Indoor Air Quality Solutions for Stationary Engineers Front Matter

Indoor Air Quality

1

Indoor Air Quality • History Of Indoor Air Quality • IAQ Factors • Health Effects • Stationary Engineer’s Role • People Skills • Complaints • Health and Safety Committee • Release of Information • IAQ Response • Legal Liabilities • Future IAQ Regulations Case Study – Chain-of-Command .................................................................................................. 14 Indoor Air Quality Definitions ........................................................................................................... 15 Review Questions............................................................................................................................ 15

Health Concerns

16

Health Effects • Acute Health Effects • Chronic Health Effects • Contaminant Categories • Building-Related Illnesses • Legionnaires’ Disease • Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis • Humidifier Fever • Asthma • Sick Building Syndrome • Multiple Chemical Sensitivity • Mass Psychogenic Illness • Acceptable Indoor Environment Case Study – Possible Mass Psychogenic Illness .......................................................................... 26 Health Concerns Definitions ............................................................................................................ 27 Review Questions............................................................................................................................ 28

Contaminants

29

Outdoor Sources • Indoor Sources • Effects of Poor Indoor Air Quality • Particles • Asbestos • Lead • Mold • Fiberglass • Gases • Carbon Dioxide • Carbon Monoxide • Nitrogen Dioxide • Formaldehyde • Ozone • Radon • Mixtures • Environmental Tobacco Smoke • Wood Smoke • Volatile Organic Compounds • Pesticides • Biological Contaminants • Microbial Contaminants Case Study – Massachusetts School District .................................................................................. 42 Contaminants Definitions ................................................................................................................ 43 Review Questions............................................................................................................................ 44

Safety

45

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) • Minimum PPE • Limited PPE • Full PPE • IAQ Personal Protective Equipment • Respiratory Protection • Controlling Bloodborne Pathogens Case Study – Commercial Office Building ...................................................................................... 53 Safety Definitions............................................................................................................................. 53 Review Questions............................................................................................................................ 54

Handheld Meter Testing

55

IAQ Complaints • Complaint Procedure • Measurement and Testing • IAQ Direct-Reading Test Instruments • IAQ Test Instrument Calibration • IAQ Instrument Selection • Traceability • Air Properties • Temperature and Relative Humidity • Air Volume • Air Circulation • Handheld Meter Testing for Contaminants • Carbon Monoxide • Carbon Dioxide • Ozone Case Study – Sick Building Syndrome ............................................................................................ 74 Handheld Meter Testing Definitions ................................................................................................. 75 Review Questions............................................................................................................................ 76

Air Sampling and Testing

77

Air Monitoring • Asbestos • Lead • Biological Contaminants • Mold • Formaldehyde • Volatile Organic Compounds • Radon • Particulates • Detector Tubes Case Study – Vacant Office Space ................................................................................................. 95 Air Sampling and Testing Definitions ............................................................................................... 96 Review Questions............................................................................................................................ 96

IAQ Testing, Adjusting, and Balancing

97

Testing, Adjusting, and Balancing of Air-Handling Systems • General Airflow Testing, Adjusting, and Balancing Principles • Airflow Testing, Adjusting, and Balancing • Duct Pressures • Airflow Calculations • Air-Handling System Duct Measurements • Direct Air Measurements • Air-Handling System Test Instruments • Manometers • Thermoanemometers • Calculating Airflow Rate • Mechanical-Vane Anemometers • Capture Hoods • Outdoor Air Quantities • Direct Outdoor Air Measurements • Alternate Direct Measurements • Estimated Outdoor Air Measurements • Outdoor Air Percentage Calculations • Outdoor Air Estimate Using Carbon Dioxide Gas • Exhaust- and Return-Air Duct Measurements • Air Volume • Ventilation Air Requirements • Zone Air Circulation • Open Area Measurements • Fan Testing, Adjusting, and Balancing • Adjusting Airflow Systems • System Component Testing and Adjusting • Balancing Airflow Systems Case Study – Using Various Test Instruments............................................................................... 134 IAQ Testing, Adjusting, and Balancing Definitions ......................................................................... 135 Review Questions.......................................................................................................................... 136

