Design Principles of Adaptive Reuse: Case Studies on Dockyard

design principles of

Adaptive reuse a case study of dockyard

by mohd amir asyraaf zulkifli

To my dearest parents, Zulkifli Kamaludian and Naliza Yakub, family, friends, lecturers and to all who care for the build environment of past, present and future.

This book formatting template was designed by Amir Asyraaf Book cover design by Amir Asyraaf Software use : Microsoft Words & Publisher Book Size: B5 Font: Comic Sans MS & Century Gothic 10, 14, 16,36, 65 & 140 Image source from various sources of internet and UTM SoCult 2-17/18 Studio.

III

Design Principles of

Adaptive Reuse: A case study of Dockyard

Revitalizing abandoned space for people

By Mohd Amir Asyraaf Zulkifli

IV

Design Principles of Adaptive Reuse

Published in Malaysia in 2018 by UTM School of Architecture, University Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia. http://www.utm.my

This book has been submitted to the Centre of Studies for Architecture, Faculty of Built Environment, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, to fulfil the requirement of MBES2176 DESIGN THESIS DISSERTATION course.

Copyright Š 2017 by Mohd Amir Asyraaf Zulkifli.

All rights reserved. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study, research, criticism or review as permitted under the Copyright Act, no part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission or the publisher and writer, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles or reviews.

For information contact : Mohd Amir Asyraaf Zulkifli MBE171038 Master of Architecture School of Architecture Faculty of Built Environment Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

V

DESIGN PRINCIPLES OF ADAPTIVE REUSE: A CASE STUDIES OF DOCKYARD

MOHD AMIR ASYRAAF BIN ZULKIFLI

A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Master of Architecture

School of Architecture Faculty of Architecture Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

JUNE 2019

Design Principles of Adaptive Reuse

DECLARATION

I declare that this thesis entitled “Design Principles of Adaptive Reuse: A Case Studies of Dockyard” is the result of my own research except as cited in the

references. The thesis has not been accepted for any degree and is not concurrently submitted in candidature of any other degree.

Signature

:

....................................................

Name

:

MOHD AMIR ASYRAAF BIN ZULKIFLI

Date

:

3 June 2019

VI

“We hereby declare that we have read this thesis and in our opinion this thesis is sufficient in term of scope and quality for the

award of the degree of Master of Architecture”

Signature

:

________________________________

Name of Supervisor I :

AR. SAMSIAH BINTI ABDULLAH

Date

:

3 June 2019

Signature

:

________________________________

Name of Supervisor II :

PROF. DR. SYED AHMAD ISKANDAR BIN SYED ARIFFIN

Date

3 June 2019

:

VII

DESIGN PRINCIPLES OF ADAPTIVE REUSE: CASE STUDIES ON DOCKYARD

MOHD AMIR ASYRAAF BIN ZULKIFLI AR. SAMSIAH BT. ABDULLAH

Master of Architecture School of Architecture Faculty of Built Environment, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Architectural Book Publication

Design Principles of Adaptive Reuse

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

All praises to Allah the Almighty for his blessing and kindness towards me by providing the appropriate time to finish this dissertation of MBES 2176 that is in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of master in architecture under department of Architecture in Faculty of Architecture and Build Environment. First, I would like to sincerely express my gratitude to my supervisor of my thesis coordinator, AR. Samsiah binti Abdullah and Prof. Dr. Syed Ahmad Iskandar Bin Syed Ariffin for their patience, motivations, understanding, and the relentless support with his immense knowledge in finishing this research study throughout the years.

To the most wonderful people for driving my passion in my journey as an architecture student, thanks. To the one that I always appreciate, my beloved parents for the endless love and supports regardless the condition. By being there for me in all the time especially the hard time really moves me to strive harder and keep moving.

Not forgetting, all the participant that have taken part in helping me in my research, a big thanks for the great and most helpful responds given and cooperation that helps me in collecting sufficient information during my visits. Finally, big gratitude to all my friends for the suggestion, moral support, prayers and thousands of ideas to me in making this a success study. I really appreciate their compassion and confidence towards me.

VIII

ABSTRACT

Neglected of old building due to many reasons and factor such as building safety and as well as better new facilities have been provided. Some of the building may carry significance to the location and should be preserve in order to honour the history of the place and locals. Reuse of these abandoned buildings can reduce costs such as construction. For environment, it is recorded that the building needs less new construction or modification to be compare with constructing new building. Less material needs contribute to less air pollution made in terms of transportation and production of material. The research aim is to provides systematic approach in revitalizing building through adaptive reuse method in order to avoid building from being abandoned through study on various ways of applying adaptive reuse and study on the element and factor that may affect the decision of applying adaptive reuse. The study is conducted base on qualitative research method by looking forward of previous researcher papers and come out with the general ideas of adaptive reuse towards various knowledge and understandings. Three case studies related to dockyard have been selected as comparison to present the research. Method of analysis use includes comparison towards various case study on the adaptive reuse project and analyse ways of adaptive reuse system towards the dockyard. The main topic is by looking generally on the building type and component of adaptive reuse involve. The component is then compiled and listed in chapter 4 on the studies of adaptive reuse. Base on the literature review, most researcher did mention on the factor that effecting the decision made that effecting the outcome of the project. This decision is mostly affected because of building conditions, neighbourhood, financial condition, owners decisions or the building structure and envelope itself. The elements are future explain in chapter 4.3. Influencing factors for the chosen method and the method in analysing building for adaptive reuse are explain in chapter 4.5. future research on the design principles of adaptive reuse on dockyard can be future developed by focusing new technologies and innovation that is more efficient and sustainable towards the environment.

IX

ABSTRAK

Bangunan lama diabaikan kerana banyak faktor seperti keselamatan bangunan dan juga kemudahan baru yang lebih baik telah disediakan. Beberapa bangunan mungkin memberikan maksud nilai dan ciri-ciri tertentu kepada lokasi dan harus dipelihara untuk menghormati sejarah dan penduduk setempat. Penggunaan semula bangunan yang ditinggalkan ini boleh mengurangkan kos pembinaan. Bagi alam sekitar, bangunan itu memerlukan sedikit pembinaan atau pengubahsuaian berbanding dengan membina bangunan baru. Pengunaan bahan baru yang sedikit dapat menyumbang kepada pengurangan pencemaran udara yang dibuat dari segi pengangkutan dan pemprosesan bahan mentah. Tujuan penyelidikan ini adalah untuk menyediakan pendekatan sistematik dalam menguna semula bangunan menerusi kaedah “Penggunaan Semula Penyesuaian” untuk mengelakkan bangunan daripada ditinggalkan. Kajian ini dijalankan berdasarkan kaedah penyelidikan kualitatif dengan melihat kertas penyelidik terdahulu dan bagi mendapatkan gambaran umum mengenai kaedah “Penggunaan Semula Penyesuaian”. Tiga kajian kes yang berkaitan dengan

bengkel

kapal

lama

telah

dipilih

sebagai

perbandingan

untuk

membentangkan penyelidikan. Kaedah analisis digunakan termasuk perbandingan terhadap pelbagai kajian kes mengenai projek “Penggunaan Semula Penyesuaian” dan menganalisis cara pengadaptasianya terhadap bengkel tersebut. Topik utama adalah untuk melihat jenis bangunan secara umum dan mengenal pasti komponen “Penggunaan Semula Penyesuaian” yang sesuai. Komponen kemudiannya disusun dan disenaraikan

dalam

bab

4

tentang

kajian

mengenai

“Penggunaan

Semula

Penyesuaian”. Berdasarkan ulasan kkajian, kebanyakan penyelidik menyebut tentang faktor

yang

mempengaruhi

keputusan

perjalanan

projek.

Keputusan

ini

kebanyakannya terjejas kerana keadaan bangunan, kejiranan, kewangan, keputusan pemilik dan struktur bangunan. Unsur bagi “Penggunaan Semula Penyesuaian” seterusnya diterangkan di dalam bab 4.3. Faktor kaedah pemilihan dan kaedah menganalisis bangunan untuk “Penggunaan Semula Penyesuaian” dijelaskan dalam bab 4.5. Penyelidikan yang seterusnya mengenai “Penggunaan Semula Penyesuaian” boleh memfokuskan kepada teknologi baru dan inovasi yang lebih cekap dan mampan terhadap alam sekitar.

X

CONTENTS Declaration

V

Chapter 2: Literature Review……………………… 9

Acknowledgement

VII

2.1 Introduction

12

Abstract

IX

2.2 Previous research on adaptive reuse

12

Content

XI

2.3 Summary

17

List of Tables

XII

List of Figure

XIII

Chapter 3. Research Methodology………………18 Chapter 1: Introduction to the

3.1 Introduction

design principles of adaptive

3.1a Research Framework

reuse………………………………………………. 1

XI

3.2 Data collection

20 21

3.2.1 Observation

1.1 Background Study

4

1.2 Problem Statement

4

1.3 Research Aim

5

3.2.4 Analysis

1.4 Research Questions

5

3.3 Summary

21

1.5 Research Objectives

5

3.4 Studies Towards Adaptive Reuse

22

1.6 Significance of Research

6

1.7 Theoretical Framework

6

1.8 Scope of Study

7

1.9 Research Methodology

7

1.10 Book structure

8

1.11 Summary and Conclusion

9

3.2.2 Literature review 3.2.3 Precedent Studies

Chapter 4: Adaptive Reuse………………… 26

Chapter 6. Conclusion and

4.1 Introduction

28

Recommendation…………………… 74

4.2 Adaptive reuse Definition

28

6.1 Introduction

76

4.3 Types of adaptive reuse

29

6.2 Conclusion

76

4.4 Advantage and disadvantage

29

6.3 Limitation

77

4.5 Influencing factors

32

6.4 Recommendation

77

4.6 Adaptive reuse potential

38

4.7 Method in analysing

40

4.8 Adaptive reuse strategies

47

Chapter 5. Precedent Study………….. 50

Reference……………………………… 78

5.1 introduction

52

Appendices……………………………… 82

5.2 Case Studies

53

5.3 Comparison of Case Study

68

5.4 Summary

72

XII

LIST OF TABLES Table

Caption

Table 1.1

Shows the relationship between research aim, research question, objective, methodology and method analysis.

8

Table 3.1

Shows comparison and research gap between researcher on aim and objective

21

Table 3.2

Shows comparison and research gap between

Table 3.3

Shows comparison and research gap between researcher on steps and method

23

Table 3.4

Shows comparison and research gap between researcher for summary

24

Table 5.1

Comparison between case study background

68

Table 5.2

Comparison between the study element of adaptive reuse with case study.

70

XIII

Page

22

LIST OF FIGURES Figure

Caption

Figure 1.1

Theoretical Framework Flowchart

Figure 3.1

Research Framework Flowchart

Figure 4.1

Shows a model for developing adaptive reuse strategies for heritage building by D. Mısırlısoy, K. Günc¸ e.

Figure 5.1

The Brookes Dockyard

Figure 5.2

Old images of the Brooke’s Dockyard

54

Figure 5.3

Brookes Dockyard perspective viewed from Sarawak river.

55

Figure 5.4

Illustrate the ideas of the renovation on Brookes dockyard present by PU Architect

56

Figure 5.5

Image of the dry dock that have been revitalize into a gallery museum viewed from ground floor

57

Figure 5.8

The main boat live gallery of Chatham historic dockyard

59

Figure 5.9

Image shows the ship and warehouse at Chatham historic dockyard that are re used as museum.

