CONECT 2020 Poster Issue

13-15 May 2020 ONLINE

POSTERS Conference Topics Sustainability of Technology Development Renewable Energy Green Transport Systems Biofuels and Alternative Fuels Smart Energy and Zero Carbon Technologies Pollution Prevention Resilience Heat and Power Generation, incl.

District Heating and/or Cooling Energy and Carbon Markets Organised by:

Energy Management, Policy and Economics Bioeconomy and Low Carbon Development Energy and Environmental Modelling System Approach Integration in Energy Sector Energy Efficiency Improvement Resource Efficiency, Circular Economy and Ecodesign

Poster session I – 13 MAY

P1.1

Aiman Albatayneh, Mohammad N. Assaf, Mustafa Jaradat, Dariusz Alterman

The Effectiveness of Infiltration against Roof Insulation aimed at Low Income Housing Retrofits for Different Climate Zones in Jordan

P1.2

Xabat Oregi, Inigo Rodriguez Vidal, Jorge Otaegi

Thermal comfort evaluation of offices integrated into an industrial building. Case study of the Basque Country

P1.3

Julia Guzeyeva, Aleksey Safronov, Jevgeniy Begens, Ansis Mezulis

The Innovative Technology of Hydraulic Compression and Boosting for Filling the Vehicles and Storage Systems with Natural Gas and Biomethane

P1.4

Ekaterina Myasnikova, Oleg Loktionov, Olga Kondrateva,

Analysis of the climatic factors influence on the reliability of energy facilities

P1.5

Ivars Jankovskis, Ruta Vanaga, Ritvars Freimanis, Juris Antuzs, Andra Blumberga

Positive energy block - smart energy systems

P1.6

Carlos Jimenez-Bescos, Xabat Oregi

Evaluating the Effect of different Base Temperatures to Calculate Degree Days

P1.7

Linda Ievina, Beate Zlaugotne, Dagnija Blumberga

GHG Performance Evaluation in Green Deal Context

P1.8

Sandra Sakalauskaite, Neringa Kuliesiene, Deimante Galalyte, Simona Tuckute, Marius Urbonavicius, Sarunas Varnagiris, Rimantas Daugelavicius, Martynas Lelis

Potential and risk of the visible light assisted photocatalytical treatment of PRD1 and T4 bacteriophage mixtures

P1.9

Ieva Siksnane, Ainis Lagzdins

Temporal trends in nitrogen concentrations and losses from agricultural monitoring sites in Latvia

P1.10

Oleg Bazhenov, Larissa Bozhko, Irina Turgel

The Evaluation Methodology for the Ecological and Economic Potential of the Metallurgical Cluster

Neringa Kuliesiene, Sandra Sakalauskaite, Simona Tuckute, P1.11 Marius Urbonavicius, Sarunas Varnagiris, Rimantas Daugelavicius, Martynas Lelis P1.12

Oskars Svedovs, Mikelis Dzikevics, Vladimirs Kirsanovs

P1.13 Janis Dumpis, Ainis Lagzdins P1.14

Matiss Maltisovs, Dmitrijs Pikulins

Arturs Krastins, Ruta Vanaga, P1.15 Ritvars Freimanis, Juris Antuzs, Andra Blumberga P1.16

Aleksandre Kipiani, Mantas Pranskevicius Vladimirs Kirsanovs

TiO2 application for the photocatalytical inactivation of S. enterica, E. coli and M. luteus bacteria mixtures Methods for Determining the Performance and Efficiency Parameters of the Flue-gas Condenser Sedimentation Tank Methodology for bathymetric mapping using open-source software Next generation of switchable glass – bistable smectic-A liquid crystal display Positive energy block - RES and building energy efficiency potential in Riga historic centre block Research and evaluation of pollution with particulate matter in the air of public buildings 2

Francesco Romagnoli, Simone P1.17 Peralacci, Lucia Rocchi, Antonio Boggia, Luisa Paolotti

Agricultural co-product management: an LCA perspective on the use of safflower oilcake from bio-oil production in Umbria Region (Italy)

P1.18 Merlin Raud, Timo Kikas

Perennial grasses as a substrate for bioethanol production

Gatis Gaumigs, Larissa Bozhko, P1.19 Irina Turgel, Eduard Biserov, Abdrakhman Naizabekov

Priorities of the state environmental policy of Russia and Kazakhstan: global agenda and regional projection

P1.20

Beate Zlaugotne, Lauma Zihare, Dagnija Blumberga

Multi-criteria decision analysis methods comparison

P1.21

Agate Veipa, Vladimirs Kirsanovs, Aiga Barisa

Techno-economical analysis of biofuel plants producing biofuels using Fisher Tropsch synthesis

P1.22 Kamel Haine, Dagnija Blumberga P1.23

Edgars Kudurs, Dagnija Blumberga

Solar electricity over three continents Are the industries open for renewable energy

Evita Biezmane, Ruta Vanaga, P1.24 Ritvars Freimanis, Juris Antuzs, Andra Blumberga

Positive energy block - life cycle assesment. Literature review

Ketija Bumbiere, Agita Gancone, P1.25 Vladimirs Kirsanovs, Saulius Vasarevicius, Dagnija Blumberga

Ranking of Bioresources for Biogas Production

Karlis Dreimanis, Zane Indzere, P1.26 Dagnija Blumberga, Vaida Sereviciene

Multicriteria evaluation of efficiency in fish processing

P1.27

Francesco Romagnoli, Alessandro Thedy, Baiba Ievina

Life Cycle Assessment of an innovative open raceway pond for microalgae cultivation in the Baltic context: results from SMORP project

P1.28

Fabian Diaz, Ieva Pakere, Dagnija Blumberga, Francesco Romagnoli

Life Cycle Assessment for Pilot Energy Strategy towards the transition to Low Temperature DH: case studies of Gulbene and Ilmajoki

P1.29

Kristiana Dolge, Anna Kubule, Dagnija Blumberga

Evaluation Methodology of Industrial Energy Efficiency Index

Liga Rozentale, Gjermund Mo, P1.30 Armands Gravelsins, Dagnija Blumberga

System dynamics modeling of railway electrification in Latvia

P1.31

Reinis Aboltins, Jelena Pubule, Dzintars Jaunzems

Vivita Priedniece, Vladimirs P1.32 Kirsanovs, Toms Prodanuks, Ivars Veidenbergs, Dagnija Blumberga P1.33

Roberts Kakis, Dagnija Blumberga, Girts Vigants

Analysis of influence of National Energy and Climate plan policies on the energy user through using hugs, carrot and stick approach Treatment of particulate matter pollution: people attitude and readiness to act Environmental performance of co-firing idea. Life cycle assessment

3

Poster session II – 14 MAY P2.1

Baiba Ievina, Francesco Romagnoli

The potential of Chlorella species as a feedstock for bioenergy production: A review

P2.2

Edgars Kavals, Silvija Nora Kalnins, Julija Gusca

Life cycle assessment based approach to forecast the response of Waste management policy targets to the environmental protection

P2.3

Katlin Pitman, Jaak Nerut, Merlin Raud, Timo Kikas

Characterisation of electrochemical sensor-array for utilisation in construction of BOD bioelectronic tongue

P2.4

Dace Arina, Ruta Bendere, Gintaras Denafas, Janis Kalnacs, Mait Kriipsalu

Characterization of refuse derived fuel production from municipal solid waste: the case studies in Baltic States

P2.5

Dzintra Slisane, Gatis Gaumigs, Dace Lauka, Dagnija Blumberga

Energy Sustainability Index in Statistical Regions of Latvia

P2.6

Juri Olt, Viacheslav V. Maksarov, Kaarel Soots, Tonu Leemet

Technology for the Production of Environment Friendly Tableware

P2.7

Maksims Feofilovs, Francesco Romagnoli

Assessment of urban resilience to natural disasters with a System dynamics tool: Case study of Latvian municipality

P2.8

Ivan Postnikov

Application of the Methods for Comprehensive Reliability Analysis of District Heating systems

P2.9

Zane Indzere, Dagnija Blumberga

Fish Processing Efficiency Ranking

P2.10

Agija Stanke, Valdis Kampars, Kristine Lazdovica

Synthesis, characterization and catalytical effects of Fe contents on pyrolysis of cellulose with Fe2O3/SBA-15 catalysts

P2.11

Tamara Grizane, Dagnija Blumberga

Recreation Fishing Impact to Climate Changes. Case of Latvia

Ivan Postnikov, Valery Stennikov, P2.12 Olga Edeleva, Tatyana Dobrovolskaya

Methodology of Indicative Analysis to Determine the Territories for Implementation of the Energy Saving Strategy

by Example of Eastern Siberia Region

P2.13

Rima Dervinyte, Dainius Paliulis, Dagnija Blumberga

Application of Egg Shells to the Removal of Lead From Contaminated Water

P2.14

Indra Muizniece, Anna Kubule, Lauma Zihare, Dagnija Blumberga

Difference between bibliometric and grey data.

Transdisciplinary bioeconomy research

Pavel Zharkov, Alexander Kler, P2.15 Yulia Potanina, Andrey Marinchenko, Nikolai Epishkin

The Effect of the Carbon Tax Value on the Optimal Parameters and Characteristics of Coal Power Plants

Robert Ruzickij, Tomas P2.16 Astrauskas, Raimondas Grubliauskas, Sarma Valtere

Sound absorption properties evaluation and analysis of recycled tyre textile fibre waste

P2.17

Inese Pelsa, Jana Simanovska, Nora Kibilda-Kinna

Lasma Akulova, Anna Bukina, P2.18 Zanna Martinsone

When green is really green? Case study in Latvia on the update of green public procurement for supply of the food products Environmental management challanges and possible solutions regarding chemical pollution caused by households in Latvia: a qualitative pilot study

4

P2.19

Ilze Vamza, Karlis Valters, Dagnija Blumberga

Multi criteria analysis of lignocellulose substrate pretreatment

P2.20

Pavel Zharkov, Elina Tyurina, Aleksandr Mednikov

Clean coal technologies for electricity and synthetic liquid fuel production for distributed generation

Karina Balina, Kaspars Ivanovs, P2.21 Francesco Romagnoli, Dagnija Blumberga

Biorefinery Potential and Extraction Technologies for Seaweed-based systems: a review for Easter Baltic seaweeds

P2.22

Sintija Kalna, Dace Lauka, Dagnija Blumberga

Blind spots of energy transition policy - case study of Latvia

P2.23

Egle Dobilaite, Rasa Vaiskunaite, Julija Gusca

Research and Evaluation of Biodegradability of Compostable Bags for Food Waste

P2.24 Olga Piterina P2.25

Ivonna Berzina, Ieva Pakere, Dace Lauka, Dagnija Blumberga

Jorge David Bolanos Calvo, P2.26 Marina Valentukeviciene, Karlis Valters

Comparison of regional carbon footprints of multinational HSR projects: the case of the Rail Baltica project Cooling systems. Potential in Latvia Effect of selected pharmaceuticals in wastewater quality

P2.27

Zamira Kazizova, Saulius Vasarevicius, Dace Lauka

P2.28

Kriss Spalvins, Zane Geiba, Dagnija Blumberga

Evaluation of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration fly ash composition Single cell oil production from potato processing and dairy residues by Labyrinthulomycetes

P2.29

Tomas Astrauskas, Raimondas Grubliauskas

Method to recycle paper sludge waste: production of panels for sound absorption applications

Andrea Jonathan Pagano, P2.30 Francesco Romagnoli, Emanuele Vannucci

Insurance against natural hazards: critical elements on the risk premium evaluation in the Italian context

Zane Indzere, Kevin D. Manzano P2.31 Martinez, Tereza Bezrucko, Ivars Veidenbergs, Dagnija Blumberga

Energy Efficiency Improvement in Thawing

Andrea Jonathan Pagano, P2.32 Francesco Romagnoli, Emanuele Vannucci

Quantitative and financial aspects of Resilience bonds in the context of recursive insurance contracts. A cost benefit analysis

P2.33

Rudite Vesere, Silvija Nora Kalnins, Dagnija Blumberga

Circular Economy Analysis. Ranking of Energy Resources from Waste

P2.34

Elina Racko, Dagnija Blumberga, Kriss Spalvins

Ranking of By-products for Single Cell Oil Production. Case in Latvia

5

The Effectiveness of Infiltration against Roof Insulation aimed at Low Income Housing Retrofits for Different Climate Zones in Jordan Aiman Albatayneh German Jordanian University

Introduction

Results

Building energy demand for heating and cooling has a complicated relationship with different environmental conditions surrounding the building sector. Many projects aiming to improve thermal performance in existing buildings in Jordan suggest that roof insulation will improve thermal performance.

The final results show that in different climates the reduction of infiltration to half (0.75 air changes per hour (ACH)) shows a similar potential to reduce energy demand as 10 or 12.5 cm roof or wall insulation. Also, the reduction of infiltration rate to a low level (0.25 ACH) can decrease energy demand more effectively than 12.5 cm insulation in the roof or walls. In all of the cases, energy saving is directly proportional to the increase in insulation thickness.

Significant energy gain has happened by adding 2.5 and 5cm of insulation. After that, the increasing thickness shows only a slight rise in energy saving.

Roof insulation shows more ability to reduce the cooling load while wall insulation was more powerful in heating consumption minimization.

This work introduces a comparative analysis of the infiltration rate and insulation techniques applied to standalone low-income houses in Jordan to identify the energy efficiency of those techniques for different climate zones in the country. A building simulation presenting the common building configuration used in was developed to test the effectiveness of various insulation scenarios (Roof, Wall, Roof and wall together) and infiltration rate scenarios.

Methodology A base simulation model was built through DesignBuilder software, including construction and materials details of building envelope which were designed, building type and activities, working hours and days, the building locations and orientation, opening types including windows and wall materials along with the real site weather data at hourly time steps in region of different climate zones.

The baseline model is a typical residential low income building with a total area of 186m2 and oriented with the long axis facing the south-north axis (the below figure show an overview of baseline building).

The energy saving percentages show a similar shape in the third and fourth climate zones, although in the fourth climate zone, the walls and roof insulation show an almost analogous energy saving present. Reducing the infiltration rate to 0.25 air changes per hour (ACH) provides better energy saving than neither roof insulation, nor walls insulation. In addition, it has approximately the same effect as adding 5 cm of walls and roof insulation together.

Conclusions For the infiltration rate, it was simulated to be 1.5 air changes per hour (ACH) in the baseline, the effect of reducing it was measured in four different values (1, 0.75, 0.5 and 0.25 ACH).

These assumptions were implemented through this analysis. The building is a typical Jordanian building occupied all year where the temperature sets at 20-21ยบC in winter months and 25-26ยบC in summer months. The internal heat gain from occupants; home appliances and LED lighting were fixed at 500Watts. External shading on east and west windows in summer months and no external shading were implemented in the southern and the northern windows.

The results show that in different climates the reduction of infiltration to half (0.75 air changes per hour (ACH)) shows a similar potential to reduce energy demand as 10 or 12.5 cm roof or wall insulation. Also, the reduction of infiltration rate to a low level (0.25 ACH) can decrease energy demand more effectively than 12.5 cm insulation in the roof or walls.

The materials used for infiltrations such as; weather-strip doors and windows; caulk around window frames (exterior and interior) and rehang misaligned doors and windows frames. The cost of materials used for minimizing the infiltration very low compared with the cost of roof insulations which can be around 1/100 of the roof insulation cost.

Contact information: Aiman Albatayneh, Ph.D., Energy Engineering Department, School of Natural Resources Engineering and Management, German Jordanian University, P.O.Box: 35247, Amman 11180, Jordan Email; Aiman.Albatayneh@gju.edu.jo Office: C319, Tell: +962-06-4294444 Ext; 4218

Thermal comfort evaluation of offices integrated into an industrial building. Case study of the Basque Country Iñigo Rodriguez, Xabat Oregi, Jorge Otaegi Department of Architecture, University of the Basque Country, Spain

Introduction

Methodology

This study will focus on assessing the thermal comfort of the administrative spaces (offices and meeting rooms) that are located within industrial buildings, which occupy a small surface area and have little productive weight in relation to the building as a whole.

In this case, the study focuses on the administrative areas of PANELFISA (Tolosa, Spain)

In order to obtain a clear picture of the behaviour of the rooms, the following tasks have been carried out: 1. Worker surveys; 2. PMV and PPD assessment, 3. Air temperature and relative humidity monitoring 4. Thermal comfort analysis SURVEY (34 workers)

Aerial view of the building and view of the exterior facade of the administrative area

• Perceived Temperature in winter: slightly hot or thermally neutral (67%), slightly cold (18%) and cold or hot (15%).

• Perceived Temperature in summer: hot or very hot (48%), slightly hot or neutral (33%) and slightly cold (19%).

• Perceived Relative Humidity in winter: neutral (79%) and slightly dry (21%).

• Perceived Relative Humidity in summer: neutral humidity (85%).

• Air quality: good nor bad (48%), bad (23%) or very bad (3%).

PMV and PPD assessment

Air temperature and RH monitoring

100

Relative Humidity-External

PPD CALCULADO ENCUESTA CALCULATED PPD LÍNEA FONDODISTRIBUTION ISO 7730 PREDICTED

90

Relative Humidity-Office

Temperature-Office

Temperature-External

90

80

30

80 PPD ≥ 15% Uncomfortable

70

25 70

50 40

6% ≤ PPD < 10% Satisfactory

30 20

PPD < 6% Comfortable

10

60

20

50 15 40 30

10

Temperature (ºC)

10% ≤ PPD < 15% Unsatisfactory

Relative Humidity (%)

20

5

0

Calculated PMV and PPD values during the day of the user survey (2019-04-04)

0:00

23:00

22:00

21:00

20:00

Hot

19:00

Warm

18:00

Slightly warm

17:00

Neutral

16:00

Slightly cool

0

15:00

Cool

0

14:00

+3

13:00

+2

12:00

Cold

-1

11:00

-2

0:00

-3

10:00

+1

PMV

9:00

0

10

8:00

3

7:00

2

6:00

1

5:00

0

4:00

-1

3:00

-2

2:00

-3

1:00

PPD %

60

Monitored data in the ground floor office during the day of the user survey (2019-04-04)

Thermal comfort assessment 100

INSHT winter

70

50 40 30

INSHT summer

60 50 40 30 20

20,8ºC

20 10

RITE summer

10

27,2ºC

60

26,2ºC

80

23,4ºC

RITE winter

UNE 7730 summer

24,3ºC

70

90

24,8ºC

Relative humidity (%)

80

UNE 7730 winter

Relative humidity (%)

19,8ºC

90

23,7ºC

100

0

0 8

9

10

11 12 13 OCTOBER

14

15 16 17 18 19 20 NOVEMBER-DECEMBER

21

22 23 24 25 26 JANUARY-FEBRUARY

27

28 29 30 31 MARCH-APRIL

32

33

34

15

16

17

19

20

21 22 MAY

23

24 25 JUNE

26

27 28 JULY

29

30 31 AUGUST

32

33 34 35 36 SEPTEMBER

37

38

39

40

41

42

Operative temperature (ºC)

Operative temperature (ºC)

In the comfort ranges marked by the RITE, the authors find a minimum number of hours throughout the winter within the comfort ranges (79 hours, 3.2% of all time).

The INSHT range is more often met (546 hours, 21.8 %), but still far below the desirable comfort level

18

As for the hours within comfort, in the case of the RITE regulation, only 7.6% of hours within comfort limits are reached, with a 15.5% of the hours within the range of INSHT

Contact information: PhD. Iñigo Rodriguez VIdal, +34 943015879, inigo.rodriguez@ehu.eus.

The Innovative Technology of Hydraulic Compression and Boosting for Filling the Vehicles and Storage Systems with Natural Gas and Biomethane Aleksey SAFRONOV, Ph.D Ansis MEZULIS, Julia GUZEYEVA, Jevgeniy BEGENS. HYGEN Ltd, Latvia / Laboratory of Materials for Energy Harvesting and Storage, ISSP UL, Latvia

Biogas potential for gas mobility

The technical problems of widening biomethane application • storage cylinders filling to high pressure in efficient way; • bio-CNG delivery to the destination (injection point to the grid or fuelling station); • development of an efficient fuelling appliance for on-farm application; • complete dischargement of gas storage cylinders.

Well-to-Wheel – GHG emissions in CO2 g/km

Hydraulic piston compression and boosting technology allows to solve all existing problems of biogas deployment in transport sector

Gas compression for vehicle fuelling

Vehicle fuelling in a free flow mode

Vehicle fuelling in boosting mode

Commercial vehicle fuelling

Off-grid fuelling solution

Private vehicle fuelling

HYGEN Ltd. Matisa 103A Riga, Latvia; info@hygengroup.com

Analysis of the climatic factors influence on overhead transmission lines reliability Olga Kondrateva, Ekaterina Myasnikova, Oleg Loktionov

Introduction Providing a reliable, high-quality and safe power supply is an important task for electric grid companies. However, due to the large number of registered power outages, it is not always possible to achieve a stable power supply.

One of the most damaged and unreliable elements of system are overhead transmission lines (OTL), which are affected by a large number of factors (technical, human, climatic, etc.). At the same time, climatic factors significantly affect the OTL accident rate than other elements of system, such as underground cables.

Aim

determining the impact of climatic factors on OTL reliability targets and developing the forecast of the wind effect (how one of the most destructive phenomena) on OTL reliability in a specific region in Russia

Question 1 How do climatic factors affect OTL reliability targets?

Question 2 What effect does the climatic factor wind have on OTL reliability?

The territory for research

Department of Engineering Ecology and Occupational Safety, National Research University «MPEI», Moscow, Russia

National Research University «MOSCOW POWER ENGINEERING INSTITUTE»

Question 3 How will the OTL accident rate due to wind impact change in the future?

Correlation coefficients between the number of OTL outages and wind cases at a certain speed

The territory of the Republic of Bashkortostan Parameter to analyze 0-5 5-10 Wind speed, 10-15 15-20 m/s 20-25 25-30

North part

South part

Total annual values 0.723 0.679 0.822 0.878 0.467 0.342

Monthly averages over five years 0.441 -* 0.525 0.730 0.431 0.449

*Note: there is no positive correlation

The average failure rate of 1 km of OTL caused by climatic factors by voltage class over five years (2014-2018)

The territory of the Republic of Bashkortostan OTL voltage class, kV

North part

South part

0.4

0.006

0.011

6-10

0.043

0.055

35

0.011

0.012

110

0.009

0.012

Conclusion ➢ ➢ ➢ ➢

For the Republic of Bashkortostan: Climatic factors have a great influence on OTL accident rate. Wind and lighting storm are the most significant climatic factors.

There is a strong correlation between OTL outages and climatic data of meteorological service on wind speed.

In 2025 the number of OTL outages under the impact of wind will increase by about 53% throughout the territory.

The main contribution in the north part will be made by winds at a speed of 0-5, 10-15, 15-20 m/s, in the south part will be made by winds with a speed of 10-15 m/s and higher.

