Anthropology the human challenge 14th edition haviland test bank 1

Anthropology The Human Challenge 14th Edition

Haviland Prins McBride Walrath 1133955975

9781133955979

Download full test bank at : https://testbankpack.com/p/test-bank-for-anthropology-the-human-challenge-14th-edition-haviland-11339559759781133955979/

Chapter 11 – Modern Human Diversity: Race and Racism

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Which of the following scientists divided humans into subspecies based on geographic location?

a. Johan Blumenbach

b. Carolus Linnaeus

c. Charles Darwin

d. Franz Boas

e. Fatimah Jackson

ANS: B DIF: Applied REF: The History of Human Classification

OBJ: 1 MSC: New

2. In Blumenbach’s classification of races, light-skinned peoples from Europe and adjacent parts of western Asia and northern Africa were part of which race?

a. European

b. Guinean

c. Dravidian

d. American Indian

e. Caucasian

ANS: E DIF: Applied REF: The History of Human Classification

OBJ: 1 MSC: Pickup

3. Human genetic variation generally is distributed in a continuous range, with varying clusters of frequency. The significance we give our variations, the way we perceive them in fact, whether or not we perceive them at all is determined by our

a. genes.

b. origins.

c. culture.

d. physical traits.

e. intelligence.

ANS: C DIF: Conceptual REF: Chapter Introduction

OBJ: 1 MSC: Pickup

4. German physician Johan Blumenbach divided humans into racial types by

a. intelligence.

b. height.

c. geographical origin.

d. genealogy.

e. hierarchy.

ANS: E DIF: Applied REF: The History of Human Classification

OBJ: 1 MSC: New

5. The problem with the kinds of definitions of racial groups devised by 18th century Swedish naturalist Carolus Linnaeus is that, besides being ethnocentric,

a. they confuse biological traits with cultural characteristics.

b. they do not include all of the traits by which these races are distinguished.

c. they are not scientific enough; that is, they do not include the frequencies with which these characteristics occur in the population.

d. they argue that certain groups are superior to others because of their geographical location.

e. they include too many categories to be functionally useful.

ANS: A DIF: Conceptual REF: The History of Human Classification

OBJ: 1 MSC: Pickup

6. Who was Ota Benga?

a. He was the last member of his race of Twa pygmies

b. He was a Twa scientist who did research to overturn the biological basis of race

c. He was an anthropologist who worked to make the census racial categories more accurate

d. He was a Twa pygmy who was captured and exhibited in a New York zoo

e. He was an African who underwent radical surgery to change his race

ANS: D DIF: Applied REF: The History of Human Classification

OBJ: 1 MSC: New

7. One of the strongest scientific critics of racism in the U.S. during the early part of the 20th century was anthropologist

a. Franz Boas.

b. Margaret Mead.

c. Clifford Geertz.

d. Bronislaw Malinowski.

e. Marvin Harris.

ANS: A DIF: Factual REF: The History of Human Classification

OBJ: 1 MSC: New

8. Which anthropologist has been concerned for the ethical treatment of minorities in the human genome project?

a. Margaret Mead

b. Franz Boas

c. Hortense Powdermaker

d. Fatimah Jackson

e. Farook Johanas

ANS: D DIF: Factual REF: Race as a Biological Concept

OBJ: 2 MSC: Pickup

9. How does the definition of race differ from biology to anthropology?

a. Anthropologists see race as a cultural category, while biologists use this term to indicate species variation

b. Anthropologists see race as a biological category, while biologists see race simply as a genetic marker

c. Anthropologists do not acknowledge that racial categories exist, while biologists continue to use this term for different species

d. Anthropologists argue that race is fixed by type, while biologists see race as an arbitrary category

e. Anthropologists use race as a way of teaching people what is wrong with human variation, while biologists use this term to divide living forms into different taxonomic categories

ANS: A DIF: Conceptual REF: Race as a Biological Concept

OBJ: 2 MSC: New

10. Which of the following is not a significant characteristic of race?

a. It is an arbitrary designation

b. No scientific criteria exists on how many differences it takes to make a race

c. No one group has exclusive possession of any gene or genes in the human gene pool

d. Populations are genetically open

e. The genetic differences between populations, or groups, is greater than that between any two human beings

ANS: E DIF: Applied REF: Race as a Biological Concept

OBJ: 2 MSC: New

11. In a study of the differences between populations of humans, Richard Lewontin found that the total amount of genetic variation between groups is

a. 37%.

b. 23%.

c. 14%.

d. 11%.

e. 7%.