61

Figure 5.10

Warehouse at Chatham historic dockyard that once use to repair and store ship.

62

Figure 5.11

Image shows the dry dock that was use to build the titanic ship in 1912

63

Figure 5.12

Image shows the Thompson’s Pump-House that are preserved and use as one of the tourist attraction.

65

Figure 5.13

Image shows the Titanic Slipways (Dry Dock) use as one of the tourist attraction.

65

Figure 5.14

Building extension of the H&W Drawing Office into hotel.

66

Figure 5.15

Image shows the H&W Drawing Offices in past era.

66

Page 5 19 49 53

XIV

The Greenest Building Is…One That Is Already Built.

-Carl Elefante, FAIA, LEED AP

Rendered image of design proposal entrance.

Restoration or preservation project involves restoring a building to its original state, adaptive reuse actually changes the intent of a structure to meet the modern user's needs.

-Dave Clark, APT DC

Chapter

Introduction to the design principles of adaptive reuse 1.1 Background Study 1.2 Problem Statement 1.3 Research Aim 1.4 Research Questions 1.5 Research Objectives 1.6 Significance of Research 1.7 Theoretical Framework 1.8 Scope of Study 1.9 Research Methodology 1.10 Book structure 1.11 Summary and Conclusion

Design Principles of Adaptive Reuse

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO THE DESIGN PRINCIPLES OF ADAPTIVE REUSE 1.1 Background Study Design Principles are widely applicable laws, guidelines, biases and design considerations, all reflecting researchers’ and practitioners’ accumulated knowledge and experience. Adaptive reuse refers to the process of reusing an existing building for a purpose other than which it was originally built or designed for.

1.2 Problem Statement Neglected of heritage building - Most of the building in Malaysia that was built before the independence of the country are left abandoned due to many reasons and factor such as building safety and as well as better new facilities have been provided. Some of the building may carry significance to the location and should be preserve in order to honour the

history of the place and locals.

Sustainable urban environment - Reuse of these abandoned buildings can reduce costs such as construction of new foundation, structures and time consume for new construction. For environment, it is recorded that the building needs less new construction or modification to be compare with constructing new building.

Less material needs contribute to less air

pollution made in terms of transportation and production of material.

4

1.3 Research Aim The research aim is to provides systematic approach in revitalizing building through adaptive reuse method in order to avoid building from being abandoned and give negative impact towards the locals and its location.

1.4 Research Questions 1. What are the ways of using adaptive reuse strategies?

2. What is the important factor and element in applying adaptive reuse method?

1.5 Research Objectives 1. To provide various ways of applying adaptive reuse strategies towards

abandoned building.

2. To identify the element and factor that may affect the decision of applying adaptive reuse on buildings.

5

Design Principles of Adaptive Reuse

1.6 Significance of Research This research can contribute to better understanding on the idea of reusing a building by maintaining its program, giving significance program or even proposing for a new program in the building. The research also help designer to explore the concept of adaptive reuse on to various type of buildings that was built for years. Therefore, it will be beneficial towards developing a practical standard and principal of adaptive reuse which can prevent this neglected building from damaging the scenery or cause harm to locals.

1.7 Theoretical Framework

Figure 1.1 Theoretical Framework Flowchart

6

1.8 Scope of Study The study will explain on the strategies, type and method of applying adaptive reuse towards precedent studies that have been conduct. The research also includes the effect of the development towards the community and the location itself.

1.9 Research Methodology The study is conducted base on qualitative research method by looking forward of previous researcher papers and come out with the general ideas of adaptive reuse towards various knowledge and understandings. This method consist of open ended information gathers through other researchers study. Three case studies related to dockyard have been selected as comparison to present the research. Method of analysis use includes comparison towards various case study on the adaptive reuse project and analyse ways of adaptive reuse system towards the dockyard.

7

Design Principles of Adaptive Reuse

1.10 Book structure The book fundamentals are organizing into 6 structure that present the overall studies. In chapter one will briefly introduce the purpose of the study, issue and steps towards the research that are been conducted. Next chapter 2 are present the discussion and study that have been conduct on adaptive reuse by previous researcher.

The discussion is interpretation on understanding and study on different researcher with different aims in each study but mainly on adaptive reuse issue. In chapter 3 will explain the research methodology used in order to achieve research aim and objective.

Chapter 4 are focused on the concept of adaptive reuse on building which include definition, types of adaptive reuse, advantage, disadvantage, influencing factor, potential and the strategies from different researcher's perspective. Chapter 5 are focusing on the selected case studies related to adaptive reuse and the mechanism use for each project in applying the concept of adaptive reuse to the building which will discuss in depth based on result and findings derived from data collecting method explained in previous chapter. Finally, chapter 6 present the research study accomplishment in fulfil the research aim and answering the research objective .

8

1.11 Summary and Conclusion This research study contributes to knows about adaptive reuse better in terms preserving the tangible and intangible factor of the area. The design principles of adaptive reuse should be applying in order to develop better function on the building towards the user and built environment. The summary of the chapter one is to discuss the problems and the background study for issue related to principles of adaptive reuse method. Specific aim and objective have been derive from the research question within relevant readings and literature reviews. Thus next chapter will further discuss on the meaning of adaptive review from different researcher's perspective.

Research Aim

To provides systematic approach in revitalizing building through adaptive reuse method in order to avoid building from being abandoned and give negative impact towards the local and location.

Research Question

What are the ways of using What is the important facadaptive reuse strategies? tor and element in applying adaptive reuse method?

Research Objectives

To provide various ways of applying adaptive reuse strategies towards abandoned building.

To identify the element and factor that may affect the decision of applying adaptive reuse on a building.

Methodology

Case studies

Precedent studies and report

Method analysis

Content analysis

Content analysis

Table 1.1 shows the relationship between research aim, research question, objective, methodology and method analysis.

Base on the aim of the research, provide a systematic approach, two objectives have been set to answer the research question about ways of application and important factor of adaptive reuse. The research are conduct by using content analysis on case studies and report of previous research conducted by various researcher. Content analysis use as to make replicable and inference by interpreting other research.

9

Chapter

Literature Review 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Previous research on adaptive reuse 2.3 Summary

Design Principles of Adaptive Reuse

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction

This chapter briefly present the discussion and study that have been conduct on adaptive reuse.

The discussion is interpretation on

understanding and study on different researcher with different aims in each study.

2.2 Previous research on adaptive reuse

Heritage buildings form an integral part of Australia’s social capital.

There is growing acceptance within Australia that conserving heritage buildings provides significant economic, cultural and social benefits (Bullen and Love, 2010). According to the Department of Environment and Heritage (DEH, 2004) heritage buildings provide a valuable glimpse of the past and lend character to communities and therefore should be conserved for future generations. The integration of historic conservation with environmental concerns has become an innate

feature of an agenda to support sustainability (Stubbs, 2004; Bullen and Love, 2010). As part of a wider revitalisation strategy to promote sustainability within the built environment, many buildings of cultural and historical significance are being adapted and reused rather than being subjected to demolition (Ball, 1999; DEH, 2004; Wilkinson and Reed, 2008; Wilkinson et al., 2009; Bullen and Love, 2009).

12

To date there has been limited research that has examined the economic benefits of heritage buildings (Bullen and Love, 2010). As a result, the retention of heritage

buildings

are

often

viewed

as

being

“investment sinkholes� with issues associated with social and

environment

sustainability

being

ignored.

In

Western Australia, for example, the City of Perth (2011) has been advocating that significant financial savings and returns can be made from the adaptive reuse of historic buildings in an attempt to preserve the past

for

the

future.

Adaptive

reuse

may

help

communities, governments and developers in the quest to reduce the environmental, social and economic costs of continued urban development and expansion (Ball, 1999; Wilkinson and Reed, 2008; Bullen and Love, 2009).

Adaptive reuse can transform heritage buildings into accessible and useable places as well as provide the added benefit of regenerating an area in a sustainable manner. Many cities have begun to realise that reusing heritage

buildings

is

an

important

part

of

any

regeneration programme (Ball, 1999). Yet, many building owners and developers still regard the reuse of heritage buildings as being an unviable option as planning and building regulations may restrict their functioning (Bullen and Love, 2010).

13

Design Principles of Adaptive Reuse

In addressing this issue, the Property Council of Australia

(2005)

has

advocated

that

heritage

regulations should require the retention of only the best and most useful features of an historic building.

They have conduct studies examines practitioners’ views and experiences associated with adaptive reuse

of heritage buildings within the context of urban regeneration, conservation and sustainability.

Adaptive reuse and the conservation of heritage buildings Adaptive reuse involves converting a building to undertake a change of use required by new or existing owners (Latham, 2000; Wilkinson et al., 2009).

The change of use may require refurbishment and/or complete

renovation

of

existing

buildings

or

structures. In most States of Australia, adaptive reuse is a process that invariably involves physically changing the function of a disused or ineffective building (DEH, 2004). Changes to buildings can involve major

internal

space

reorganisation

and

service

upgrades or replacement.

Alternatively, adaptive reuse may simply require minor restoration works where nothing changes except the building’s functional use. When adaptive reuse is applied to heritage buildings, it not only retains the building but conserves the effort, skill and dedication of the original builders (Love and Bullen, 2009).

Adaptive reuse also conserves the architectural, social, cultural and historical values (Latham, 2000).

Accordingly, Bromley et al. (2005) have advocated

14

Alternatively, adaptive reuse may simply require minor restoration works where nothing changes except the building’s functional use. When adaptive reuse is applied to heritage buildings, it not only retains the building but conserves the effort, skill and dedication of the original builders (Love and Bullen, 2009). Adaptive reuse also conserves the architectural, social, cultural and historical values (Latham, 2000). Accordingly, Bromley et al. (2005) have advocated that adaptive reuse is essentially a form of heritage conservation.

There has been a shift away from confining heritage value to prestigious, monumental or historically significant buildings. Buildings of more vernacular origins such as redundant offices or obsolete community halls are seen to have heritage value (Hamer, 2000). The practical outcomes of adaptive reuse and the conceptual values of conservation

support

the

reuse

of

heritage

buildings as a sustainable strategy. Cooper (2001) suggests that the outcomes of adaptive reuse include improvements in material and resource efficiency

(environmental

sustainability),

cost

reductions (economic sustainability) and retention (social sustainability).

15

Design Principles of Adaptive Reuse

Maintaining heritage buildings The act of conserving parts of cities as history, and then reusing those spaces for a variety of uses, is being driven by growing calls for urban regeneration (Ball, 1999, 2002; Bullen and Love, 2010).

The conservation of heritage buildings has become a key driver of regeneration (Pendlebury, 2002; Strange and Whitney, 2003).

Pickard (1996) contends that sustainable historic environments

should: 

Reflect local life;



Improve quality of life;



Maintain local identity, diversity and vitality;



Minimise the depletion of non-renewal heritage assets;



Develop collective responsibility for heritage assets;



Empower community action and involvement;



Provide a robust policy framework for integrating conservation objective;



With the aims of sustainable development more generally; and



Define the capacity by which historic centres can permit change.

