SustainableCatfishFarmingandSupplyChaininMubiandItsEnvirons: AGIS-BasedApproach
AminuAbdulwahab
DepartmentofSurveyingandGeoinformatics,SchoolofEnvironmentalScienceandTechnology, FederalPolytechnic,Mubi,AdamawaState,Nigeria
Howtocitethispaper:
AbdulwahabA.etal(2024)
SustainableCatfishFarming andSupplyChaininMubiand ItsEnvirons:AGIS-Based Approach,Journalof GlobalResources,Vol.10 (020)
DOI: 10.46587/JGR.2022.v08i02.005
Received:28Jan.2024
Reviewed:24Feb.2024
FinalAccepted:05Apr.2024
Email:alaminu53@gmail.com; Tel:+2348137954933
Abstract:Catfishfarmingiscrucialforproteinsupplyand economicgrowthinareaslikeMubi.Thisresearchfocuseson makingcatfishfarmingmoresustainableandoptimizingits supplychainusingGeographicInformationSystem(GIS) technology.GIShelpsanalyzespatialdataforbetter decision-making.Thestudystartswiththeimportanceof catfishfarminginMubiandhowGIScanaidsustainability. Itreviewsexistingliteraturetoshaperesearchobjectives,like assessingcurrentpracticesandusingGISforoptimization.
Methodologycoverscatfishfarmingpractices,sustainability measures,andGISintegration.Datacollectioninvolves surveys,interviews,anddatabaseanalysistounderstand production,environment,andsupplychaindynamics.
Dataanalysismethodsincludestatisticalandspatialanalysis tounderstandthecatfishfarmingsystem.
Resultshighlightfarmpatterns,environmentalimpacts,and supplychainimprovements,withdiscussionsontheir implicationsforsustainability.Challengesandlimitationsare acknowledgedforfutureimprovements.
Keywords:Sustainability,Catfish,GIS,RemoteSensing, SupplyChain,Farming
JournalofGlobalResources,May2024,Volume10(020)AminuAbdulwahab
1.0 Introduction:
In recent years, the dynamics of land use/land cover (LU/LC) have undergone significant changes, influenced by various factors such as cultural, agricultural (including fish farming), political, historical, and economicconsiderations, particularly in regions likeMubi North Local Government Area of Adamawa State, Nigeria (Abdulwahab et al., 2019). This transformation has global implications, with the urban population surging to 54.5% in 2016 and projected to reach 60% of the global total by 2030 (The World’s Cities In 2016). The escalating urbanization, marked by impervious growth, directly and indirectly impacts the local environment, affecting climatic variabilities and economic perspectives (Wang et al., 2018; Singh et al., 2017).
As the world urbanizes and populations grow, the demand for essential resources, including food, experiences a commensurate rise. Fish, as a crucial protein source, has witnessed a notable surge in per capita consumption, driven partly by consumer recognition of its health benefits as a low-fat protein source (FAO, 2020). This increase in demand has outpaced traditional means of fishery product production, necessitating a shift towards alternative sources, with aquaculture emerging as a significant contributor (FAO, 2020).
In the United States, for instance, per capita consumption of fishery products rose by 25% in the 1980s, driven by both increased individual consumption and population growth. With domestic commercial harvest exhibiting relative stability, the gap between demand and supply has been met through imports and the exponential growth of aquaculture production (FAO, 2020). The aquaculture sector has evolved from contributing less than 1% of total supply in 1970 to over 7% in 1988, with farm-raised catfish, predominantly in the southeastern United States, playing a pivotal role in this growth (FAO, 2020).
This proposal is uniquely designed to address the complex interplay of factors related to fish consumption, unemployment, and food insecurity in Mubi North Local GovernmentArea. The city, having faced the devastating consequences of a terrorist attack in 2014, witnessed a surge in unemployment rates and heightened food insecurity. Against this backdrop, the research seeks to explore sustainable solutions, with a primary focus on the promotion of fish farming (specifically catfish farming) and the optimization of its supply chain in the region. This approach not only aligns with the global trend of increasing reliance on aquaculture but also presents a tangible opportunity to address local challenges by harnessing the economic potential of fish farming.
In previous investigations within Nigeria, catfish farms were reported to demonstrate favorable profitability, with Return on Investment (ROI) ranging from 60 to 90% (Bassey et al., 2013; Issa et al., 2014; Kudi et al., 2008; Olukotun et al., 2013; Tunde et al., 2015). However, a noticeable decline in production occurred from 2015 to 2017. Catfish farmers, citing issues such as poor quality of fingerlings and fish feed alongside reduced profitability, were observed to abandon fish farming in favor of alternative agricultural ventures (Digun-Aweto and Oladele, 2017; Edema-Sillo et al., 2017).
Numerous scholars have highlighted that the profitability of catfish farming has been adversely impacted by escalating production costs without a corresponding increase in farm gate prices (Bassey et al., 2013; Kingsley et al., 2014; Sogbesan et al., 2015; Ume et al., 2016). However, prior studies might not fully capture the nuances of this dynamic, potentially due to reporting
averages across all farms studied. It is plausible that the performance of larger, more profitable farms overshadowed any losses incurred by smaller farms. Ali et al. (2018) demonstrated the variability of production costs and profitability across different operational scales of fish farms in Bangladesh. Consequently, there is a critical need to analyze the profitability of farms based on their operational scales (Michael, 2009).
In integrating Geographic Information System (GIS) technology, this research aims to provide a spatially informed perspective on catfish farming practices and their supply chain dynamics in Mubi and its environs. By understanding the spatial distribution of farms, environmental impact, and supply chain nodes, the research seeks to contribute valuable insights for sustainable catfish farming.Additionally, the proposal envisions addressing the pressing issues of unemployment and food insecurity, thereby fostering economic resilience and enhancing food availability in Mubi North Local GovernmentArea.