Contact information: memmam@yandex.ru

In 2025, the total number of OTL outages will increase: ✓ in the north part by 66% ✓ in the south part by 43%

Acknowledgement This work has been supported by the Russian Science Foundation within the project “Adaptation potential of Russian energy system towards the modern technological challenges under the climate change” No. 18-79-10255

Positive energy block â&#x20AC;&#x201C; smart energy systems Ivars Jankovskis, Ruta Vanaga, Ritvars Freimanis, Juris AntuĹžs, Andra Blumberga Institute of Energy Systems and Environment, Riga Technical University

Introduction

Results

Positive Energy Block (PEB) initiative is one of the decarbonization tools used for urban environment.

The PEB concept consists of several connected neighboring buildings that manage their energy consumption and energy flow between them.

These buildings use local renewable energy sources, smart grids and digital technologies to provide energy management, thus increasing energy efficiency and creating a change in urban energy supply.

Using modeling tool Stella Architect being developed model for the transition from traditional urban block to PEB.

The paper analyses data for transition from traditional historic urban block to PEB in the historical center of Riga. The research involved energy audits for block buildings, energy consumption analysis and mapping as well as waste heat calculations. The result of research is developed model for the transition from traditional urban block to PEB.

Energy flow mapping Energy consumption mapping shows the largest energy cosumers of urban block.

Conclusions Using only renewable energy sources, it is possible to produce more energy than consumed. However, it is necessary to use energy from heating and electricity networks to cover the peak load and when the res is unable to produce a sufficient amount of electricity.

Contact information: ivars.jankovskis@gmail.com, +371 28602007

Evaluating the effect of different base temperatures to calculate Degree-Days Xabat Oregi1, Carlos Jimenez-Bescos2 Department of Architecture, University of the Basque Country, Spain Architecture, Energy and Environment Research Group, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom

Introduction

Methodology

One of the main aspects on the calculation of degreedays is the base temperature. If the base temperature has been calculated correctly, then the correlation between energy consumption and degree-days will be a straight line.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different base temperatures and their impact on the correlation between energy consumption and degreedays. The base temperature was selected as the standard 15 degree centigrade for the region, the balance temperature calculate with dynamic building simulations and the thermostat temperature setting as collected by questionnaires

Construction Date Building 1 Building 2 Building 3 Building 4 Building 5 Building 6 Building 7 Building 8 Building 9 Building 10 Building 11 Building 12 Building 13 Building 14 Building 15 Building 16 Building 17 Building 18 Building 19 Building 20 Average SD

1981–2007 1981–2007 1981–2007 After 2007 1981–2007 Prior 1981 1981–2007 1981–2007 1981–2007 1981–2007 1981–2007 1981–2007 1981–2007 1981–2007 1981–2007 After 2007 1981–2007 1981–2007 1981–2007 After 2007

Temp 15 Temp degree Balance 0.6943 0.8019 0.6791 0.6776 0.7236 0.6999 0.9195 0.6791 0.8673 0.9629 0.9735 0.6938 0.8813 0.9063 0.9671 0.6630 0.9117 0.8856 0.9455 0.7109 0.8122 0.1189

Three base temperatures were tested in this research: • Thermostat temperature as collected form questionnaire ; • 15 degree centigrade in accordance to IDAE; • The balance temperature collected monthly for each property.

Coefficient of determination for all buildings and each base temperature

Energy consumption versus degree-days for building 6.

Treated Floor Area [m2] 84 74 135 80 90 142 85 70 85 80 105 77 160 97 73 83 120 92 90 67

The methodology followed in this paper is based on the analysis of 20 properties located in the cities of Bilbao, San Sebastian and Vitoria in northern Spain.

The balance temperature was calculated individually for each property and for each month of the study.

0.6976 0.9143 0.7036 0.8412 0.8683 0.7908 0.8210 0.6099 0.8088 0.8447 0.8790 0.5228 0.7162 0.7836 0.9921 0.4858 0.9476 0.9107 0.8700 0.5175 0.7763 0.1472

Temp Thermosta t 0.6175 0.7784 0.7398 0.6609 0.6096 0.7211 0.9145 0.5560 0.9046 0.8915 0.9167 0.6107 0.9598 0.7986 0.8441 0.5506 0.8947 0.8830 0.8509 0.6342 0.7669 0.1366

This study had highlighted the effect and impact of selecting different base temperatures for the calculation of degree-days and the correlation between energy consumption and degree-days.

While the use of the balance temperature as base temperature could generate very good correlation, they were not so dissimilar from using the standard 15 degree centigrade base temperature to justify the amount of extra work required to generate the balance temperature.

The use of the thermostat setting as an indication of the base temperature was not as reliable as the other base temperature methods in generating a good correlation to explain the energy consumption on the 20 properties investigated in this study.

Details and coefficient of determination R2 for each building according to degree-day calculation

Contact information: Carlos.Jimenez-Bescos@nottingham.ac.uk.

GHG Performance Evaluation in Green Deal Context Beate Zlaugotne, Linda Ievina, Dagnija Blumberga Institute of Energy Systems and Environment, Riga Technical University

Introduction

Methods

The newly introduced European Green Deal has set a target for Europe to become the first climate-neutral continent by 2050. This ambitious commitment will bring a serious challenge for all EU countries. However, the degree of this challenge will not be the same.

Evaluation process consisted of four main steps – selection of EU countries, selection of GHG performance criteria, evaluation of criteria importance with AHP and ranking of countries’ GHG performance with TOPSIS.

Traditionally, GHG evaluation is often based on: • the total amount of GHG emissions; • progress in emission reduction; • achievement of national targets; • emissions per capita; • emissions per GDP. Scientifically, GHG performance is frequently evaluated as part of a broader environmental evaluations, while direct evaluations of GHG performance often aim to group countries, rather than to compare their performance.

Besides, often these evaluations are based on a narrow set of indicators.

In this evaluation MCDA is applied to rank eight selected EU countries (Denmark, Estonia, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania, Slovenia, Finland and Sweden) in terms of GHG performance, and thus illustrate the different starting points to the transition to carbon-neutrality. A broader approach to GHG performance evaluation is offered by including indicators which are not a direct expression of GHG emissions, while still closely related to.

Fig. 2. GHG performance criteria.

Results • Results suggest that the best GHG performance is achieved by Sweden, while Latvia ranks the lowest; • Despite the highest GHG emissions per capita, Ireland takes the second best place; • Lithuania takes the second worst place; • Denmark ranks close to Lithuania; • Estonia and Slovenia performs almost equally.

GHG emission profile of the selected EU countries • Estonia has the highest average GHG emissions per capita, followed by Ireland, while the lowest emissions are achieved by Latvia, Sweden and Lithuania; • Sweden has the best performance regarding renewable energy consumption, however, the share of renewable energy is increasing in all countries; • The total consumption of solid fossil fuel is lower in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania in comparison to other selected countries.

Fig. 3. Ranking of countries’ GHG performance.

Conclusion

Fig. 1. GHG emissions per capita.

• While all EU countries will need to take drastic measures in order to reach carbon-neutrality by 2050, in this evaluation Sweden has showed the best performance and its implemented policies could work as an example for other countries; • Reaching carbon-neutrality might be an especially serious challenge for Latvia; • With slight improvements the presented GHG performance evaluation could be a useful tool in planning the implementation of policies to reach Green Deal settings on European, as well as on a national level.

Contact information: Address: Azenes iela 12/1, Riga, LV-1048; Latvia, E-mail: beate.zlaugotne@rtu.lv

Potential and risk of the visible light assisted photocatalytical treatment of PRD1 and T4 bacteriophage mixtures Sandra SAKALAUSKAITE 1,2, Neringa KULIESIENE1,2, Deimante GALALYTE1,2, Simona TUCKUTE2, Marius URBONAVICIUS2, Sarunas VARNAGIRIS2, Rimantas DAUGELAVICIUS1,2, Martynas LELIS2 1 Vytautas

Magnus University, 8 Vileikos st., Kaunas 44404, Lithuania 2, 3 Lithuanian Energy Institute, 3 Breslaujos st., Kaunas 44403, Lithuania

Introduction

Irradiation scheme:

Clean fresh water for humans is one of the key resources which is widely used both at small domestic and at large industrial (including agriculture sector) scales. Special attention has to be paid for the physical, chemical cleaning and biological disinfection (decontamination) of wastewater. One of the most widely investigated groups of modern sustainable water cleaning technologies are such called Advanced Oxidation processes which have a huge potential to efficiently remove both biological (virus, bacteria and other microorganisms) and industrial (dyes, pesticides, pharmaceutical etc.) contaminants. Amongst them a special interest is dedicated for the photocatalytical water treatment by UV or visible light activated photocatalysts.

During such processes photocatalyst absorbs radiation energy and uses it to generate reactive oxygen species which are capable to oxidise various pollutants to harmless compounds. The latter method is superior than widely used chlorination because it is known that some pathogens are resistant to chlorine.

Adapted from Varnagiris et al., 2017.

After 30 and 60 min of treatment After 18 – 24 h of incubation at 37oC

Microorganisms. Bacteriophages are good model organisms for assay of water disinfection technologies. Two phages with different structures of virions - PRD1 (the most similar to human adenovirus) and T4 were chosen. Comparison of these two organisms with different structure will give us more information about photocatalysis efficiency against broader spectra of viruses.

The aim. To determine the efficiency of photocatalysis of carbon doped TiO2 and ZnO rich with metallic Zn thin films activated by visible light, against bacteriophages. To compare obtained results with photocatalytic disinfection by P25 TiO2 powders under UV light.

Results Treatment by the UV light + TiO2 photocatalysis a)

c)

d)

b)

d)

C Fig. 1 Infectivity of bacteriophages T4 (a,c) and PRD1 (b,d) after the treatment separately (a,b) and in the mixture (c,d). The experiments were performed at 22 °C, the initial number of T4 and PRD1 was 1 x 104 pfu/ml. 1 mg/ml of TiO2 and intensity of UV irradiation 2 mW/cm2 were applied.

Bacteriophage mixture treatment by the visible light + TiO2 and ZnO films

Fig. 2 Plaque forming units determination after treatment in the mixture. T4 (a), PRD1 (b) .

Conclusions 1. Viruses were slightly more resistant to the UV+TiO2 powder treatment in mixture than in separate suspensions.

2. Lipid envelope containing phage PRD1 in mixture, as during the treatment of separate suspensions is much more sensitive to the combined TiO2 and UV Fig. 3 Infectivity of photocatalytic inactivation than only protein capsid bacteriophages T4 and containing bacteriophage T4.

PRD1 after photocatalytical treatment of their mixture.

Treatment was performed using a visible light and corresponding photocatalyst thin films.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This research is funded by the European Social Fund according to the activity ‘Improvement of researchers’ qualification by implementing world-class R&D projects’ of Measure No. 09.3.3-LMT-K-712, project „Investigation of the application of TiO2 and ZnO for the visible light assisted photocatalytical disinfection of the biologically contaminated water“ (09.3.3-LMTK-712-01-0175). The authors express gratitude for Mindaugas Aikas and Rolandas Uscila for their valuable input in current work.

Contact information: * Corresponding author E-mail address: sandra.sakalauskaite@vdu.lt

3. Efficiency of photocatalytic disinfection by visible light using carbon doped TiO2 and metallic zinc rich ZnO thin films was lower than in case of the UV + TiO2. The reason of this could be remarkably large surface area of P25 TiO2 powder.

4. Current study with phage T4 revealed that not every photocatalyst for the visible light is good for a photocatalytic inactivation of viruses. For example, Zn2+ containing photocatalyst may improve phage entry to the host cell.

Temporal trends in nitrogen concentrations and losses from agricultural monitoring sites in Latvia Ieva SIKSNANE, Ainis LAGZDINS Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies

Introduction

Results and discussion

According to the HELCOM Baltic Sea Action Plan and the EU Nitrates directive one of the main environmental issues in the Baltic Sea region is water pollution with nutrients â&#x20AC;&#x201C; nitrogen and phosphorus.

Nitrogen has been identified as a major source for deteriorated water quality in many European countries including the Baltic Sea area. The major source of nutrient inputs to the Baltic Sea is agriculture contributing to over 70-90% of nitrogen inputs to the sea.

The aim of this study was to evaluate trends in total nitrogen (TN) and nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) concentrations and losses in three agricultural runoff monitoring sites by using long-term data and statistical trend analysis.

For TN and NO3-N concentrations statistically significant downward trends were detected only for the Vienziemite subsurface drainage field. In case of losses no statistically significant trend was detected. A relatively low number of statistically significant trends in the study sites can be explained by pronounced variability in water discharge among seasons and years.

Statistically significant (Mann-Kendall test) trends of water discharge and different nitrogen forms in agricultural runoff MK-stat, TN Study site

Q Losses, kg ha-1

Concentrations, Losses, mg l-1 kg ha-1

Concentrations, mg l-1

subsurface drainage field

(+) 0.510

(+) 0.195

(-) 0.330

(+) 0.170

(-) 0.206

small catchment

(-) 0.186

(-) 0.390

(+) 0.237

(+) 0.117

(+) 0.644

subsurface drainage field

(+) 0.137

(+) 0.399

(+) 0.826

(+) 0.555

(+) 1.122

small catchment

(-) 0.589

(+) 0.333

(+) 1.422

(+) 1.040

(+) 1.762

subsurface drainage field

(+) 1.635

(+) 0.363

(-) 3.689*

(-) 0.966

(-) 3.469*

small catchment

(+) 0.539

(+) 0.183

(-) 1.238

(+) 0.435

(+) 0.281

Berze

Study area and data This study was based on the water quantity and quality monitoring data obtained at three agricultural runoff monitoring sites situated in different regions in Latvia including Berze, Mellupite, and Vienziemite.

MK-stat, NO3-N

Mellupite

Vienziemite

Note: the * refers to statistically significant trends, where p < 0.05.

Although statistically the relationship between TN losses and discharge can be considered as moderate, the results of this study indicate that higher TN losses can be expected if discharge increases. It remains unclear what factors affected the slope of linear relationships.

The long-term data (1995-2018) were acquired by the Department of Environmental Engineering and Water Management of Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies and the State Limited Liability Company â&#x20AC;&#x153;Latvian Environment, Geology and Meteorology Centreâ&#x20AC;?.

Methodology The long-term data from three subsurface drainage fields and three small catchments were used to determine TN and NO3-N losses and concentrations.

The yearly data series of TN and NO3-N concentrations and loss were tested for statistical trends using the Mann-Kendall test.

There were no clear evidences that TN concentrations and losses were directly affected by fertilizer application rates and supports the results of the previous studies, which showed that upward trends in nitrogen losses are driven by a combination of factors including management activities in agricultural fields and hydrological, meteorological conditions.

The monitoring data indicate high variations in TN and NO3-N concentrations and losses at the Berze, Mellupite, and Vienziemite subsurface drainage field and small catchment scales.

TN and NO3-N losses showed an upward trend in 5 out of 6 study sites as affected mainly by hydrological and meteorological conditions, while TN and NO3-N concentrations indicate an upward trend in 4 out of 6 study sites with a weak correlation between TN concentrations and fertilizer application rates.

Contact information: Ieva.siksnaane@gmail.com

The Evaluation Methodology for the Ecological and Economic Potential of the Metallurgical Cluster Irina Turgel, Larissa Bozhko, Oleg Bazhenov Ural Federal University, Rudny Industrial Institute The purpose of the study is to develop a comprehensive methodology for assessing the environmental and economic potential, adapted to the characteristics of the metallurgical cluster of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

Stages of "Metallurgical cluster” concept formation 1. Preparatory stage (Different approaches to the notion “cluster”/ “industrial cluster”. Systematization of the existing approaches to the notion “cluster” 2. Analytical stage (selection of the most appropriate term “industrial cluster”. Taking into account features of research’s object (metallurgical enterprises) 3. Final stage (author’s term of “metallurgical industrial cluster”). Revealing of features of a “metallurgical industrial cluster”. economic factors

environmental factors

Environmental and Economic Potential Assessment Indicators

Based on the study’s results, we can draw the following conclusions Balanced assessment of environmental and economic potential of a metallurgical industrial cluster can be obtained by integrating assessments of second-level potentials, which is joint influence of a group of enterprises included into the metallurgical industrial cluster.

With consideration to equal importance of environmental and economic components for calculating environmental and economic potential of a metallurgical industrial cluster, the formula will look as follows:

Пкр =

2

П1  П2

Integral and private indicators are calculated in a similar way. Thus, moving from individual indicators to integrated aggregate estimates, the technique allows us to assess environmental and economic potential of the cluster as a whole.

Geographical presentation of industrial metallurgical cluster

Contact information: Adress: 50 Let Oktyabrya Street, 38, Rudny, Kostanay region, Kazakhstan Email: bogkoll@rii.kz Phone: +7 (71431) 50702

TiO2 application for the photocatalytical inactivation of S. enterica, E. coli and M. luteus bacteria mixtures Neringa KULIESIENE1,2,Sandra SAKALAUSKAITE1,2, Simona TUCKUTE2, Marius URBONAVICIUS2, Sarunas VARNAGIRIS2, Rimantas DAUGELAVICIUS1,2, Martynas LELIS2 1Vytautas

Magnus University, 8 Vileikos st., Kaunas 44404, Lithuania 2Lithuanian Energy Institute, 3 Breslaujos st., Kaunas 44403, Lithuania E-mail: neringa.kuliesiene@vdu.lt

Introduction

Methods and objects

Water contamination by various bacteria, viruses and other pathogens is a great threat to human health. Usually, such objects are obliged to treat wastewater with strong chemicals (mostly chlorine based), UV sterilisers and/or antibiotics. Unfortunately, all of these traditional measures have large drawbacks. Amongst other Advanced Oxidation Processes TiO2 photocatalysis is considered as one of the most efficient treatment for the polluted wastewater disinfection.

This study is focused on the analysis of gram-positive (Micrococcus luteus) and gram-negative cells (Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli) containing water photocatalytic disinfection. Several influencing factors such as disinfection time and treatment conditions (UV only, TiO2 only, and their combination) in single-type cells and their mixture were studied.

Conditions of disinfection were 10 cm distance from the light source, 2

mW/cm2 irradiation, and 1 mg/ml of P25 TiO2 concentration.

TiO2, UV and TiO2 + UV effect on Escherichia coli

2500

2000 1500

CTRL

UV

TiO2

1000

40

500 0 40 min 80 min

TiO2+ UV

Control

UV

TiO2

2767 2767

2000 1750

1144 1059

80

TiO2+U V 30 0

Colony forming unit, CFU/mL

800

TiO2, UV and TiO2 + UV effect on Salmonella enterica

600

CTRL

1200 1000

400 200

40 min 80 min

UV

TiO2

TiO2+ UV

40

0 Control

UV

TiO2

1166 1235

1100 1250

1105 989

80

TiO2+U V 80 3

Colony forming unit, CFU/mL

Under the selected conditions both, TiO2 and UV light, used separately do not lower bacterial viability, but the combination already effectively reduced the number of formed colonies by more than 93 % after 40 min and by 99.75 % after 80 min of irradiation.

TiO2, UV and TiO2 + UV effect on Micrococcus luteus

1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 40 min 80 min

CTRL

UV

TiO2

TiO2+ UV

40

Control

UV

TiO2

1418 1418

1234 814

1410 1380

TiO2+U V 839 0

800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0

80

In comparison to the negative control group bacteria treatment by UV light alone reduced by approximately 40 % of bacteria population after 80 min. TiO2 alone had almost no effect on the viability of the cells. And the combined treatment totally killed M. luteus cells after 80 min of radiation.

TiO2, UV and TiO2 + UV effect on mixture of E. coli and M. luteus CTRL

Control (E. coli) 40 min 80 min

Both TiO2 and UV light separately had a limited effect on bacterial viability.

The combination of these factors already after 40 min reduced the number of formed colonies by 98,9 % and after 80 min cells did not formed any colonies.

1400

Colony-forming unit, CFU/mL

3000

750 750

Control (M. luteus) 237 237

TiO2+ UV (E. coli) 281 10

UV

TiO2

TiO2+ UV

40

TiO2+ UV (M. luteus) 188 75

80

Neither TiO2 nor UV light separately did not have significantly different effect on bacteria in mixtures comparing with the negative control group.

After treatment with combined TiO2 and UV light the disproportions became more evident. Prolonged (80 min) combined treatment of mixture has reduced E. coli viability by 98.7 % and M. luteus viability by 68.4 %.

Colony-forming unit, CFU/mL

Colony-forming unit, CFU/mL

Results

700

TiO2, UV and TiO2 + UV effect on mixture of S. enterica and M. luteus

600 500 400 300 200

CTRL

100 0

40 min 80 min

Control (S.enter ica)

Control (M. luteus)

603 603

188 188

TiO2+U V (S. enterica ) 8 0

TiO2+U V (M. luteus)

UV

TiO2

TiO2+ UV

40 80

227 4

TiO2 or UV light separately did not have significantly different effect on bacteria in mixtures. But when the mixture of S. enterica and M. luteus cells was treated under the same combined conditions of TiO2 and UV light the viability of both pathogen cells has fallen to near 0 % after 80 min.

Conclusions •Treated individually 80 min of photocatalytic processing (by combination of P25 TiO2 powder and UV radiation) was enough to inactivate all three types of bacteria.

•The efficiency of the same photocatalytic treatment applied for E. coli with M. luteus, and S. enterica with M. luteus bacteria mixtures was less efficient.

•It is advised that in practical systems with mixed biological contamination the final quality of the photocatalytically cleaned (disinfected) water should be tested for each type of the pathogen individually.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This research is funded by the European Social Fund according to the activity ‘Improvement of researchers’ qualification by implementing world-class R&D projects’ of Measure No. 09.3.3-LMT-K-712, project „Investigation of the application of TiO2 and ZnO for the visible light assisted photocatalytical disinfection of the biologically contaminated water“ (09.3.3-LMT-K-712-01-0175). The authors express gratitude for the Mindaugas Aikas, Rolandas Uscila and Deimante Galalyte for their valuable input in current work.

Methods for Determining the Performance and Efficiency Parameters of the Flue-gas Condenser Sedimentation Tank Oskars Svedovs, Mikelis Dzikevics, Vladimirs Kirsanovs RTU Institute of Energy Systems and Environment

Introduction The use of biomass fuels produces fly ash. Fortunately, the problem is solved by the flue-gas condenser - tiny water drops capture solid parcticles in the scrubber. When mixed with water, particles come out in the form of fly ash slurry. The sedimentation tank's operation in an experimental prototype of flue-gas condenser system, which was developed to be used in the households, hasn't been tested yet. Yet the literature analysis has been carried out in order to find the corresponding parameters of the sedimentation process. Moreover, the methods of calculations have been developed and step-by-step experimental plans for finding out the efficiency and performance of the sedmantation tank have been described.

The calculation of the efficiency

The calculation of the performance

Sedimentation tank efficiency describes what part of the incoming mass of ash is separated out of the flow.