In terms of environmental performance, heritage buildings even after adaptive reuse may not reach the desired standards of new buildings. They may also have reached a state where adaptive reuse is uneconomical or their layout may be inappropriate for any change of function, particularly commercial buildings

(Wilkinson et al., 2009; Bullen and Love, 2011a, b). Reusing rather than replacing buildings is generally the most resource effective strategy to provide accommodation, especially if a conservation strategy is incorporated into the design (Ball, 1999; Douglas, 2002).

16

The most successful adaptive reuse projects are those that respect and retain a building’s heritage significance as well as add a contemporary layer that provides value for the future.

When a building can no longer function with its original use, adaption is the only way that a building’s fabric heritage significance can be preserved and maintained. Some State agencies in Australia, such as Western Australia, are enacting policies for the adaptive reuse of heritage buildings. Such

policies contain standard criteria to ensure that an adaptive reuse project has minimal impact on a building’s heritage values, such as: 

Discouraging “facadism” – that is, gutting the building and retaining its facade;



Requiring new work to be recognisable as contemporary, rather than a poor imitation of the original historic style of the building; and



Seeking a new use for the building that is compatible with the immediate area.

2.3 Summary The core of this chapter is to understand the previous studies of adaptive reuse method and the gap between those studies. Most of the researcher have mention the positive results and theories on the application of adaptive reuse strategies on building and what other country such as Australia did in preserving the old architecture then replacing it. From the studies conducted, we can understand the benefits of preserving and reuse the old architecture. It is inform that

there is important to understand the importance of preserving the tangible and the intangible aspect of an area by preserving the old buildings. Therefore this study aim to provide understanding on systematic approach to revitalizing building through adaptive reuse method.

17

Chapter

Research Methodology 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Data collection 3.3 Summary 3.4 Studies Towards Adaptive Reuse

Design Principles of Adaptive Reuse

CHAPTER 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction

This chapter discuss on the research method that will be applied to achieve the research study based on research framework present under chapter 3.1a. research are conduct base on precedent studies, observation, analysis, comparison and reasoning.

Therefore, procedure takes in the studies include data collection, data analysis and synthesis data that brings toward recommendation and

suggestion. The implementation of these research procedures are further explain in the following sections.

Figure 3.1: Research Framework Flowchart 20

3.2 Data collection According to Mclaughin (2016), data collection is the steps of assembling and evaluating information by using research instruments (quantitative research method and qualitative research method) chosen. It is a vital phase in the research study due to avoid inaccurate and misleading data collection that may result invalid outcome in the end of the research. The methods applied in this study involved observation, literature review, precedent studies and analysis.

Observation have been done on one of the case study in Kuching Sarawak. Literature review are conduct base on other researcher study outcome and been compared among them.

3.2.1 Observation - Observation are conducted on one of the case study that is the Brookes Dockyard located in Kuching Sarawak that undergoes adaptive reuse process to become a maritime museum proposed by Majlis Perbandaran Kuching Utara and overall design was

proposed by PU Architect as the principal of Submitting Person.

3.2.2 Literature review - this method is use to study and understand every element use in conduct this research.

3.2.3 Precedent Studies - 3 dockyard that undergoes reconstruction that applied adaptive reuse method are choose as the precedent studies to be compare the effect and ways of adaptive reuse applied

on them.

3.2.4 Analysis - comparison are use as method to analyse the different element of Adaptive reuse applied between precedent studies. The analysis conduct will be compared through all 17 elements stated under chapter 2.6.

3.3 Summary The research method helps to arrange the research according to hierarchy of the study from the beginning until the end. The collection of data from the research will help in figuring out the issues, findings, and provide suggestion or even solution towards the study.

Finally, the data collection and recommendation will become part of the supportive study of the design thesis. The research uses qualitative analysis and comparison method to achieve research aim and objective.

21

Aim

Objective 1

Objective 2

To identify how the conservation of heritage buildings may contribute to a more sustainable urban environment.

To gain an understanding of the issues that owners and practitioners are confronted with when considering adaptive reuse, demolition and issues pertaining to sustainability.

To explain the role of adaptive reuse towards increasing the sustainable values of historic buildings through case studies

To investigate the concepts of sustainable development, sustainable values, adaptive reuse and characteristics of developing countries.

Adaptive reuse: an innovative approach for generating sustainable values for historic buildings in developing countries Investigate the effectiveness of adaptive reuse as a novel approach for generating sustainable values of historic buildings in developing countries

Table 3.1 Shows comparison and research gap between researcher on aim and objective

To information about the beliefs, actions and experiences of stakeholders involved in the decision-making process surrounding adaptive reuse.

To develop a model to assist practitioners with their decision-making when considering to reuse or demolish an existing built asset

To provide a comprehensive review of the factors affecting adaptive reuse decisionmaking and to develop a holistic model for adaptive reuse strategies for heritage buildings.

To provide a comprehensive review of the factors influencing adaptive reuse of heritage buildings and identify factors indecision-making

To set up a holistic model for determining the most appropriate function for adaptive reuse of heritage buildings in the light of the identified factors

Adaptive reuse of heritage buildings

A new future for the past: a model for adaptive reuse decision -making

Adaptive reuse strategies for heritage buildings: A holistic approach

To identify the importance and benefit of adaptive reuse project.

Analysis of Adaptive Reuse of Historic Buildings And Changing Facade For Sustainability Examines an adaptive reuse of historic buildings for sustainability and proposes the sustainable adaptive reuse of old facades for great potential social benefits.

To identify ways of architects and planners deal with adaptive reuse of historic abandoned buildings for sustainability.

Method

Findings

Future study

-

-

Decision making either reuse or demolish an existing building.

-

Table 3.2 Shows comparison and research gap between researcher on method, findings and future study

Decision making for adaptive reuse method

The contribution of heritage buildings to the three tenets of sustainability has not previously been explored comprehensively

Factors that affect the adaptive reuse decision process

Criteria used to examine adaptive reuse decision making.

A strategy for facilitating adaptive reuse for generating sustainable values of historic buildings

1. literature review - obj1 2. two case studies - obj2

1. examines the views and experiences of professionals (interview) 2. Content analysis on the collected data

1. 81 in-depth interviews 2. Content analysis on the collected data

1. data collection through literature survey and content analysis to identify the factors.

2. successful examples of reused heritage buildings have been analysed in the light of defined factors.

A model for developing adaptive reuse strategies for heritage buildings.

Adaptive reuse: an innovative approach for generating sustainable values for historic buildings in developing countries

Adaptive reuse of heritage buildings

A new future for the past: a model for adaptive reuse decision -making

Adaptive reuse strategies for heritage buildings: A holistic approach

Reached out sustainability of adaptive reuse methods based on 8 types of adaptive reuse and looking into the changed program by making quantitative data in depth

Reached on sustainability of adaptive reuse methods.

1. analysis of the case studies

Analysis of Adaptive Reuse of Historic Buildings And Changing Facade For Sustainability

Steps / Procedure

1. Literature review is used to investigate the concepts of sustainable development, sustainable values, adaptive reuse and characteristics of developing countries.

2. Two case studies are presented and analysed to explain the role of adaptive reuse towards the increasing sustainable values of historic buildings.

3. A strategy with its action plan is developed the facilitate to of reuse adaptive in buildings historic developing countries.

4. Research conclusions and outlined are for recommendations professionals concerned with adaptive reuse of historic buildings are proposed.

1. Providing studies on adaptive reuse from other researcher perspective 2. Conduct 60 semistructured interviews with group stakeholder a as such comprising architects, developers and building managers about their understanding and experience about adaptive reuse.

3. Content analysis was used as the primary analysis technique of the collected data.

4. data are present in form of chart and analysis for conclusion.

1. define adaptive reuse of various from literature review. are Interviews 2. conduct to understand and views the experiences associated with adaptive reuse.

3. Data gained are then analyse to develop a model to assist with the adaptive reuse decisionmaking process.

affecting Factors 1. adaptive reuse decisionbeen have making defined. successfully 16 2. adaptive completed have projects reuse been selected as the examples in order to the exploring help decisionin factors making and also to put these steps into order.

Table 3.3 Shows comparison and research gap between researcher on steps and method

Adaptive reuse: an innovative approach for generating sustainable values for historic buildings in developing countries

Adaptive reuse of heritage buildings

A new future for the past: a model for adaptive reuse decision -making

Adaptive reuse strategies for heritage buildings: A holistic approach

1. Drawing four sketches which represent the types of solutions to use old buildings.

2. Explored the changed facades of ratio comparing old facades to ones. proposed new Bollack’s on Based diagrams architectural of transformation.

3. Re-categorizes the diagrams and add other types of adaptive reuse dealing with historic facades. several Analysing 4. adaptive reuse projects, 5. Evaluate Adaptive reuse projects based on these diagrams.

Analysis of Adaptive Reuse of Historic Buildings And Changing Facade For Sustainability

Summary

The analysis revealed Criteria that were (SARHB) (hereinafter that three underlying identified as being referred to as “the factors influenced the important reasons for strategy” or adaptive reuse decision- implementing an adaptive the “SARHB”) is a making process: first, reuse strategy for proposed strategy capital investment; heritage buildings by developed by this second, asset condition; interviews were: research to facilitate and third, Regulation. “encouraging further adopting adaptive reuse Integrating these conservation” (92 %), as a tool factors were the “enhancing the quality of for generating following sustainability the built environment” (78 sustainable values of tenets: environmental, %), “reducing the use of historic buildings. economic and social. private transport” (76 %), Respondents were “maintaining cultural sensitive to the identity of a requirements of community” (72 %). Issues sustainability and that were acknowledged that the considered to be the most needs of stakeholders important when deciding within the community whether or not to carry were changing out conservation of a continually. This was particular building were considered particularly the: “need to respond to important for the changes in the urban management of environment” (98 %), commercial built assets “incorporation of where a diverse range of sustainability user needs and principles” (95 per cent) needed to be and “need to treat old aspirations Table 3.4 Shows comparison and research gap between researcher for summary taken into account when buildings as renewable selling or renting the resources” (95 %).

Adaptive reuse: an innovative approach for generating sustainable values for historic buildings in developing countries

This paper proposes a comprehensive methodology for development of adaptive reuse strategies for heritage buildings. The research also provides a comprehensive review on the adaptive reuse issues and the factors that affect decisionmaking. The proposal is a universal model that can be applied to heritage building located in any context. The model has been developed for all types of heritage buildings (including also industrial heritage buildings or buildings belong to the Modernism period), which is abandoned, inappropriately functioned or disused.

Adaptive reuse of heritage buildings

A new future for the past: a model for adaptive reuse decision -making

Adaptive reuse strategies for heritage buildings: A holistic approach

Adaptive reuse enables for the conversion of existing, obsolete buildings and sites into new, mixed-use developments that will play an essential role in enhancing their community. The method of dealing with industrial facades comprises a large proportion of the adaptive reuse of industrial buildings. As people tend to recognize buildings by the materials and patterns of their facade, adaptive reuse can help preserve the historical significance of industrial facades and repurposed buildings.

Analysis of Adaptive Reuse of Historic Buildings And Changing Facade For Sustainability

Chapter

Adaptive Reuse 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Adaptive reuse Definition 4.3 Types of adaptive reuse 4.4 Advantage and disadvantage 4.5Influencing factors for the chosen method 4.6 Adaptive reuse potential 4.7 Method in analyzing Adaptive Reuse 4.8 Adaptive reuse strategies

Design Principles of Adaptive Reuse

CHAPTER 4: ADAPTIVE REUSE

4.1 Introduction This chapter are focused on discussing the concept of adaptive reuse on building which include definition, types of adaptive reuse, advantage, disadvantage, influencing factor, potential and the strategies.

