if they become too loud late at night and putting in place residential restricted licensing clauses.

Other essentials (pharmacy) The type of essential shops would be decided by the residents depending on their current needs, expecting pharmacies to be a constant shop.

P R I V A T E ‘Hi, painting the path looks good’ ‘Thanks yeah fancied a change’ ‘would you like to come round later when its done for a BBQ?’ ‘yeah sure see you later, I will bring burgers’ ‘Great see you around 5’ The private interface still allows for high social interaction levels between the residents that would not be possible with a visual barrier.

Figure 62 Human scale interaction/ adaptation between public and communal space

The private space takes design inspiration from Marmalade Lane to provide an interface between communal and private spaces with walled seating allowing locals to engage without feeling intruding.

The area’s structural components with the seating wall area allow people to view the private space but not feel comfortable enough to enter; this is adapted with every houses personal adaptations depending on their desired privacy level.

The design itself creates a clear private garden area without separating the community with no visual aids blocking the communal area to develop a relationship with their surroundings addressing the issue of wanting privacy but still feel part of the community.

I N T E R F A C E S

R E F E R E N C E S

First section (Vision and Concept)

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Sim, D. and Gehl, J., 2020. Soft City : Building Density For Everyday Life. Island Press.

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Second Section (Strategic Masterplan)

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2018. The Completion Of Wakehurst’S 300 Metre Wetland Boardwalk. [image] Available at: <https://www.thewilddeckcompany.co.uk/the-completion-of-wakehursts-300-metre-wetland-boardwalk/> [Accessed 13 January 2021].

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Figure 1 The Merge projects main three drives Figure 2 Map showing the site's context in Sheffield Figure 3 Historical development of the site Figure 4 SWOT analysis of the site and its surroundings based on on-site visits Figure 5 500 metre radius graphic showing amenities, transport and possible employment opportunities.

Figure 5 surrounding housing in a 500-metre radius to the site Figure 6 Proposed changes under the Our City plans (Sheffield) Figure 7 Beneficiaries of the national and local policies Figure 8 Possible Journies taken by potential residents to understand the design in practice.

Figure 9-13 Development of housing layout based on the 2-dimensional scale Figure 14-20 Development of the housing layout based on a 3-dimensional outlook Figure 21 Winter and autumn shadow analysis Figure 22 Summer and Spring shadow analysis Figure 23 The main focus area designed to retain the sunlight all year round (communal spaces) Figure 24 considering flats relationship to nature Figure 25 considering how the designing for undesirable features can provide environmental and social benefits.

Figure 26 A, Considering Cities for peoples design approach Figure 26 B, Enhancing cities for people principles to connect people to nature and society.

Figure 27 Considering house layouts to provide a range of housing.

Figure 28 Axonometric drawing considering the private and public interface Figure 29 Considering how the building structure can make a space feel private Figure 30 Axometirc drawings considering the relationship between public and private space.

Figure 31-37 Entrance points created from 3D models/ Sketch-up model Figure 38 Housing section between; Road/ wooded public to Semi-private Figure 39 Housing section between; Semi-private areas Figure 40 Housing section between; Public to Semi-private to Public

Figure 41 Potential housing layouts Figure 42 Landscape Spatial Layout Figure 43 Mapping of Social spaces Figure 44 Mapping of Amenities Figure 45 Mapping of ownership Figure 46 Further Development Figure 47 Mapping of SUDS and privacy levels created.

Figure 48 Initial mapping of vegetation Figure 49 Finalised mapping of vegetation Figure 50 Broomhall housing adaptations Figure 51 Thomas Street Housing adaptations Figure 52- 54 Zoning and thresholds created by design Figure 55 possible adaptations in 25-years of development of communal, private and public space Figure 56, 25 years of adaptations taken into a human scale for private and public spaces Figure 57, section view of a private and public interface at a human scale Figure 58 isometric drawing of the public to the private interface Figure 59 25 years of adaptations taken into a human scale for private and communal spaces Figure 60 Section view of private to communal interface at a human scale Figure 61 Human scale interaction between amenities and residents/ locals Figure 62 Human scale interaction/ adaptation between public and communal space

R E F E R E N C E S