Hydronic System Balancing and Building Commissioning

137

Testing, Adjusting, and Balancing of Chilled and Hot Water Hydronic Systems • Hydronic System Test Instruments • Flow-Balancing Valves • Hydronic System Flow Calculations • Commissioning of Commercial Buildings’ HVAC Systems • Principles of Commissioning • Building Commissioning • Building Commissioning Costs Case Study – Replace Chiller Compressor or Parts of a Building ................................................ 154 Hydronic System Balancing and Building Commissioning Definitions .......................................... 155 Review Questions.......................................................................................................................... 156

Prevention

157

Chemicals • Pesticides • Painting • Chemical Inventory • Storage and Handling • Accidents • Housekeeping Programs • Material Safety Data Sheets • Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design • Existing Buildings • LEED® and IAQ • Green Products • Emission Levels • Inspections • Structural Problems • Visual Inspections • IAQ Recordkeeping • HVAC Checklist • Pollutant, Source, and Pathway Surveys Case Study – Fiberglass Exposure Court Case ............................................................................ 172 Prevention Definitions.................................................................................................................... 173 Review Questions.......................................................................................................................... 174

Preventive Maintenance

175

Overview of Maintenance Types • Predictive Maintenance • Proactive Maintenance • Reliability-Centered Maintenance • Enterprise Asset Management • Run-To-Fail Maintenance • Preventive Maintenance • Fundamentals of Preventive Maintenance Programs • Economic Benefits • Resolving Problems • Preventive Maintenance Types • Scheduled Maintenance • Unscheduled Maintenance • Example of a PM Schedule • Establishing a New PM System • PM Organizational Tools • Do You Need a CMMS? • Preventive Maintenance Surveys • Equipment History Records • Operating Manuals and System Prints • PM Charts • PM Work Orders • Master Schedule • PM System Operation • Paperless Systems • Construction and Renovation • Safe Practices • Sink Effect • Chemical Emissions Case Study – Using IAQ Records ................................................................................................. 196 Preventive Maintenance Definitions .............................................................................................. 197 Review Questions.......................................................................................................................... 198

HVAC Air Systems

199

HVAC Systems • HVAC System Characteristics • Common HVAC System Designs • Outside-Air Systems • MixedAir Systems • Economizer Systems • Air-Handling Unit Components • Fans • Mixing Plenum and Dampers • Example: Summer Operation • Example: Winter Operation • Example: CO2 Operation • Air-Cleaning Methods • Electronic Air Cleaners • Ultraviolet Air-Cleaners • Carbon Filters • Filters • Ventilation Air • HVAC System Ductwork • Cooling Coils • Heating Coils • Common Air-Handling Systems • Single-Zone Systems • Multizone Systems • Dual-Duct Systems • Reheat Systems • Variable-Air-Volume Systems • Facility Pressures • Odors • Energy Conservation Techniques • All-Water Systems • Air and Water Systems • Electric Radiant Heating Systems Case Study – Office Building......................................................................................................... 236 HVAC Air Systems Definitions ....................................................................................................... 236 Review Questions.......................................................................................................................... 237

HVAC Controls

238

Pneumatic Control Systems • Air Compressor Stations • Air Compressors • Auxiliary Components • Transmitters and Controllers • Pneumatic Thermostats • Limit Thermostats • Pneumatic Humidistats • Pneumatic Pressurestats • Receiver Controllers • Auxiliary Components • Switching Relays • Minimum-Position Relays • Positioners • Electric/ Pneumatic Switches • Pneumatic/Electric Switches • Controlled Devices • Actuators • Dampers • Valves Case Study – Massachusetts High School ...................................................................................258 HVAC Controls Definitions .............................................................................................................259 Review Questions..........................................................................................................................260

Building Automation Systems for IAQ

261

Building Automation Systems • Distributed Direct Digital Control Systems • Building Automation System Controllers • Application-Specific Controllers • Network Communication Modules • Operator Interface Methods • On-Site Operator Interface Methods • Off-Site Operator Interface Methods • Server Data • Building Automation System Input Devices • Analog Input Devices • Digital Input Devices • Building Automation System Output Components • Analog Output Components • Digital Output Components • Direct Digital Control Strategies • Closed-Loop Control • Open-Loop Control • Direct Digital Control Features • Setpoint Control • Reset Control • Low-Limit Control • High-Limit Control • High/Low Signal Select • Direct Digital Control Algorithms • Proportional Control Algorithms • Integration Control Algorithms • Derivative Control Algorithms • Adaptive Control Algorithms • IAQ Strategies and Energy Considerations • IAQ Strategies for Air-Handling Systems • Carbon-Dioxide-Controlled Ventilation • Air-Side Economizers • Night Precooling Case Study – Office Building......................................................................................................... 289 Building Automation Systems for IAQ Definitions .......................................................................... 290 Review Questions.......................................................................................................................... 292