In other words this parameter shows how well the water purification is being carried out. The efficiency of the sedimentation tank may be determined by:

The performance of the sedimentation tank is a parameter which describes the quantity of the purified water in a unit of time, in other words, it describes the flow. The performance of the sedimentation tank may be determined by:

mz = 100% m0

V = S 

where η is sedimentation tank efficiency, and mz is mass of the fly ash retained in the sedimentation tank, but m0 is mass of the fly ash in the water at the inlet of the sedimentation tank. [1]

where S is settling surface square and ω is fly ash sedimentation velocity. [2]

If only the force of gravity is applied, then the variable of velocity can be calculated using the Stokes law:

2 ( p −  f ) 2 =  gR 9  where ρp and ρf are mass density of the fly ash particles and the fluid respectively, μ is dynamic viscosity, g is gravitational field strength and R is average radius of the fly ash particles. [3]

Conclusion The determination of the mentioned parameters is necessary, first of all, in order to measure the overall quality of operation of the currently existing sedimentation tank in the flue-gas system. From the estimated quality it is possible to determine, whether the unit needs replacement or an upgrade. That's why aside from the effectiveness it is necessary to calculate the performance - a parameter that is partly dependent on the design.

The efficiency is calculated from measurements with the developed prototype or based on simulation. The performance, however, is calculated during the design process of the prototype to account for the requirements of the flue-gas treatment system – for boilers with larger power more flue-gas is created, and potentially more solid particles need to be removed from the slurry. Performance calculations requires analysis of the fly-ash density.

References [1]

M. Ochowiak, M. Matuszak, S. Włodarczak, M. Ancukiewicz, and A. Krupińska, “The modified swirl sedimentation tanks for water purification,” J. Environ. Manage., vol. 189, pp. 22–28, 2017.

[2]

S. R. Ravva, K. N. Iyer, and A. J. Gaikwad, “Development of sump model for containment hydrogen distribution calculations using CFD code,” Nucl. Eng. Des., vol. 295, pp. 429–440, 2015.

[3]

A. Tikhonov and T. Yarnykh, “TECHNOLOGY OF MEDICINES,” Golden Pages, NUPU (National University of Pharmacy of Ukraine), pp. 305-307, 2002.

Contact information: +371 29794842, Oskars.Svedovs@rtu.lv

Methodology for bathymetric mapping using open-source software Jānis DUMPIS 1, 2 , Ainis LAGZDIŅŠ 1 1 Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Latvia 2 Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment ‘BIOR’, Latvia

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

INTRODUCTION Bathymetric mapping provides results on a waterbody dimensions. Bathymetry is the science of measuring and displaying the depth of water bodies. Bathymetric maps are widely used to study the waterbed by determining the exact shoreline of the waterbody based on the former water level at the time of the depth measurements.

This study was iniated in in 2015 when field measurements presented in this study were done. This was a first attempt to construct a bathymetric map using self-collected data. On early stage of this study a lot of problems with data interpretation, interpolations, isobaths construction, data classification were faced.

The purpose of this study is to prove that a highresolution bathymetric map can be constructed using freely available software.

The following tasks have been set: To develop a methodology suitable for a depth map construction using open-source tools; To test and calibrate the methodology by performing bathymetric mapping on Lake Zebrus; Summarize the results of the study by describing potential risks, shortcomings, and improvements in the methodology.

The obtained research results allow a qualitative description and analysis of Lake Zebrus. Using the bathymetric map it is possible to determine the lake dimensions, area, maximum depth, coastline length, latitude, longitude, calculate volume, and average depth. Lake Zebrus morphometry calculations and bathymetric maps were prepared at the water level of 87.44 m above the sea level, which were assumed as a zero point.

Based on the results of the fieldwork, a high-resolution bathymetric map with isobaths every 0.5 meters in depth was successfully constructed (Fig. 1). The bathymetric map is detailed enough to reflect the slightest change in depth in the lake. The estimated area of Lake Zebrus is 417.57 ha. The lake has a small crooked coastline. Lake Zebrus has a maximum depth of 4.45 m and an average depth of 1.48 m.

METHODOLOGY The computer programs that are used in during this research are MapCreator, QGIS, GRASS GIS, which are a free-access mapping software.

The bathymetric mapping must adhere to basic principles for which cartographer or GIS experts can look for their solutions.

The basic principles are as follows: ‒ Card base with known recording time – required for the construction of the shoreline, water level calculation; ‒ Data collection and inventory – equipped boat; ‒ Data conversion tool for the research design demanding data format; ‒ Cartographic tool for processing, editing, calibration of acquired vector data, computer program; ‒ Results processing, map construction, interpolation and extrapolation, result creation tool, a computer program.

Researc contain two following steps ‒ Planning and fieldwork; ‒ Bathymetric map construction by methodology.

Fig. 1. Lake Zebrus bathymetric map.

CONCLUSIONS The methodology described and applied is suitable for bathymetric studies with high resolution and functionality results. The methodology used to construct a bathymetric map serves as guidelines for other bathymetric surveys methodology construction.

The methods and software used during this study are interchangeable, which makes the methodology adjustable to needs of each user. The methodology is user-friendly because it allows you to create highresolution bathymetric maps using open-source capabilities and different approaches.

Contact information: Phone number (+371) 24559313, janisdumpis94@gmail.com.

Next generation of switchable glass – bistable smectic-A liquid crystal display Matiss Maltisovs, Dmitrijs Pikulins Institute of Radioelectronics, RTU

Introduction

Results

Smart Smart oror switchable switchable glass glass isis glass glass with with voltage voltage dependent dependent optical optical properties properties which which can can be be altered altered ifif specific specificelectrical electricalsignals signalsare areapplied appliedtotothe theglass. glass.The The main mainadvantages advantagesofofsmart smartglass glassare: are: • • privacy privacy––low lowlight lighttransmittance transmittanceininscattering scatteringstate, state, ability abilitytotoreplace replacecurtains, curtains,shutter shutterblinds, blinds,drapes; drapes; • • cost costsavings savings––no noneed needfor foran anadditional additionalcleaning cleaning equipment, equipment,save savecosts costsfor forheating, heating,air-conditioning air-conditioning and and lighting, lighting, avoid avoid the the cost cost ofof installing installing and and maintaining maintainingmotorized motorizedlight lightscreens; screens; • • UV UVprotection protection––blocks blocks>98% >98%ofofUV UVrays; rays; • • display display and and advertising advertising –– can can be be used used as as aa projection projection screen screen when when switched switched toto the the scatter scatter state. state.

Experimental Part

Conclusions

In total three different experimental series were performed. For these experiments, bistable SmA LCDs have been manufactured by EuroLCDs Ltd., LCDs have 300x400mm outer dimensions and active area equally divided into 8 pixels (one pixel is 95x275mm).

LCs have been supplied by Dow Corning Corporation.

• Reducing the driving frequency from 1 kHz to 600 Hz (for transition to transparent state) reduces the RMS current by 22% and from 50 Hz to 30 Hz (for transition to scattering state) reduces the power consumption by 10%.

The first experiment was devoted to obtaining the frequency response of LC cell. The reference frequencies – 1 kHz frequency for switching to the transparent state and 50 Hz frequency for switching to the scattering state were chosen based on the LC manufacturer's recommendations.

The second and third experiment was carried out to obtain data on most important electrical parameters of bistable SmA LCDs.

• In addition to power savings, the switching speed for both states has also improved, i.e., switching speed from transparent to scattering state decreased from ~2100ms to ~1300ms (48%), for scattering to transparent state – from ~127ms to ~118ms (7%).

• Obtained RMS power consumption increases exponentially, i.e., 2px (25% of display area) consumed power is ~48W, 4px (50%) ~80W, 6px (75%) ~130W and 8px (100%) ~198W.

Contact information: matiss.maltisovs@gmail.com

Positive energy block - RES and building energy efficiency potential in Riga historic centre block Arturs KRASTINS 1 , Ruta VANAGA 1 , Juris ANTUZS 1 , Ritvars FREIMANIS 1 , Andra BLUMBERGA 1 , Dainius PALIULIS 2 1Institute

of Energy Systems and Environment (IESE), The Faculty of Power and Electrical Engineering, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia 2Department of Environmental Protection and Water Engineering, Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Vilnius, Lithuania

Introduction

Energy Focused + Solar Thermal 120,00

Architectural Monuments Energy deficit

Soviet Buildings Energy surplus

100,00

kWh/m2

The energy consumption raises each year as well as problems of the global warming all over the world, thus people must find new ideas how they can reduce their carbon footprint since buildings in the European Union account for 40% of total energy consumption and stay capable to consume the necessary amount of energy and to achieve the EU’s climate neutrality aim by 2050 achieving the decarbonisation. Thus, Positive Energy Block (PEB) concept is one of the solutions. The aim of the study is to consider the possible options of the decarbonisation of the buildings (of the block). By means of insulation of the buildings and the usage of solar thermal energy generation by the PVT panels. However, within the city historic centre there are stringent restrictions to follow when implementing such concept, two scenarios shall be developed in this paper – energy focused scenario, wherein deep renovation shall be performed and heritage focused scenario, wherein the partial renovation shall be performed.

140,00

80,00 60,00 40,00 20,00 0,00

Addresses of the Buildings

Energy demand Energy Focused

Solar thermal energy PVT Energy Focused

In the graph above the solar thermal energy generation in kWh/m2 (indicated - yellow) and the energy demand in kWh/m2 (indicated - dark grey) shows that in the soviet buildings the energy generation can fully cover, the energy demand, whereas in some buildings (mostly with a great architectural value) it is not possible to cover the energy demand by solar thermal energy generation. In the energy focused scenario the total energy demand is 1.88 GWh, yet the generation of the solar thermal energy is 2.17 GWh.

The Positive Energy Block in Riga Historic Centre

Heritage Focused + Solar Thermal 140,00

Architectural Monuments Energy deficit

120,00

kWh/m2

100,00

Soviet Buildings Energy surplus

80,00 60,00 40,00 20,00

The block itself is in the historic centre of Riga, the buildings within the block are of mixed type, i.e. residential buildings, offices, small shops and a data centre, etc. The buildings are built in different periods from late 1800 til 1970ies and different construction materials are used – timber, masonry, prefabricated reinforced concrete structures.

0,00

Comparison of the Scenarios

Addresses of the Buildings

Energy demand Heritage Focused

100%

In the graph above, in the heritage focused scenario, the energy demand is reduced at smaller extent compared to the energy focused scenario, therefore, the energy demand (kWh/m2) is higher. In heritage scenario the area of PVT panels is smaller due to existing restrictions, reducing the generation of the solar thermal energy for the whole block. The soviet buildings still manage to generate surplus energy. In the heritage focused scenario the total energy demand is 2.81 GWh, yet the generation of the solar thermal energy is 1.94 GWh.

90%

Energy demand of the block

Solar thermal energy PVT Heritage focused

80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30%

Conclusions

20% 10% 0%

Current Situation

Energy Focused Scenarios

Energy demand

Heritage Focused

Energy savings

In energy focused scenario the insulation was applied to courtyard façades, as well as for street façades for non-architectural monuments of national importance. In the heritage scenario the insulation was applied for only those façades what is allowed by the current regulatory framework, mainly courtyard facades. Thereby, in the energy focused scenario it is possible to save approximately 58% (2602 MWh) of energy, whereas in the heritage focused scenario approximately 37% (1673 MWh).

Contact information: Artūrs Krastiņš, a.krastinsh@outlook.com.

1. In the energy focused energy efficiency scenario, it is possible to generate the solar thermal energy to cover the heating energy demands in most buildings. Combining all buildings in one system would allow to transfer surplus energy form soviet time buildings to buildings of the great architectural value.

2. In heritage focused scenario, only the soviet buildings are able to cover their energy demand generating the solar thermal energy by means of energy efficiency activities.

3. In the energy focused scenario, the energy demand could be covered by 100%, whereas in the heritage focused scenario only by 89%. However, as most of the energy is available in the summer the energy storage solutions shall be considered further.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This research is funded by the Ministry of Economics of the Republic of Latvia, project "Improvement of building energy efficiency technologies", project No. VPP-EM-EE-2018/1-0003.

Research and evaluation of pollution with particulate matter in the air of public buildings Aleksandre Kipiani1, Mantas Pranskevicius2, Vladimirs Kirsanovs3 1, 2 Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Lithuania 3 Riga Technical University, Latvia

Introduction

Results

In today’s world, air pollution is getting bigger problem Particulate Matters have different effects on environment and human health. According to the WHO air pollution is the biggest environmental threat to health in Europe. The air pollution problem is also actual in Lithuania. It can be boldly noted that in this country’s air quality is much more batter than in China, India and other parts of Europe, but here is still problem. There are a lot of hospitals near roads, that increase danger and also the actuality of problems. Our research’s aim is to make a detailed analyses of this problem in hospitals which are located near roads- one of the main sources of particulate matters.

Description of the Experiment The research methodology includes a special technic that determines PM10. After research, four most polluted site was selected. With this special technique the hospitals which are located in these areas will be checked. The research is carried out by using IOT technology, which is based on the Kalman Filter (KF) algorithm.

This algorithm provides technology can calculate the concertation of six air pollutants, including PM2.5. During the research Sensor Evaluation Kit is used. This kit can evaluate four different types of Honeywell sensors include humid con humidity sensors, HPM particle sensors, ABP amplifies basic pressure sensors MPR micro pressure sensors. While using IOT technology is also important to describe specifications such as temperature range, humidity range and other factors. The main aim to use this technology is to calculate the Particulate Matters concentration. The IOT technology provides us with accurate information. As the research takes place both on a horizontal and vertical level it is also easy to see the difference and make the appropriate analysis. Without IOT technology accuracy it would be much harder and the results would lose the value. For our research Vilnius City hospital was selected as it is located near roads and pollution is higher. During the research the time is also very considerable. For our aim it is important to conduct an experiment during traffic time when the pollution is at its highest level. Following periods were selected: Morning: during 7:00-10:00 o’clock (perfect time 8:30); Afternoon: during 11:00-13:00 o ‘clock (perfect time 12:30); Evening: during 13:00-19:00 o’clock (perfect time 18:30).

The examination points are chosen according to the direction of the wind. There were counted three types of vehicles: light cars, public transport and heavy vehicles.

ADMS – Atmospheric Dispersion Modeling System is an advanced model to calculate the concentration of particulate matters. It is a mathematical simulation pollutant disperse in the ambient atmosphere. ADMS uses computer programs including mathematical algorithms. This model has been widely used in air quality management.

Research carried out during the whole week, in selected hours. There were counted numbers of three main vehicles: light vehicle, public transport and heavy vehicles. As it seems from the results, that the busiest periods are mornings and evenings and the main pollutant should be considered light cars. There were four points selected around the hospital according to the wind direction.

From the following schemes you can see the concentration of PM2.5, on Monday, in each figure there are three lines with different colors.

The blue line describes concentration in the morning, orange- afternoon and green evening.

Furthermore, there is also given the highest point of PM concentration at each time, from which we can clearly see when is the area most polluted.

The research was conducted in a real environment, in particular near Vilnius city hospital. The hospital is located near roads, that is the main reason why this hospital was chosen, as the air pollution was higher.

The research technology was installed at four points with accordance of wind direction. The results showed that between three types of vehicles, light cars, public transport and heavy vehicles, light cars should be considered as the main source of pollution.

Contact information: kipianisashka@gmail.com

Agricultural co-product management: an LCA perspective on the use of safflower oilcake from bio-oil production in Umbria Region (Italy) Simone Peralacci*, Francesco Romagnoli**, Lucia Rocchi*, Antonio Boggia*, Lucia Paolotti* *University of Perugia **Institute of Energy Systems and Environment, Riga Technical University

Results

Summary This work evaluates the impact of the cultivation of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) in marginal lands of the Umbrian territory for the production of oil. The analysis takes into consideration the entire production process, aiming to understand which are the most impacting factors. The analysis also assesses the environmental savings deriving from the reuse of the main by-product of the oil extraction process, the cake, for animal feed purposes.

Results show that the greatest impact is due to the fertilization of the crop; on the other hand, the extraction of the oil has a negligible effect. The most impactful category is "Respiratory inorganicsâ&#x20AC;?, followed by "Global warming" and "Nonrenewable energy". The use of the panel for feed production generates an environmental advantage for various categories, in particular "Terrestrial ecotoxicity".

The evaluation was carried out by means of a cradle-togate LCA. The results show that the greatest impacts are due to the crop fertilization. However, such an impact is almost completely compensated by the use of the cake in feed production.

Introduction Safflower is a rustic crop suitable for cultivation in marginal soils, primarily cultivated for its oil, which is used for food and industrial purposes, according to the content of linoleic and oleic fatty acids. The by-product, safflower oilcake, can be used as a protein component in animal feeding.

Materials and Method (LCA) Goals definition:

The general objective of the study is to evaluate the environmental impacts associated with the life cycle of safflower culture, from cultivation to oil production, for the production of 1 ton of oil, and the advantage associated with the use of the oil cake in zootechnical feed. Allocation has been avoided by extending the system boundaries to the use of the cake (Figure 1).

Figure 2: Environmental impact of each component of the production cycle (1 ton of oil produced; normalization phase- mid point categories).

The results of the normalization determine that the category of damage with the far greater value is "Human health", while the avoided production of standard feed generates an avoided impact especially in the "Ecosystem quality" category (Figure 3).

Figure 3: Environmental impact of each component of the production cycle (1 ton of oil produced; normalization phase- damage categories).

A sensitivity analysis on crop yield was conducted. The analysis showed that with any change in yield, the final result in terms of impact has an increase or decrease more than proportional to the variation that generated it. However, contractions of production generate greater variation than the increase in production.

Yield variation (%)

Figure 1: Production system and system boundaries

LIFE CYCLES INVENTORY ANALYSIS:

Data on cultivation was provided by a group of farms, located in the Umbria region; emissions coming from the cultivation phase have been estimated; also data concerning the stage of extraction come from an Umbrian farm.

-20% -10% 0 10% 20%

Ecopoint variation (%) 31.49% 20.58% 0 -16.30% 29.70%

Sensitivity ratio -1.57 2.06 1 1.63 1.49

This study was partly funded by the FORTe project (2014-2020 Umbrian Rural Development Programme- sub-measure 16.1), co-funded by the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD).

Contact information: francesco.romagnoli@rtu.lv

Perennial grasses as a substrate for bioethanol production Merlin RAUD , Timo KIKAS Institute of Technology, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 56, 51014 Tartu, Estonia

INTRODUCTION Different perennial grasses can be used as an alternative biomass in lignocellulosic bioethanol production process. Cultivating this type of biomass has many advantages in terms of natural diversity and landscape protection.

The goal of this study was to investigate the use of mixed perennial grasses - red clover and timothy grass as a feedstock and its potential as a substrate for bioethanol production.

MATERIALS AND METHODS Mixture of red clover (Trifolium pratense) and timothy grass (Phleum pratense L.) with an average red clover content was 42% was used.

Traditional three step bioethanol production process was used with notrogen explosive decompression (NED) pretreatment. Enzymatic hydrolysis with enzyme complex was used to convert cellulose to glucose.

(Accellerase 1500 from DuPont®; 30 FPU g-1 cellulose) Fermentation was carried out with yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae using two different approaches.

RESULTS The glucose concentrations in hydrolysis mixture varies from 4,3 to 5,1 g/l. The lowest concentration was gained when biomass was pretreated at 150°C while the highest concentration when pretreated at 125°C. The hydrolysis efficiencies varied between 15,2% and 17,7%.

25

8 7

20 5 15

4 3

10

2

Glucose 1

5

Efficency

0

0 125

150

175

Pretreatment temperature ( C)

Concentra on (g/l)

6

Hydrolysis efficency (%)

Glugose concentra on (g/l)

7

Higher ethanol concentrations were gained when both, solid and liquid fractions were used in the fermentation. In this case 5-13% higher ethanol concentrations were gained compared to fermenting only the liquid fraction. In both fermentation approaches, the ethanol yields decrease as the pretreatment temperature increase.

6 5 4 3 2

With solids

1

Liquid only

0 120,00 130,00 140,00 150,00 160,00 170,00 180,00

Pretreatment temperature ( C)

The mass balance revealed that, when using this kind of feedstock, 3,34,0 g ethanol could be produced from 100 g of biomass and both approaches used in fermentation gave similar results.

CONCLUSIONS Glucose concentrations and hydrolysis efficiencies, varied from 4,3 to 5,1 g/l and 15,2% to 17,7%, respectively.

Fermentation efficiencies exceeded 100% due to sugars available in other forms. When using this kind of feedstock, 3,3-4,0 g ethanol could be produced from 100 g of biomass.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the European Regional Development Fund via the Mobilitas Pluss (project MOBERA2) of the Estonian Research Council. We thank Narasinha Shurpali for providing the biomass samples.

Priorities of the state environmental policy of Russia and Kazakhstan: global agenda and regional projection Larissa Bozhko1, Irina Turgel1, Eduard Biserov1, Abdrakhman Naizabekov1, Gatis Gaumigs2 Rudny Industrial Institute, Ural Federal University 2 Institute of Energy Systems and Environment, Riga Technical University 1

Based on the study’s results, we can draw the following conclusions

Relevance Ecosystems are as a single organism; interference in one of its areas leads to global consequences. This applies to ecosystems of neighbouring states: their border territories are closely interrelated. Change for the worse in one country will inevitably affect the other. The issues of sustainable development of ecosystems are of particular importance if these neighboring countries have a developed industrial sector, high proportion of traditional industries that have a negative impact on the environment. In Eurasia, Russia and Kazakhstan belong to the category of neighboring countries with the largest ecosystems on the continent. These countries are included.

Longstanding neighbourhood and commonality of the historical paths of development affect the existing territorial division of production and labour, determine interdependence of infrastructure and contribute to convergence of strategic vision of the future. One of the common strategic priorities of the two countries is implementation of an effective state environmental policy, environmental protection.

The purpose of the study is to compare approaches to substantiating national priorities of the state environmental policy of Russia and Kazakhstan and identify ways to improve them taking into account global international trends.

•Global goals of environmental policy are systematized

•Structural and comparative analysis

•Goal setting in environmental policy

Financing sources, «National project «Ecology»»

1.Environmental issues today are one of the key issues on the global political, economic and social agenda. At the global level, key substantive environmental policy priorities are determined by the United Nations Organization. At the same time, the UN documents emphasize substantiation of environmental issues from the point of view of its universal humanitarian value, as an inalienable human right to safe external environment.

International integration associations of post-socialist and developing countries, substantiating environmental policy priorities, emphasize implementation of specific economic and social projects aimed at reducing inequality of different social groups in access to a safe environment 2. For both Russia and Kazakhstan, environmental policy is one of the key priorities of national development. National environmental policy goals are articulated in direct action documents, presidential decrees, national strategies and programs. At the same time, despite geographical proximity, historically established economic ties and roughly the same environmental problems experienced, Russia and Kazakhstan have not formed an awareness of the need for joint initiatives in the field of environmental policy yet.