4.2 Adaptive reuse Definition Adaptive reuse refers to the process of reusing an existing building for a purpose other than which it was originally built

or designed for. Adaptive reuse is an effective strategy for optimizing the operational and commercial performance of built assets. Adaptive reuse of buildings can be an attractive alternative to new construction in terms of sustainability and a circular economy. Not every old building can qualify for adaptive

reuse.

Architects,

developers,

builders

and

entrepreneurs who wish to become involved in rejuvenating and reconstructing a building must first make sure that the

finished product will serve the need of the market, that it will be completely useful for its new purpose, and that it will be competitively priced.

28

4.3 Types of Adaptive Reuse John Spacey (2016) in his article categorize Adaptive Reuse into 5 types that is; 1. Historical Preservation - Reusing a historic building with an effort to preserve or restore its original state, 2. Renovation - Replaces most part of the building that in poor condition or in most cases the basic structure and external appearance of the original building is maintained

but the inside is completely replace due to change of function or other factor, 3. Facades - adding extra skin on to building as a facade which allow the building to maintain its historic element while being useful and become more energy efficient. As a practical solution this is popular with developers but not amongst those who seek to preserve the history of a city. Facade can be a compromise for a building that is excessively poor maintain or a site with little historical value, 4. Integration - new construction around the original structure and

5. Infrastructure - where new infra are proposed as the function of the original structure change.

4.4 Advantage and Disadvantage According to Zaitzevsky and Bunnell, old buildings physically link us to our past and become a part of our cultural heritage; they should be preserved because of their

"architectural beauty" and the "character and scale they add to the built environment". Retention and rehabilitation of existing buildings also reduces the consumption of building materials, resources, energy and water needed for new construction.

a. Cost savings on building material: Adaptive reuse involves

the refurbishment of existing building members, which is labour intensive process and relies less on purchasing and installing many new building materials. Cost of building materials has risen sharply over the past few decades, while the cost of labour has increased only marginally compared to that of building materials. Therefore, it is economically viable to renovate and reuse an existing building.

29

Design Principles of Adaptive Reuse

b. Cost savings on demolition: Demolition costs can run as high as 5% to 10% of the total cost of new construction. This expense is often overlooked by many building owners. Some urban areas have strict building safety regulations and may not allow the usage of a swinging ball and other more efficient demolition techniques. Under these circumstances, buildings must be demolished piece by piece, which can be quite expensive and time consuming.

c. Saves time; faster than brand new construction: The total time required to renovate an existing building is generally less than the time required to construct a comparable amount of floor space in an entirely new building. A major advantage of renovating an existing building is that a refurbished portion of the building becomes suitable for occupancy before completion of the whole project. This provides as a huge advantage for private developers as it keeps the cash inflow during while the rest of the project undergoes construction.

d. Tax advantages: Tax provisions in several states and municipalities across the United States, provide incentives for rehabilitating historic structures.

e. Availability of Federal, State and local funds: The United States' National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 established matching

grants-in-aid,

obtained

through

state

historic

preservation offices, that can be used for the acquisition and restoration of properties listed in the National Register of Historic Places. Similarly, community development block grants provided to municipalities by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development are a major source of funds for neighbourhood preservation projects.

30

f. Decreased public and social costs: As these heritage settlements have been getting crowded in the past decades, people have been looking for farther lands for development.

This rapid urbanization and urban sprawl cause several harms to our planet and the society. Lack of adaptive reuse of existing built assets, on a societal level, has caused disturbance due to dislocation of residents, economic decline and disruption of community life, eventually leading to abandoned and obsolete neighbourhoods.

g. Conserves energy: Old buildings represent an investment of energy and labour made at a time when costs were significantly lower. Demolition of these buildings requires new expenditures of energy to generate new building materials and to assemble them on a cleared site.

Additionally, modern building systems have high life-cycle costs and operational energy costs associated with them

whereas traditional masonry and stone buildings are more climate responsive. An environmental benefit of reusing built assets is identified to be the retention of the original buildings "embodied energy". According to Schultmann and Sunke, "new buildings have much higher embodied energy than those that are adaptively reused". Reddy and Jagadish support this statement by saying that "the reuse of building materials can provide substantial savings in

embodied energy that would otherwise be wasted".

31

Design Principles of Adaptive Reuse 4.5 Influencing factors for the chosen method Building owners, architects, developers and other stakeholders undergo an in-depth process of decision making before determining whether a building should be conserved and remodelled for a different use or just demolished for the land it sits on, then develop a new building on that land. These decisions are governed by the following criteria:

a. Economic considerations The decision to reuse or demolish built assets is driven by economic considerations such as development costs, project costs, investment returns and market. The economic costs differ from project to project and some professionals go as far as to assert that "new build is always more economical" and "renovation is universally more expensive" due to their own involvement with adaptive reuse projects. Others claim that the return on investment is enhanced when using an older building because of the savings involved. One Canadian developer claims that reusing buildings generally represents a saving of between 10-12% over building new. In terms of profitability, there are also assertions that adaptive reuse projects often have an uncertainty to their profitably that newer developments lack. When looking for funding to build, these considerations must be addressed.

b. Capital Investment 

In a survey conducted by Bullen and Love, it was observed that building owners and operators were most concerned about a multitude of financial considerations, while deciding whether to reuse their built assets. These include development and construction costs, marketing and maintenance costs. According to Bullen and Love, the adaptive reuse decision making was fundamentally driven by a "desire for short-term profits�.

However,

most

of

the

survey

respondents

were

rarely

concerned about the sustainability and environmental concerns associated with adaptive reuse decision making. Nevertheless, many of these developers were aware of the positive impact that building reuse and sustainability can have on their corporate image.

32



Building owners are concerned with the life expectancy of built assets, their energy and environmental performance and the high operating costs which may appear due to poor mechanical equipment, services, building materials and construction. Developers saw a thorough potential in saving groundwork and excavation costs by using an adaptive reuse model for their property. Additionally, they thought that “in Central Business District locations, built assets are an attractive investment option for reuse projects, as premium prices and rents can be obtained for an office space”. Best rents can be obtained only when these remodelled buildings hold “high-quality finishes” and have high Energy Star rating appliances. Building owners also considered the commercial performance of buildings in terms of “tenant needs, investment returns, maintenance, repair costs, operational costs, productivity levels, employee retention rates, aesthetics of building and its market value”.



Building stakeholders often marketed their reused built assets centred around “epoch and utility” and “character and ambiance”.

Some end users were more attracted to modern architecture while others were more into the adaptive reuse style. This varying perception of a building’s form, function and style depended on the occupant age group.

c. Asset Condition 

Sometimes, built assets cannot be considered suitable for adaptive reuse, simply because of the nature of their built form or the condition that they are in. For example, one cannot make the most out of a highly compartmentalized, single use building such as a prison.

Mid 1900s low-rise apartments that have low floor area ratios and which may be in some of the cities’ prime locations cannot be considered profitable for adaptive reuse. In such scenarios, it would be more profitable for the developers to demolish and replace the existing building with a high-rise that has more space to sell. Often, when building owners cannot find an obvious use for a building, it is left to degenerate and decay and eventually collapse. This may pose as a threat to the safety of the neighbourhood. Decaying buildings may even be subject to vandalism and become spaces for anti-social activities and may have a negative impact on the value of the properties in their vicinity.

33

Design Principles of Adaptive Reuse



Bullen and Love’s survey respondents thought that “the benefits of reusing their existing facility could include avoiding the disruption of relocation, reducing maintenance and running costs”. A reuse project should not compromise on satisfying user needs. The survey respondents suggested that a cost vs benefits analysis is essential to determine the return on investment of an adaptive reuse project. The most important governing factors of adaptive reuse decision making with respect to asset condition

were observed to be the building’s structural integrity, its residual service life, its spatial layout, its location and the ease of retrofitting or installing new building components to the existing built form. According to Bullen and Love, the buildings of 1960s and 1970s in Perth were badly constructed, used ineffective thermal insulation materials and details and have low suitability for adaptive reuse. On the other hand, the built form of the 1980s was deemed to be engineered to specifications and

could accommodate an adaptive reuse model. 

The survey respondents expressed several concerns and risks that could arise during and after the adaptive reuse of a building which included finding tenants, the threat of building not meeting the demand of the end users, lack of structural stability and structure and material decay during the reconstruction phase of the project.

34

d. Regulations 

In Bullen and Love’s survey, many respondents thought that

there was not enough support and incentives from the government for carrying out adaptive reuse of built assets.

They felt that there is limited flexibility in the building codes, limited

plot

ratio

bonuses

and

an

overall

“lack

of

encouragement” by state and local governments to implement innovative adaptive reuse designs. Suggested solutions from some survey respondents include establishing a mandate to only lease buildings that have undergone adaptive reuse with a

high Energy Star rating. Some of the architects thought that there was a high dependency and credit given to energy and green building rating systems such as the “Green Star Environment Rating System” but not enough credit was given to the improvements carried out during adaptive reuse and its sustainable outcomes such as the recycling of building materials, reduced energy and water consumption and reduced environmental

impacts

like

global

warming

potential,

eutrophication potential and ozone layer depletion. One architect thought that “undertaking exemplar adaptive reuse demonstration projects for industry professionals to assess and emulate would display a commitment to sustainability and urban regeneration”. However, this solution has several harmful implications and forcing an adaptive reuse directive on to the industry and its clients was deemed to be heavy handed and could be counterproductive. The existing building codes

and regulations for fire safety and building access to disabled make it difficult to work around the adaptive reuse of old constructed buildings.

35

Design Principles of Adaptive Reuse

e. Social Considerations 

In this civilized world, buildings have become the core of a society. Cities and communities grow organically around important buildings followed by the commercial development of

those

neighbourhoods.

These

buildings

and

the

development around them soon become the heart of a community upon which people’s life depends. Therefore,

regular maintenance and reuse of existing structures can help communities avoid the trauma caused by dilapidation, abandonment and clearance. 

As these heritage settlements have been getting crowded in the past decades, people have been looking for farther lands for development. This rapid urbanization and urban sprawl cause several harms to our planet and the society. Lack of

adaptive reuse of existing built assets, on a societal level, has caused disturbance due to dislocation of residents, economic eventually

decline

and

leading

disruption to

of

community

abandoned

life,

and

obsolete

fully

developed

neighbourhoods. 

Old

buildings

are

often

found

in

neighbourhoods where public amenities like sewers, water

lines, roads, etc. have already been established. Adaptive reuse means that the stakeholders of the built asset are relieving governments and municipalities off the load of having to supply these public amenities on distant plots. 

In a survey conducted by researcher Sheila Cornejo’s, several architects, developers and building stakeholders were asked about their opinion on the social implications of

adaptive reuse of existing buildings. It was observed that most respondents thought that adaptive reuse is important to the society because old buildings are critical to the image and history of a society. They agreed that historical buildings add to the aesthetics of a townscape and should be preserved and reused.

36

f. Environmental Considerations 

Buildings consume high amounts of energy during their life-cycle. New construction requires new building materials and other resources which possess

high

manufacture,

embodied

energy

transportation,

(throughout

packaging

and

their

extraction,

assembly

phases).