2.1 Literature Review:
1.1.1 Land Use/Land Cover Changes and Environmental Implications:
Land use and land cover (LU/LC) transformations are intrinsic to human activities, shaping landscapes on a global scale (Abdulwahab et al., 2019). The evolution of LU/LC is a result of acomplexinterplayoffactors,includingcultural, political,historical,andeconomicinfluences. Inthecontext of agricultureandsupply chain dynamics, thesefactorscontributeto thedynamic nature of land use patterns. Abdulwahab et al. (2019) underscore the pivotal role of human agency in molding the physical environment, emphasizing the need for a comprehensive understanding of the multifaceted drivers of LU/LC changes.
Urbanization, a prominent catalyst for LU/LC changes, stands out as a key factor with farreaching consequences. As urban areas expand, they exert direct and indirect influences on the environment, impacting climatic variabilities and economic perspectives (Wang et al., 2018; Singh et al., 2017). The conversion of natural landscapes into urban settlements alters the ecological balance, leading to changes in temperature, precipitation patterns, and overall climatic conditions. Simultaneously, economic dynamics associated with urbanization, such as increased demand forresources and alteredlanduseforinfrastructural development,contribute to environmental shifts.
In the specific case of Mubi North Local Government Area, the region has encountered substantial disruptions, notably a terrorist attack in 2014. These disruptive events amplify the significance of understanding and managing LU/LC changes for sustainable development planning. The aftermath of such incidents often requires a nuanced approach to rehabilitation and reconstruction, considering the altered socio-economic and environmental dynamics. The proposed research acknowledges the importance of these disruptions in shaping the local context, underscoring the need for sustainable development strategies tailored to the unique challenges faced by Mubi North.
In essence, the study of LU/LC changes and their environmental implications is not merely an academic pursuit; it is a crucial step toward informed decision-making for sustainable development. By comprehensively examining the drivers of change, including cultural, political, historical, and economic factors, the research aims to provide actionable insights for planners, policymakers, and local communities. As Mubi North grapples with the aftermath of
a terrorist attack, understanding and managing LU/LC changes become integral components of rebuilding efforts, fostering resilience, and ensuring sustainable development in the face of complex challenges.
2.1.2 Global Urbanization and Increasing Fish Consumption:
The relentless wave of global urbanization has reshaped population dynamics, with urban areas claiming a significant share of the global demographic landscape. In 2016, urban populations reached a staggering 54.5%, and projections indicate an impending rise to 60% by 2030, as outlined in "The World’s Cities In 2016." This monumental shift in where people reside has cascading effects on various facets of life, notably influencing patterns of food consumption.
One of the discernible outcomes of this urbanization trend is the escalating demand for fishery products. This heightened demand is underpinned by a growing awareness among consumers of the health benefits associated with low-fat protein sources, particularly fish (FAO, 2020). As individuals in urban centers increasingly prioritize healthier dietary choices, fish has become a preferred protein option. This dietary shift reflects a broader cultural emphasis on wellness, with consumers recognizingthenutritional advantages ofincorporatingfishintotheir diets.
In response to the surge in fish consumption, aquaculture has emerged as a cornerstone in the global fishery supply chain. By 1988, aquaculture's contribution to the total fishery supply had surpassed 7%, signifying its rapid ascent in meeting the escalating demand for fishery products (FAO, 2020). Aquaculture, or the farming of fish and other aquatic organisms, has become an indispensable component of ensuring a sustainable and consistent supply of fish to meet the needs of a burgeoning global population.
This symbiotic relationship between urbanization, increased fish consumption, and the rise of aquaculture underscores the interconnectedness of these trends. Urbanization acts as a catalyst, steering dietary preferences toward healthier options, which, in turn, fuels the demand for fish. The consequential surge in demand finds a solution in aquaculture, a dynamic and responsive method of fish production that has evolved to become a vital player in meeting global dietary needs.
As the world continues to urbanize, the implications for food systems, particularly those involving fishery products, will persist. Recognizing and understanding these dynamics is crucial for policymakers, food producers, and those involved in sustainable development initiatives. The proposed research, within the context of Mubi North Local Government Area, aims to navigate these complex interactions by assessing the role of catfish farming in providing a sustainable source of fish within the framework of changing urbanization trends and dietary patterns.
2.1.3 Aquaculture Growth and the Role of Catfish Farming:
In the dynamic landscape of aquaculture, the United States has emerged as a notable player, witnessing substantial growth and transformation over the years. A pivotal indicator of this evolution is the noteworthy 25% increase in per capita consumption of fishery products during the 1980s (FAO, 2020). This surge in consumption reflects a growing recognition among Americans of the nutritional benefits associated with fish, aligning with broader global trends emphasizing healthier dietary choices.
The ascendancy of aquaculture as the fastest-growing source of fishery products has been a transformative force within the industry. From contributing less than 1% of the total fishery supply in 1970, aquaculture's share catapulted to over 7% by 1988 (FAO, 2020). This remarkable growth underscores the adaptability and responsiveness of aquaculture to meet the escalating demand for fishery products, filling the gap created by increasing consumption and population growth.
Central to this growth narrative is the resounding success of farm-raised catfish, particularly in the southeastern United States. Catfish farming has not only emerged as a dominant force within the aquaculture sector but has also played a catalytic role in stimulating the expansion of other segments of domestic aquaculture (FAO, 2020). The southeastern region, in particular, has become a hub for catfish production, contributing significantly to both total aquaculture production and the farm gate value.
The success of catfish farming can be attributed to several factors. The catfish industry's efficiency, adaptability to intensive farming practices, and the ability to meet consumer preferences have collectively positioned it as a cornerstone of aquaculture in the United States. Moreover, the industry's success has had a spillover effect, generating interest and investment in the commercial production of various other fish species.
Understanding the trajectory of aquaculture growth and the influential role of catfish farming is crucial for several reasons. It provides insights into the adaptability of aquaculture as a response to changing consumer preferences and increased demand. Furthermore, it emphasizes the sector's potential to address food security concerns by providing a sustainable and controlled source of fishery products. In the proposed research for Mubi North Local Government Area, recognizing the success of catfish farming and its implications for aquaculture is essential for formulating strategies that harness the economic and nutritional benefits of sustainable fish farming practices.