3. National environmental policy priorities, on the one hand, strive to follow the spirit of global priorities formulated by the UN, and on the other hand, reflect specifics of economic situation of a particular country, its environmental conditions, state of national ecosystems, interaction between the state and business and social priorities established. In this case, a situation when national goals are formulated without adequate planning of financial resources is of concern. The case of the Russian Federation, when it is planned to finance a federal project almost entirely from extra budgetary funds, without specifying how it can be realized into practice. Setting of national goals in the field of environmental policy is extremely amorphous and vague in Kazakhstan, which does not allow civil society to maintain effective control.

4. It should be noted that the considered constituent entities of the Russian Federation have not initiated their own independent projects in the field of environmental policy at the regional level in Russia, concentrating implementation of federal initiatives.

Economic specificity of the region is reflected in selection of priority financing areas from the general list of federal projects.

There is a significant shortage of funds to finance environmental policy activities at the regional level in Kazakhstan. Attracting funds from international organizations cannot compensate for the deficit in regional budgets and low attractiveness of environmental investments for businesses.

State programmes in the field of ecology in the Republic of Kazakhstan: Management, conservation and development of forest resources and wildlife, Effective Water Management Contact information: Adress: 50 Let Oktyabrya Street, 38, Rudny, Kostanay region, Kazakhstan Email: bogkoll@rii.kz Phone: +7 (71431) 50702

Multi-criteria decision analysis methods comparison Beate Zlaugotne, Lauma Zihare, Dagnija Blumberga Institute of Energy Systems and Environment, Riga Technical University

Conclusion

Data

After analysed five Multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) – TOPSIS, VIKOR, MULTIMOORA, COPRAS and PROMETHEE-GAIA it’s difficult to define which method are the best to evaluate alternatives.

Input data is in Table 1 and in this case most criteria values are better to be minimizing and only electrical capacity and job possibilities are maximizing.

Table 1. Input data Alternatives

Results displayed in Figure 1 and after comparing five results best alternative would be hydroelectric power plant (HPP) and then solar photovoltaic (Solar PV) because these alternatives are in first or second position the most of all alternatives. The lowest rank is for wind power plants alternative 3 out of 5 it is in the last place.

Criteria Solar PV

WPP

HPP

Bio-energy CHP

1

77

1565

155

1238

3565

1388

1113,5

12,37

26,7

2,67

0,00446

430

1380

1290

3787,5

0,08

0,06

0,09

0,075

200

150

150

200

3095

1155

865

528

Installed electrical capacity, MW Investment cost, €/kW Operation and maintenance cost, €/kW RES equipment prices by manufacturer, €/kW leveled cost of electricity, €/kW Life-cycle CO2 emissions, gCO2eq/kWh Job creation, thousands

Methods AHP method Criteria are listed and compared pairwise to get criteria weight.

Fig.1. Result rank of MCDA methods

Multi-criteria decision analysis Multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) is a multi-step process consisting of a set of methods to structure and formalize decisionmaking processes in a transparent and consistent manner. Criteria for comparing alternatives are as follows:

TOPSIS method Complete ranking with closeness score to ideal and distance to anti-ideal and best alternative is with best ranking index.

VIKOR method Complete ranking with closeness score to best option and in this method the best alternative is with minimal values.

• Installed electrical capacity, MW

COPRAS method

• Investment cost, €/kW

Complete ranking and best decision considering ideal and the ideal-worst solutions.

• Operation and maintenance cost, €/kW • RES equipment prices by manufacturer, €/kW • Leveled cost of electricity, €/kW • Life-cycle CO2 emissions, gCO2eq/kWh

MULTIMOORA method Complete ranking

PROMETHEE-GAIA method Partial and complete ranking and method is based on the computation of preference degrees.

• Job creation, thousands

Contact information: Riga Technical University, Azenes iela 12/1, Riga, Latvia

Techno-economical analysis of biofuel plants producing biofuels using Fisher Tropsch synthesis A.Veipa, V. Kirsanovs, A.Barisa Institute of Energy Systems and Environment, Riga Technical University

Introduction

The main production steps for FT fuel are biomass preparation, gasification, syngas cleaning and FT synthesis.

To analyse the expenses of this technology, data was collected from 16 studies. The information on initial investments, production costs and revenue were analysed. As well as other indicators like production capacity and payback period.

Fig. 1. Main biofuel production processes

The achieved values were used for assessing a possible production plant net present value and its discounted cash flow for a period of 15 years.

Results From collected data a correlation was observed between changes in production capacity and parameters like capital costs, production costs and payback period.

At first individual values were analysed. Out of main production steps gasification requires the most investments, but for biofuel production the purchase of biomass is most costly.

Gasification Syngas clean-up FT syntheis

13,3%

19,2%

Other costs

Fig. 2. Capital cost breakdown

7 00

Capital cost

6 00

Operating cost

5 00

1 40 1 20 1 00

R² = 0,7381

4 00

80

3 00

60 R² = 0,7401

2 00

40

1 00

20

0 0

1 00 00 00 Production capacity, MWh/year

0 2 00 00 00

Operation costs, EUR/MWh

Plant data collection

24,8%

32,7%

Capital costs, EUR/MWh

With an aim to reduce GHG emissions a Renewable Energy Directive was set. With a focus on transport sector, where GHG emissions can be minimized by substituting fossil with biomass-based fuels. The goal can be achieved by advancing biofuel production in Latvia. A large potential is to synthetic fuel production, such as FT (Fischer-Tropsch) fuels. One of the main reasons is due to the possibility to integrate it in an existing system. FT fuel production requires gasification and this process is also done in cogeneration plants that use biomass to produce electricity and heat. In order to determine the economic feasibility of integrating biofuel production a techno- economical analysis was done.

Biomass preparation

10,0%

Fig. 3. Capital and operating costs as per production capacity

Average values from collected data and equations from parameter relations were used to simulate a production plant with a capacity of 1’000’000 MWh/year.

Inflation rate was assumed to be 2% and rate of return 10%. With such input data a discounted cash flow analysis shows a payback period of 9 years. And in terms of production plant working for 15 years the net present value would be 6,8 M Euros.

Conclusion It would be possible to produce FT biofuels, however it would pay back only in 9 years.

The achieved results can be used to analyze the economic feasibility of integrating biofuel production at existing gasification plants or new plants development at Latvia.

Acknowledgements The work has been supported by the Ministry of Economics of the Republic of Latvia [project 4muLATe, project No. VPP-EM-2018/AER_2_0003]

Contact information: +371 29843984, agate.veipa@rtu.lv

Solar electricity over three continents Kamel Haine, Dagnija Blumberga Riga Technical University, Institute of Energy Systems and Environment, Āzenes iela 12/1, Riga, LV 1048, Latvia

Model Analysis

Introduction Modern urban planning in the world is now days facing severe problems due to the fast increase of the population and migration from villages to cities, which led the countries to implement a strategy of fast, modern urban planning to meet the needs of the population. Since the 80s, in a context marked by increasing development in energy costs and by rising attention to the problem of global warming, countries have gradually mobilized to control their energy better and reduce the environmental footprint. However, even if there are some great successes, the deployment of Renewable Energies is still not well developed in developing countries such as Algeria that mainly uses fossil fuels. Considering the huge potential and good climatic conditions, developing countries should take on renewable energies for their future development.

1. Urban Analysis Urban areas existing plan 2015 Road and parking Residential space Service Space Industrial Private and green space Sidewalk/public space Commercial area

• This study will clarify the critical role of solar electricity integration used in determining the urban solar potential and to analyze energy-efficient urban planning in four studied regions located on three different continents: Africa, Europe, and North America, the city Ibenbadis (Constantine, Algeria), Saint-Hugues (Montreal,Quebec Canada), Saint-Malo (France), Ambolobozobe (Madagascar).

Saint-Hugues

30 % 40 % 4% 0% 11 % 10 % 5%

Saint-Malo

9% 52% 1% 23% 12% 3% 9%

Ambolobozobe

8% 63% 0% 15% 6% 8% 8%

8% 63% 0% 15% 6% 8% 8%

2. Energy Analysis Studied Area Electricity consumption by sector

Electricity price

Objectives

Iben Badis

Iben Badis (Algeria)

Saint-Hugues

Saint-Malo

Ambolobozob e (Madagascar) 1100kWh/perso n/year

Residential 3700kWh/pers 9720kWh/pers 7200 (consumption on/year on/year kWh/person/ye per capita) ar Mixed-use: 180kWh/m2/y 7200kWh/pers 14400 Residential/Com on/year kWh/person/ye mercial ar Industrial and 311kWh/m2/y 17200 14400 other specialized [4] kWh/person/y kWh/person/ye structures ear ar High consume hours

38Euro/MWh

92 Euro/MWh

90kWh/m2/y

250kWh/m2/y

156 Euro/MWh

81Euro/MWh

Results and Conclusion 1. New Urban Plan

• This research aims to understand the impact of modern urban strategy on the application of solar urban planning.

• The results obtained will allow us a comparison of the calculated solar energy potential of three urban sites, the benefits of reducing carbon dioxide as well as a comparison of solar energy costs on three continents.

Methodology

2.Energy Analysis Results Table 3. Results PV energy production estimation on roofs and facades considering new urban plan.

Predicted annual yield for PV systems on roofs and façade (MWh/y) Residential

Iben Badis

Saint-Huges

Saint- Malo

Amboloboz obe

3300

41698

3542521

31898

Industrial and other specialized structures

0

758

0

899

Service

322

14103

475481

43779

Commercial

372

3032

396731

4941

Total

6922

59592

4414734

81517

The comparative assessment demonstrates, that potential of available renewable energy source – solar energy for electricity generation – is neglected in existing urban planning strategies (typology and orientation of buildings). In respect to the future urban master plans and considering the possibilities of integration of solar PVs on the roofs and facades of the buildings, in all case studies, the electricity consumption for the urban site’s population is overreached.

The method conducted on our research allowed us to have an overview of solar potential integration in urban areas and solar energy for electricity generation. It as well highlights the importance of urban strategies such as the orientation of the buildings, roofs, and façade typologies and the significant importance of the electricity price in the area.

Contact information: E-mail: hainekamel@hotmail.fr, tel: +371-26-76-96-43

Are the Industries Open for Renewable Energy?

Edgars Kudurs, Anrijs Tukulis, Dagnija Blumberga Institute of Energy Systems and Environment, Riga Technical University

Introduction

Results

One of the most critical sectors of the economy is the energy sector.

Without energy, no other economic sector can develop. Despite the growing share of renewable energy in recent years, fossil fuels (coal, natural gas, and oil) still dominate the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s energy consumption.

The paper evaluates renewable energy technologies using a combination of AHP and TOPSIS methods using technical, economic, environmental, and social criteria. In order to indicate the needs, potential barriers, and the enterprise position on renewable energy, the enterprise survey is conducted.

Fig. 1. Ranking of RES technologies according to enterprise survey results

Fig. 2. TOPSIS analysis results â&#x20AC;&#x201C; the ranking of RES technologies

Methods One of the first steps of the methodology is to conduct an enterprise survey, almost 150 respondents out of 2000 requested. This is important given that the enterprises are the ones who ultimately decide in favor of introducing the RES technologies. The survey will indicate the needs, potential barriers, and the enterprise position on the renewable energy issue as such.

In view of the above, AHP and TOPSIS methods are used to evaluate renewable energy technologies taking into account the multi-criteria approach. The results will allow comparing ranking by enterprises surveyed and multi-criteria decision analysis results regarding the best RES technologies MCDA basically includes the following steps: target definition, the definition of alternatives, selection of criteria, determination of their weight, and evaluation of alternatives. In this paper, AHP is used to determine the weight of the criteria and TOPSIS â&#x20AC;&#x201C; for all the other steps.

Four main criteria are used for alternative evaluation: * technical criteria * economic criteria * environmental criteria * social criteria

Conclusions In this paper, six RES technologies were evaluated using a combination of AHP and TOPSIS methods.

The biggest impact on the final result has an economic criterion as it is directly related to the total costs and payback period, which justifies the economic viability of the project.

Both the survey and multi-criteria decision analysis ranks solar PV as the technology with the highest potential. The results of the survey overall show that enterprises are open to renewable energy technologies, especially if incentives as financial support are available, for example, in the form of a grant.

Given the barriers identified in the survey that limit the use of RES in enterprises (other investment priorities, long payback periods, constraints of existing infrastructure), it is necessary to develop appropriate policy measures to overcome these barriers.

Contact information: Edgars.kudurs@rtu.lv

Ranking of Bioresources for Biogas Production Ketija Bumbiere, Dagnija Blumberga, Agita Gancone Institute of Energy Systems and Environment, Riga Technical University, Azenes street 12/1, Latvia

Introduction

Results

Given that 6 million t of agricultural waste is produced in the world yearly and the strategic priorities for the transition to a net-zero greenhouse gas emission economy, it provides a promising future for the development of biogas production. 1 In this paper the necessary improvements, especially the choice of the raw materials to produce it, is analyzed.

Methods Literature review was conducted to fully understand the importance of raw material selection in biogas production process and multi-criteria analysis was carried out to determine Latvia’s biogas sector potential – to predict the best feedstock depending on resources available in the country.

The following raw materials were analyzed: cattle manure, pig manure, poultry manure, sewage sludge, organic waste, wood, straw, maize silage.

In total 3 main criteria were considered: • substrate efficiency, • environmental friendliness, • economic feasibility.

In order to determine the importance of the criteria, a survey and a vote was carried out between experts.

As a result, experts voted that the economic feasibility weight is worth 35% of the importance, which is equal to 35% given for environmental friendliness, but only with 5% less weighted was substrate efficiency.

References 1

Scarlat N, Dallemand JF, Fahl F. Biogas: Developments and perspectives in Europe. Vol. 129, Renewable Energy. Elsevier Ltd; 2018. p. 457–72.

2

Yu Q, Liu R, Li K, Ma R. A review of crop straw pretreatment methods for biogas production by anaerobic digestion in China. 2019

The relative closeness to the ideal solution with TOPSIS method Pig manure

0,70

Poultry manure

0,70

Straw

0,64

Cattle manure

0,63

Sewage sludge

0,59

Organic waste

0,59

Maize silage

0,59

Wood

0,43

0,00

0,10

0,20

0,30

0,40

0,50

0,60

0,70

0,80

Conclusions 1. A multi-criteria analysis using TOPSIS methodology and taking into account 3 main parameters: economic feasibility, substrate efficiency and environmental friendliness, showed that pig manure is the most suitable raw material for biogas production in Latvia, while poultry manure was ranked second, with very little difference in value from pig manure.

2. Despite the claim that lignocellulose are not a successful choice for biogas straw was the third best substrate production in Latvia, and in the 4th cattle manure.

rich plants production, for biogas place was

3. In the last place, wood was identified as the most unsuccessful choice for biogas feedstock.

4. The penultimate place in the ranking was for specially grown maize for biogas production, which until now has been a popular substrate for agricultural biogas production. Based on the criteria used in the model, the organic waste and sewage sludge are roughly the same as biogas maize in the rating.

5. This work proves that pre-treatment straw can serve as a great substitute for biogas maize.

Contact information: ketija.bumbiere@rtu.lv

Multicriteria evaluation of efficiency in fish production Karlis Dreimanis; M.sc.ing. Zane Indzere Dr.habil.sc.ing. Dagnija Blumberga; Institute of Energy Systems and Environment (IESE)

Introduction

Results

Fish product production efficiency is dependent upon the equipment used. This thesis evaluates different sterilization equipment using MCA data envelopment analysis method. The aim of the work is to evaluate the fisheries legislation and determine the efficiency of the sterilization equipment by using DEA. For defining the DMU matrix for calculation of the most efficient sterilization method, a scenario is chosen in which the most efficient method is determined. The DMU matrix is designed for a sterilization method which has to enable the 120 degrees Celsius for 10 minutes. Various types of sterilization equipment are tested taking into account the resources (water, energy) used and CO2 produced (outputs). The costs associated with sterilization of 1000 canned fish are considered inputs in the DEA model.

Conclusion and further research

Autoclaves

Existing

The first set of results of efficiency for four different sterilization equipment is calculates and they show that steam/air device is the most efficient, because it consumes the least amount of energy and water.

Available

DEA DMU Matrix DMUs

Water immersion*

Water spray*

Steam*

Steam and air*

(I) Energy (kW)

9

6.5

6.5

8

(I) Water (m3)

0.93

0.095

0.05

0.03

(O) Costs (EUR)

0.52

0.30

0.28

0.20

CO2 (kg/kWh)

495

363

363

363

costs/water

0.56

3.16

5.60

6.67

Costs/energy

0.06

0.05

0.04

0.03

*Data obtained from autoclave manufacturers. **Assumptions are also made

Upcoming policy restrictions and legislation changes due to climate change adaptation and remediation policy, will put additional financial burden on businesses including fish production businesses. Due to the plan of emission reduction and energy efficiency regulation the fish production processes and technologies used, will have to become more efficient and replace the inefficient technologies. New and modern technologies may lead to a case where labor is replaced by technologies as one-time investment on modern and up to date equipment may replace manpower. This future scenario becomes more likely because the manpower cost is around 15% of total costs.

Further research In order to produce more detailed recommendation for improving fish processing, it would be recommended that more than one company data is compared to see the differences and find the effectiveness. The analysis could be done using DEA.

Contact information: Azenes st. 12A, Riga, Latvia, karlis.d@hotmail.com.

Life Cycle Assessment of an innovative open raceway pond for microalgae cultivation in the Baltic context: results from SMORP project 1Francesco 1Riga

Romagnoli, 2Alessandro Thedy, 1Baiba Ievina

Technical university, Institute of Energy systems and Environment, Latvia 2Universitá degli studi di Brescia, Italy

Summary

Introduction

The goal of this study is to evaluate the potential environmental impacts in connection to a novel microalgae growing pond module as a side-stream process coupled with the use of centrate from biogas plant in the framework of SMORP research project. The core idea is to recirculate nutrients for growing microalgae in diluted centrate and provide a CO2 reach media injecting cold exhaust gases from the CHP unit of the biogas plant. The concept will create a close loop with the biogas plant in terms of both biomass feedstock recirculated and solution for the centrate management. In this way the overall sustainability of the biogas production for the couple system will be improved. A comparative LCA according to ISO 14044 is proposed between the innovative SMORP concept at pilot level and the one under the hypothesis of a scaled-up system.

During the last decade the integration of microalgae system coupled with wastewater management system has increased but still lacking on sustainability assessment through LCA approach aplicable to the context of biogas plant systems.

Figure 1: Production system and system boundaries

Materials and Method (LCA) The LCA approach according to ISO Standards 14044 was use to finalize the study.

Goal and scope definition: The general objective of the study is to evaluate the environmental impacts associated with cultivation of microalgae Chlorella Vulgaris in an innovative openrace way ponds stacked system made with acrylic material. The aim is to evaluate the benefit on the recirculation of centrate a exhaust gases from a biogas plant.

The selected functional unit is 1 kg of produced functional unit of 1 kg DW of Chlorella Vulgaris biomass. The study aim to compare 3 scenarios: small scale pilot, pre-industrial pilot, scaled-up system. The selected LCIA was IMPACT 2002+.

LCI:

Data were collected from literature and through the use of kinetic empirical models for the microalgae growth (see the paper for more details). Database ecoinvent 2.5 was used for the LCA modelling.

Figure 3: part of of the LCI

A sensitivity analysis was also made on: the effect of the scalling-up, the biomass productivity, temperatures of the growing conditions, type of material use (comparing acrylic material with polyethylene (PET), polypropylene (PP), polycarbonate (PC) and glasse fibres (results are reported in the paper).

Conclusions Figure 2: Production system and system boundaries

Results

This study provides the first plausible baseline values regarding the production of the SMORP pilot, 53 kg DW biomass per year and 13,7 mPt of environmental impact. The main findings are: - important effect on the productivity of micro-algae.

- The material chosen for the ponds greatly affects the environmental impact, especially in the categories of global warming and non-renewable energy.

- The strong influence of meteorological conditions on cultivation manifested through a substantial contribution of heat necessary for non-temperate - the possibility of accessing waste heat produced by industrial plants becomes an essential condition for the feasibility of microalgae culture, effectively limiting the areas available.

Figure 4: eco-profile with reference to 1 functional unit (1 kg DW of Chlorella Vulgaris biomass This research is funded by the Latvian Council of Science, project “Integrated CO2 biofilter and microalgae biomass production technology for biogas plants using novel Stacked Modular Open Raceway Pond approach (SMORP)”, project No. LZP-2018/1-0232.

Contact information: Assoc. Prof. Francesco Romagnoli francesco.romagnoli@rtu.lv

LCA of Low Temperature District Heating System in Gulbene region Fabian Diaz, Ieva Pakere, Dagnija Blumberga, Francesco Romagnoli Institute of Energy Systems and Environment, Riga Technical University

Introduction

LCA Results

New district heating system technologies have arisen in the last years to deliver economic and environmental benefits to the residential and commercial buildings. As for the economic evaluation, there are several tools decision-makers can rely on to assess the environmental performance; the main major challenge is to provide a holistic point of view for which lifespan and complexity of implementable new technological systems can be an obstacle. For this reason, a Life Cycle Assessment is performed upon a technical evaluation of several district heating configuration options for the Gulbene region in Latvia, where DH systems in most of the assessed parishes are already operating under medium temperature regimes. Results show a considerable environmental benefit if low-temperature profiles, combined with the use of renewable energy sources are adopted in the current DH systems. A hotspot analysis shows the use stage is the one carrying with most of the burden across the projectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s lifetime, followed by the infrastructure construction and that the refurbishment of buildings does not play a major role in the total environmental impact contribution.

4GDH & System Boundaries LC Results & Interpretation At mid-point categories: Benefit in almost all categories but carcinogens and mineral extraction, where the increase related to the development of a 4GDH system is in the order of 0.02% and 2.98% respectively.

On the other hand, moving towards a 4GDH system shows a 54.65% reduction in the respiratory inorganics category, respiratory organics and Terrestrial acidity have a 20% reduction and land occupation category has a 57.55% drop.

At end-point categories: In the human health area, the one with the highest environmental toll, the reduction of moving from a 3GDH to a 4GDH system, is equal to 50%. The total environmental score for the human health area under the current conditions in Gulbene region, deliver 66.24 kPts for the analyzed FU, while under a 4GDH system the resulting score is 33.18 kPts. Although the reduction percentage in other areas is not as dramatic as for the human health one, still benefits from moving towards a 4GDH are found in the three remaining areas under the IMPACT 2002+ methodology.

Contact information: +371 25745865, fabian-andres.diaz-sanchez@rtu.lv

Towards Industrial Energy Efficiency Index Kristiāna Dolge, Anna Kubule, Dagnija Blumberga Institute of Energy Systems and Environment, Riga Technical University

Introduction

Energy efficiency index hierarchy

The total energy efficiency of industry is highly reliable on the sectoral heterogeneity since the technological processes and generated economic output of the produced products of sub-sectors differ. Therefore, in the industrial energy efficiency assessment, it is crucial to develop a model that investigates sectoral disparities.

Composite index methodology was applied to evaluate energy utilization efficiency levels across 18 different Latvian industrial sub-sectors. In total 12 indicators were incorporated in 3 main dimensions – economic, technical, and environmental.