Additionally, they also cause high environmental damage such as global warming, eutrophication, ocean acidification, ozone layer depletion, carbon emission which in turn harms human health and quality of life.

From this standpoint, there are several environmental benefits associated with building recycling or adaptive reuse.

g. Water efficiency 

Water is an important component in building construction. Water is needed at every stage of a building’s life, from building material extraction to manufacture, on-site construction processes such as concrete mixing, cleaning, etc., operational phase in the form of plumbing for human use and landscaping and fire safety, and at the end of its life for recycling building materials or disposing them. Selecting adaptive reuse over brand new construction can help relieve the planet off such water loads.

h. Energy conservation 

Just as water is needed in every stage of a building’s life, so is energy.

This energy is conventionally obtained from non-renewable sources and causes high carbon emission. Minimizing fossil fuel depletion and carbon emission can be huge contributing factors to reducing global warming and mitigating climate change. Choosing to demolish an existing built asset and then constructing a brand-new building in its place can lead to high energy

requirement

for

the

demolition,

building

material

waste

management, new material procurement, construction and operation. On the other hand, sustainably retrofitting an existing built asset only requires a fraction of this energy. It is important to keep in mind that many of the old building may not have the best of operational energy use efficiency. Therefore, to achieve a successful adaptive reuse project, the designers must keep the building’s energy use intensity at utmost importance.

37

Design Principles of Adaptive Reuse

i. Materials and resources 

Building materials are generally procured from the Earth’s strata

or

are

end

products

of

processed

natural

components. These resources are limited. Irresponsible extraction of natural compounds for building material manufacture can deplete these natural compounds from the earth. Moreover, extraction can cause harm to the natural

habitat and biodiversity of the region where materials are extracted. Therefore, a project that uses minimum new building material and uses more of recycled materials is a more sustainable and responsible choice for a building material.

4.6 Adaptive reuse potential According to Chasid’s “urban ore” concept, existing buildings that are fast approaching dilapidation or disuse are a “mine of raw materials for new projects”. Shen and Langston built upon

this idea and said that “an even more effective solution than raw material recovery is adaptive reuse”. They studied that “a huge focus on economic factors alone has led to the destruction of buildings well short of their physical lives”.

Shen and Langston developed an integrated model for the assessment of adaptive reuse potential by comparing case studies of one urban and one non-urban setting. The basis of this model lies in that “opportunity rises and falls within the

confines of a negative exponential decay function linked to a building’s physical life expectancy”. According to their study, a building reaches its maximum potential for adaptive reuse at a point when the building’s age and its useful life merge or meet.

At this point, the building’s adaptive reuse potential is either an upward curve or a downward curve which can determine whether the potential is high, medium or low.

38

The adaptive reuse potential calculator establishes a “predicted useful life” of a building by considering a

series

of

technological,

physical, social,

economic, legal

functional,

and

political

characteristics. These characteristics are used to derive

an

“annual

obsolescence

rate”

and

“environmental obsolescence”. These outcomes are necessary to determine an optimum point at which adaptive reuse intervention should occur.

Obsolescence is advanced as a suitable concept to objectively reduce the expected physical life of a building to its expected useful life. A discounting philosophy

is

adopted,

whereby

the

annual

obsolescence rate across all criteria is the “discount rate”

that

performs

this

transformation.

An

algorithm based on a standard decay (negative exponential) curve produces an index of reuse potential (known as the ARP score) and is expressed as a percentage. This decay curve in buildings can be used to establish an ARP score, which is expressed in percentage. Cities can rank their existing buildings as per their adaptive reuse potential and this data can be used by government authorities at any point in time. An adaptive reuse score of 50% or above is considered high. A low ARP score is anything below 20%. Anything between that range is considered moderate. Shen and Langston devised this concept of ARP as “rising from zero to its maximum score at the point of its useful life, and then falling back to zero as it approaches physical life”. When the “current building age” is identified to be close to or end of its useful life, is the right time for builders to commence redesign.

39

Design Principles of Adaptive Reuse

4.7 Method in analysing Adaptive Reuse Buildings have a high impact on the environment, the economy and our society. Adaptive reuse has several benefits to mitigate those high impacts. Adaptive reuse projects are, in many ways, different from conventional new construction projects and must be planned and managed differently. From How to recycle buildings by Laurence E. Reiner, he mentions on the 15 elements that needs to be consider as the building

might not able to be reuse.

a. Building Condition Assessment Before starting an adaptive reuse project and even considering refurbishment, it is important that the condition of the existing

building

is

thoroughly

assessed.

A

condition

assessment primarily inspects a building's structural integrity, roofing, masonry, plaster, wood-work, tiling and the mechanical, electrical and plumbing systems. The in-depth inspection of buildings can be expensive. Nevertheless, building condition assessment is critical to the success of an adaptive reuse project and must not be avoided at any cost because this expense is insignificant relative to the injury or loss of life that a building failure might cause. One logical reason, as

explained by the American Society of Civil Engineers, is that even a very well-constructed building could undergo serious deterioration and eventually failure, if proper maintenance is not performed in the operational phase of the building. For example, in the year 1984, the New York City Passenger Ship Terminal went through a thorough inspection and was identified with extreme corrosion in its exterior steel columns (100% of web loss and 40% of flange loss). This condition

posed a threat to the public safety and had to undergo immediate restriction of live load in spite of additional bracing of

critical

bents.

Such

inspections

conclude

with

the

preparation of a detailed report summarizing the findings of the investigation. The direct inspection of the structural system is required to a certain degree which is decided by the judgement of an experienced civil engineer.

40

b. Survey of Neighbourhoods After identifying the stability and soundness of a building, it is important to survey the neighbourhood to find the potential use and function of the adaptive reuse project for that segment of the market or region that the building owners wish to attract. In many cases, an adaptive reuse project might help stabilize a neighbourhood which may be otherwise decaying or be at a threat of vandalism. This upward trend may create lucrative rent opportunities for building owners and dwellers of the neighbourhood. This survey can be in the form of a physical inspection of the neighbourhood and/or a detailed study of the zoning map of that region. Pedestrian activity, presence of sidewalks, street lights, benches and public parks and the presence of well-occupied shops and buildings can tell us a lot about neighbourhoods.

After

the

neighbourhood

has

been

established to be stable and safe and free of any infringing decay, the next step is to determine what amenities it has to offer in terms of roadways, public transportation, shopping and eating, hospitals, schools and libraries and so on.

c. Financial Considerations As discussed previously, adaptive reuse projects have the potential to work in phases or parts. A major advantage of renovating an existing building is that a refurbished portion of the building becomes suitable for occupancy before completion of the whole project. This provides as a huge advantage for private developers as it keeps the cash inflow during while the rest of the project undergoes construction.

Keeping in mind the conclusions from structural and architectural survey, neighbourhood survey and marketing survey, a budget is prepared. Building owners or developers can approach any of the financing sources such as insurance companies, foundations and funds, savings banks, building loan societies, endowment funds, Real Estate Investment Trusts, etc.

41

Design Principles of Adaptive Reuse

d. Architect’s Contract In most adaptive reuse projects, it is the architect who is the leader with the imagination of how an abandoned warehouse can become an office building or an abandoned hospital a condominium. Since the architect has a deep involvement in the success of a project, he must perform his work under a clearly defined contract. Under this contract, the architect and the

owner are under the obligation of the contract and must abide by it. Progress of design, site visits and evaluation are some of the basic actions that the architect performs under this contract. There are different types of contracts, ranging from a fixed fee contract, percentage of construction cost contract and fee plus expenses contract. All stakeholders may collectively decide on the most suitable type of contract for the project.

e. Detailed Study of Structure Before the architect and engineer begin the final designing for the building, they make a thorough structural, mechanical and architectural survey of the existing building.

f. Foundation and Basement The architect and engineer may look for signs of cracking of masonry wall or the settling of basement floors or upper floors which direct them to a problem in the foundation. These signs can also be detected from window sills and cornices.

Appropriate survey instruments such as plumb bobs and spirit levels are recommended for use instead of a naked eye inspection. If the problem seems too severe, a test boring may reveal the cause of the problem. Additionally, the building code should be examined for fireproofing requirements.

42

g. Structural System Analysing the structural strength requires expertise and is one of the most crucial in terms of occupant safety. On-site inspection along with a study of existing floor plans can help engineers determine the structural stability. In some case, when the building drawings may not be available, engineers may have to scrape of the plaster to reveal the underlying structure. Wooden members of the structural system should be especially checked for rot or termite infestation. Iron or steel must be checked for corrosion and loose bearings or bolting. Additional future dead and live loads must be kept in mind while designing with the structural strength of the existing building.

h. Floor System The floor system in old buildings is usually strong enough to satisfy present codes. If not, additional supporting members may be necessary. The floor and ceiling height should be able to accommodate additional stairways, vertical plumbing, electrical and HVAC. In some cases, an elevator may have to be installed. The only floor that need be considered is the bottom floor. It may be a slab on grade or built over a crawl space. In these cases, insulation should be considered. If the perimeter of a slab on grade is insulated from the weather, this is all that can be hoped for. Over a cold crawl space, a two-in blanket under the floor will cut the heat loss by at least 50%.

i. Exterior Walls The building envelope should be examined thoroughly for cracks, water tightness (infiltration or leaks) and mortar joints. It is important to examine these exterior walls for future fenestration and air conditioning ducts.

43

Design Principles of Adaptive Reuse

j. Mechanical and Electrical Equipment Buildings undergoing adaptive reuse often lack modern and energy efficient MEP systems and appliances.

Heating: Determining the capacity of the heating plant for the new building use and occupancy. Existing heating systems involving boilers and burners and metal piping could be salvaged for recycling.

Ventilation: Office and commercial buildings require ventilation. Toilets and kitchens also need ventilation.

The floor height must be able to accommodate fan equipment. If the existing building consists some duct work,

it

should

be

tested

for

obstructions,

deterioration and air leakage.

Air conditioning: Air conditioning ducting and equipment can be expensive and demand a lot of ceiling space.

These economic implications must be considered for the new use of the building before deciding the installation of an air conditioning system.

Plumbing: Old buildings used galvanized iron pipes for plumbing which may be subject to serious deterioration over the years. Proper connection to municipal sewers must be evaluated and fixed if broken.

Electrical: While the electrical wiring may still be intact, the panel boards, junction boxes and electrical feeders may not be as per the present day fire codes.

Additionally, the switch boards may be outdated and have to be replaced. The architect and engineers must also determine of additional transformer vaults and feeder lines are necessary.

44

k. Waterproofing Olden building roofing systems generally comprise of the roof, parapets and cornices. Projecting metal cornices are subject to corrosion. Parapets may be subject to cracks and degrading mortar joints. A careful examination of the top-floor ceiling may reveal water leakage.