2.1.4
Addressing
Unemployment and Food Insecurity through Aquaculture:
The aftermath of the terrorist attack in 2014 left Mubi North Local Government Area grappling with profound socio-economic challenges, notably a surge in unemployment rates and heightenedfoodinsecurity.Inthefaceofthisadversity,acomprehensiveand strategicresponse becomes imperative. Aquaculture, with a spotlight on catfish farming, emerges as a beacon of hope, offering not only economic potential but also a sustainable solution to address protein needs.
Aquaculture, as a multifaceted industry, possesses unique qualities that position it as an agent of positive change. Catfish farming, in particular, stands out due to its adaptability, rapid growth, and ability to thrive in various environmental conditions. These characteristics make it an attractive avenue for economic development and food production in regions facing challenges like Mubi North.
The proposed research focuses on the optimization of the catfish farming supply chain, aiming to unlock its full potential as a catalyst for local development. By strategically enhancing the efficiencyofthesupplychain,theresearchaspires tonotonlycontributetoglobalsustainability efforts in aquaculture but also to directly address pressing local issues.
Central to this approach is the recognition of aquaculture, especially catfish farming, as a source of employment. The intricate nature of aquaculture operations, from pond management to processing and distribution, creates a spectrum of job opportunities. This is particularly relevant in the context of Mubi North, where unemployment rates surged following the traumatic events of 2014. The research, therefore, aims to explore how the optimization of catfish farming can act as a dynamic force for job creation, offering livelihood opportunities that extend beyond the farms to various facets of the supply chain.
Simultaneously, the emphasis on catfish farming aligns with the goal of enhancing food availability. Fish, as a protein-rich dietary component, can significantly contribute to addressing food insecurity in the region. The sustainable and controlled nature of aquaculture ensures a reliable source of protein, fostering both nutritional security and economic stability within the community.
The study is not confined to the theoretical realms of sustainable aquaculture. It is a pragmatic response to the specific challenges faced by Mubi North, addressing unemployment and food insecurity through the lens of optimized catfish farming. By doing so, the research endeavors to weave a narrative of resilience and progress, leveraging the economic and nutritional benefits of aquaculture to create positive change in a community that has faced significant adversity.
2.1.5 The Role of GIS in Sustainable Catfish Farming:
In the quest for sustainable catfish farming practices, Geographic Information System (GIS) technology emerges as a transformative tool, providing a spatially informed perspective that goes beyond conventional analysis. This section delves into the critical role GIS plays in the proposed research, building on the foundations laid by past studies and highlighting its potential contributions to understanding and optimizing catfish farming in Mubi and its environs.
Geographic Information System (GIS) is a sophisticated technology that integrates spatial data, allowing researchers to analyze, interpret, and visualize information in a geographic context. The applicability of GIS extends far beyond its traditional use in land use/land cover (LU/LC) studies, as demonstrated by past research (Abdulwahab et al., 2019; Wang et al., 2018; Singh et al., 2017). This literature review serves as the backdrop for integrating GIS into the proposed research,emphasizingitsversatilityinprovidingactionableinsightsintothecomplexdynamics of sustainable catfish farming.
Understanding the spatial distribution of catfish farms is crucial for informed decision-making. GIS enables the mapping of these distributions, offering a visual representation of the geographic spread of catfish farming activities in Mubi and its environs. This spatial perspective is invaluable for identifying clusters, patterns, and potential areas for expansion or intervention.
Furthermore, GIS facilitates the analysis of environmental factors affecting catfish farming sustainability. By overlaying environmental data, such as water quality and topography, researchers can discern the impact of these factors on farm productivity. This spatial analysis enhances the precision of identifying areas where sustainable practices can be optimized, ensuring both environmental stewardship and economic viability.
Visualization is a key strength of GIS, allowing stakeholders to comprehend complex spatial relationships intuitively. Through GIS-generated maps, distribution patterns of catfish farms, environmental factors, and supply chain nodes become accessible and comprehensible. This visual representation aids not only researchers but also policymakers, farmers, and other stakeholders in making informed decisions.
The optimization of the catfish farming supply chain is a primary objective of the proposed research. GIS plays a pivotal role in this optimization by mapping and analyzing supply chain nodes. This includes the spatial analysis of transportation routes, processing facilities, and distribution centers. By optimizing these nodes spatially, the supply chain can be streamlined for efficiency, reducing costs and minimizing environmental impact.
GIS technology serves as the linchpin in the proposed research, offering a spatially informed lens through which to examine and enhance sustainable catfish farming practices. Its ability to map, analyze, and visualize spatial data empowers researchers and stakeholders to make informed decisions, ultimately contributing to the development of a resilient, sustainable, and economically viable catfish farming industry in Mubi and its environs.
2.2 Aquaculture Practices and Site Selection:
In contemporary African aquaculture, tilapias and carps remain prominent, while controlled breeding extends to ponds housing catfish and Tilapia lazera. Mollusc cultivation includes ten species across four genera-Crassostrea, Mytilus, Venerupis, and Pinctada though crustacean culture is still in its nascent stages on the continent. Emphasizing the crucial role of site selection in ensuring aquaculture success, recent guidelines have been outlined.
2.2.1 Site Selection Guidelines for Fish Ponds:
(i) Soil Quality: Optimal soil includes clay-loam or sandy-clay for water retention, with an alkaline pH (7 and above) to mitigate acid-sulfate soil problems.
The selection of appropriate soil quality is a critical factor in the successful establishment and management of fish ponds in aquaculture. Here, the focus is on three key attributes: texture, water retention capacity, and pH level.
Texture: The recommended soil types are clay-loam or sandy-clay. These soil textures strike a balance between fine and coarse particles, providing an ideal medium for pond construction. Clay-loam soils contain a good mix of sand, silt, and clay, offering structural stability, good water retention, and reasonable drainage characteristics. Sandy-clay soils, on the other hand, have a higher proportion of sand, ensuring adequate drainage while still retaining essential moisture for aquatic systems.