In order to transform all the indicators into a common scale min-max data normalization was applied. The values were ranked in a range from 0 to 1, where 0 being the lowest and 1 the highest grade.

Equal weights were assigned to all indicators. All the sub-indices of each dimension were calculated by aggregating normalized and weighted indicators.

The first results for dimension sub-indices were obtained and discussed.

1 0,9 0,8 0,7 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1 0

Economic dimension subindex

Technical dimension subindex

Environmental dimension subindex

Value added per energy use

Investment per energy use

Greenhouse gas intensity

Generated turnover per energy use

Share of ISO 50001 registered companies

Use of fossil energy resources

Energy costs

Share of large size companies

Environment protection activity

Energy taxes per generated turnover

Energy use per employee

CO2 productivity

Highlights of the findings ▪ There exist sector-specific disparities that significantly impact the energy efficiency performance of each industrial sub-sector.

Differences appear in all three dimensions of the energy efficiency index.

Computer, electronics, optics Electrical equipment Pharmaceuticals Printing and media Machinery and equipment Motor vehicles and trailers Fabricated metals Rubber and plastics Other transport equipment Textiles, clothing, leather Food, beverages and tobacco Paper Furniture and other Chemicals Basic metals Mining and quarrying Wood and cork Non-metallic minerals

Economic dimension sub-index [0;1]

Economic dimension sub-index

Energy Efficiency Index

Energy taxes per generated turnover Energy costs Generated turnover per energy use Value added per energy use

▪ Knowledge-intensive and lightweight sectors held considerably higher values of energy efficiency dimension sub-indices. On contrast, highly energyintensive sectors were associated with lower energy efficiency dimension sub-indices.

▪ Sectors’ ability to generate sufficient economic value relative to the amount of energy consumed is an important determinant of energy efficiency.

▪ The model could be used as a tool for policymakers to develop sector-specific legislation and requirements related to industrial energy management practices.

▪ Further research will focus on incorporating economic, technical, and environmental dimension sub-indices in one final Energy Efficiency Index.

This research is funded by the Ministry of Economics of the Republic of Latvia, project EnergyPath, project No. VPP-EM-EE-2018/1-0006.

Contact information: Āzenes iela 12/1, Riga, LV–1048, Latvia, +371 26467755, kristiana.dolge@rtu.lv

System dynamics modelling of railway electrification in Latvia Liga Rozentale, Gjermund Bjørseth Mo, Armands Gravelsins, Claudio Rochas, Dagnija Blumberga Riga Technical university, Institute of Energy Systems and Environment Table 2. Description of model’s scenarios

Introduction Nowadays transport sector is one of the most challenging sectors in terms of reducing pollution that is produced in this sector. It becomes more and more clear that one of the best solutions for mitigating this pollution and the climate changes linked to it is the usage of electrified railway.

Figure 1. CO2 emissions per tonne-kilometre in the EU [1]

Rail (electric and diesel)

Rail (electric)

0% electrification

Scenario 5 30% electrification + RES

Scenario 2

30% electrification

Scenario 6 60% electrification + RES

Scenario 3

60% electrification

Scenario 7 100% electrification + RES

Scenario 4

100% electrification

Results Figure 2. Outtake from the model

80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Road

Scenario 1

Rail (diesel)

The aim of this article is to look at what effect the electrification of the railway will have on the energy supply system, how it will affect the economy and what kind of impact electrification of the railway will have on the environment. The article shows a system dynamics model, which is based upon factors that affects a newly electrified railway. These include power demand, economics and the environmental impact originating from the railway. This model can be applicable for any country, however in this article Latvia is modelled as an example of how the model works and what aspects of economic and environmental factors will change as a result of an electrification of the Latvian railway system.

Different scenarios of the system dynamics modelling provided a rather wide range of results showing the real importance of two influential policies – electrification of the railway and switching over to usage of fully renewable energy.

Figure 3. Pollution units in all seven scenarios 50

Methodology This research utilise system dynamics modelling. To understand the impact an electrification has on the environment as well as the energy supply and production, the model considers the current situation of the electrical supply system and the future development of the system.

Table 1. Variables in the model Environmental variables

Revenue variables

Economic variables

Renewable energy sources

Corporate tax rate

Worker salary

Non-renewable electrical supply

Wages

Locomotive power demand

Pollution variables

Hiring variables

Billion pollution units

40 30 20 10 0 1990

2030 Years

Energy variables

Pollution form diesel locomotives

Assumed birth rate

Pollution from fossilfuel based energy

Locomotive cost

Pollution from energy sources

Available workers

Change rate from fossil to renewable energy sources

Wage increase

Time to release funding

Pollution from electric locomotives

Retirement rate

Locomotive emissions

Fuel price

Annual fund use

Locomotive operating time

Fuel piece increase

Railway funding

Wage increase

Investment rate

In the model there are four main factors that are considered: Emissions; Power usage; Transport opportunities; Economic influence.

There are 7 different scenarios for the Latvian case study that depends on the level of electrification (0-100%) and renewable energy policy.

2050

Scenario 1

Scenario 2

Scenario 3

Scenario 5

Scenario 6

Scenario 7

Scenario 4

Conslusions 1. When looking from the perspective of climate changes and the possibilities to reduce them, it would be enough to implement Scenario 2 in order to already decrease the pollution units by more than 8% that can be reached already before 2050, which is the year for the major future climate targets.

2. All the reviewed scenarios (besides the first one) not only provide climate benefits, but also impacts the economy both from the side of investments, as well as employment and indirect economic benefits.

3. Though Scenarios 5 to 7 are very hypothetical, they are excellent tools for showing how renewable energy policy positively affects the pollution. However, from a more realistic perspective Scenario 2 and 3 are both beneficial for the climate and less financially and politically intensive.

Especially Scenario 2 is very realistic considering that it is based on actual government plans, which are now seemingly cancelled, but hopefully will be introduced again.

[1] International Energy Agency, CO2 emissions per tonne-kilometer in the EU, 2015.

[Online]. [Accessed 01.12.2019.]. Available: https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-andmaps/figures/specific-co2-emissions-per-tonne-2

Contact information: Institute of Energy Systems and Environment; Adress: Azenes iela 12/1, Riga, LV-1048, Latvia Corresponding author: liga.rozentale@em.gov.lv

What Type of Policy Instrument – Hugs, Carrots or Sticks?

Reinis ĀBOLTIŅŠ, Dzintars JAUNZEMS, Jeļena PUBULE, Dagnija BLUMBERGA Institute of Energy Systems and Environment

Introduction

Discussion and key conclusions

✓ The purpose of the study was to analyse Latvia’s NECP2030 impact on energy user by identifying the activities / policy measures by their type and their impact on the choices and actions of energy users.

Methodology ✓ Hugs, carrots and sticks approach - used to analyse, formulate and apply different policy instruments with the aim of achieving the desired economic behaviour or environmentally friendly and socially responsible behaviour.

✓ Four Activity clusters of NECP2030 ought to review the type of activities proposed to achieve climate friendly behaviour of energy users: ✓ 1) Facilitating RES electricity trading through type (A) and type (B) activities is proposed although type (C) or mandatory activities might prove to be more effective.

Result ✓ NECP2030 has 101 activity cluster encompassing 255 activities / policy measures.

Of the total number 141 activity can be identified as hugs or type (A) activities, 120 activities as carrot or category (B) activities and 60 as stick or type (C) activities. ✓ Type (A) (hugs) and type (B) (carrots) activities clearly dominate in NEKP2030; ✓ The number and proportion of type (C) or compulsory activities is significantly smaller than that of type (A) and (B) activities; ✓ Type (A) and type (B) activities dominate in several activity groups, which causes doubt if this type of activities will be enough to achieve the required changes and the goals set for each respective activity group.

✓ 2) Energy efficiency in public sector has two type (A) activities, however, literature suggests that imposing obligations can improve effectiveness of processes leading to the goal. ✓ 3) Analysis of factors facilitating change of behaviour of energy users suggests that to facilitate use of public transport type (C) (sticks) activities might be needed at least until energy users have adapted their behaviour to the new conditions – they are using public transport instead of private transport making the overall use of energy more efficient. ✓ 4) Reducing of disposed waste volume has several only type (B) activities that, according to NECP2030, will allow to successfully reach the goal. Literature suggests that type (C) activities might be required to implement a successful behavioural change of waste management practice.

Contact information: 12-K1 Āzenes Street, Riga, Latvia, +371-29218999, reinis.aboltins@rtu.lv

Environmental performance of co-firing idea. Life cycle assessment Roberts Kaķis, Dagnija Blumberga, Ģirts Vīgants Institute of Energy Systems and Environment, Riga Technical University, Azenes street 12/1, Latvia

Introduction

Results

In this paper are assessed and analysed three different combustion processes, two of them co-firing processes. The aim of the paper was to reveal how large environmental impact each scenario creates and compare, which one of the scearios isthe most environmetally friendly.

Natural gas

Impact, mPt

Co-firing is a combustion process using several fuels for energy production. As a general rule, this system consists of one fossil and one renewable energy resource, thereby reducing emissions.1-5

Natural gas + wood dust

60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Human health

Methods

Natural gas

Ecosystem quality

Natural gas + wood dust

Climate change

Resources

Biomethane + wood dust

100

Impact, mPt

Three scenarios were assessed using SimaPro software: 1. «Natural gas»- natural gas combustion; 2. «Natural gas + wood dust»- co-firing of natural gas and wood dust; 3. «Biomethane + wood dust»- co-firing of biomethane and wood dust.

To combust fuels is used burner, in first scenarionatural combustion, is used simple natural gas burner, but in both remaining scenarios is used dust burner- natural gas burner that is equipped with dust supply system. That means in wood dust co-firing scenarios it is necessary to add dust device transportation and dust supply system production in the calculation, it was also done.

Biomethane + wood dust

80 60 40 20 0

Total impact

References

Conclusions

Latvian Environment, Geology and Meteorology Centre “Emissions of CO2 from fuel stationary combustion calculation methodology”

1.Fossil fuel – natural gas – partial replacement will improve the quality of the ecosystem, reduce emission and be healthier process to human health, than using only natural gas. Results shows that natural gas co-firing with wood dust reduce impact to global warming by 30% but total impact to environment by 29%.

1

2

Ayhan, D. (2003). Sustainable cofiring of biomass with coal. Energy Conversion and Management.

3

Valters Kazulis, Haralds Vigants, Ivars Veidenbergs, Dagnija Blumberga, 2018, Biomass and natural gas co-firing – evaluation of GHG emissions. International Scientific Conference “Environmental and Climate Technologies”, CONECT 2018.

4

Casaca, C., & Costa, M. (2003). Co-combustion of biomass in a natural gas-fired furnace. Combustion Science and Technology, 175(11), 1953–1977. doi:10.1080/714923187

V.Suzdalenko Promotion work “Wood Pellets Cofiring with Gaseous Fossil Fuels 5

2.Biomethane production technologies must improve, because its production significantly impacts Human health2,29 times more use of natural gas. But at the same time, biomethane and wood dust use as fuel for heat production reduces emissions- they are carbon neutral and renewable.

Technologies should improve because use of such a fuels is sustainable- planet can’t run out of them.

3."Natural gas + wood dust” scenario leaves smaller impact to environment by 44% compared to biomethane co-firing with wood dust.

Contact information: robertskakis@gmail.com

The potential of Chlorella species as a feedstock for bioenergy production: A review Baiba Ievina, Francesco Romagnoli Riga Technical university, Institute of Energy systems and Environment

Summary Microalgae are regarded as a promising sustainable energy source. Selection of appropriate microalgae strain for cultivation is essential for overall success of large-scale biomass production under particular environmental and climate conditions. Several key features potentially make Chlorella spp. highly beneficial for bioenergy production coupled with wastewater treatment and extraction of high value compounds: • Fast growth rate, • Low sensitivity to contamination, • Adaptation to fluctuating environments, • Ability to grow in photoautotrophic, heterotrophic and mixotrophic conditions, • Contain compounds with high commercial value.

High value compounds

Introduction Chlorella are cosmopolitan microalgae that can be found in diverse habitats throughout the world. Chlorella spp. are between the most studied microalgal species.

Present review attempts to unfold the potential of various species of the genus Chlorella for bioenergy production including evaluation of the applicability for wastewater treatment and production of high addedvalue compounds to increase the economic feasibility of bioenergy production.

Chlorella spp. are source of many bioactive compounds with commercial value that can be co-extracted to further increase the viability of microalgal bioenergy.

Most promising value-added products in Chlorella spp. are: • chlorophylls, • lutein, • β-carotene, • lipids

Wastewater treatment

Conclusions

Wastewater is a low-cost source of nutrients for microalgae cultivation.

Chlorella species are natural inhabitants of wastewater ponds.

• Tolerance and adaptability to various wastewater streams.

• High nutrient removal rates and resistance to contaminants.

• However, suitable dilution rate of a stronger wastewater must be obtained to exclude the inhibitory effect of excessive ammonium level.

Numerous studies show that Chlorella species hold a great potential for a large-scale biomass production, however optimization of cultivation conditions is of primary importance to achieve high biomass yield and increase the content of high value compounds.

Although many Chlorella spp. show similar characteristics some substantial differences in growth and response to environmental factors exist.

For example, C. sorokiniana is heat and high light resistant species especially useful in hot environments.

While C. vulgaris has demonstrated very wide temperature tolerance.

Contact information: Baiba Ievina, baiba.ievina@rtu.lv

Life cycle assessment based approach to forecast the response of Waste management policy targets to the environmental protection Edgars Kavals, Silvija Nora Kalnins, Julija Gusca Institute of Energy Systems and Environment, Riga Technical University, Latvia

• increase municipal waste (MW) recycling to 65% [4];

0,000

0,050

• increase the recycling rate of packaging waste to 75% [4]; wood (R) metal (R)

• reduce the share of MW stored in landfills to 10% [5]; • the EU's common objective is to prohibit the disposal of sorted MW in landfills [5].

0,041

0,082 0,042

0,156 0,265

0,040

0,200 0,250 0,300 0,350 0,400 Composition of collected MW (R) recycled or recovered (NR) non-recycable polymer (plastics) (R) paper and cardboard (R) landfilled MW (NR) organic fraction

0,450

Comparative LCIA results of the main environmental impacts of LV2016 and LV2030 scenarios are reflected in Fig. 2. The distribution of the environmental impacts over the four impact categories for both scenarios is given in (Fig. 2 (A)). The overall impact assessment shows that the environmental impacts of the scenario LV2030 is approximately 80 % lower compared to the LV2016 scenario – 551 mPt per capita in 2016 and 110.1 mPt per capita in 2030.

As LCIA results showed, glass production has a relatively large impact, as glass is one of the dominant types of waste collected in Latvia and, secondly, the process of producing glass is energy-intensive – high consumption of resources and energy.

125 122

551,0

120

Impact LV2030, mPt

500 399,0

400

Impact, mPt

0,150

Results and discussion

In order to assess the life cycle based environmental impacts of MW management in Latvia, an LCA model was developed for LV2016 and LV2030 scenarios in SimaPro software. Description of the scenarios proposed: • Scenario 1 (LV2016) - corresponds to the MW management situation in Latvia in 2016, based on statistical data.

• Scenario 2 (LV2030) - based on the National Waste Management Plan for 2020 [2], the Sustainable Development Strategy for Latvia 2030 [3] and other planning documents at national and EU level as European Council Directive 1999/31/EC “Landfill Directive” [6], Directive 2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council “Waste Framework Directive” [7].

300 200

115

115

115 112

110

110 105

108

106

106 98

100 95

110,1 100

0,100

Figure 1. Distribution of MW collected in 2016 and 2030 (tonnes per capita) [8]

Methodology

600

0,010

0,059 0,005

• the ratio of recycled waste will be up to 80% [2, 3];

0,030

LV2016

Waste management policy goals 2030

0,041

LV2030

0,012

Inadequate municipal waste management, associated with dominance of waste landfilling and low efficiency of resource and energy recovery, is the major challenge towards circular economy targets for some European Union countries, including Latvia. Waste management improvements are also one of the tools to fight climate change [1]. The aim of the study is to evaluate environmental performance from implementation of waste management policy goals in waste management systems of Latvia applying life cycle assessment methodology.

0,006 0,021

Introduction

The LV2016 scenario model is based on the existing municipal waste management system in Latvia and statistical data for 2016. The LV2030 scenario model is focused on the strategic Latvian and EU waste management targets for 2030 and assumes that these objectives will be achieved. Distribution of MW collected in 2016 and 2030 (tonnes per capita) are showed in Fig 1.

62,8

75,3

70,1

33,9 0,8

0

14,4 5,3

90 -40%

-30%

-20%

-10%

0% 10% Changes, %

20%

30%

40%

sensitivity to changes in recycled plastic ratio LV2016

sensitivity to changes in organic fraction ratio

LV2030

Figure 2. Results of comparison of the LCA in the environmental impact categories (a), sensitivity analysis of LV2030 scenario (b).

Recycling actions (glass, plastics, metal, paper, etc.) is likely to reduce the environmental impact of the waste management system by approximately 50 % more comparing LV2030 and LV2016 scenarios.

The sensitivity analysis results (see Fig. 2 (B)) obtained from 2030 scenario demonstrated, that boosting recovery rates of plastic by 20 % and organic waste by 20 % can contribute to minimization of entire life cycle environmental impacts (human health, resources, climate change, ecosystems) by 1.8 % and organic by 3.6 % correspondingly. In general, the sensitivity analysis shows that changes in the recycled plastics amount and amount of organic fraction alter the overall impact of the MW management system on the impacts categories analysed. It is important to mention that the results of the sensitivity analysis show that increasing the sorting of organic fraction and generating energy from it will lead to a more significant reduction in environmental impact than the sorting and recycling of plastics.

Overall, the study of life cycle analysis carried out showed the importance of respecting the principles of sustainability, recycling of MW and energy recovery from MW to improve the waste management system and to decrease its impact to environment, climate change and human health. Study also shows that scenario based LCA anaylsis could be helpful for decision making process to achieve the best possible waste management system efficiency.

References 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

Tomić T, Schneider DR. Municipal solid waste system analysis through energy consumption and return approach. J Environ Manage 2017;203:973–87.

The Ministry of Environmental Protection and Regional Development. National Waste Management Plan of Latvia 2013-2020; 2013:154.

Saeima of the Republic of Latvia. Sustainable development strategy of Latvia until 2030; 2010:1–107.

European Parliment, European Council. Proposal for a Directive of the EP and of the Council amending Directives 2008/98/EC on waste, 94/62/EC on packaging and packaging waste, 1999/31/EC on the landfill of waste, 2000/53/EC on end-of-life vehicles, 2006/66/EC on batteries and. Http://Eur-LexEuropaEu/Legal-Content/EN/TXT/?Uri=CELEX:52014PC0397 2015.

European Commission. Review of Waste Policy and Legislation. Http://EcEuropaEu/Environment/Waste/Target_reviewHtm 2017.

European Council Directive. Council Directive 1999/31/EC on the landfill.1999:L182/1-19.

European Conucil Directive 2008/98/EC “Waste Framework Directive” 2008: L 312/1-28.

Eurostat. Municipal waste by waste operations. http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/submitViewTableAction.do 2017.

Contact information: edgars.kavals@rtu.lv, Institute of Energy Systems and Environment, Riga Technical University, Azenes iela 12/1, Riga, Latvia

Characterisation of electrochemical sensor-array for utilisation in construction of BOD bioelectronic tongue Kätlin PITMANa, Jaak NERUTb, Merlin RAUDa, and Timo KIKASa a Institute of Technology, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Fr.R.Kreutzwaldi 56/1, Tartu 51014, Estonia b Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, Tartu 50411, Estonia

INTRODUCTION There is need to rapidly measure biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) to estimate organic pollution in wastewater. Biosensors are able to estimate BOD values within 5-30 minutes, but they have some limitations that can be overcome with biosensor-array.

Purpose of this work was to examine if DropSens 550 screen-printed electrochemical array could be used as a base sensor for a biosensor array to measure BOD.

MATERIALS AND METHODS This work used sensor-array, which consists 8×3 electrodes. The working electrode was inner Pt circle electrode, counter electrode was a Pt band electrode and the reference electrode was silver wire. The potentiostat was used to record cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. The pumping speed was set at 1.5 cm3 min-1 or higher, to avoid the interference. The sensor-array was tested to measure different oxygen amounts and calibrated accordingly. Pseudomonas putida membranes used to prepeare biosensor and this was calibrated and used to estimate BOD value. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometry (CA) were used to study the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) on the electrochemical array. The flow through cell was designed for the measurements.

Membrane with immobilized microorganisms

DropSens 550 screen-printed electrochemical array

The biosensor signal (current density, j) during measurement of CA in solution of OECD wastewater at different BOD5 values; 2 ml min-1 It can be seen that after 60 seconds the sensor output signal can be considered stable and similar to the signal gained at 120 seconds.

Custom made flow cell (A) top view and (B) side view. Flow though cell consists of (1) cell top part, (2) cell nether part, (3) inflow tube, (4) outflow tube, (5) DropSens 550 screen-printed electrochemical array, (6) black distance piece, (7) orange silicone sealing, (8) membrane, (9) screw.

Calibration graphs of different biosensor membranes when OECD wastewater was used for calibration.

The linear ranges of used biosensors were between 65 to 85 mg l−1 of BOD5. Sensitivities were measured between 0.0018 and 0.0068.

CONCLUSIONS Biosensor array based on DropSens 550 with bacterial membranes was calibrated. The linear range was up to 85 mg l-1 of BOD and sensitivity from 0.0018 to 0.0068 with Pseudomonas putida biosensor array. Using this biosensor array, the sensor BOD value was obtained with less than 15 minutes. Although the biosensor array underestimated the BOD value in bioethanol production stillage, it shows promise to be utilised in environmental monitoring.

Comparison of BOD5 and senor-BOD. The biosensor array mostly underestimates solution BOD values from 8 to 37%. This underestimation is caused by organic components that are biodegradable during the longer BOD5 but not biodegrade during the short measurement time of the array.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was supported by the EU through the European Regional Development Fund under project TK141 "Advanced materials and high-technology devices for energy recuperation systems" (2014-2020.4.01.15-0011) and by the Estonian Research Council (grant No. PRG676). We also gratefully acknowledge the support of Estonian University of Life Sciences (base financed project P170025).

Characterization of RDF production from MSW: the case studies in Baltic States Dace Āriņa Institute of Physical Energetics

Formatting/design rules

Introduction In Lithuania refuse derived fuel (RDF) preparation started in 2013 for Waste-to-Energy plants. In Latvia production of RDF started in 2012 as an alternative fuel for cement plant. 103 000 tons were imported and 26 000 tons of RDF were produced in Latvia in 2018. Non-sufficient amount and quality of Latvia`s MSW are main obstacles to increase production of RDF in Latvia.