L. Stairways and Exits The stairway requirement for a building should be derived from present day building codes for fire and safety. Strategic placement of new staircases and layout for maximum access should be done in order to maximize space utility and minimize the burden on the structural system.

m. Designing to Save Energy Redesigning

the

existing

building

for

new

use

must

accommodate energy conservation strategies. Some of the most important methods of energy conservation are, reducing heating and cooling loads through building envelopes, maximizing natural ventilation potential, using daylighting and energy efficient lighting fixtures and so on.

n. Building Envelope A building's envelope protects it from the external weather conditions. To prevent the extreme climate of the exterior from causing discomfort to occupants, buildings use mechanical heating and cooling systems. If the building envelope is not designed well, the heating and cooling loads on the mechanical equipment might go high. Therefore, for maximum energy efficiency, building envelops should be the first layer to block out external weather conditions, then the load on the equipment can be minimized. The U value of walls should not be more than 0.06 when winter design temperatures are less than 10 °F. This can be achieved by using a combination of exterior wall materials to form a high resistance wall assembly.

45

Design Principles of Adaptive Reuse

o. Windows and Doors The fenestration in an external wall assembly are the biggest wasters of energy. They waste heat by conduction, radiation and infiltration. This can be controlled to an extent by using multiple layered glazing systems and using low-e coatings on the glass. Additionally, it is important to seal the window and door systems to avoid infiltration. Similarly, in hot and sunny

climates, it is important to shade windows to avoid heat gain due to solar radiation.

p. Roof An exposed roof is the greatest source of heat loss during cold months and heat gains during hot months. Therefore, roof

insulation becomes very crucial in extreme climate conditions.

Another passive technique is to separate living spaces from roof by adding dead buffer spaces such attics under the roof.

To understand the importance of adaptive reuse, one must first appreciate the value of old buildings and architecture - Schmidt Associates

46

4.8 Adaptive reuse strategies A model proposes steps in decision making process for adaptive reuse of heritage buildings are prepared by Mısırlısoy, K. Günc¸ e, (2016) in their research on “Adaptive reuse strategies for heritage buildings- A holistic approach” are shown in Figure 4.1 below. It can be applied to any kind of heritage building, which is abandoned, in appropriately functioned or disused. In their study, ‘heritage building’ has been used as a terminology that includes architectural heritage with certain heritage values, including industrial heritage buildings and architectural heritage that belongs to Modernism period.

The models are constructed through five stages which includes the depth of understandings on the backgrounds and needs of the locals. The first step is concerned with the actors in decision making process. The actors can be defined as the stakeholders that will contribute in decision making process and affect the decision for the new use. These actors have been grouped in four categories as users, producers, investors and regulators. In decision-making process, the actors of the projects should be defined since they can change in every project.

Step two of the process is analysing the existing stock where includes the identification of the original use of the architecture

heritage.

This

includes

the

physical

characteristics, heritage value and needs of the people surrounding. It is important in order to make appropriate decision on the new use of the building.

The third process is to deciding the conservation actions that need to be done on the historical building. This action should be conduct after analysing the existing fabric since it is a factor that will effect other decision.

47

Design Principles of Adaptive Reuse

Next, definition of adaptive reuse potential are study in order to ensure the positive effect on the final decision of the project. Adaptive reuse potential are means to realize benefits when adaptive reuse are implemented. It is important in term of developing suitable strategies for the building adaptive reuse. The potential can be classes as physical, economic, functional,

environmental,

political,

social

and

cultural

potentials.

Finally, is come out with the decision of possible new function.

There are three options in new use alternative for an adaptive reuse project. First, is to use building with some necessary adaptation to fit the building for it daily needs.This approach is chosen when all heritage values of the building are important

and changing the function may harm the originality of the heritage building. Second approach is adapting building with mixed use which the building original function of is kept and supported by additional functions for the sustainability of the heritage building. The last approach is adapting the building with totally new use which cannot be applied for all kind of heritage buildings since it depends on the values of the heritage building.

After the final decision is set, management plan should be prepared by the experts as preserved buildings should make profits for the maintenance and rehabilitation works of the structures in the future. The main aim should be preserving the values and originality of the building and its context; however the economic sustainability of the building is important for the building extravagance .

48

Figure 4.1 Shows a model for developing adaptive reuse strategies for heritage building by D. Mısırlısoy, K. Günc¸ e.

49

Chapter

Precedent Study 5.1 introduction 5.2 Case Studies 5.3 Comparison of Case Study 5.4 Summary

Design Principles of Adaptive Reuse

CHAPTER 5. PRECEDENT STUDY

5.1 introduction This section presents a study conducted on several case studies related to adaptive reuse of dockyard. The studies are then analyzed and compared in order to identify their strategies and approach that are applied on each of them. By understanding the strategies and approach applied by each case studies, it helps in developing the

systematic approach to revitalizing dockyard using adaptive reuse method as proposed. This method helps me to achieve the aim of the research in developing systematic approach in revitalizing building through adaptive reuse method in order to avoid building from being abandoned and give negative impact towards the local and location.

Case studies composed in this chapter are both complete and under project base on the study of dockyard around the world.

By referring to the Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary & Thesaurus Cambridge University Press, Precedent are define as 1.an action, situation, or decision that has already happened and can be used as a reason why a similar action or decision should be performed or made, 2. the way that something has been done in the past that therefore shows that it is the correct way and 3. a decision about a particular legal case that makes it likely that other

similar cases will be decided in the same way. In this study, precedent studies are dockyard that have been revitalize for a new use and function. These dockyards are present and study to understand its advantage, disadvantages, pros and cons not only to the historical elements that’s they carry but also effect towards the surrounding, society and also the relation of the place with cultural and economic of the locals.

52

Of course, adaptive reuse is not just a sentimental effort to save buildings, it is also a critical process to ensure communities don’t use (or waste) more materials than necessary.

- Schmidt Associates

5.2 Case Studies There are 4 precedent studies on the concept of adaptive reuse applied to revitalizing the chosen building that presented in the topic. Both local and international studies have been chosen in order to study their design strategies, approach and element in applying adaptive reuse concept. From the precedent studies, table of comparison between each element been conducted to analysed and understand more on various

design approach applied in different environment.

A dry dock is a hybrid, changeable space in a harbour. Empty and invisible when unused, it becomes a base for mobile, temporary architecture when a ship comes in for maintenance work or reparations.

53

Figure 5.1: The Brookes Dockyard 54

Design Principles of Adaptive Reuse

a. Brookes dockyard Brooke Dockyard Kuching, Sarawak (Malaysia) started off in 1912 by the 3rd White Rajah, Sir Charles Vyner Brooke and was declared open by Her Highness Ranee Muda Sylvia on 31st May 1912 the same year as the Titanic sunk. It might be an earlier realization on the importance of having repair facilities

for

the

white

Rajah's

boats.

During

the

confrontation years in early 1960s, the dry dock played an important role as a focal point in repairing all type of military vessels and was then part of the government workshop dealing in repairs of Government vessels and machinery as well as private vessels. From the year around 1985 to 1998, Brooke Dockyard went through a phase best defined as the "challenging period". It was when the Government ferries were privatized and the company lost its direction, during the period there was a critical need to look for new business.

Figure 5.2: Old images of the Brooke’s Dockyard

After several years of being abandoned, the state government Majlis Pembanguanan Sarawak Utara decided to upgrade the Sarawak waterfront to be more convenient as a

place for tourist and public. The upgrade which includes the Brookes dockyard redevelopment that is located at the end of the Sarawak waterfront. Some proposals for the development of the waterfront and redevelopment of the Brookes Dockyard as a maritime museum have been approved. The Redevelopment of the dockyard project is managed by PU Architect from 2017 and is expected to be completed in 2020.

55

Design Principles of Adaptive Reuse

PU Architect has chosen to apply adaptive reuse principle by retaining most parts of the building back to its original form.

They also propose to change some parts and functions of the building as a maritime museum and a part of it become a cafe.

Through the illustration provide by PU Architect, it can be seen that the development was not only done at Brookes dockyard compound but also includes the railway deportment

used during the dockyard operation days and also the shop houses located west of the development site.

Due to the hot and humid climate of Malaysia all year round, there are only few modifications to be made to revitalize the building. Modification are needs as for repairing damage due to age and usage factor which is to improvise appearance of buildings to become more friendly towards the user.

Architect

PU Architect

Client

Majlis Perbandaran Kuching Utara

Main programme

Galleries / Museum

AR Space

Workshop space as maritime galleries

Figure 5.4: Illustrate the ideas of the renovation on Brookes dockyard present by PU Architect

56

Figure 5.3: Brookes Dockyard perspective viewed from Sarawak river.

(Source: http://brookedockyard.com/result.php?root=MzY=&id=OTU=&sub=NzA=)

Figure 5.4: Illustrate the ideas of the renovation on Brookes dockyard present by PU Architect

57

“Due to preserving the views of Prince Hamlets’ Castle’s towers we were not allowed to even stick out a meter above the ground level.

We considered it architectural suicide to fill the dry dock with program and therefore decided to empty the dry dock and wrap it with the museum, making it the centrepiece of the exhibition. Instead of drowning the dry dock with galleries we would leave it open. A new kind of urban space – open for new ideas and life”.

– Bjarke Ingels, architect and founder of BIG

Figure 5.5: Image of the dry dock that have been revitalize into a gallery museum viewed from ground floor (Source: http://dmm.com/result.php?root=MzY=&id=OTU=&sub=NzA=)

58

Design Principles of Adaptive Reuse

b. Danish Maritime Museum The Danish Maritime Museum located in Helsingør, Denmark had to find its place in a unique historic and spatial context; between one of Denmark’s most important and famous buildings and a new, ambitious cultural centre. This is the context in which the museum has proven itself with an understanding of the character

of the region and especially the Kronborg Castle. Like a subterranean museum in a dry dock.

In 2013, rather than filling the empty dock, BIG chose to repurpose it as a public courtyard at the centre of the new museum, then added a series of bridges that cut into the 60-year-old walls.

A series of three double-level bridges span the dry dock, serving both as an urban connection, as well as providing visitors with short-cuts to different sections of the museum. The harbour bridge closes off the dock while serving as harbour promenade; the museum’s auditorium serves as a bridge connecting the adjacent

Culture Yard with the Kronborg Castle; and the sloping zig-zag bridge navigates visitors to the main entrance.

This bridge unites the old and new as the visitors descend into the museum space overlooking the majestic surroundings above and below ground. The long and noble history of the Danish Maritime unfolds in a continuous motion within and around the dock, 7 meters below the ground. All floors - connecting exhibition spaces with the auditorium, classroom, offices, café and the dock floor within the museum - slope gently creating exciting and sculptural spaces.

There is a clear difference in materiality between the existing and the added, but the rough, weathered concrete of the existing dock coupled with the new sleek, polished materials produces a nicely balanced contrast.

59

Figure 5.8: The main boat live gallery of Chatham historic dockyard (Source: http://brookedockyard.com/result.php?root=MzY=&id=OTU=&sub=NzA=)

60

Design Principles of Adaptive Reuse

c. Chatham historic dockyard The Historic Dockyard is a remarkable place that celebrates Great Britain’s magnificent maritime past and its command of the oceans from the heyday of the age of sail and beyond.

It’s a place of fun and fascination. Of surprising discoveries.

Of stirring tales of boldness and daring.

Set in an impressive 80-acre complex, The Dockyard provides a rich, authentic and varied learning environment, ideal for

learners

of all

ages. It offers

unrivalled

opportunities to explore ships that helped shape the world and the stories of the people who built them. It’s packed with enormous historic buildings that ignite the imagination

and galleries full of fascinating artefacts and stories.