Water Retention Capacity: Clay-loam and sandy-clay soils are preferred for their water retention capabilities. This characteristic is vital for maintaining an adequate water level within the ponds, especially during dry periods. Proper water retention helps ensure a stable aquatic environment, preventing fluctuations that could stress or harm the cultured fish.
Alkaline pH (7 and above): The soil's pH level is a measure of its acidity or alkalinity. Optimal soil for fish ponds should have an alkaline pH of 7 and above. This alkalinity serves to counteract potential acid-sulfate soil problems. Acid-sulfate soils, characterized by low pH levels, can have detrimental effects on water quality and the health of aquatic organisms. Choosing soils with an alkaline pH helps create a more favorable and stable environment for fish culture.
(ii) Land Elevation and Tidal Characteristics: Ensuring an average elevation that can be watered by ordinary high tides and drained by ordinary low tides, with moderate tidal fluctuation (2-3 m).
The selection of appropriate land elevation and consideration of tidal characteristics are pivotal components in the strategic planning of fish pond locations within aquaculture. This aspect focuses on achieving a harmonious interaction between the land and tidal movements.
Average Elevation: The ideal land elevation is one that strikes a balance between being watered by ordinary high tides and drained by ordinary low tides. This ensures that the ponds receive water during high tide periods, promoting adequate circulation and exchange of water. Simultaneously, the ability to drain during low tide prevents waterlogging and maintains optimal pond conditions. The careful choice of elevation is essential for preventing flooding during high tide and ensuring effective drainage during low tide.
Tidal Fluctuation (2-3 m): Moderate tidal fluctuation, typically ranging between 2 to 3 meters, is considered optimal for fish pond sites. Tidal fluctuations directly impact the water exchange dynamics within the ponds. Excessive tidal variation, such as tidal fluctuations exceeding 3 meters, can pose challenges, requiring substantial and costly dikes to prevent flooding during high tide. Conversely, areas with minimal tidal fluctuation (1 meter or less) may face difficulties in proper drainage and filling. Striking a balance with a moderate tidal range ensures the efficient management of water levels within the ponds.
(iii) Vegetation: Avoidance of large tree stumps and thick vegetation; buffer zones for areas exposed to wave action; mangrove growth as an indicator of productive soil.
The consideration of vegetation in site selection for fish ponds plays a crucial role in creating a conducive and sustainable environment for aquaculture. This aspect involves careful assessment and management of vegetation to ensure the optimal functioning of the ponds.
Avoidance of Large Tree Stumps and Thick Vegetation: Large tree stumps and thick vegetation can present obstacles and challenges during pond construction and management. Clearing such obstacles can incur significant expenses and effort. Therefore, selecting areas with minimal large tree stumps and thick vegetation simplifies the pond development process and minimizes the need for extensive clearing activities.
Buffer Zones for Areas Exposed to Wave Action: In areas exposed to wave action, creating buffer zones devoid of large tree stumps and thick vegetation is essential. Such buffer zones act as protective barriers against the erosive impact of waves, preventing damage to pond structures and maintaining the integrity of the aquaculture system. Adequate buffer zones contribute to the overall stability and longevity of the fish ponds.
Mangrove Growth as an Indicator of Productive Soil: The presence of mangrove growth is regarded as a positive indicator of productive soil. Mangroves thrive in brackish water and are associatedwith fertilesoil conditions.Theinclusionofmangrove-richareas in thesiteselection process signifies a natural indication of the soil's productivity, offering valuable insights into the potential success of the aquaculture project.
(iv) Water Supply and Quality: Reliable supply of fresh and brackish water throughout the year, free from pollution, and with a pH of 7.8-8.5.
The characteristics of water supply are fundamental considerations in aquaculture, directly influencing the success and sustainability of fish farming. Ensuring a dependable and highquality water source is essential for maintaining optimal conditions within the ponds.
Reliable Supply of Fresh and Brackish Water Throughout the Year: The availability of a consistentandreliablewatersupplyiscrucialforsustainingfishponds.Adequatewaterensures that the ponds maintain their desired volume and supports essential processes such as water exchange, nutrient distribution, and waste dilution. A dependable water supply throughout the year is essential to prevent disruptions to fish farming operations and to promote the overall health and growth of the cultured species.
Free from Pollution: Water quality is a critical factor in aquaculture, and selecting a water source free from pollution is paramount. Pollution, whether from industrial discharges, agricultural runoff, or other contaminants, can have adverse effects on fish health and pond ecosystems. Choosing a water source with minimal pollutants contributes to a healthier environment for the cultured fish, reduces the risk of diseases, and supports sustainable aquaculture practices.
pH of 7.8-8.5: The pH level of the water is a key parameter that directly impacts the physiology of aquatic organisms. Maintaining a pH within the range of 7.8-8.5 is considered optimal for fish farming. This pH range provides a suitable environment for the growth and development of fish, ensuring that their physiological processes function efficiently. Deviations from this range can lead to stress, poor growth, and increased susceptibility to diseases.
(v) Accessibility: Easy access by land/water transport, proximity to input sources, markets, and communication facilities.
The factor of accessibility is a critical aspect in the strategic planning of fish farms, influencing the efficiency and success of aquaculture operations. Ensuring easy access encompasses various elements that contribute to the overall functionality and viability of the fish farming endeavor.
Easy Access by Land/Water Transport: Selecting a site that is easily accessible by both land and water transport is essential for logistical efficiency. This accessibility facilitates the transportation of materials, equipment, and harvested produce to and from the fish farm. It minimizes transportation costs, reduces the risk of delays, and streamlines the overall management of the aquaculture operation.
Proximity to Input Sources: Proximity to input sources, including fry, feeds, fertilizers, and other essentials, is a strategic consideration. A site in close proximity to these input sources reduces the time and resources required for procurement. This proximity enhances operational efficiency, ensuring a timely and consistent supply of necessary inputs critical for the health and growth of the cultured fish.
Markets: Accessibility to markets is crucial for the successful marketing and sale of fish products. Choosing a site close to potential markets or distribution centers ensures that the harvested produce can reach consumers in a timely manner, reducing transportation costs and maintaining product freshness. Proximity to markets also allows for better responsiveness to market demands and trends.