The mean values of the parameters of RDF and SRF of MSW

Tasks: 1. Determination of morphological composition of RDF and SRF of mixed MSW from Latvia (RDF-V; SRF-V) and Lithuania (RDF-A). 2.Detection of the parameters of the RDF and SRF from Latvia.

Material and method MBT: Alytus and Viduskurzeme

Results of moisture analysis show significant differences of average values between RDF and SRF fraction. That is explained by dry plastic waste that is added for SRF preparation.

Conclusion

Results The average morphological composition of RDF and SRF of MSW (w,%)

Differences of biological waste and nappies composition can be explained by a larger screen size (<80 mm) of Alytus MBT screener. Therefore biological waste and nappies are less represented in coarse fraction if compared to Viduskurzemes MBT with a screener size <60mm.

1. The results from Latvia and Lithuania case studies for composition of RDF shows similar results (main types of waste are plastic, paper and cardboard and textile, for Latvia also nappies).

2. Source separation of biological waste from mixed MSW ensures possibility of preparation of quality fuel for cement production (lower moisture content, higher heating value, lower ash content compared to unsorted MSW). The biologically degradable waste separation at the source is necessary to lower moisture and ash content and to increase heating value for potential fuel production from waste.

3. It is possible to lower Cl content if manual sorting of PVC waste is included into process of RDF preparation.

4. The quality parameters of SRF are improved by additional plastic waste added to its preparation (that plastic is separately collected, dry and not recyclable).

5. According to CEN standard (EN 15359), the mean parameters for coarse fraction/RDF can be classified with the class code: Net heating value (3); chlorine (3); mercury (1), and responds to limits stated for 3rd class of SRF. The mean parameters for SRF can be classified with the class code: Net heating value (2); chlorine (3); mercury (1), and responds to limits stated for 3rd class of SRF.

Contact information: adress:11 Krīvu Street, LV-1006, Riga, Latvia, e-mail: dace.arina@gmail.com Acknowledgement: This study was carried out in the frame of the project "Research of optical and energetic properties of mixed municipal solid waste material for its preparation for a recovery" No. 1.1.1.2/VIAA/1/16/221

Energy Sustainability Index in Statistical Regions of Latvia Dzintra SLIŠĀNE, Gatis GAUMIGS, Dace LAUKA, Dagnija BLUMBERGA Institute of Energy Systems and Environment, Riga Technical University, Azenes iela 12/1, Riga, LV 1048, Latvia

Introduction

Energy Sustainability in regions

Sustainable development is one of the fundamental challenges of the European Union. Energy production and use currently accounts for more than 75% of EU greenhouse gas emissions. Consistently, the energy sector is an important climate change mitigation point in the world and Latvia. Single Energy Sustainable Development Index combines three key sustainability indicators: environmental, social and economic. The use of indicators makes it possible to create an overall index that shows not only how green the region is, but also includes the well-being and economic situation of its population.

The study uses a universal formula that is adapted to the case study of Latvia. The division of the Latvian territory into the statistical regions were used, as defined in BOM Order No 271 of 28 April 2004, “On the statistical regions of the Republic of Latvia and the administrative units contained therein”. The use of all three key aspects of sustainability – the environment, social and economic – allows for the creation of an overall index showing not only how “green” the region in question is, but also including the welfare and economic situation of its population.

Energy Sustainability Index Sustainable Energy Development Index (IIA)

Sustainability of the economic dimension (IIEA)

Sustainability of the environmental dimension (IIVA)

Sustainability of the social dimension (ISDA)

Average non - household electricity tariff

CO2 emissions per MWh of heat produced

Energy dependence

GDP / capita

CO2 emissions per MWh of electricity produced

Population density

Average heat tariff

Share of RES in electricity production

Household energy expenditure per capita as% of average wage

Average electricity tariff for households

Share of RES in heat production

Average salary

Results 0,70

1,00 0,90 0,80 0,70 0,60 0,50 0,40 0,30 0,20 0,10 0,00

0,60 0,50 0,40 0,30 Riga district

Pieriga district

Vidzeme district

Kurzeme district

Zemgale district

Latgale district

Latvia

0,20 0,10

Energy sustainabilty economic aspect Energy sustainabilty social aspect Energy sustainability environmental aspect Sustainable development index

0,00 Riga region Pieriga region Vidzemes region Kurzemes region Zemgales region Latgales region Latvia

In assessing the results, it is apparent that the energy sustainability index for Riga region exceeds the average of Latvia. The results depend on the indicators selected and data available in the regional breakdown. When assessing the results from the point of view of indicators selected for this study, Kurzeme can be considered as the least “green” region. The energy sustainability index gives priority not only to regions but also to the targeted groups of indicators.

Contact information: Dzintra Slišāne, e-mail: dzintra.slisane_1@rtu.lv This research is funded by the Latvian Council of Science, project “Blind spots in the energy transition policy (BlindSpots)”, project No. lzp-2018/20022.

Technology for the Production of Environment Friendly Tableware J. OLT1, V.V. MAKSAROV2, K. SOOTS1, T. LEEMET1 1Estonian University of Life Sciences, Institute of Technology 2Saint-Petersburg Mining University, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering

Abstract

Materials and methods

From the point of view of environmental protection, it is reasonable to stop using disposable tableware that has been made from polluting plastics and to start using biodegradable and compostable products.

Biodegradable and compostable tableware is significantly more environment and nature friendly than disposable plastic tableware and drinkware. The byproducts (mostly bran) from the milling of wheat, corn and rice and palm leaves are used for the production of tableware. In the Baltic States, including Estonia, it is reasonable to use wheat bran, rye bran and buckwheat bran and the mixtures of these brans. The aim of this research was to provide the technical and technological know-how for the production of environment friendly disposable tableware and to verify the suitability of the new technological means. In order to achieve the aim, a punch and a die were modelled to produce disposable plates with desired parameters, materials and work modes for the material were chosen and, thereafter, the plates were produced from bran using a physical punch and die and using a suitable moulding mode or temperature and compression duration and using prescribed compressive forces.

Keywords – biodegradable and compostable tableware; die; cutting treatment; bran plate; eco-design.

Lifecycle of compostable tableware Cereal

Milling

1. Shape of the plate’s moulding and modelling 2. Choice of material for the production of the punch and die 3. Tensile and flexural strength

Model of the plates

Test scheme for a three-point flexural test

Production process

Bran

Cross-section of the moulding’s model

Use of tableware

Composting

Results Compacts with the following diameters were cut with a laser to perform the flexural strength test and to determine density: diameter Dp = 50 mm, thickness bp = 2.5 mm. Table presents the data on various brans and their mixtures obtained from tests of mechanical properties.

Table. Flexual strength of test bodies of plates made from bran Flexural strength, N/mm2

Standard deviation

Standard error

Rye bran

14.61

1.07

0.62

Wheat bran

14.24

2.05

1.18

Buckwheat bran

8.43

2.74

1.58

Buckwheat hulls

4.63

0.44

0.26

Rye and wheat bran (50:50%)

12.18

1.99

0.99

Rye and buckwheat bran (50:50%)

16.50

0.43

0.25

Wheat and buckwheat bran (50:50%)

14.69

3.50

2.02

Rye bran and buckwheat hulls (50:50%)

12.08

1.87

1.08

Material

Conclusion The test works of this research showed that the flexural strengths of test bodies made from rye bran and buckwheat bran slightly exceeded those made of rye bran and wheat bran and other mixtures of brans, which remained in the range of 12–16.5 N/mm2. Therefore, these materials are suitable for the production of environment friendly tableware.

Only the plates compressed from buckwheat bran and hulls had a flexural strength of below 10 N/mm2 and, therefore, these materials are separately not suitable for the production of tableware; however, they are suitable in mixtures with other cereal brans. The density of the compressed plates remained in the range of 1.1–1.2 g/cm3. In order to reduce the cost price of production, the recipe may include ground cereal straws and chaff, which are also lignocellulose biological materials and compostable.

Contact information: Jüri Olt, Tel.:+372 7 313 358, E-mail: jyri.olt@emu.ee.

Assessment of urban resilience to natural disasters with a system dynamics tool: Case study of Latvian municipality Maksims FEOFILOVS , Francesco ROMAGNOLI

Novel urban resilience assessment tool: • Linking DRR and climate adaptation

Natural hazard

• Multi-dimensionality

Loss of functionality level

Urban system functionality

Institute of Energy Systems and Environment, RTU

• Complex dynamics and feedbacks • Both short-term and long-term perspectives System 1 without recovery

Short term

• Offset the knowledge gaps • Scenarios for local policy planners

Long term

Time

Fig. 1. Dynamic problem and hypothesis

Methodology includes: •

Natural hazard

Selecting of indicators for MCA

•

Creating Urban Resilience Index

•

Integration of MCA and System Dynamics

•

Indicator x3 norm

Social Dimension

Indicator x4 norm

Indicator x2 norm

Capturing scale and scope ✓ Multi-dimensionality

Indicator x1 norm

Infrastructure Dimension

URI

Indicator x5 norm

✓ Feedbacks Economic Dimension

✓ Short-term and long-term •

Validation of SD model

•

Case study for Latvian municipality

Environmental Dimension

Indicator xn norm Indicator x6 norm

Fig. 2. MCA integration into System Dynamics model

Fig. 2. SD model output for indicators Contact information: maksims.feofilovs@rtu.lv

Fig. 3. SD model output for URI

Application of the Methods for Comprehensive Reliability Analysis of District Heating Systems

Melentiev Energy Systems Institute of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Ivan Postnikov Melentiev Energy Systems Institute of SB RAS

Russian Foundation for Basic Research

Summary

Group of failure states SFS+HN

41+91

Group of failure states SFS+HS

..

...

Group of failure states SFS

43+91 2 41

Group of failure states HN

33

quarter 3

35 34 33 32 31

District 1

18 17 16 15 14

4

12

13

37

36 32

29 5

District 3

11

3

Railway station district

28

10

16

4

2 9

30

1 3 8

29

2

35 1-34 - consumers 35-38 - nodes of tre heat network 1 -- 41 - sections of the heat network Scale

CHP 5

a)

b)

2+42

2+43

.....

.....

..... 2+89 ..... .....

41+42

41+43

..... 41+89

1

89+91

89

1+42+91 ..... 1+89+91

89+90

2+42+91 ..... 2+89+91

.....

1+42+90 ..... 1+89+90

.....

.....

41+42+91 ..... 41+89+91 2+42+90 ..... 2+89+90

.....

.....

.....

Group of failure states SFS+HS +HN

41+42+90 ..... 41+89+90

Group of failure states HS

Graph of the states of DHS in Shelekhov tacking into account the functioning of SFS

Level of heat 100 supply to 90 consumers, 80 % of need 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

Levels of heat supply to consumers in case of failures of components of DHS subsystems (HS and HN) decomposition solutions

comprehensive solution

1 0,98 0,96 0,94 0,92 0,9 0,88 0,86 DHS+SFS

a)

SFS

DHS

HS

HN

DHS+SFS

DHS

HN

System

4,6

Failure-free operation probability

3,9

4 2,6

HS

5,1

Availability factor

3

SFS

b)

6 5

decomposition solutions

1 0,98 0,96 0,94 0,92 0,9 0,88 0,86

System

17 31

27

100 m

..... 1+89

Increase in RI for different systems relative to the initial value,%

quarter 6

5

18

30

6

1+43

Failure-free operation probability

25

1+42

Group of failure states HS+HN

Availability factor

quarter 8

26

7

19

43+90

...

quarter 1 quarter 4 quarter 7 quarter 2 quarter 5

District 4

10 14 11 15 38 9 22 21 13 22 24 23 21 8 20 20 12 6 7 19

27

34

43

...

quarter 11

42

0

... ...

1

42+90

..

quarter 20 quarter 18

26 25 23 24

max

42+91

comprehensive solution

41 40 39 38 37 36

91

...

28

quarter 9

min

..

Сhurch

quarter 30

90

1+90

Case Study (Shelekhov city, Irkutsk region, Russia) Metallurgist

1+91

...

The general idea of the methodology for the comprehensive reliability analysis of district heating systems (DHS), developed earlier by the author of this paper, is a joint considering and modeling of each technological processes, including fuel supply to heat sources (HS), generation of heat energy by these HS and its distribution on district heating network (HN). For solving this problem different methods and models are applied: statistical testing method, markov random processes, methods of the theory of hydraulic circuits, basic laws of district heating and heat transfer processes, etc. In this paper the main attention is paid to the results of the practical application of methods and models of a comprehensive reliability analysis of DHS using the example of calculations performed for the actual DHS scheme of the Shelekhov city (Irkutsk region, Russia). Different stages of the case study are considered, including preparation of initial data, simulation modeling of fuel supply to HS, modeling of the markov random process describing operate of DHS, calculation of post-failure modes in HN, evaluation of nodal reliability indices (RI), decomposition analysis of reliability. Based on the analysis of calculation results some preliminary directions are formulated to the increase of reliability for studied DHS. These data are the basis for a comprehensive reliability optimization of DHS, the solution of which is the subject of special perspective stage in development of the research.

41+90

2,8 2,2

2,1

2 0,7

1 0 SFS

c)

DHS

HS

HN

System

0 CHP-5

Schemes of DHS in Shelekhov: a) general scheme on the city map; b) aggregated calculated scheme

Analysis is five stages: 1. Preparation of initial data, calculation schemes.

2. Reliability analysis of SFS (fuel supply to HS).

3. Modeling of a markov random process describing the operation of DHS. 4. Modeling of emergency modes of DHS. 5. Determining of nodal RI. CONECT 2020 - The Conference of Environmental and Climate Technologies, Riga, Latvia, 13-15 May 2020

Summarizing result of a comprehensive and decomposition analysis of the reliability of DHS (heat supply to consumers) in Shelekhov

The research was performed at Melentiev Energy Systems Institute SB RAS under the support of Russian Foundation for Basic Research (Grant №2008-00488А “Development of methods and models for support of decisions on the optimal formation, operating and dependability ensuring of the integrated district heating systems with prosumers”) 664033, Russia, Irkutsk, Lermontov st., 130 postnikov@isem.irk.ru

Fish Processing Efficiency Ranking Zane Indzere*, Dagnija Blumberga Institute of Energy Systems and Environment, Riga Technical University

Introduction

Case study

Fish as food has been widely used, and as fish product consumption is increasing, therefore the efficiency of fish production companies needs to be increased as well.

Fish production may consist of many processes, depending on the type of fish products they produce.

Based on this, the increase in the efficiency of the whole company could be expensive, especially for small size companies, whose revenues per year are rather small.

Therefore, to evaluate and understand which part of the company is the least efficient and needs to be improved first to have the highest increase in the efficiency of the company, the decision making method needs to be used for the evaluation. In this research, the method MULTIMOORA was chosen to evaluate the specific company’s production efficiency. The results have shown that fish preliminary processing is the least efficient process for the chosen case study.

Recommendations for improvements of the efficiency to the least efficient stage have been developed, therefore improving the efficiency for the whole company.

A specific fish processing plant data was used to perform MULTIMOORA method in order to evaluate the efficiency of current processing processes.

Knowing the fact that the production plant is too large and too much investments would be needed to improve everything, the first improvements are needed where the efficiency is the lowest. Therefore, the method MULTIMOORA is used to conduct the least efficient process of this specific production plant.

The evaluation was done for two production stages (alternatives) based on the division mentioned in BAT document: − Preliminary processing; − Preservation methods.

Fish processing plant uses a high volume of resources and contributes to global environmental problems by consuming energy, water and producing waste water and waste – all these indicators are used as objectives in the evaluation in this research.

Methodology

Results and Discussion

MULTIMOORA considers results from all three methods – ratio system, reference point theory and fullmultiplicative form. Each of the method as a result achieves ranking that is finally combined to achieve the final ranking – the ranking of MULTIMOORA.

6,00 5,00

Efficiency score

Multi-Objective Optimization on the basis of Ratio Analysis (MULTIMOORA) is being used as a research method to evaluate the alternative improvements, considering various parts of the production processes to increase the efficiency of fish production companies.

4,00 3,00

2,00 1,00 0,00 Preliminary processing Preservation methods

The ratio system

Multi-decision making matrix

The reference point approach

The MULTIMOORA method

MOORA

The full multiplicative form MULTI

Fig. 1. Steps of MULTIMOORA method [11].

Ratio system

The reference point

Multi

Fig. 2. The results of MULTIMOORA method.

The results have shown that the process where the fish is preliminary processed needs to be improved to achieve the best efficiency improvements. This stage of production includes the following processes: unloading, sorting, gutting, and skinning.

Improvement in the fish processing company should firstly consider preliminary processing.

Contact information: *Zane.indzere@rtu.lv

Synthesis, characterization and catalytical effects of Fe contents on pyrolysis of cellulose with Fe2O3/SBA-15 catalysts Agija Stanke, Valdis Kampars, Kristine Lazdovica Riga Technical University, Institute of Applied Chemistry

Introduction

Materials and methods

Producing bio-oil, non-condensable gases and bio-char, the pyrolysis remains one of the universal process of biomass conversion.

In this study mesoporous SBA-15 was synthesized under acidic conditions using triblock copolymer Pluronic P123 as template, tetraethyl orthosilicate as a silica source and modified with different iron loading (1.8 %, 5% and 10%) via post-synthesis impregnation with Fe(NO3)3∙9H2O.

Catalyst consisting of metals or its oxides in form of nanoparticles can be easy affixed to the SBA-15 support distinguished by high thermal and hydrothermal stability, large surface area, hexagonally arranged mesopores and a thick pore wall.

The obtained catalysts were characterized using XRD analysis, WDXRF spectroscopy, N2 adsorption-desorption analysis.

In order to obtain selective information, the present study investigated the catalytic pyrolysis of cellulose with SBA-15 and Fe (%)/SBA-15 catalysts with different iron loading.

Pyrolysis of cellulose with and without addition of a catalyst was investigated using TG-FTIR.

Results and discussion Catalyst SBA-15 Fe (1.8%)/SBA-15 Fe (5%)/SBA-15 Fe (10%)/SBA-15

d-spacinga , nm

aₒb , nm

BET surface area, m2/g

Dporec, nm

Vtotald, cm3/g

Wall thicknesse, nm

9.30 9.82 10.15 10.15

10.7 11.3 11.7 11.7

849.5 732.6 665.1 613.8

6.52 6.38 7.11 6.20

1.38 1.17 1.18 0.95

3.88 4.38 4.80 6.16

The d-spacing based on (100) plane was calculated from nλ = 2d100sinϴ. b The unit cell parameters were calculated from low angle XRD patterns using aₒ = 2d 100/√3. c Pore diameters were derived from the desorption branches of the isotherms by using BJH method. a

Total pore volumes estimated from the absorbed amount at a relative pressure of p/pₒ = 0.99 e Wall thickness was calculated from Wall thickness = aₒ - D pore d

Relative changes of cellulose pyrolysis products yields, wt.%

250

SBA-15 Fe (1.8%)/SBA-15 Fe (5%)/SBA-15 Fe (10%)/SBA-15

200 150

8000 6000 4000 2000 0 Olefins

100 50 LGA 0 CH4 -50

CO

CO2

Alcohols and Acids anhydrosugars

Aldehydes

Ketones

H2O Mono-substituted aromatic hydrocarbons

-100

Conclusions The characterization techniques showed that ordered structure of SBA-15 remained after the incorporation of iron. Results of catalytic tests showed that catalyst surface area and iron content affect the formation of solid residue. The highest rate of thermal degradation of cellulose was in presence of Fe (10%)/SBA-15. The addition of Fe2O3 increased the yield of highvalue-added compounds by promoting cracking, dehydrogenation, and aromatization. Fe (10%)/SBA-15 showed the best deoxygenation performance, reducing relative yields of alcohols, levoglucosan (LGA) and other anhydrosugars, acids, aldehydes, ketones. Formation of mono-substituted aromatic hydrocarbons the most was promoted by Fe (1.8%)/SBA-15.

Acknowledgement This research is funded by the Ministry of Economics of the Republic of Latvia, project VPP-2018-ENERGY, project No. VPP-EM-AER-2018/3-0004

Contact information: agija.stanke@rtu.lv

Recreation Fishing Impact to Climate Changes. Case of Latvia Tamara Grizane, Dagnija Blumberga, Institute of Energy Systems and Environment/Riga Technical University

Introduction

Results

Tourism-wise about 62% of all EU citizens make at least one trip in 2017. Tourism is one of the main leading forces behind the anthropogenic global warming, that should be directed towards sustainable resource management thus reducing global warming by 60% until 2050 compared to 1990 in line with the European low-emission mobility strategy. Given the need for tourism to be in line with the Kyoto global warming mitigation systems, it is necessary to assess CO2 emissions arisen from the tourism transport in tourism sector differing from the previous researches which have focused on assessing CO2 emissions in the tourism sector in Latvia in general.

Research goal: is to analyse the CO2 emissions caused by a trip to Latvia’s Western coast of Baltic Sea for recreation fishing purposes, in order to create a part of the informative base for intensifying the development of the specific tourism industry on a Baltic Sea states scope.

Table.1. Motorhome, bus and vans CO2 emissions recreation fishing on Latvian Western coast of Baltic sea Type of transport

CO2emissons km (g/km)

per

Cars

CO2 emission per trip (kg) 3 516. 559

116-156 Motorhome

307

Bus

170

243. 950

Vans

187

28. 237

Total

-

–

– – – –

2 007. 166

5 795. 912

socioeconomic; demographic; increase in the quantity of new transport vehicles; increase in the quantity of cars and buses with diesel engine; use of more economical types of fuel.

RESULTING INDICATORS OF CO2 EMISSION CHANGES OF TT IN LATVIA AND LATVIAN NUTS 3 REGIONS (2012-2017)

Methodology TheThe case study site is the western coastline of Baltic Sea, which is located in Kurzeme region. Within Kurzemes region, it includes the Baltic Sea coast from Pape till Irbe river’s delta, on mainland the area stretches to lakes of Pape, Liepaja, Durbe, Tašu, Usma

Fig.2. Real CO2 emissions of a journey for recreation fishing in comparison with a hypothetical compliance with the EU Regulation 2019/631

Conclusions While exploiting three climate impact scenarios for analysing CO2 emissions reduction perspectives it was determined that:

Fig.1. Research area and home place of respondents in Latvia

Data were analysed using statistical computer program and interpreted as follow: – First step: Defining the path of fishing tourists on their way to destination; – Second step: Analysing the choice of modes of transport for recreation tourism and passengers; – Third step: Defining the CO2 emissions on the path to fishing destination; – Fourth step: Estimation of the average vehicle rates occupancy; – Fifth step: Defining the CO2 emissions scenarios and analysis of results.

1. To substitute used cars with newer ones, at CO2 155 g/km, it was possible to reduce CO2 emissions by 684.49 kg, with emissions CO2 147 g/km – by CO2 847 kg, but with emissions 131 g/km – by 570.84kg; 2. When forecasting 100% occupancy rate for light vehicles per single respondent, the reduction of emission would be possible depending on the emissions rate CO2 155g/km, CO2 147g/km and CO2 131g/km, reducing accordingly by CO2 6.77kg, CO2 5.01kg un CO2 5.4kg ; 3. When travelling to fishing destinations annually per passenger, with car emissions of 95g CO2/km and with a 60% average vehicle occupancy rates, it was determined that reduction of CO2 emissions is possible depending on car emissions of CO2 155g/km, CO2 147g/km un CO2 131g/km, totaling reductions of 297.7 kg; 322.7kg and 280.2kg correspondingly.