Conservation and adaptation of Georgian dockyard including 30 key scheduled Ancient Monuments. Chatham Historic Dockyard is the most complete Georgian dockyard in the world and a site of international maritime significance. The dockyard covers 80 acres (32 ha) and encompasses over 100

buildings and structures, 50 of which are Scheduled Ancient Monuments.

61

Design Principles of Adaptive Reuse

BDP’s planning framework created an infrastructure to support urban regeneration, develop the visitor experience and identified potential new leisure, residential and commercial uses for all buildings to secure their long term viability and contribution to the overall atmosphere of this working dockyard.

Result from the development, the project has proved a catalyst and model for further urban regeneration, creating a sustainable environmental, economic, and social community within the dockyard and along the Medway which resulting from the success of the programme and lead them considering further proposals for a number of buildings.

The development is important for them as their aim is to engage the most diverse audiences in learning about the significance and role of the former Royal Dockyard at Chatham and its people in supporting the Royal Navy from sail to steam and nuclear power over a 400-year period. They also try to create an experience by providing an unmatched, inspirational and enjoyable experience for all users of The Historic Dockyard whether visitors, tenants, residents or students.

Architect

BDP (Building Design Partnership Ltd)

Client

Chatham Historic Dockyard Trust

Main programme

Galleries / Museum

AR Strategies AR Space

62

Dry dock space and workshop as galleries to portray the original use of the dockyard

Figure 5.9: Image shows the ship and warehouse at Chatham historic dockyard that are re used as museum.

Figure 5.10: Warehouse at Chatham historic dockyard that once use to repair and store ship.

63

“It’s really quite phenomenal, It’s a magnificent, dramatic building; it’s the biggest Titanic exhibition in the world.” James Cameron, director of Titanic

1: Image shows the drydock that was use to build the titanic ship in 1912 ttp://media3.s-nbcnews.com/i/MSNBC/Components/Slideshows/_production/ss-120327-titanic-belfast/ss itanic-belfast-04.jpg

64

d. Belfast shipyard The shipyard is the massive Harland and Wolff in Belfast, where a local workforce of 15,000 men are constructing Titanic and sister ship RMS Olympic.

Today, the area is developing to be one of important zone that enliven the area. It is not only workshop for ships or deport, but its consist of collage, movie studio, hotels, park and offices. The main building that involved in preservation and reconstruction projects

includes

the

H&W

drawing

office,

Thompson’s pump house and the titanic dry dock.

Other than that, there are several buildings ae developed

for

the

place

and

buildings

to

remembered the Titanic ship. Other buildings that are constructed in the along the development of the place are not directly addressed in this topic as they do not relate with the main topic of the study nor to the issue being discussed.

Titanic Slipways (Dry Dock) The Thompson Dock

itself is the footprint of Titanic and provides an amazing representation of the scale of the ship.

Today, visitors can follow in the footsteps of Titanic’s builders and marvel at her size as you walk along the original keel blocks where she rested in 1912

65

Figure 5.12: Image shows the Thompson’s Pump-House that are preserved and use as one of the tourist attraction.

(Source: https:// discovernorthernireland.com/ Titanic-s-Dock-Pump-HouseBelfast-P10577/)

Figure 5.13: Image shows the Titanic Slipways (Dry Dock) use as one of the tourist attraction.

(Source: https:// discovernorthernireland.com/ Titanic-s-Dock-Pump-HouseBelfast-P10577/)

Thompson’s Pump-House was once the beating heart of Harland & Wolff's operation during the construction of the great White Star Liners - Britannic, Olympic and most famously the RMS Titanic. Today the Pump-House comprises of a Visitor Centre & Café with daily guided tours in operation - the only publicly accessible intact piece of the Titanic's great legacy which is open in the city of her birthplace, Belfast.

66

H&W Drawing Offices were built in the late 1880s

when

the

company was emerging as one of the world’s leading Here

shipbuilders. decisions

were

made which changed the

course of shipbuilding as visionary created most

designers the

largest,

innovative

and

luxurious ships of the time.

Figure 5.14: Building extension of the H&W Drawing Office into hotel (Source: http://brookedockyard.com/result.php?root=MzY=&id=OTU=&sub=NzA=)

As the shipyard grew, so the building expanded. In 1910, a three-storey building housing the administrative office was built to the south of Drawing Office One. The next year the old onestorey entrance block was demolished and replaced by the three-storey one we see today on Queen’s Road. Towards the end of the decade, a further extension was added to the northeast of the building. A fourth floor was added later to house men and women’s tea rooms and ladies’ toilets.

Figure 5.15: Image shows the H&W Drawing Offices in past era.

(Source: https://discovernorthernireland.com/Titanic-s-Dock-Pump-House-Belfast-P10577/)

67

redeveloped

Function after

Galleries / Museum / place of assembly

museum and a café

2013

Galleries / maritime

2017

Royal Naval Dockyard

well as private vessels

Year redeveloped

1567 - establishment as a

vessels and machinery as

assembly / cafe / hotel

place of assembly / cafe

2003

1791

Museum / place of

shipyard

2003 - closing of the

yard leader

1960 - one of the world’s

1853 - Harland and Wolff

Belfast

1791 - first boat yard in

record

1636 - first ship build

Belfast, UK 4 seasons

Belfast shipyard

Galleries / Museum /

not specified

Earliest record is on 1544

anchorage.

also repairs Government

1915

1550 - Medway as a safe

of military vessels and

major repairs to the

King's Ships.

shipping centre

the white Rajah's boats.

1544 - carried out all the

dockyard Chatham, UK 4 seasons

Chatham historic

1960 - repairing all type

1915 - Danish trade and

throughout the year.

1912 - repair facilities for

1912

Main programme /

Danish Maritime Museum

Kuching Sarawak Helsingør, Denmark Equatorial - hot and humid 4 seasons

Brooke’s dockyard

Year constructed

Original use

Climate

Location

Name

case study.

ensure the quality or standard of quality outcome and impact from the building. Table below list the background data and comparison of the

As mention in by Bullen, (2010) it is important to understand and consider building background before any approach taken. This is due to

5.3 Comparison of Case Study

reinforce concrete for underground structure. series of bridges into the

construct the Brookes

dockyard and special

coating on as the

firefighting requirements Additional platform are

Demolished parts

not applicable

not specified

Table 5.1: Comparison between case study background

dock not applicable

construction and also

structure use to

waterfront not applicable

mostly use steel and glass

heritage Maintain the steel

structure around the dry

same elements to the

New construction are

portray the Kuching

floating cafe nearby

the original or almost

number of tourists

place of assembly that

structure

revitalization are using

location and increase the

Create new nodes and

dry dock and underground

most areas undergoes the

space Relocating the museum

create to construct

not specified

Theatre room and cultural

maritime galleries

original material.

area

Dry dock as galleries.

Workshop space as

Bjarke Ingels Group (BIG) BDP (Building Design Partnership Ltd) Workshop and storage

PU Architect

Additional development /

Material use

Effect to community

AR Space

Architect

not applicable

H&W Drawing Offices are

and hotels not specified

area such as universities

were erected around the

Offices various developments

and the H&W Drawing

Thompson’s Pump-House

not specified

Structural System

Floor System

g.

Survey of Neighbourhoods Financial Considerations Architect’s Contract Detailed Study of Structure Foundation and Basement

Building Condition Assessment

g.

f.

e.

d.

c.

b.

a.

Discussion element Dry dock wall is still in good condition. Some part of it are hatch to create linkage and space between the walls. Walls are then coated with protective layer to improve its surface condition No survey are recorded Helsingør Municipality, Helsingør Maritime Museum not specified not specified New foundation is construct around the dry dock for the underground construction.

New structure of the underground building propose by engineers are not specified. new system propose for new buildings are not specified.

building structures are still strong to carry out the original use of the building, but few elements such as nut and roof need to replace as it is 100 years old No survey are recorded

all financial needs are supported by the

not specified

not specified

Foundation are remain and no basement.

Some proposal to strengthen of the structure.

Maintain the flooring system and upgrade for public use.

Danish Maritime Museum

Brooke’s dockyard

not specified Upgrade the floor surface to be more public friendly.

Upgrade the floor surface to be more public friendly.

not specified

not specified

not specified

not specified

No survey are recorded

not specified

Belfast shipyard

not specified

not specified

not specified

not specified

No survey are recorded Chatham Historic Dockyard Trust

Chatham historic dockyard not specified

mitigate those high effect. Thus the 15 elements that needs to be consider are compared between the case study and present below.

As refereeing to the chapter 4.5, buildings can influence the environment, economy and society. Adaptive reuse has several benefits to

5.3 Comparison of Case Study

Applying retaining wall and waterproofing as the building are located below ground level.

Windows and Doors

Roof

p.

Mechanical and Electrical Equipment

Ground floor are roof for the museum as it was built underground. The area became a place for gathering.

Roof are replace as the original roof are not suitable to be reuse.

not specified

Some of the blocks are upgrade for new use which effect the facade but remains the overall shape and volumes not specified

not specified

Restoration are done on the blocs that are preserve as the heritage conservation, new blocks are constructed as to accommodate not specified

not specified

not specified

not specified

not specified

not specified

not specified

Some part of the wall not specified are reconstruct with new materials as to repair the damages not specified not specified

Table 5.2: Comparison between the study element of adaptive reuse with case study.

not specified

not specified

Heavy machineries are All electrical equipment are propose to be remain at new on new block. their existing location to be use as exhibition materials not specified Waterproofing layer are place Waterproofing on the dry dock surface to system protect the museum interior Stairways were demolish as not specified the building are re-propose for single story building.

Stairways and Exits Exits are remains as it already complied with firefighting requirements.

New technologies such as not specified LED as light source and Designing to Save enhancing natural lighting Energy and ventilation by applying passive design strategies through the renovation.

The building perspective Due to appreciation on the are remain the same as it to Kronborg Castle and the view maintain the Kuching towards the sea, the museum Building Envelope waterfront image. are purposely build under ground level.

Exterior Walls

o.

n.

m.

k.

j.

i.

h.

Some part of the walls are replace with new materials.

Design Principles of Adaptive Reuse

5.4 Summary The precedent studies conduct present the data collection on the similarities and contrast between the ways of revitalizing

dockyard been applied base on

different architect interpretations. Here can we see the different approach are applied base on the needs of the locals and the owner wish. Other than internal factor, physical site factor also

affecting the decision made as present in

previous table 5.3 in the caparison of case studies that guided by Laurence E. Reiner.

72

73

Chapter

Conclusion and Recommendation 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Conclusion 6.3 Limitation 6.4 Recommendation

Design Principles of Adaptive Reuse

CHAPTER 6. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

6.1 Introduction In these chapter will be presenting on overall discussion conclusion from the previous chapter. It will response to the research aim and the architectural research objective in chapter 1. The limitations for the research study are stated for future research. This chapter will also conclude suitable implementation as recommendation.

6.2 Conclusion The aim of the research is to provides systematic approach in revitalizing building through adaptive reuse method in order to avoid building from being abandoned and give negative impact towards the locals and its location. The next sub chapter will conclude the result and findings of the study based on the research objective stated in

chapter 1.5 and answering the research question stated under chapter 1.4.

6.2.1 First objective is to provide various ways of applying adaptive reuse strategies towards abandoned building base on case study and previous research by various researcher.

Various ways of applying adaptive reuse strategies towards abandoned building are studied and presented in this research. All

the studies are base on case study and previous research by various researcher. The main topic is by looking generally on the building type and component of adaptive reuse involve. The component are then compiled and listed in chapter 4 on the studies of adaptive reuse.