Communication Facilities: Adequate communication facilities, such as internet connectivity and mobile networks, are vital for managing and monitoring fish farm operations. In a technologically advanced era, effective communication allows for real-time data exchange, remote monitoring, and prompt decision-making. This is particularly important for addressing any unforeseen challenges and optimizing production processes.
(vi) Availability of Manpower: For construction and operation.
The availability of skilled and reliable manpower is a critical factor in the planning and execution of fish farming operations. This aspect encompasses both the construction phase, where the infrastructure of the fish farm is established, and the operational phase, where dayto-day activities and maintenance are carried out.
Construction Phase: During the construction phase, having a readily available and skilled workforce is essential for building the necessary infrastructure. This includes the construction of ponds, water control structures, canals, and other facilities. Skilled labor ensures the proper implementation ofconstructionplans,adherencetosafety standards, andthetimelycompletion of the project. Availability of construction manpower streamlines the initial setup of the fish farm, allowing it to become operational sooner.
Operational Phase: Once the fish farm is established, an ongoing workforce is required for its day-to-day operations. This operational manpower is involved in tasks such as feeding the fish, monitoring water quality, managing harvests, and conducting routine maintenance. The availability of skilled and dedicated personnel is crucial for ensuring the well-being of the fish, optimizing production processes, and addressing any issues promptly. Adequate operational manpower contributes to the overall efficiency and success of the fish farming enterprise.
2.2.2 Pond Layout:
The design and layout of fish ponds are crucial components in the overall planning of an aquaculture system. The efficiency of pond layout directly impacts the functionality, productivity, and sustainability of the fish farming operation. The layout is contingent on various factors, including the species of fish, the size and shape of the area, and the specific requirements of the aquaculture project.
1. Species Consideration: Different species of fish have varying requirements in terms of space, water depth, and environmental conditions. The pond layout must be tailored to accommodate the specific needs of the chosen fish species. For example, species that prefer deeper water may necessitate ponds with specific depth configurations, while others may thrive in shallower conditions. The layout should optimize the available space to create an environment conducive to the growth and well-being of the cultured species.
2. AreaSizeandShape:Theoverallsizeandshapeoftheavailableareaplay asignificant role in determining the pond layout. The layout must maximize the use of available spacewhileconsideringfactorssuchas topography,soil composition,andwatersource. The size of individual ponds, the arrangement of ponds in relation to each other, and the incorporation of water canals should all be meticulously planned to create an efficient and interconnected system.
3. Number and Sizes of Ponds: The decision regarding the number and sizes of ponds is influenced by production goals, management strategies, and the intended use of each pond. Smaller ponds may be suitable for specific purposes such as nursery or breeding, while larger ponds may be designated for grow-out phases. The layout should balance the distribution of ponds to facilitate the sequential management of different production stages.
4. Water Canals and Gates: Water canals serve as conduits for the controlled movement of water between ponds. Their layout is essential for maintaining proper water flow, nutrient distribution, and waste management. Gates, which regulate water levels and flow, are strategically positioned to ensure effective water control. The design of water canals and gates is critical in preventing water stagnation, facilitating efficient water exchange, and optimizing environmental conditions within the ponds.
2.2.3 Protein Requirements
and Considerations:
Protein requirements for catfish remain a subject of ongoing debate among fish nutritionists, influenced by factors such as water temperature, feed allowance, fish size and age, dietary protein to energy ratio, protein quality, natural food availability, and management practices (Craig & Edwin, 2022).
2.2.4 Proper Planning and Layout:
A well-designed fish farm integrates water control structures, canals, and pond compartments in a mutually complementary manner (SCSP, 2020). A complete fish farm includes nursery, grow-out, and transition ponds, with proper proportions and positions (SCSP, 2020).
2.2.5 Milkfish Culture in Brackish Water Ponds:
Milkfish culture in the Philippines adheres to traditional practices, incorporating nursery, transition, and rearing operations. Formation ponds may be used for additional growth or stunting of fingerlings before stocking in rearing ponds (Camacho and Lagua, 2021).
2.2.6 Statement of the problem
Based on the background described above, the lack of maps and information depicting the geospatial distributionandthedynamics at the catfish high demandand the nosustainablelevel of the supply chain has prompted for this project in the study area, it has made it very difficult for people to see and visualize the relationship between the current Catfish consumption and how the demography influenced supply chain around Mubi region. This has necessitated the need to have aproject thatwill graphicallyandstatistically describethecatfish demand,supply, available farms and seller vendors pattern over the Mubi region ofAdamawa State.Also, to my knowledge, the use of statistical analysis and Geospatial Science to depict such a phenomenon is currently not available for this region.
2.2.7 Aims and Objectives
1.Assess Current Catfish Farming Practices:
- Objective: Evaluate the existing catfish farming practices in the Mubi region.
- Components:
- Stocking Densities: Analysed the stocking densities of catfish farms in the area to understand the population density of fish in the ponds.
- Feed Management: Assess how feed is managed in catfish farming operations, including types of feed used, feeding schedules, and feeding practices.
-WasteDisposal: Evaluatethemethods andpractices employed for wastedisposal in catfish farming, focusing on environmental impact and sustainability.
- Water Management: Examine the strategies and techniques used for water management in catfish farming, including water sources, quality, and conservation practices.
- Environmental Impact: Investigate the environmental impact of catfish farming practices on the surrounding ecosystem, including water quality, soil health, and biodiversity.
- Community Engagement: Study the level of community involvement and engagement in catfish farming activities, including interactions with local residents, stakeholders, and authorities.
2. Implement Sustainable Measures:
- Objective: Develop and implement sustainable measures to enhance the sustainability of catfish farming operations.
- Components:
- Identify ImprovementAreas: Identify specific areas within catfish farming practices where sustainability can be enhanced, based on the assessment of current practices.
- Develop Strategies: Formulate strategies and practices that promote sustainability in stocking densities, feed management, waste disposal, water management, environmental impact, and community engagement.