4. More intense car-sharing practice would increase the vehicle occupation rates and while driving newer cars with reduced CO2 emissions it would be possible to reduce the transport vehicle caused emissions and impact on the climate change when travelling to Latvian Western coast of Baltic Sea recreation fishing area, which is limited in terms of availability of public transport.

Contact information: E-mail: tamara.grizane@inbox.lv

Methodology of Indicative Analysis to Determine the Municipal Units for Implementation of the Energy-Saving Strategy Valery Stennikov, Ivan Postnikov, Olga Edeleva

Melentiev Energy Systems Institute (ESI SB RAS)

Case study

Introduction We propose a two-stage approach to choose the priority municipal units (MU) for implementing required energy efficiency measures in a district heating system. On the first stage the existing state of district heating systems of Irkutsk region (Eastern Siberia) was analyzed. On the second stage the choice of municipal units is considered as a Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) problem. We selected the most valuable criteria such as tariffs, subsidies and etc. that are rather important for consumers and budget. The Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) was applied to identify the priority municipal units for implementing energy efficiency measures.

Indicators:

Methodology Weight value of indicator: Weight value

Name of indicator Subsidization indicator

0,3

Efficiency of boiler capacity use Average heat tariff Average hot water tariff

0,3 0,25 0,15

Provinces were ranked: The TOPSIS method requires only a minimal number of inputs from the user and its output is easy to understand.

The TOPSIS method consists of five steps: 1. Calculate the normalized decision matrix.

2. Determine the weighted normalized decision matrix.

3. Determine the ideal and negative ideal alternative.

4. Calculate alternative.

as

5. Calculate alternative.

the

well

as

relative

the

distance

distance

to

between the

ideal

Name of MU Tulun province Nizhneilimsk province Katangsky province Bodaibo MU and the area Alarsky province Kazachinsko-Lensk province Zima province Zhigalovo province Kachug province Ust-Kut MU

Efficiency of Subsidization boiler indicator, capacity Rur/MWh use,% 523 73

Average tariff, Rur/MWh 1963

1303

32 2073

52 72

1306 0

1338 599

1029 1706

45 77

1179 618

1413 892

255 383 509 428 48

72 30 46 44 68

1434 1069 0 0 1136

1530 1568 1297 1401 1058

Hot water Heat

Contact information: 664033, Russia, Irkutsk, Lermontov st., 130, postnikov@isem.irk.ru .

Application of Egg Shells to the Removal of Lead from Contaminated Water Rima Dervinytė1 , Dagnija Blumberga2, Dainius Paliulis1 1Vilnius

Gediminas Technical University, 2Riga Technical University

Introduction

Results

Industrial contamination has been common with toxic chemicals, which also includes huge volumes of wastewater. Many methods have been studied to eliminate toxic heavy metals, such as lead, from water sources, but most strategies have some disadvantages, such as requiring several pretreatments, some of which are less effective or require high capital costs.

As a result, many scientists have also used organic waste to treat Pb (II) from aqueous solutions It has been established that chicken egg shells are convenient green and economic absorbents due to their easy availability and lack of toxic elements. Based on Lithuanian Statistics department studies, in 2018 about 5895 tons of eggshell waste was produced in the country. In spite of the advantages of modified agricultural and biological waste being common in nature, accessible in large amounts, cost-effective and easily renewable for use in multiple adsorption processes , it also offers more opportunities for better waste management.

Main results of the experiments are presented in Fig. 2–4.

Fig. 2. Pb (II) adsorption efficiency relation with solution initial pH

Methodology The objective of researches - to determine the ability of egg shell to adsorb lead from polluted water, estimating pH of solutions, Pb (II) concentration in solution and duration of adsorption.

Fig. 3. Initial lead concentration effect on adsorption

For the experiments chicken egg shells are collected from the household use, separated from membrane and washed several times with distilled water to remove dirt particles, then dried to constant weight in an oven at 100oC. Eggs then are crushed in fraction of 300 - 900 μm mesh size particles (Fig. 1).

Fig. 4. Impact of time on adsorption of egg shell adsorbent

Conclusions

Fig. 1. Grounded and sieved egg shell adsorbent

The initial influence of metal concentration and adsorbent content on the sample is determined using different concentrations of lead (500, 1000, 1500, 2500 and 5000 µg/l), 3 different masses (0.5 g, 1.0 g, 2.0 g) of adsorbent and 6 different time intervals (5–90 min). „Buck Scientific 210 VGP“ Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS) was used to analyse metal concentrations in different samples.

1. It has been established that the egg shell has an acceptable adsorption uptake toward the Pb (II) ions.

The adsorption capacity was found to be greatly influenced by the concentration and pH of the solution.

The optimum pH for adsorption of target metal ions was found to be pH of 4.

2. Egg shell contact time of 90 minutes showed that the eggs shell could remove about 98 % of Pb (II) ions from the aqueous solution, when initial lead concentration was 1 mg/L. 3. In adsorption isotherm studies it was concluded that the applicability of models distributed as follows: Langmuir (0,989)> Freundlich (0,985)> Henry (0,975).

These findings indicate that the sorption of Pb (II) can be considered by a monolayer formation of the lead ion on the surface of the adsorbents. Also, adsorption of Pb (II) onto the surface of egg shell is likely due to the ion exchange/complexation reaction.

Contact information: Sauletekio ave. 11, Vilnius; e-mail: rima.dervinyte@stud.vgtu.lt

Difference between bibliometric and grey data. Transdisciplinary bioeconomy research.

Indra Muizniece, Anna Kubule, Lauma Zihare, Dagnija Blumberga Institute of Energy Systems and Environment, Riga Technical University

Introduction

Results

Bioeconomy is rapidly becoming the backbone of economy and promotes a sustainable, knowledge and advanced technologies-based use of bioresources for the production of higher value–added products. However, specific empirical evidence on the overall economic, environmental and social impact of bioeconomy on agriculture, forestry and fisheries is still lacking. There is a clear need for a transdisciplinary approach to this issue and to the bioeconomy research as a whole and its further development. This study is a follow–up on the previous research on the use of a transdisciplinary approach in the analysis of factors that influence bioeconomy development and interactions between them. It is very important to consider the significance of public opinion while performing transdisciplinary research. This study integrates public opinion in the bibliometric analysis method by using grey data from information available in the public information space: mass media and social networks. The network of factors influencing the development of bioeconomy, created with the help of social network analysis method, was compared with the one obtained from bibliometric analysis of SCOPUS database in order to find out the difference between scientific tendencies and the overall atmosphere in the information space.

Methodology

2 Research and innovation

5

Waste

 

 2. Bioeconomy and factor   describing keywords

 

Bioresources

23

10

Infrastructure

20

Education and knowledge

Food and feed 11

21

Policy

Production 14

1

Consumption

9

Land, land use Technology

Water

15

Energy, energy consumption 12



analysis

Human resources, population

Pollution

Tendencies observed in the previous research suggest that a holistic and dynamic approach, best characterized by networked structures, is needed to implement a transdisciplinary approach to research. Social network analysis method is used to determine general public's perception of bioeconomy and that of the importance of its influencing factors. This study will use an atypical social network analysis approach, where the actors in the network are factors influencing the development of bioeconomy and keywords that characterize them, rather than individuals. And social networks and media will not be scanned to determine the relationship between individuals, but relationships between factors and the bioeconomy. In this case, data used for the analysis was obtained using the online tool MediaToolkit. It allows the monitoring of the information available on Internet resources, including social networks (e.g. Twitter, Instagram, Facebook) over a specific period of time by specific keywords and criteria. Because of the nature of data sources, the obtained data is considered grey data because it can include information generated by any member of the society. Therefore, the data obtained should not be interpreted as quantitative end results, but as an indicative source of information that needs to be processed and analysed in order for conclusions to be drawn.

1. Keyword analysis

8

Health

Economic growth

28 Financial resources

16 Environment

Fig. 2. The network of interactions between factors affecting the development of bioeconomy. Analysis of the media and social networks (2016–2019).

bioeconomy, bio-economy, bio economy, biobased economy bioeconomy bioeconomy AND sustainability

bioeconomy AND keyword 1 describing factor 1 bioeconomy AND keyword 2 describing factor 1 bioeconomy AND keyword n describing factor 1 bioeconomy AND keyword n describing factor 24

Weighting of factors

 

3. Bioeconomy and factor  describing keywords  interaction analysis

 

bioeconomy AND keyword 1 describing AND keyword 1 describing factor 2 bioeconomy AND keyword n describing AND keyword n describing factor 24 bioeconomy AND keyword 1 describing AND keyword 1 describing factor 3 bioeconomy AND keyword n describing AND keyword n describing factor 24

factor 1 factor 1

factor 2

Fig.3. Common interaction links in both networks.

Conclusions

factor 2

bioeconomy AND keyword n describing factor 23 AND keyword n describing factor 24

Adjacency matrix and weighting of factors

4. Social and media network building and analysing

5. Social and media network compare with similar network from the scientific publications in SCOPUS database

Fig. 1. Research methodology.

Information on bioeconomy was analysed by looking at 4 most common keywords used for its description – bioeconomy, bio–economy, bio economy, bio–based economy. The work with 24 drivers of bioeconomy development identified in previous studies is continued in this study: land, land use; waste; wellbeing; climate changes; bioresources; non–renewable fossil resources; human resources and population; research and innovations; energy and energy consumption, education and knowledge; policy; health; behaviour; technology; water; environment; consumption; financial resources; economic growth; food and feed; production; pollution; infrastructure; primary renewable resources.

Following the analysis of social networks and media, “research and innovations”, “technology”, “food and feed” and “production” were found to be the main factors directly related to the bioeconomy. The strongest interaction link between the factors in the context of bioeconomy is the link between factors “research and innovations” and “technology”. No significant links were identified in the context of bioeconomy for five factors: “wellbeing”, “climate changes”, “non–renewable fossil resources”, “behaviour”, “primary renewable resources”.

Comparing the social network and media analysis carried out in this study with the results of the previous similar study, in which scientific articles in the SCOPUS database were analysed, it can be concluded, that similar methods, while using data sources of a different nature, produce different results. Moreover, trends in scientific articles are not reflected in the generally available information stream. But there are common trends.

The key factor influencing the development of the bioeconomy is the interaction between factors “research and innovations”, “technology” and “energy, energy consumption”. The interaction links with the factor “behaviour” were not determined in any of the networks.

From the results looks that so far social aspects have not been sufficiently addressed in relation to the bioeconomy. However, there is a growing emphasis on the need for a transdisciplinary approach to research and implementation in the bioeconomy sector.

There should be an increased knowledge transition between science and society as the transdisciplinary aim is to enable mutual learning processes between science and society, therefore integrating society in research processes. As in the present study has concluded, there is presently no correlation between science and society's opinion in the context of bioeconomy.

Contact information:

Acknowledgement

Azenes iela 12/1, Riga, LV 1048, Latvia, +371 67089908, e-mail: indra.muizniece@rtu.lv.

This research is funded by the Latvian Council of Science, project "Bioresources Value Model (BVM)", project No. lzp-2018/1-0426.

The effect of the carbon tax value on the optimal parameters and characteristics of coal power plants Pavel Zharkov*, Aleksander Kler, Yulia Potanina, Andrey Marinchenko, Nicolai Epishkin ESI SB RAS

Introduction

THE INITIAL TECHNICO-ECONOMIC INFORMATION Value

About 40% of the world's CO2 emissions are generated by fossil fuel-fired power plants, with 75% of this coming from coal-fired power plants. One of the most effective tools to reduce CO2 emissions is to tax for these emissions. We study the change in the optimal parameters, energy and economic indicators of two types of power plants that are prospective for using coal: steam turbine power plant (STP) and integrated gasification combined cycle plant (IGCC) with a change in the carbon tax value. The research is based on the optimization calculations of these power plants according to the criterion of the minimum cost of electricity at a given level of internal rate of return on investments. For optimization, an effective gradient method of nonlinear mathematical programming is used.

The number of plant operation hours each year; hours Construction period, years operation period; year internal rate of return on investment coal price; $ / tce shares of annual costs on semi-fixed operating costs depreciation charges

7000 4 30 0.15 100 0.04 0.03

OPTIMAL TECHNO-ECONOMIC INDICES OF THE VARIANTS

Mathematical modeling of power plants

Fig.1 Flow diagram of STP

Fig. 3 Dependences of parameters on the carbon tax value

Conclusion

• Mathematical models of two promising coal power plants have been developed: a steam turbine power plant with coal dust burning in a steam boiler and integrated gasification combined cycle plant.

•Optimization studies of two promising coal plants were carried out according to the criterion of the minimum cost of electricity for a given rate of return on investment.

•Researches have shown that with an increase in carbon tax, the optimum value of net energy efficiency increases; the specific CO2 emissions for both plants are reduced. At the same time, the costs of electricity are almost linearly rising.

Fig.2 Flow diagram of IGCC Mathematical models, the design calculation of the elements of the technological schemes installations is carried out (heat exchangers of various types, elements of turbomachines, combustion chambers, gasifiers, etc.). On the basis of the design characteristics of the elements determined as a result of the calculation, the investments in these elements and the plant, the generated electric power, the energy consumption for own needs, etc. are determined.

•For both plants, the same change of the carbon tax value, with a small initial value, gives a significantly greater increase of energy efficiency than with a larger initial value. Moreover, the first increase in energy efficiency is provided due to a much smaller increase in specific investment than the second increase in energy efficiency.

•Throughout the studied range of carbon tax values IGCC gives a lower cost of electricity than STP, which is associated with a higher energy efficiency of IGCC. This suggests that justified efforts to create serial samples of these power plants mathematical

Acknowledgement The work was carried out under State Assignment, Project 17.1.1 (reg. number АААА-А17-117030310433-6) of Fundamental Research of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

*Contact information: isem777@mail.ru, ESI SB RAS, 130, Lermontova str., Irkutsk, 664033, Russia

Treatment of particulate matter pollution: people attitude and readiness to act Vivita Priedniece, Vladimirs Kirsanovs, Toms Prodanuks, Ivars Veidenbergs, Dagnija Blumberga Institute of Energy Systems and Environment, Riga Technical University

Introduction

Results

The paper displays results of the questionnaire on “Particulate matter pollution in air”, which serves as a tool to determine level of public awareness of the health risks related to pollution from small capacity heating equipment in households. Barriers for installation of the innovative flue gas treatment technology called as fog unit in households and possible mechanisms to decrease or prevent these barriers were defined. Innovative technology provides flue gas treatment as well heat recovery from flue gas. The first part of questionnaire included overall description about participants: age, gender, education level, place of residence, performed activities to protect the environment and motives behind these activities. Remaining questions were divided in four groups: “Environmental views”, “Knowledge on air pollution”, “Willingness to pay”, “Choice of flue gas treatment technologies”. The results of questionnaire correspond with raised problem situations.

Fig. 2. Willingness to pay for installation of flue gas treatment equipment (FGTE, capital investments), €/m2 (taking into account area of the household).

Fig. 3. Willingness to pay for use of installed FGTE, €/m2 (taking into account area of the household).

Methodology 54.1 % of participants were women, 45.9 % – men. About 80.9 % of participants were in the age group from 20 to 45 years old, 5.1 % were in the age group below 20 years, 10.8 % were in the age group from 45 to 60 years and the remaining 3.2 % were in the age group above 60 years.

Education levels covered in the questionnaire were: higher education (80.3 %), secondary education (17.8 %), elementary education (0.6 %) and uncompleted elementary education (1.3 %). Participants’ places of residence cover all regions and cities of importance of the Republic of Latvia: Riga (the capital city of Latvia) and its’ region (72 %), Vidzeme (8.3 %), Zemgale (6.4 %), Latgale (5.7 %), Kurzeme (3.8 %) and cities of importance (3.8 %). Most of the participants of the questionnaire were from cities, therefore, results of the questionnaire can be mostly applied to urban environment.

Multiple factor regression analysis was used to evaluate the data obtained with the questionnaire.

There is a lack of information in the public about flue gas treatment options and technologies. The operating costs of flue gas treatment equipment is a problem, that might be related to households’ area and the income level of inhabitants in households.

Fig. 1. Respondents knowledge on flue gas treatment technologies

Conclusions Respondents are carrying out environmental protection activities that are promoted, with more available information in society. The multiple regression analysis for statement “Do you consider yourself to be a “green” thinking person?” shows that that over 80 % of respondents have lack of information on pollution and possible consequences of it, just as on potential solutions to prevent pollution.

Analysis of question “It is necessary to solve problems related with air pollution from individual combustion equipment” highlights, that participants of the questionnaire perceive particulate matter emissions as harmful for human health and considers installation of flue gas treatment equipment as a necessity in households.

Similarly, a significant parameter is air pollution, that is created by surrounding inhabitants.

Respondents are willing to pay for installation of flue gas treatment equipment (capital investments). To provide design and functions of the equipment, the main attention has to be brought to electricity consumption and efficiency (treatment) of the equipment.

The results of questionnaire correspond with raised problem situations – level of public awareness of the health risks related to pollution from small capacity heating equipment in households and barriers for installation of the fog unit in households were defined, just as possible mechanisms to decrease or prevent these barriers.

It is necessary to ensure awareness-raising measures in society on air pollution, particulate matter pollution, flue gas treatment options and technologies, as well as problems, that are related to these questions.

The work has been supported by European Regional Development Fund project "Individual Heating with Integrated Fog Unit System (IFUS)" 1.1.1.1/16/A/015.

Contact information: Institute of Energy Systems and Environment, Riga Technical University, Azenes iela 12/1, Riga, LV-1048; e-mail: vivita.priedniece@rtu.lv

Sound Absorption Properties Evaluation and Analysis of Recycled Tyre Textile Fibre Waste Robert Ružickij1, Tomas Astrauskas2, Raimondas Grubliauskas3, Sarma Valtere4 1, 2, 3Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 4Riga Technical University

Introduction

The main results are presented in Fig. 3 – Fig. 5.

Rock wool vs. Glass wool Absorption coefficient, α

Development of the world cannot be lead without consequences. World Health Organization states that each year, inhabitants suffer from excessive noise.

Approximately 1 M of healthy life years are lost due to unwanted sounds, however, noise is not the only concern.

The amounts of tyres wastes generated are extremely intimidating. Europe generates around 2,6 M tonnes of tyres wastes. Tyres can be recycled – rubber and metals – can be easily re-used, however, the 320 K tonnes of recycled tyre textile fibre (RTTF), is a challenge. The aim of the research is to evaluate and analyse the possibility of reuse of RTTF on sound absorption, as an alternative substitute for conventional, non-renewable materials.

Results 1,00 0,90 0,80 0,70 0,60 0,50 0,40 0,30 0,20 0,10 0,00 250

315

400

500 630 800 1000 1250 1600 Frequency, Hz GW

RW

Fig. 3 Comparison between rock wool and glass wool

Methodology Absorption coefficient, α

Sound absorption coefficient measurements are based on sound absorption and reflection of material, when sound wave moves towards the sample.

For the measurements were taken rock wool (RW), glass wool (GW) and three mechanically treated RTTF samples – raw, shredded and purified RTTF (Fig. 1).

Shredded RTTF vs. Raw RTTF vs. Purified RTTF 1,00 0,90 0,80 0,70 0,60 0,50 0,40 0,30 0,20 0,10 0,00 250

315

400

Shredded RTTF

500 630 800 1000 1250 1600 Frequency, Hz Raw RTTF

Purified RTTF

Fig. 4 Comparison of mechanically treated RTTF

Fig. 1 Tested materials for sound absorption

Sound absorption coefficient α measurement equipment called – impedance tube (Fig. 2) - an equipment used for investigation of sound absorption and reflection of material, when the sound wave moves towards the sample.

Absorption coefficient, α

Conventional vs. unconventional 1,00 0,90 0,80 0,70 0,60 0,50 0,40 0,30 0,20 0,10 0,00 250

315

Shredded RTTF

400

500 630 800 1000 1250 1600 Frequency, Hz

Raw RTTF

Purified RTTF

GW

RW

Fig. 5 Comparison of all measured samples

Conclusions Fig. 2 Impedance tube scheme: 1 – impedance tube shell, 2 – sound speaker, 3 – rigid backing, 4 – sound absorption sample, 5 – microphone No. 1, 6 –microphone No. 2

Measurements method based on ISO 10534-2 standard.

Basically, sample is tightly installed before the rigid backing and all connecting parts are sealed with lithium grease, to prevent sound leaking. After sound released from the sound source is recorded by the microphones (max and min SPL); sound absorption and reflection coefficients are calculated using software and mathematical-physical formulas;

All measured samples were compared @ 1600 Hz frequency, in order to find out which one is the most efficient in sound absorption. Since, GW showed the worst result (0,77), we can say that this is not the most suitable choice, while RW had an intermediate result (0,93). RTTF in sound absorption measurements case showed promising results (raw RTTF 0,92; shredded RTTF 0,95; purified RTTF 0,97), however the question on purification if it is necessary. In future study the focus will be put on RTTF purification because sound absorption properties depending on purification level are unknown.

Contact information: Sauletekio ave. 11, Vilnius; e-mail: robert.ruzickij@stud.vgtu.lt

When is green really green?

Case study in Latvia on the uptake of green public procurement for supply of the food products Jana SIMANOVSKA (1), Inese PELSA (2), Nora KIBILDA-KINNA (1) Vidzeme University of Applied Sciences, Latvia (2) University of Latvia, Latvia

Introduction

Table 1. Frequency of GPP application in the Food tenders

Green public procurement (GPP) is an important tool to reduce adverse environmental impacts caused by food production, therefore national states and international bodies develop and implement policies to strengthen it and produce guidelines with green criteria for responsible choice of products and services. Since 2014 the Latvian government has issued national regulations making application of GPP for purchase of food products and catering services obligatory.

Compliance with national regulation on GPP in Latvia for food products can be achieved in two ways.

Firstly, if the lower price principle is applied, all criteria in the national GPP regulation should be included in the tender.

Secondly, if the economically advantageous principle is applied, parallel to price criterion procurer should choose one criterion from each of the three criterion groups 1) food quality (organic or integrated pest management, or national food quality scheme), 2) no GMO, and 3) packaging, delivery or seasonality criteria group.

In 2017, 54% from all tenders of food products were self- The consultation with environmental experts did not help to reported as complying with GPP, in 2018 already 90%. point out the most important criteria due to the high diversity of given scores.

Methodology To find out the uptake of the GPP criteria, authors used the information published in the database of the Procurement Monitoring Bureau of the Republic of Latvia. Authors screened tenders that were published in the period from 01.07.2017. up to 01.07.2018 - a total of 97 publications, but part of them authors excluded from the further analysis due to lack of documentation online or failed tenders with no result. In total, authors analysed 73 tenders for food supplies. Authors screened the criteria applied, and checked if foreseen verification means were sufficient.