ANS: E DIF: Factual REF: Race as a Biological Concept

OBJ: 2 MSC: New

12. Which field of science has begun commercially providing genomic data based on mitochondrial DNA for ancestry purposes?

a. Genetic science

b. Human population genetics

c. Human growth and development science

d. Evolutionary biology

e. Forensic anthropology

ANS: B DIF: Factual REF: Race as a Biological Concept

OBJ: 2 MSC: New

13. All of the following are challenges associated with using mtDNA to trace ancestry except:

a. it is inherited only through the mother’s line.

b. you are equally descended from all four grandparents, but mitochondrially descended from only one.

c. 75% of your grandparents are invisible to an mtDNA analysis.

d. a mitochondrial non-match means nothing at all.

e. mtDNA is extremely significant in understanding one’s ancestry.

ANS: E DIF: Applied REF: Race as a Biological Concept

OBJ: 2 MSC: New

14. What is the importance of ancestry research based on mitochondrial DNA?

a. It allows individual to trace disease in their family lines that could be potentially fatal

b. It shows the importance of cultural beliefs and the symbolic power of demonstrated ancestry

c. It allows us to reconstruct the human evolutionary tree and better understand our history

d. It allows us to identify how our family migrated and also identify our distinct biological heritage

e. It provides individuals with a valid way to trace inheritance and gain access to legal representation

ANS: B DIF: Conceptual REF: Race as a Biological Concept

OBJ: 2 MSC: New

15. The racial categories used by the U.S. Census Bureau, e.g. White, Black, Hispanic, Alaskan Native, American Indian, Asian, and Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander, are large catchall categories that include diverse people. To compound the situation, inclusion in one or another of these categories is usually based on self-identification. Thus, in reality what we are dealing with are not biological categories at all, but rather are

a. hypothetical categories.

b. cultural constructs.

c. social scientific jargon.

d. ethnic categories.

e. politically correct labels.

ANS: B DIF: Conceptual

REF: The Conflation of the Biological into the Cultural Category of Race

OBJ: 3 MSC: Pickup

16. The physical extermination of one people by another is called

a. genocide.

b. racism.

c. infanticide.

d. ratiocination.

e. discrimination.

ANS: A DIF: Factual

REF: The Conflation of the Biological into the Cultural Category of Race

OBJ: 3 MSC: New

17. Which of the following best describes the hypodescent rule?

a. A law that allows minority racial groups special access to government services

b. A law that gives racial superiority to one group over another

c. Assigning an individual with mixed ethnicity to the minority group

d. Configuring an individual’s ancestry to omit any minority groups from being known

e. Changing an individual’s birth data, such as their age, so that they can be placed in a different social category

ANS: C DIF: Conceptual

REF: The Conflation of the Biological into the Cultural Category of Race

OBJ: 3 MSC: New

18. Approximately how many people died worldwide due to genocide in the 20th century?

a. 480 million

b. 162 million

c. 83 million

d. 43 million

e. 17 million

ANS: C DIF: Factual

REF: The Conflation of the Biological into the Cultural Category of Race

OBJ: 3 MSC: New

19. A doctrine by which one group justifies the dehumanization of others based on their distinctive physical characteristics is called

a. racism.

b. discrimination.

c. hypodescent.

d. genocide.

e. ethnocide.

ANS: A DIF: Factual REF: The Social Significance of Race: Racism

OBJ: 3 MSC: Pickup

20. In 2010, the U.S. Congress passed the Fair Sentencing Act to address many years of unfair sentencing carried out in regards to the use of crack cocaine. This social injustice is an example of

a. polygenetic inheritance.

b. structural violence.

c. physical violence.

d. hypodescent.

e. geocide.