- Implement Changes: Implement the identified sustainable measures in catfish farming operations to improve environmental responsibility, efficiency, and long-term viability.
- Monitor and Evaluate: Continuously monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of the implemented sustainable measures to ensure they align with the goals of promoting sustainability in catfish farming.
2.2.8 The StudyArea
Location and description of the study area
The study area for the proposed research on sustainable catfish farming and supply chain in Mubi and its environs is Mubi North Local Government Area, situated in Adamawa State, Nigeria. Mubi North is a region with unique characteristics and challenges, making it a focal point for the investigation into sustainable aquaculture practices, particularly catfish farming.
Mubi metropolis is a geopolitical area comprising of two local government areas; Mubi North andMubiSouth.Themetropolisislocatedbetweenlatitudes10◦05'and10◦30'Noftheequator and between longitude 13◦ 12' and 13◦ 19'E of the Greenwich meridian. The two Local government areas occupy alandareaof192,307Km2 andsupportatotal population of260,009 people (National Population Census 2006). The area shares boundary with Maiha L.G.Ain the South, Hong L.G.A in the West, Michika L.G.A and the Cameroon Republic in the East (Adebayo 2004) as shown in (Figure 1).
3.0 Materials and Methods:
3.1 Method of Data Collection and Analysis
The research employs a comprehensive methodology that includes data collection through surveys, interviews with farmers, and extraction from existing databases. The collected data covers aspects of catfish production statistics, environmental parameters, and supply chain dynamics. Sustainable measures are applied to assess water management, environmental impact, and community engagement. Geographic Information System (GIS) tools are utilized for mapping and analyzing spatial data to visualize the distribution of catfish farms, identify environmental factors affecting sustainability, and optimize supply chain nodes. Statistical and spatial analysis methods are employed to interpret the multifaceted relationships within the catfish farming system.
3.1.1 Primary Data Source: Fieldwork involved the utilization of GPS (Global Positioning System) technology to collect primary data. Precise coordinates, encompassing eastings, northings, or latitude and longitude, were gathered for pivotal locations, including catfish farms, Catfish selling spots, and catfish feeds selling stores within the study area. These coordinates were then superimposed onto a georeferenced High resolution image of the research region, facilitating visual interpretation and geographical analysis of catfish availability and supply chain.
3.3.2 Secondary Data Source: The secondary data predominantly originated from the catfish farmers, sellers, feed suppliers and consumers. This encompassed variables such as production rates, water quality parameters, growth rates, and other relevant metrics. A comprehensive database was analysed within the ArcGIS 10.8 environment, providing a structured foundation for systematic data retrieval and analysis. The spatial distribution and spatial analysis was subsequently applied to this database during the Results and Analysis phase.
The data collection process unfolded through six distinct stages. Commencing with primary data collection, subsequent steps involved the georeferencing of the raster dataset and digitization of spatial information. Key elements such as catfish farms, water bodies, access points, and more were delineated. The fifth stage centered on the creation and mapping of a databasetailoredto theintricaciesofcatfishfarming.The spatial data analysis was thenapplied to this dataset, paving the way for the final stage the execution of the Results and Analysis phase. This phase focused on unraveling insights into sustainable catfish farming practices and the dynamics of its supply chain within the study area.the flowchart of the process is presented in figure 2.
3.2.0 Criteria for Sustainable Catfish Farming in Mubi Metropolis:
In determining the viability of sustainable catfish farming in Mubi Metropolis, a set of criteria tailored to the local context has been carefully devised. Drawing inspiration from successful practices in similar regions and accounting for the specific nuances of Mubi Metropolis, these criteria serve as crucial benchmarks for evaluating the suitability of the area for enduring catfish farming operations.
The first criterion, "Soil Suitability for Ponds," delves into the soil's compatibility with pond construction, considering factors like topography and manageability essential for the seamless operation of catfish farms. The second criterion, "Soil Suitability for Levees," assesses the appropriateness of the soil for constructing levees around ponds, a pivotal aspect for maintaining water levels and ensuring the ease of harvest.
Moving on to infrastructureconsiderations, thethirdcriterion,"Soil Suitability forCommercial Buildings," evaluates the soil's capability to support the construction of essential commercial infrastructure, contributing significantly to the overall efficiency of catfish farming activities. The fourth criterion, "Soil Suitability for Roads," analyzes the soil's capacity to accommodate road construction, facilitating accessibility within the catfish farm and streamlining logistical operations.
Lastly, the fifth criterion, "Soil Suitability for Heavy Equipment," takes into account the soil's resilience and support for heavy equipment, crucial for various catfish farming activities such as feeding, harvesting, and maintenance.
UtilizingdatasourcedfromlocalizedsoilsurveysandassessmentsspecifictoMubiMetropolis, each criterion is meticulously categorized based on potential limitations, ranging from "slight" to "moderate" and "severe." These nuanced evaluations provide insights into the unique challenges and advantages associated with different soil types within the metropolis.
Numerical ratings are assigned to each criterion, factoring in the limitations associated with each soil type. The overall suitability scores for each general soil map unit are then determined by summing the scores across individual criteria. Additionally, considerations such as relief, slope, and susceptibility to flooding are integrated to arrive at a final suitability rating for sustainable catfish farming in Mubi Metropolis.
The study further validates the suitability map using GIS technology by comparing it with the actual locations of existing catfish farms within Mubi Metropolis. This comprehensive approach ensures a robust and tailored assessment, laying the groundwork for informed decision-making regarding sustainable catfish farming development in the region.
3.2.1 Coastal and Marine Ecosystems in the Context of Sustainable Catfish Farming in Mubi and Its Environs:
Within the realm of sustainable catfish farming in Mubi and its environs, the significance of coastal and marine ecosystems cannot be overstated. While Mubi is situated inland, understanding the broader implications of sustainable aquaculture requires a contextual examination of coastal and marine ecosystems globally.
Coastal and marine ecosystems serve as invaluable natural habitats, providing sustenance and livelihoods for communities across Asia and the Pacific. In these regions, fisheries and aquaculture play a pivotal role in ensuring food security and economic stability. The Pacific, in particular, boasts some of the most productive and pollution-free ocean waters globally, housing extensive stocks of tuna and other economically vital species.