76

6.2.2 Second objective, To identify the element and factor that may affect the decision of applying adaptive reuse on buildings.

Base on the literature review, most researcher did mention on the factor that effecting the decision made that effecting the outcome of

the project. This decisions are mostly affected because of building conditions, neighbourhood, financial condition, owners decisions or the building structure and envelope itself. the element are future explain in chapter 4.3, influencing factors for the chosen method and the method in analysing building for adaptive reuse are explain in chapter 4.5.

6.3 Limitation This research is focus on the study of adaptive reuse in revitalizing a dockyard, sample of case and precedent study are provided as to analyse and compared in term to achieve the objective of the research.

Hence, other elements that are applied for a dockyard such as construction type and material use are not explained in detail as strate-

gies and adaptive reuse element use by the designer. The study also based on various papers that may differ by country climate and regulation or client wishes.

6.4 Recommendation Future research on the design principles of adaptive reuse on dockyard

can be future developed by focusing new technologies and innovation that is more efficient and sustainable towards the environment. As example, using recycle materials or new technologies such as self-healing materials are known as environment friendly materials. The application of those technologies and material cost higher modal need but it should be worth it for a long period.

77

Design Principles of Adaptive Reuse

Reference Ahmed, A., Othman, E., Elsaay, H., & Access, O. (2018). Adaptive reuse : an innovative approach for generating sustainable values for historic buildings in developing countries, 1704–1718. https://doi.org/10.2478/otmcj-2018-0002 Al-obaidi, K. M. (2017). Sustainable Building Assessment of Colonial Shophouses after Adaptive Reuse in Kuala Lumpur. https://doi.org/10.3390/ buildings7040087 Allen, B. E. (2016). Norman Foster , Daniel Libeskind , and More Breathe New Life Into 10 Old Structures.

ASKARI, A. H. (2014). Assessment of Urban Public Spaces : Cases of Kuala

Lumpur City Center Thesis Submitted in Fulfilment of the Requirement.

Ball, R. (1999), “Developers, regeneration and sustainability issues in the reuse of vacant buildings”, Building Research and Information, Vol. 27 No. 3, pp. 140-8.

Ball, R. (2002), “Reuse potential and vacant industrial premises: revisiting the regeneration issue in Stoke-on-Trent”, Journal of Property Research, Vol. 19 No. 2, pp. 93-110.

Bullen, P. A., Love, P. E. D., Bullen, P. A., & Love, P. E. D. (2011). Adaptive reuse of heritage buildings. https://doi.org/10.1108/02630801111182439 Bullen, P., Love, P., Bullen, P., & Love, P. (2011). A new future for the past : a model

for

adaptive

reuse

decision-making.

https://

doi.org/10.1108/20441241111143768 Button, R. (2018). Old Buildings Matter : Sustainability and Existing Structures Measuring the Value of Old Buildings.

Cantell, S. F., & Huxtable, A. L. (2005). The Adaptive Reuse of Historic Industrial Buildings : Regulation Barriers , Best Practices and Case Studies Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree Master of Urban and Regional Planning Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, (May).

78

City of Melbourne - Transitioning Melbourne’s urban landscapes (climate adaptation for future liveability).pdf. (n.d.).

Clark, B. D. (2008). Adapting an Older Building for a New Use, 1–5.

COBRA_full_paper_BullenandLove2011R. (n.d.).

Conference, T. G., & Educational, U. N. (1968). Recommendation concerning the Preservation of Cultural Property Endangered by Public or Private works, (November).

Conservation and adaptive reuse of industrial heritage in Shanghai. (2007), 1(4), 481–490. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11709-007-0065-4 “Conservation of Tangible and Intangible Cultural Heritages of Upper Mustang” Umesh Regmi. (n.d.).

Cooper, I. (2001), “Post-occupancy evaluation-where are you?”, Building Research and Information,

Craven, J. (2019). Adaptive Reuse : How to Give Old Buildings New Life.

DEH. (2004). Adaptive reuse: preserving our past, building our future. ACT: Department of Environment and Heritage. Commonwealth of Australia 17.

Douglas, J. (2002), Building Adaption, Butterworth-Heinemann, Woburn.

Finch, G. A. (2015). the Sarawak: State Legislative Assembly Building, 1–14.

Hamer, D. (2000), “Learning from the past: historic districts and the new urbanism in the United States”, Planning Perspectives, Harun, S. N. (2011). Heritage building conservation in Malaysia: Experience and challenges.

Procedia Engineering, 20, 41–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2011.11.137 John Spacey, (2017). 5 Types of Adaptive Reuse. https://simplicable.com/new/adaptivereuse.

Khususnya, B., Sultan, M., & Muar, I. (2013). Pemeliharaan seni bina bangunan-bangunan bersejarah khususnya masjid sultan ibrahim muar.

Kim, D. (2014). Donghwan Kim CV, 23(11), 2013–2015.

Latham, D. (2000), Creative Reuse of Buildings, Donhead Publishing, Shaftesbury Malaysia National Heritage Department. (2016). Garis Panduan Pemuliharaan Bangunan Warisan, 1–56.

79

Design Principles of Adaptive Reuse

MIsIrlIsoy, D., & Günçe, K. (2016). Adaptive reuse strategies for heritage buildings: A holistic

approach.

Sustainable

Cities

and

Society,

26, 91–98.

https://doi.org/10.1016/

j.scs.2016.05.017 Moshaver, A. (2011). Re Architecture : Old and New In Adaptive Reuse of Modern Industrial Heritage.

Mustafa, S., Marzuki, M., Syamimi Ramli, R., Mapjabil, J., Kadir Zainal Abidin, M., Pirdaus

Yusoh, M., … dan Warisan, S. (2015). Pengurusan bandar warisan UNESCO dan penglibatan komuniti tempatan: Kajian kes di George Town, Pulau Pinang. Malaysian Jouernal of Society and Space, 11(12), 87–99.

Myt, A. M., Rawak, S. A., Federation, T., Committee, H. D., Dockyard, B., Maritime, S., …

Brooke, C. (2013). Proposal to turn Brooke Dockyard into museum, 6–7.

National

Heritage

Department.

(2005).

Gar-

is_Panduan_Pemuliharaan_Bangunan_Warisan_2016.pdf.

Pape, G. (2016). The basics of adaptive reuse.

Pekol, B. (2009). Spaces or Places.

Pembangunan_semula_Brooke_s_Dockyard_mel. (n.d.).

Pendlebury, J. (2002), “Conservation and regeneration: complementary or conflicting processes? The Case of Grainger Town, Newcastle Upon Tyne”, Planning Practice and Research, Plevoets, B., & Cleempoel, K. Van. (2011). Adaptive Reuse as a Strategy towards Conservation of Cultural Heritage : a Adaptive reuse as a strategy towards conservation of cultural heritage : a literature review, (September). https://doi.org/10.2495/STR110131 Preservation, H. (2019). 5 Types of Adaptive Reuse, 1–6.

Putra, U. (2012). THE INFLUENCE OF CONTEXT AND URBAN STRUCTURE ON THE WALKABILITY OF BUKIT BINTANG COMMERCIAL DISTRICT , KUALA LUMPUR Nor

sidah Uj ang * , Atir ah Salim and Suhar di M aulan Department of Landscape Architecture , Faculty of Design and Architecture , Universiti Putra, 5(June), 1–4.

Ramli, Z. (2016). Adaptive reuse of several historical buildings in Kuala Lumpur as museums, (August 2014), 19–20. https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.19950010606 Rashid, R. A. (2018). Adaptive Re-Use of Heritage Buildings in Malaysia—A Case Study of Penaga Hotel in Penang, (October 2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-4585-45-3 80

Recommendation concerning the Preservation of Cultural Property Endangered by Public or Private works 19 November 1968. (n.d.).

Recommendation Concerning the Preservation of Cultural Property Endangered by Public or Private Works 19 November 1968. (2009). StandardSetting at UNESCO. https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004164543.1-0.46 Strange, I. and Whitney, D. (2003), “The changing roles and purposes of heritage conservation in the UK”, Planning, Practice and Research, Stubbs, M. (2004), “Heritage-sustainability: developing a methodology for

the sustainable appraisal of the historic environment”, Planning Practice and Research, Vol. 19 No. 3 pp. 285-305 Sugden, E. (2017). The Adaptive Reuse THE HISTORIC DOCKYARD , CHATHAM VOLUME 1 Overview & Policy.

(2011), 1(April).

TONJUM, A. M. (1963). Eye complications after Resochin treatment.

Tidsskrift for Den Norske Laegeforening, 83(May), 1128–1129. https:// doi.org/10.1007/978-981-4585-45-3 UNIT 509 THESIS ADAPTIVE REUSE FOR HISTORICAL BUILDINGS IN MALAYSIA A Case Study : Bukit Kepong Police Station , Malaysia Student ID No . 515411 Msc Historic Building Conservation University of Portsmouth Adaptive Reuse for Historical Buildings in Malaysia. (2011), (515411).

Wilkinson, S. and Reed, R. (2008), “The business case for incorporating sustainability in office buildings: the adaptive reuse of existing buildings”, Proceedings of 14th Annual Pacific Rim Real Estate Society Conference, Pacific Rim Real Estate Society, Kuala Lumpur.

Wilkinson, S., Reed, R. and Kimberley, J. (2009), “Using building adaptive reuse to deliver sustainability in Australia”, Structural Survey, 81

Appendices 1. Rendered perspective of Brookes Dockyard on the Proposal Ideas of Adaptive reuse by researcher 2. Design proposal and the significance of the study 3. Thesis statement on the design project proposal 4. Objective and Issues cater for Design Thesis 5. Design Flow Chart for Design Thesis programmed 6. Programs and users activity proposal for proposal design.

7. Rendered exterior image of the proposal design 8. Implementation of adaptive reuse in design 9. Data collection on the locals daily activity 10.Background of the proposal site, The Brookes Dockyard 11.Study on the Sarawak waterfront and the elements of waterfront base on the study of The New Waterfront by Ann Breen &Dick Rigby.

12.Aerial view of the proposal area 13.Proposal of development area 14.Exploded service diagram of the design proposal 15. Interior perspective and the details on the adaptive reuse part of the building

1. Rendered perspective of interior and exterior of Brookes Dockyard on the Proposal Ideas of Adaptive reuse by researcher

2. Design proposal and the significance of the study.

3. Thesis statement on the design project proposal.

4. Objective and Issues cater for Design Thesis

5. Design Flow Chart for Design Thesis programme .

6. Programs and users activity proposal for proposal design.

7. Rendered exterior image of the proposal design

8. Implementation of adaptive reuse in design

11. Study on the Sarawak waterfront and the elements of waterfront base on the study of The New Waterfront by Ann Breen &Dick Rigby

10. Background of the proposal site, The Brookes Dockyard, Sarawak

9. Data collection on the locals daily activity

13. Proposal of development area

14. Exploded service diagram of the design proposal

15. Interior perspective and the details on the adaptive reuse part of the building

- Thank You -

Mohd Amir Asyraaf Zulkifli M. Arch UTM 2-18/19 mohdamirasyraaf@graduate.utm.my

Master of Architecture School of Architecture Faculty of Built Environment, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Architectural Book Publication