ANS: B DIF: Applied REF: The Social Significance of Race: Racism

OBJ: 3 MSC: New

21. All of the following statements about race and intelligence are correct except:

a. they generally involve comparisons among races, a category that is biologically false.

b. problems with defining intelligence cross-culturally exist as intelligence involves several different skills and abilities.

c. most instruments (tests) used to measure intelligence are biased toward the dominant culture of the people who created the test.

d. they generally measure genetic disposition and not performance abilities.

e. as a complex set of traits, intelligence cannot be linked simply to discrete evolutionary forces acting in a particular environment.

ANS: D DIF: Applied REF: The Social Significance of Race: Racism

OBJ: 3 MSC: New

22. The fact that children adopted into privileged families can boost their IQs by 20 points is evidence that

a. the major cause of intelligence is heredity.

b. environment has very little influence on intelligence.

c. some races are more intelligent than others.

d. environment has an enormous effect on intelligence.

e. one’s race is determined by birth order and where one lives.

ANS: D DIF: Conceptual REF: The Social Significance of Race: Racism

OBJ: 3 MSC: Pickup

23. At what point in the process of growth and development are human beings subject to distinction by environmental differences?

a. At conception

b. At 6 months old

c. When they become language ready

d. At puberty

e. After the age of 21

ANS: A DIF: Applied REF: The Social Significance of Race: Racism

OBJ: 3 MSC: New

24. Instead of using race as a characteristic in understanding human variation, anthropologists prefer to use

a. grids.

b. taxa.

c. grades.

d. clones.

e. clines.

ANS: E DIF: Factual REF: Studying Human Biological Diversity

OBJ: 4 MSC: New

25. When different versions of a gene, known as alleles, mediate variation (such as blood types determined by the alleles for types A, B, and O blood), the traits are said to be

a. polytypic.

b. polymorphic.

c. epicanthic.

d. faunal.

e. polygenetic.

ANS: B DIF: Applied REF: Studying Human Biological Diversity

OBJ: 4 MSC: Pickup

26. The distribution of the polymorphism of human blood groups is considered

a. evolutionary.

b. faunal.

c. polygenetic.

d. polytypic.

e. random.

ANS: D DIF: Applied REF: Studying Human Biological Diversity

OBJ: 4 MSC: New

27. Native Americans have a high frequency of the O allele in the ABO blood type system, whereas the B allele has its highest frequency in Asia. This is an example of humans being

a. climatic.

b. polymorphic.

c. polytypic.

d. evolutionary.

e. faunal.

ANS: C DIF: Applied REF: Studying Human Biological Diversity

OBJ: 4 MSC: Pickup

28. The epicanthic fold is common among

a. East Asians.

b. West Asians.

c. Africans.

d. Australians.

e. South Americans.

ANS: A DIF: Applied REF: Studying Human Biological Diversity

OBJ: 4 MSC: Pickup

29. Although it may be due to genetic drift, people with rounder-shaped heads are more commonly found in

a. dusty climates.

b. wet climates.

c. dry climates.

d. warm climates.

e. cold climates.

ANS: E DIF: Factual REF: Studying Human Biological Diversity

OBJ: 4 MSC: New

30. What is ethnic plastic surgery?

a. Seeking plastic surgery from someone who is practiced in ethnic medicine

b. Seeking surgery to change one’s phenotypic traits so that they look more like the majority culture

c. Plastic surgery that utilizes both Western and traditional methods as part of the medical approach

d. Plastic surgery from non-licensed medical doctors and practitioners

e. The production of commercial products, such as dolls, in ethnic body type and clothing

ANS: B DIF: Factual REF: Studying Human Biological Diversity

OBJ: 4 MSC: New

31. An individual seeking to remove the epicanthic fold in order to Occidentalize is seeking to do all of the following except:

a. give their eyes a rounder look.

b. remove a phenotypic trait.

c. change their genotype.

d. change their East Asian phenotype.

e. fit into a more universal standard of beauty.