In the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) region, where millions of registered fishers rely on fishing for their basic livelihoods, the interconnectedness of aquatic environments and human well-being becomes evident. Similarly, in the Coral Triangle countries, millions areemployeddirectlyin fisheries,emphasizingthesocio-economicreliance on marine resources.
However, rapid economic development and population growth are exerting increasing pressure on coastal and marine ecosystems globally. In East Asia, where a significant portion of the
population resides in coastal areas, unsustainable practices and environmental degradation are resulting in the direct loss of crucial habitats like mangroves and seagrasses.
The global demand for fish poses a substantial threat to marine resources, impacting biodiversity and habitats. Overfishing and destructive practices, such as cyanide and dynamite fishing, have led to declines in fish stocks and coral reefs. These unsustainable practices, responsible for significant declines in fish stocks, intensify concerns about the economic and environmental sustainability of aquaculture development.
In alignment with global biodiversity targets, the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011–2020 emphasizes the need to conserve coastal and marine areas. This involves well-managed and connected systems of protected areas integrated into broader seascapes. While Mubi is not coastal, theseglobal concernsunderscoretheimportanceofimplementingsustainablepractices even in inland aquaculture, ensuring the preservation of ecosystems on a global scale.
4.0 Results and Discussion:
The results of the study focus on presenting key findings related to spatial patterns of catfish farms, environmental impact assessments, and supply chain optimization. The research highlights the implications of these findings for promoting sustainability in catfish farming and improving supply chain efficiency. Through data analysis, the study provides insights into sustainable catfish farming practices and the dynamics of the supply chain within the study area.
The data essential for generating catfish farming maps and conducting analyses were gathered through a field survey. Subsequently, the collected data underwent conversion into shapefile format (.shp) using Global Mapper software. Shapefiles are widely recognized as an optimal and compatible format for various GIS platforms, ensuring seamless integration and analysis capabilities. Once the layers were transformed into GIS format, the study area's high-resolution georeferenced image from Google was downloaded and integrated into the analysis, providing a comprehensive spatial context.
In this study, the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) projection system with the World GeodeticSystem 1984 (WGS84)datum,specificallyin Zone 33,was employedfor coordinates and projection. This selection of the coordinate system and projection facilitated precise spatial referencing and alignment of data layers, ensuring consistent and reliable analysis across the study area. Additionally, ground control points (GCPs) were obtained using a handheld GPS receiver for further improvement of spatial data accuracy and precision.
Through the collection of field survey data/questioners, conversion into GIS-compatible shapefiles, and integration of high-resolution georeferenced imagery, the research successfully generated comprehensive and accurate mapping of the spatial distribution of the catfish farmings thoroughout the study area. These outcomes provide a robust foundation for subsequent discussions and insights into catfish farming patterns, fish feeds selling location, Rosting/Selling points, supply chains and potential strategies for sustainable farming and resource management.
Figure 3a and 3b illustrates the General analysis of the spatial distribution of roads, wards, catfish farms, and selling points, offering valuable insights into their patterns and spatial relationships in the context of catfish farming in Mubi metropolis.
Figure 3b General Spatial distributions map on the high-resolution map
4.0.1
Constraints in the
Mubi
Study Area
In the assessment of suitable areas for fish pond farming in the Mubi study area, certain constraints were identified and defined as "constraint areas." These limitations include protected areas, water bodies, and major urban centers. Data on protected areas and water bodies were sourced as a vector layer from OpenStreetMap (OSM) (https://www.openstreetmap.org/about). To enhance precision, water bodies were excluded, considering their insignificance within the resolution of the high resolution image overlay.
Major urban centers within the Mubi study area, identified based on a population size inhabitants, were geographically pinpointed using OSM and high resolution images. Within these metropolitan area and the wards zones, a feature layer for constraints was established by extracting the fish farm density maps within Mubi metropolis. These densely populated catfish farm areas were considered Very suitable for aquaculture in figure 4a, given assumptions of higher economic costs and excessive population density for viable fish farming. Also, the catfish Roasting /Feeds location Density was analysed and identified in figure 4b and $c respectively (https://www.fao.org/3/W5268E/W5268E01.htm).
The Digital Elevation Model (DEM) is a critical component of our research, providing a threedimensional representation of the topography in the Mubi study area. It is a numerical representation of the Earth's surface, capturing variations in elevation and terrain. Utilizing remote sensing data and geographic information system (GIS) technology, we generate a DEM that allows us to visualize and analyze the landscape's elevation, slope, and aspect. This information is crucial for understanding the topographical characteristics of the region, influencing decisions related to pond placement, water flow, and overall landscape suitability for sustainable catfish farming. The DEM serves as a foundational tool, enhancing our spatial analysis capabilities and contributing valuable insights to the overall assessment of the aquaculture potential in the study area as shown in figure 5
4.0.3
Water Availability Assessment
The assessment of water availability for sustainable catfish farming in the Mubi has constituted a fundamental and intricate aspect of this research methodology. Our approach encompasses a multiple strategies that takes into account several critical factors for the implementation of efficientaquaculturepractices.Throughtheidentificationandmappingofsurfacewaterbodies, as well as the application of the Planetary-scale surface water detection from space depicted in Figure 6c for evaluating groundwater resources, our analysis delves deep into the intricate hydrological characteristics of the study area. Additionally, the examination of historical rainfall patterns, as illustrated in Figures 6a and 6b, utilizing the rainfall time series spanning from 2010 to 2023, adds a temporal dimension to our assessment. This thorough evaluation ensures that the selected water sources not only meet but exceed the necessary conditions for fostering successful catfish farming. Moreover, the estimation of water availability, taking into consideration factors like pond size and stocking density, emerges as a paramount aspect for ensuring the sustainability of operations. The insights gained from this comprehensive water
availability assessment has playd an important role in guiding informed decisions regarding the feasibility and viability of catfish farming in the Mubi region.