Homeland Security

293

Homeland Security • Background • Building Layout • Specific CBR Attack Prevention Recommendations • CBR Preventive Activities to Avoid • Building Physical Security • Securing Outdoor-Air Intakes • Ventilation and Filtration • Maintenance, Administration, and Testing • Emergency Plans, Policies, and Procedures • Wi-Fi • Conclusions on Specific Recommendations Case Study – It Is Possible for Terrorists to Enter the United States in Different Ways .................................................................................. 314 Homeland Security Definitions ...................................................................................................... 314 Review Questions.......................................................................................................................... 315

Troubleshooting and Mitigating IAQ Problems

316

Troubleshooting and Mitigating IAQ Problems • Step-by-Step Complaint Investigation Procedures • IAQ Complaint Solutions • Overview of Non-IAQ Problems • Work-Related Complaints • Indoor Air Quality Control Strategies • Contaminant Source Control • Ventilation • Modification of HVAC Systems • Air Cleaning Exposure Control • Mitigation Strategies • Remedies for Complaints Not Attributed to Poor Air Quality • Judging Proposed Mitigation Designs and Their Success • Permanence • Operating Principles • Degree to Which a Strategy Fits the Job • Ability to Institutionalize the Solution • Durability • Installation and Operating Costs • Conformity to Codes • Judging the Success of a Mitigation Effort • Sample Case Study Problems and Solutions • Hiring Professionals to Solve an IAQ Problem • Hiring Professionals with an Effective Approach • Selection Criteria Troubleshooting and Mitigating IAQ Problems Definitions..................................................................350 Review Questions ...............................................................................................................................350

CD-ROM Contents • Quick Quizzes ® • Illustrated Glossary • Flash Cards

• Test Tool Procedures • IAQ Survey Checklists • Virtual Meters

• IAQ Equipment Forms • Media Clips • ATPeResources.com

Appendix

351

Glossary

373

Index

381

Indoor Air Quality Solutions for Stationary Engineers is a unique learning tool that outlines typical ways to monitor and control indoor air quality (IAQ) in institutional and commercial facilities. This comprehensive textbook focuses on several key factors such as safety, air contaminants, common test tool applications, and the HVAC systems used for controlling indoor air quality. Indoor Air Quality Solutions for Stationary Engineers provides learners with the capabilities and knowledge needed to monitor, test, and mitigate IAQ problems.

The many full-color illustrations serve as visual aids that enhance concepts presented in the text. Indoor Air Quality Solutions for Stationary Engineers includes chapter review questions, IAQ scenarios based on chapter content, and procedures for the various test instruments used to monitor IAQ and to test for contaminants. Indoor Air Quality Solutions for Stationary Engineers provides a solid foundation of knowledge for maintaining a healthy indoor environment for facility occupants.

The interactive CD-ROM is a self-study aid that complements the content in the book and includes the following features: • • • • • • • • • •

Quick Quizzes® that provide an interactive review of topics covered in the chapters, with 10 questions for each chapter An Illustrated Glossary that provides terms and definitions as well as visual references to selected terms Flash Cards that facilitate a review of glossary terms and test tools used for IAQ Test Tool Procedures that explain specific instrument usage An IAQ Survey Checklist that provides helpful forms used to assess IAQ conditions Virtual Meters for IAQ and related fields Indoor Air Quality Equipment Forms that provide a checklist for testing equipment A Print Library that provides three examples of HVAC systems prints Media Clips that illustrate principles discussed in the book using video clips and animations Access to ATPeResources.com, an on-line source providing a variety of instructional resources

To obtain information about related products from American Technical Publishers, visit our web site at www.go2atp.com or log onto www.ATPeResources.com.

The Publisher

Class Objectives list the learning goals of the chapter

Test Instrument Procedures guide the learner through usage of specific IAQ test instruments

Learning Activities identify the skills required to demonstrate comprehension of chapter content Introductions provide an overview of chapter content

Exposure Limit Tables indicate the maximum allowable concentrations of contaminants per a unit of time and indicate the minimum amount of air properties that must be present

Review Questions test learner comprehension

Case Studies are real-world IAQ applications corresponding with information presented in the chapter

Definitions are listed in alphabetical order at the end of each chapter