ANS: C DIF: Applied REF: Studying Human Biological Diversity

OBJ: 4 MSC: New

32. Which of the following protects skin against damaging ultraviolet solar radiation?

a. Aloe

b. Coconut oil

c. Melanin

d. Vitamin D

e. Lactase

ANS: C DIF: Factual REF: Studying Human Biological Diversity

OBJ: 5 MSC: New

33. While dark skin pigmentation has enjoyed a selective advantage in the tropics, the opposite is true in northern latitudes, where skins have generally been lightly pigmented. This light pigmentation enables the weak ultraviolet radiation of northern latitudes to penetrate the skin and stimulate formation of

a. melanin.

b. niacin.

c. vitamin B.

d. vitamin D.

e. vitamin E.

ANS: D DIF: Applied REF: Studying Human Biological Diversity

OBJ: 5 MSC: New

34. Although culture often acts like an umbrella to protect genes from the selective pressures of the environment, it also brings about its own selective pressures. For example, in populations with cultural practices in which fresh milk is an important part of the diet, the gene for the enzyme lactase

a. is absent.

b. has a very low frequency.

c. has a very high frequency.

d. is linked with the gene for skin color.

e. has no adaptive advantage.

ANS: C DIF: Applied REF: Studying Human Biological Diversity

OBJ: 6 MSC: Pickup

35. Up until 6,000 years ago, the _____ in humans permitted efficient storage of fat to draw on in times of food shortage, and in times of scarcity conserved glucose for use in brain and red blood cells, as well as nitrogen through its diminished exertion.

a. thrifty hormones

b. non-thrifty genotype

c. polytypic genotype

d. conservative genotype

e. thrifty genotype

ANS: E DIF: Applied REF: Studying Human Biological Diversity

OBJ: 6 MSC: Pickup

36. Fava beans, a dietary staple in the countries around the Mediterranean Sea, also provide some protection against

a. AIDS.

b. yellow fever.

c. cholera

d. tuberculosis.

e. malaria

ANS: E DIF: Factual REF: Studying Human Biological Diversity

OBJ: 6 MSC: Pickup

37. Which of the following populations typically has a G-6-PD (glucose-6-phosphatedehydrogenase) deficiency?

a. East Asia

b. Mediterranean

c. North Africa

d. Northern European

e. Scandinavian

ANS: B DIF: Applied REF: Studying Human Biological Diversity

OBJ: 6 MSC: New

38. Until _____ years ago, the genus Homo exclusively inhabited the tropics, and it is likely that lightly pigmented skins are a recent development in human history.

a. 1 million

b. 800,000

c. 200,000

d. 40,000

e. 10,000

ANS: B DIF: Factual REF: Race and Human Evolution

OBJ: 6 MSC: Pickup

39. The first people to reach Australia arrived approximately

a. 150,000 to 100,000 years ago.

b. 75,000 to 90,000 years ago

c. 40,000 to 60,000 years ago.

d. 25,000 to 40,000 years ago.

e. 5,000 to 10,000 years ago.

ANS: C DIF: Factual REF: Race and Human Evolution

OBJ: 6 MSC: New

40. We can conclude the all of the following about human diversity except:

a. it is associated with human adaptation.

b. culture can render some human variation largely irrelevant from a biological perspective

c. as a biological concept, race is a productive way to understand the human species

d. no discrete types of human exist

e. the paleoanthropological record does correlate biology and culture, but this does not hold for living peoples

ANS: C DIF: Conceptual REF: Race and Human Evolution

OBJ: 6 MSC: New

TRUE/FALSE

1. Human genetic variation generally is distributed across the globe in a continuous fashion.

ANS: T REF: The History of Human Classification

OBJ: 1 MSC: New

2. Fingerprint patterns of loops, whorls, and arches are environmentally determined.

ANS: F REF: Race as a Biological Concept OBJ: 1

MSC: Pickup

3. Racist ideology in the United States has played a role in our treatment of Africans, Native Americans, and Asians.

ANS: T REF: The History of Human Classification

OBJ: 1 MSC: New

4. You are related to every other human being.

ANS: T REF: Race as a Biological Concept OBJ: 2 MSC: New

5. The ever-changing racial categories in use in the U.S. Census reflect and reinforce the conflation of race as a biological and cultural category.

ANS: T REF: The Conflation of the Biological into the Cultural Category of Race

OBJ: 3 MSC: New

6. Fatimah Jackson deals in research areas that are diverse yet unified by consistent representation of African-American perspectives in biological anthropological research.