(G Donchyts et al 2018) delves into the realm of automated techniques for detecting surface waterfromsatelliteimagery.Itexploresvariousexistingmethods,engagesindiscussionsabout their efficacy, and introduces new algorithms aimed at achieving highly accurate surface water detection and monitoring of changes. The methods presented span a broad spectrum of applicability, ranging from local to global scales and addressing both high-frequency and lowfrequency changes in surface water. The technique was adopted for our study area to visualize the fish farms with respect to the surface water from satellite images as shown in figure 6c.
4.0.4 Normalize Difference water index
The Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) serves as a pivotal tool in the research's methodology, specifically designed to assess water content in the Mubi study area using satelliteimagery.NDWI relies onthe spectral reflectance differences betweenvisibleandnearinfrared bands to effectively highlight thepresence ofwaterbodies in figure 7.This calculation allows for the creation of detailed maps and identification of surface water features. By incorporating NDWI analysis, the research endeavors to provide accurate and comprehensive insights into the distribution and dynamics of water resources within the study area. These insights are instrumental in evaluating water availability and making informed decisions for sustainable catfish farming practices.
figure 7. Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI)of the study area
4.0.3 Slope Map
In our research methodology, the Slope Map plays a significant role in assessing the topographical features of the Mubi study area. Derived from the Digital Elevation Model (DEM),theSlopeMapprovidesavisual representationofthesteepnessorinclineoftheterrain. By analyzing slope variations, we gain valuable insights into the suitability of different areas for catfish farming. Flat or gently sloping areas are often preferred for pond construction, ensuring efficient water management and overall farm sustainability. The Slope Map, integrated into our GIS analysis, aids in identifying locations with optimal slope characteristics for aquaculture activities. It has shown that the south easthern part of the area has higher slope due to the presence of the Lamurde hill, the next hill area was along the Gella Road This information guides decisions related to pond placement and infrastructure development, contributing to the strategic planning of sustainable catfish farming practices in the region as shown in figure 8
4.0.4
Aspect Map
The Aspect Map is a significant component of our research methodology, derived from the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data in the Mubi study area. This map provides valuable information about the orientation or direction of the terrain slopes. Aspect, representing the compass direction a slope faces, plays a crucial role in understanding sunlight exposure and potential microclimates across the landscape. In the context of catfish farming, it helps identify areas with optimal sunlight exposure for pond management and overall environmental conditions. By integrating the Aspect Map into our Geographic Information System (GIS) analysis, we enhance our ability to make informed decisions regarding the placement of catfish ponds,consideringfactorssuchastemperatureregulationandsunlightavailability.Thisaspectbased insight contributes to the strategic planning and sustainable development of catfish farming practices in the region as shown in figure 9
4.0.5 Land Use/Land Cover (LULC)
Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) is a critical aspect in the study of sustainable catfish farming in Mubi and its environs. This analysis has helped to identify and classify the different land uses and covers, providing a foundational understanding of the current landscape. LULC data, often derived from satellite imagery, aids in discerning patterns of urbanization, agricultural practices, and natural features across the study area.
In our study, LULC serves as a cornerstone for assessing how human activities have shaped thelandovertime, reflecting changes influencedbycultural, political, historical, and economic factors. It offers insights into the transformation of natural landscapes into urban settlements, emphasizing the need for sustainable land management practices in the wake of disruptions like the 2014 terrorist attack. Additionally, LULC analysis aids in gauging the impact of impervious growth on the environment and its consequences for climatic variabilities and economic perspectives.
Understanding the intricate tapestry of land use and land cover of 2017 and 2023 provides the necessary backdrop for planning and implementing sustainable catfish farming as shown in figure10a and 10b. As we integrate LULC insights with other spatial analyses, our approach becomes holistic, ensuring that the proposed catfish farming venture aligns harmoniously with the existing landscape, fostering both environmental sustainability and economic prosperity in Mubi and its surroundings.
10b Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) 2017 of the study are
5.0 Conclusion
In conclusion, the research underscores the importance of sustainable catfish farming practices and supply chain optimization for environmental, economic, and social sustainability. By assessing current practices and implementing sustainable measures, the study aims to contribute to the promotion of sustainable catfish farming in the Mubi region. The integration of GIS technology in spatial analysis and supply chain optimization is identified as a key factor in enhancing the overall sustainability of catfish farming operations. The study emphasizes the significance of these findings for advancing sustainable aquaculture practices and fostering a resilient catfish farming industry in Mubi and its environs.
The soil quality, water supply, accessibility, and the examination of the global trend towards urbanization and its impact on fish consumption has provided a robust foundation for the localization of sustainable catfish farming practices.
The incorporation of GIS tools in analyzing water availability, Digital Elevation Models (DEMs), slope maps, and spatial distributions enhances the precision and efficiency of our study. The assessment of water availability becomes very paramount in sustainable operations, ensuring that selected water sources align with the necessary conditions for successful catfish farming.
Asweconcludethisstudy,itbecomesevidentthatthestrategicintegrationofthesecomponents from sustainable farming practices to supply chain optimization and spatial analyses is not only vital for the success of catfish farming in Mubi but also contributes to the broader discourse on sustainable aquaculture. This study is not just a blueprint; it's a roadmap towards revitalizing the local economy, ensuring food security, and fostering a resilient catfish farming industry in Mubi, underpinned by advanced spatial analytics and sustainable supply chain practices.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Aminu Abdulwahab: Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Formal analysis, Data curation, Writing – review & editing. Aminu Abdulwahab: Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing – review & editing.
Declaration of Competing Interest
Aminu Abdulwahabreports financial support, administrativesupport, and travel wereprovided by the TETFUND institutional based Research (IBR)
Acknowledgements
This research was made possible through the support of Tetfund institutional-based research (IBR). The financial backing from this institution enabled a comprehensive exploration of various facets of the catfish farming in Mubi Adamawa state Nigeria. The authors express gratitude to government officers, fish farmers, and fish feed suppliers who contributed valuable information through questionnaires and interviews. Additionally, the thoughtful feedback from anonymous reviewers is greatly appreciated for enhancing the quality and depth of this study.
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