ANS: T REF: Race as a Biological Concept OBJ: 2 MSC: Pickup

7. Genocide began during WWII and continued afterward

ANS: F REF: The Conflation of the Biological into the Cultural Category of Race

OBJ: 3 MSC: New

8. The hypodescent rule was used legally in the U.S. prior to the civil rights era.

ANS: T REF: The Conflation of the Biological into the Cultural Category of Race

OBJ: 3 MSC: New

9. No inborn behavioral characteristic can be attributed to any group of people.

ANS: T REF: The Social Significance of Race: Racism

OBJ: 3 MSC: New

10. True intelligence can be measured if the researcher uses the correct test.

ANS: F REF: The Social Significance of Race: Racism

OBJ: 3 MSC: New

11. The social environment contributes enormously to intelligence.

ANS: T REF: The Social Significance of Race: Racism

OBJ: 3 MSC: New

12. Anthropologists have abandoned the idea of using race as a way to study human biological variation.

ANS: T REF: Studying Human Biological Diversity

OBJ: 4 MSC: New

13. A species cannot be polymorphic. This is a term applied to individual variation.

ANS: F REF: Studying Human Biological Diversity

OBJ: 4 MSC: New

14. The epicanthic fold is common among Africans.

ANS: F REF: Studying Human Biological Diversity

OBJ: 4 MSC: New

15. Though the distribution of human variation for a single trait reflects a polytypic description, the concept is valid as well when more than a single trait is involved.

ANS: F REF: Studying Human Biological Diversity

OBJ: 4 MSC: Pickup

16. Cultural adaptation has reduced the importance of biological adaptation in humans.

ANS: T REF: Studying Human Biological Diversity

OBJ: 6 MSC: New

17. Melanin is known to protect the skin against damaging ultraviolet solar radiation.

ANS: T REF: Studying Human Biological Diversity

OBJ: 5 MSC: Pickup

18. The thrifty genotype allowed humans to stay lean, muscular, and highly mobile.

ANS: F REF: Studying Human Biological Diversity

OBJ: 6 MSC: New

19. Pinto beans are known to provide some protection against malaria.

ANS: F REF: Studying Human Biological Diversity

OBJ: 6 MSC: New

20. Given what we know about the adaptive significance of human skin color, and the fact that, until 800,000 years ago, hominids were exclusively creatures of the tropics, it is likely that lightly pigmented skins are quite an ancient development in human history.

ANS: F REF: Race and Human Evolution OBJ: 6 MSC: Pickup

SHORT ANSWER

1. Describe the ethnocentric bias inherent in the work of Johan Blumenbach.

ANS: Will vary REF: The History of Human Classification MSC: New

2. Who was Ota Benga, and what does his life illustrate about the history of race?

ANS: Will vary REF: The History of Human Classification MSC: New

3. Describe the work of Fatimah Jackson and its contribution to understanding race.

ANS: Will vary REF: Race as a Biological Concept MSC: New

4. When defining race, what are three characteristics that cause it to lose biological meaning for the human species?

ANS: Will vary REF: Race as a Biological Concept MSC: New

5. Why are today’s anthropologists actively working to get rid of race as a biological category that applies to humans?

ANS: Will vary REF: Race as a Biological Concept MSC: Pickup

6. Today, it is popular to trace ancestors using mitochondrial DNA. What are some of the drawbacks of using mtDNA to understand our ancestry?

ANS: Will vary REF: Race as a Biological Concept MSC: New

7. Compare the castas in Mexico to the hierarchy imposed in the U.S.

ANS: Will vary REF: The Conflation of the Biological into the Cultural Category of Race MSC: Pickup

8. Can we connect race to behavior? Why or why not?

ANS: Will vary REF: The Social Significance of Race: Racism MSC: New

9. What are the reasons for differences in intelligence, one population to another?

ANS: Will vary REF: The Social Significance of Race: Racism MSC: Pickup

10. Why are intelligence tests increasingly becoming the subject of controversy?

ANS: Will vary REF: The Social Significance of Race: Racism MSC: Pickup

11. What is a cline, and why do anthropologists use this approach to the study of human variation?

ANS: Will vary REF: Studying Human Biological Diversity MSC: New

12. Define polymorphic.