To find out the environmental benefits of the criteria applied in the national GPP regulation, authors questioned 10 Latvian experts working on practical implementation of GPP via a poll, asking them to judge in scale from one (least) to five (most) the environmental importance and efficiency of the criteria included in the national regulation.

Results and discussion Only 15% of the tender documents complied with GPP criteria i.e. contained at least one mandatory criterion from three criteria groups.

Conclusions Authors conclude that self-reporting is not an appropriate method to measure the implementation level of the GPP: a much higher number of public tender documents were self-reported as GPP (54%-90%) than research showed after closer look (15%).

Although the screening of tenders is an insufficient method to understandthe level of implementation i.e. to which extent the green tenders turned to greener supplies, it shows potential. More clear quantitative indicators and reporting included already in the tenders and more frequent supervision could help to measure real level of the implementation.

One of the core criterions of the EU GPP guidelines â&#x20AC;&#x153;organic foodâ&#x20AC;? is very seldom used in the Latvian public procurements for food products (4% as mandatory, and 1% of award criteria), and there might be several reasons behind that. This means that from a European perspective, where core indicators serve as a benchmark, even less than 15% of Latvian tenders can be regarded as green. Studying this phenomenon more closely could help to understand how to remove the barriers to increase application of this important criterion.

Contact information: Jana.Simanovska@gmail.com, Inese.Pelsha@gmail.com

Information on chemical product labelling and proper waste recycling is often complicated, so why not develop an explanatory smartphone app?

Environmental management challenges and possible solutions regarding chemical pollution caused by households in Latvia: a qualitative pilot study INTRODUCTION • Climate change is seen as the single most serious problem facing our world today (Eurobarometer on Climate change, 2018).

• Pollution prevention is more costeffective and environmentally friendly than dealing with the consequences and cleaning up (Special Eurobarometer on Chemical safety, 2017).

• Households contribute to pollution and detailed public perceptions of exciting problems regarding chemical pollution are examined in this paper.

RESULTS Problems Lack of information Environmental education Inaccessible infrastructure and services

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS • •

•

METHODS 1. Three focus group interviews with respondents (N=18) from Riga or its peri-urban area, living in houses or apartments were conducted.

2. The interviews were tape-recorded, then transcribed and analysed using thematic analysis.

Possible solutions Smartphone application, informative materials, campaigns Early childhood education in schools Packaging deposit system, waste bin accessibility and regular take out times

Respondents believe that their lack of environmental awareness is the cause of their environmentally unfriendly decisions and actions Infrastructure accessibility is extremely important in young adults since all of our student respondents didn`t do waste sorting because of inaccessible waste bins which is contrary to other findings where young people is often the most environmentally cautious group.

Information frame plays a crucial role in whether an action will follow after information reaches a person and an application for smartphones was brought up as a good solution to this problem of misinformation and unawareness.

Lāsma AKŪLOVA, Anna BUKINA, Žanna MARTINSONE, Institute of Occupational Safety and Environmental Health, Rīga Stradiņš University, Dzirciema iela 16, Riga, Latvia This work has been supported by Rīga Stradiņš University grant for the Institute for Occupational Safety and Environmental Health within the project “Exploring Causes, Effects and Possible Solutions for Chemical Pollution in the Environment: Citizens' and Experts' Views”.

Multi criteria analysis of lignocellulose substrate pretreatment Ilze Vamza, Karlis Valters, Dagnija Blumberga RTU’s Institute of Energy Systems and Environment

Introduction Lignocellulose main purpose in plants is to ensure structural rigidity and its main components are natural polymers – carbohydrates in form of cellulose and hemicellulose and lignin consisting of multiple aromatic compounds. Lignocellulose substrate has been used for commercial biofuel production for around a decade, during this time government incentives have been implemented to stimulate faster biofuel entrance into market and moving economy towards bio-economy.

Biofuels are beneficial not only to environment, but national economy as well. Nations without fossil fuel reserves can provide their own fuels ensuring energy independence. Increasing concern about sustainable bioresource use and growing demand for biofuels are stimulating development of various lignocellulose pretreatments varying between physical, chemical and biological in nature. The purpose of pre-treatment is to break down hemicellulose and free up cellulose from lignin, simultaneously, reducing particle size to increase surface area to volume ratio. There are multiple scientific publications investigating pretreatment effects on reducing-sugar yield. In this study we are conducting multicriteria analysis for comparing different pre-treatment methods.

Objectives

Pre-treatment methods and criteria Operati onal PreRetention Substrate Costs treatment time, h tempera tures Bio: microbial Chem: 1N NaOH Chem: Ca(OH)2 Phy: microwav e + CaCl2 Phy: wet milling + 0.005M H2SO4

Glucose recovery, %

CS

432

Low

28

57.65

CS

60.00

High

25

42

CS

2856.00

Low

25

80

CS

0.17

High

160

69.94

SB

0.50

High

180

13

Bio – biological, chem – chemical, phy – physical, CS – corn stover, SB – sugarcace bagasse

Results Phy: wet milling + 0.005M H2SO4

• Gather experimental data for various pre-treatments of lignocellulose substrate. Include biological, chemical and physical pre-treatments.

• Choose criteria for pre-treatment comparison.

• Conduct multi criteria analysis to determine the best pre-treatment method.

Phy: microwave + CaCl2 Chem: Ca(OH)2 Chem: 1N NaOH Bio: microbial

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

Discussion According to conducted multi criteria analysis, biological pre-treatment using Ceriporiopsis subvermispora shows the highest results. This could be explained by biological pre-treatment not requiring such high temperatures and still ensuring relatively high glucose yield. Further research could be conducted to evaluate specific adverse effects of each pre-treatment as in this work such effects as insoluble residues using Ca(OH)2 and produced inhibitors in other pretreatment methods.

This publication was supported by Riga Technical University's Doctoral Grant programme.

Contact information: Āzenes iela 12/1, Rīga, +37126235652, ilze.vamza@rtu.lv

Clean coal technologies for electricity and synthetic liquid fuel production for distributed generation Elina Tyurina, Aleksandr Mednikov*, Pavel Zharkov ESI SB RAS

Introduction The energy strategy of Russia for the period until 2030 considers the small-scale distributed energy to be one of the key areas of the energy sector development. A special purpose of small-scale energy is to ensure reliable energy supply to the areas remote from the network infrastructure. In the absence of technical ability to connect the consumer to a centralized energy supply system, the consumer can build an individual source of energy supply.

In this context, one of the promising solutions is the construction of energy technology installations (ETIs) for the co-production of electricity and methanol near coal mining enterprises in remote regions of Siberia and the Far East.

The main ways to study such technologies are mathematical modeling and techno-economic optimization of their schemes and parameters.

Mathematical modeling of ETI

OPTIMAL TECHNO-ECONOMIC INDICES OF THE VARIANTS Urgalsk Dolinsk Solntsevsk Rakovsk Index, unit deposit deposit deposit deposit Annual catalyst consumption, 204.12 227.28 197.98 83.62 thousand t per year Annual coal equivalent 81780 79974 73195 44282 consumption, tce Annual electricity production 28436.9 42335.8 29844.7 24211.5 thousand kWh Useful capacity of ETI, kW 4062.42 6047.97 4263.53 3458.79 Total auxiliary power supply, 5895.45 5238.55 5521.96 4204.33 kW Investments in ETI, $US 28864 26651 24771 14098 thousand Annual methanol production, 52.04 44.83 43.57 23.35 thousand t per year Coal cost, $US/tce 54.59 64.76 53.45 57.28 Methanol price, $US/tce 395.89 428.22 406.28 450.32 Electricity price, $US/kWh 0.07 0.065 0.065 0.05 Thermal efficiency, % 71 66 67 62

Fig.1 Flow diagram of ETI ETI includes 3 units: coal gasification (I), methyl alcohol synthesis (II), electricity production (III).

The ETI model contains more than 2000 variables, several hundreds of transcendental and algebraic equations. A set of equations describing the whole flow diagram of the installation is solved using the Seidel method.

The goal of the study carried out using the mathematical model of ETI is to determine optimum parameters of the installation and change of its economic indices depending on the external conditions.

This study is necessary to assess prospects for applying this method of coal processing for energy supply to remote regions of Russia.

COAL COMPOSITION OF VARIOUS DEPOSITS, % Coal Urgalsk deposit Dolinsk deposit Solntsevsk deposit Rakovsk deposit

С

Н

S

O

46.7

3.3

0.34

7.7

44.5

3.4

0.3

12.5

43

3.4

0.24

12.6

27

2.2

0.1

10

N

W

0.76 10.2 1

13.1

0.66 22.1 0.4

43

A

GCV, MJ/kg

31

18.16

25.2

17.76

18

16.25

17.3

9.83

The mathematical statement of the optimization problem

min C meth ( x , y , dw, dk , st , B f , K I , Pmeth , Pel , c f , c el , IRR z

dw, dk, st

Fig. 2 Dependences of the methanol cost on the electricity cost at the set coal cost.

Conclusion The mathematical models of ETIs on coals of various deposits of Russia’s eastern regions were developed. They are efficient in terms of the adequacy of representing the processes under study.

The technical and economic optimization of the schemes and parameters of the installations was carried out using these models.

The optimal parameters of the ETI variants were obtained.

The cost of methanol produced at ETI varies in the range of 388– 504 $US/tce. Analysis of the diesel fuel cost in the regions under consideration shows that the range of its change is 595–826 $US/tce. Thus, it is obvious that at present methanol produced at ETI can compete with an expensive delivered diesel fuel.

The use of direct-flow methanol synthesis reactors with intermediate cooling of the syngas between the catalyst layers allows the syngas to be used for synthesis with a lower (compared to stoichiometric) H2/CO ratio. This ensures the absence of an expensive CO conversion system in the synthesis unit. Thus, co-production of methanol and electricity raises thermal efficiency and reduces specific capital investment in the installation.

Acknowledgement The research was funded by the Russian Science Foundation, Project No. 16-19-10174.

*Contact information: mednikov@isem.irk.ru, ESI SB RAS, 130, Lermontova str., Irkutsk, 664033, Russia

Biorefinery Potential and Extraction Technologies for Seaweed-based systems: a review for Eastern Baltic seaweeds Karīna BĀLIŅA1*, Kaspars IVANOVS1,2, Francesco ROMAGNOLI1, Dagnija BLUMBERGA1 1

Institute of Energy Systems and Environment, Riga Technical University, Āzenes iela 12/1 Riga, LV1048, Latvia 2 Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment “BIOR”, Lejupes iela 3 Riga, LV1076, Latvia

Introduction Valuable substances that can be found in seaweeds can be a way to promising low-carbon economy.

Recently seaweed products are becoming popular in Europe as a source of polysaccharides for food and pharmaceutical uses. High mineral content and low-fat content makes represent a suitable feedstock for food and feed.

Even though seaweed compounds have been researched a lot recently, there has been lack of information on brackish seaweed naturally growing on the eastern part of the Baltic Sea. To gain maximum benefit from minimum amount of the biomass smart biorefinery strategy has to be used.

Systematic review was made to investigate potential valuables to be extracted using seaweed biomass available in Eastern Baltic region and potential extraction technologies was brought together. In depth literature search was made to summarize research done on seaweed extraction, and relevant quantitative and qualitative data on seaweed extraction was summarized and combined in tables.

Overview of novel methods for seaweed bioactive compound extraction Extraction technique

Extracted bioactive compounds

Application outlook

Supercritical CO2

Pigments, fatty acids, cytokinins, auxins, microelements, macroelements

High investment cost; Operates in elevated pressure (safety); High power consumption.

Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE)

Polysaccharides, alkaline, galactans, carrageenans, agar, phlorotannins, phloroglucinol, iodine, bromine, phenols, phytosterols, phytol Polyphenols, laminarin, phycobili-proteins, taurine, fucose, uronic acid, antioxidants, prebiotic compounds Polyphenols, phlorotannins, fucoidan, total organic carbon, minerals, monosaccharides, amino acids, polar compounds; fatty acids

Hard to scale up; Generation of heat leads to degradation of thermolabile compounds; Low efficiency when using volatile solvents.

High power consumption and difficult to scale up.

Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE)

High pressure methods “Subcritical Water Extraction (SWE)” “Pressurized liquid extraction (PLE)” “Accelerated solvent extraction (ASE)”

Brown algae

Red algae

(Ulva intestinalis)

(Fucus vesiculosus)

(Furcellaria lumbricalis)

31.34-92 4.9-59

65.7 2.31-22

55.4

Green algae Carbohydrates (% DW) Polysacchrides Agar Alginate Furcellaran Cellulose Proteins (% DW) Pigments (% of total) Chl a Chl b Chl c B carotenoids Fucoxantin R-phycoerythrin Xantophyll (mg/kg) Phenolic compounds (% ww water extracts) Lipids Fatty acids (FA) SFA (% of total FA) C10:0 C14:0 C16:0 MUFA(% of total FA) C16:1, n7 C18:1, n7 C18:1. n9 PUFA(% of total FA) C16:4. n3 C18:2. n6 C18:3. n3 C18:4. n3 C20:4. n6 C20:5. n3 Minerals (mg/100g) Mg K Ca Na P Cu Fe I Mn Se Zn Total ASH (% DW)

15-30 2-59

9.49-20.60

1.4-11.3

0.394

0.157-5 0.035 0.2 1

40-50 3.4-5.7 13.1-28 0.228 0.078 13.3-28.6 0.1 32.8

18.4

2.25-4.6

1.16-22.0

3.95-4.8

1%

25.0-60.6

24.3 2.8-18.8 7.5-13.9 9.6-12.1 47.1 46.9-31.9

38

1.8-5.38 17.9-23.2 21.81-24.8 1.8-6.56 7.6-15.2 1.5-5.4 14.8-37.1 4.8-10.0 4.6-5.8 8.55-24.1 4.39-14.4 1.4-1.5 0.8-5.43 11 12 29 8.5 1.7 5.7 5800 130 180 0.76 21 5.42-29.4

46.0 25.8

5.07 29.36 28.80 8.54 4.80 10.22 14.45

7.5-10 2.7-3.4 2.2 7.4 3.7-6.7

2.48 2.05 0.92 1.63 3.26

6.7 25 30 18 1 3.7 290 260 37 0.08 28 18.74-30.30

8.9 42 3.7 10 1.2 6.2 130 84 7.5 0.1 23 9-41

Conclusion Not suitable for thermolabile compounds; Less selective than SFE.

Enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE)

Antioxidants, fucoxanthin, Costs of enzymes are very high; fatty acids, Selectivity of enzymes. polysaccharides

Ionic liquids extraction (ILE)

Phenolic compounds, polysaccharides, carrageenan, terpenoids, alkaloids Phenols, proteins

Pulsed electric fields (PEFs)

Eastern Baltic seaweed biorefinery potential

Some ILEs require purification process

Optimization of process by using different parameters is needed.

These include pulse duration, pulse interval, electric field strength, or other electrical pulse shapes.

Literature analysis shows several reviews on extraction of biomolecules from biomass in different contexts, like conventional and novel extraction, as well as pre-treatment of algae biomass, compounds from other marine organisms such as fish and crustacean. Our review shows there are many differences in bioactive compounds between Baltic seaweed species. It is possible to extract main seaweed polysaccharides, proteins, lipids, pigments, minerals using novel methods. Novel methods are characterized by more environmentally friendly extraction conditions, high power consumption, need for ongoing optimization of processes. Limited technologies and unpredictable amount and quality of seaweed biomass still could be serious problems to limit extraction. This review can be used as a tool to consider ways to apply cascade principle to extraction process.

Further research is suggested to analyze seaweed biomass and change of biomass composition during the different seasons and locations.

Contact information: kbalina88@gmail.com.

For detailed information on references please look HERE

BLIND SPOTS OF ENERGY TRANSITION POLICY - CASE STUDY OF LATVIA Sintija Kalna, Dace Lauka, Dagnija Blumberga RTU ALGORITHM OF THE RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT

INTRODUCTION The research main idea is to develop common recommendations for the impact analysis of energy policy instruments, which includes identifying previously unexpected problems (blind spots), taking into account the results of the previous evaluation of measures during the planning period.

The experience thus far suggests that in previous energy and climate change policy documents the impact assessment of measures in many countries is not comprehensive. State aid instruments did not take into account the blind spots faced by the national economies in the post-support phase. It is important to evaluate energy and climate change policy documents to occur of the blind spots and their impact of energy sector development progress. If there will not be an action in this sector, then the losses to the national economy and society will continue from inaccurate decisions, that do not analyse all the consequences of political support in the first stages.

Figure No.1

RESULTS CONCLUSIONS 1. The hypothesis has confirmed (blind spots exist – foreign and Latvia experience) and ex-post evaluation does not have a high priority among policymakers.

2. Social-political factors – government changes and their political interests are an important part of successful energy policy development and transition.

Figure No.2

3. Figure No.2 of CCFI (Climate change financial instrument) shows that funded projects have significantly high costs of one CO2 tonne reduction.

4. CCFI analysis proves that CO2 emission tax could be increased because most of the CCFI realized projects reach the approved CO2 emission reduction (tons/year). It would be an additional incentive for taxpayers to reduce GHG emissions.

5. Figure No.3 shows that there is no correlation between analyzed available data (including monitoring of CCFI) of CCFI, which would create logical relationships.

6. The advantage is that the monitoring phase of CCFI has been carried out, but there is a lot of blind spots, for example, big differences between project evaluation indicators.

Figure No.3 Contact information: Sintija Kalna, e-mail: sintija.kalna@gmail.com “This research is funded by the Latvian Council of Science, project BlindSpots, project No. lzp-2018/2-0022”

Research and Evaluation of Biodegradabilty of Compostable Bags for Food Waste Eglė Dobilaitė1 , Jūlija Gušča2, Rasa Vaiškūnaitė1 1Vilnius

Gediminas Technical University, 2Riga Technical University

Introduction

Results

Food waste (FW) is a precious resource in the framework of the circular and bio economy. If food waste is collected separate from other waste it can be recycled and can reduce our carbon footprint, capture the renewable energy, and restore the essential nutrients back to the soil.

Home composting (HC) is considered as sustainable green FW (bio-waste) waste management strategy in terms of its productivity and benefits.

In order to encourage separate collection of FW, some waste management companies state that by allowing people to use bags they will reach much higher food capture rates. Thus, compostable bin liners (bags) have been shown to be a key tool in promoting individual FW collections. However, compostability standards such as EN 13432, or ASTM 6866 covers only industrial composting, and there is no any requirements or recommendations how compostable bags degrades in HC conditions.

Main results of the experiments are presented in Fig. 2–3

Fig. 2. Pb (II) adsorption efficiency relation with solution initial pH

Fig. 2. Temperature variations in each compost pile during the experiment

Methodology The objective of research was verify the biodegradability of compostable bags that are certified according to the European Standard EN 13432 in home composting conditions together with green waste and to provide recommendations concerning the treatment

a

b

For the experiment four compost bins with a different conditions were prepared as follows: (1) static pile in wooden open type compost bin, and three plastic closed type containers: (2) aerated pile, (3) vermicomposting, (4) compost accelerator (Fig. 1). c d Fig. 3. Degraded bag residues: a - compost pile 1, b - compost pile 2, c - compost pile 3, d - compost pile 4

Conclusions

a b plastic composters, b Fig. 1. Composting bins: a - closed type open type wooden compost bin

In order to assess whether the composting process started, the temperature was continuously measured, the change of which is the main factor indicating the course of the composting process. The visual assessment was performed before and after composting to determine the degree of degradation of the bag. Samples were carefully taken out for visual degradation assessment during the most intensive composting process (when maximum temperatures were reached).

1. The study showed that the phase of the mesophilic process (sudden rise in temperature) was observed in three composting bins (2nd, 3rd and 4th) 4 days after the start of the experiment (preparation and filling of compost bins). A slow rise in temperature (action of microorganisms) was detected in the first compost bin static pile.

2. The least level of bag degradation was determined in the 1st compost pile - static pile. It can be stated, that if the bags are placed in a compost pile without maintaining it, bags will not degrade fully.

3. The complete bag degradation was achieved in the 3rd compost pile where earthworms (Eisenia Foetida) was used.

Contact information: Sauletekio ave. 11, Vilnius; e-mail: egle.dobilaite@stud.vgtu.lt

Cooling systems. Potential in Latvia.

Ivonna Bērziņa, Ieva Pakere, Dace Lauka, Dagnija Blumberga Riga Technical University

Introduction

Methodology

Summer 10 years ago was cooler than in recent years, and building cooling loud begins to increase. Two technological solutions are used to provide cooling- district cooling and individual cooling. In Latvia only individual and local cooling systems are used, for example, installing chillers and split systems. In many Europe countries a network of the central cooling systems are established to provide cooling, for example, in Sweden, and France. In Latvia district cooling is a little known term, but it have a potential because of available resources. Using district cooling is like using district heating. It can reduce the use of primary energy, CO2 emissions and greenhouse gas emissions. One of type of energy what we can use in cooling is renewable energy, for example, sun and wind power.

Existing cooling systems analyses

Technological solution analysis

Data analysis of three objects

Conclusions and recomendations

Multicriteria analyses

Case study and energy consumption Electricity consumption in 2019

Specific cooling consumption in other countries Cooling energy Cooling season, consumption, kWh/ m2 City months per season

60

Consumption, MWh

50 40

Seville Madrid Bucharest Vienna Prague Paris Berlin Helsinki

30 20 10 0

Āzenes street 12-1 Ķīpsalas street 6

Āzenes street 12

9 7 6 4 3 4 4 1

45.6 21.2 21 6.4 1.4 3.6 3 1.2

Location of analysed objects

Summer electricity consumption

1200

80

y = 32,338e0,0241x R² = 0,3171

1000

70 60

800

50

600

40

y = 316,43e0,0385x R² = 0,5591

30

400

20 200

10

0

0 10

15

Āzenes street 12

20 25 Outdoor air temperature, oC Āzenes street 12-1

Azenes 12-1 consumption, kWh

Azenes 12 power consumption, kWh

Results Object Āzenes Street 12

Area,m2 Chiller type

8121

Āzenes street 8033 12/1

Ķīpsalas street 6

30

CARRIER 30RB CLIMA VENETA NECS/D/B13 14 CLIMA VENETA FOCS2022

10426

Expon. (Āzenes street 12)

CLIMA VENETA NECS/0202

EER

Coooling Cooling energy energy consumption, consumption, kwh/ month m2/kWh/ month

2.66

3 817

2.88

3 776 0.47

2.76 4 901 2.9

Conclusions • In order to analyse Latvia's potential in the field of cooling, data were collected, and a multi-criteria analysis was performed. The main aim was to obtained data and find a correlation between the cooling plant power consumption and total electricity consumption.

• In Latvia, individually installed air conditioning equipment filled with fluorinated gases is used for room cooling.

• Electricity consumption increases as the outside air temperature increases due to cooling.

• The recommendations are related to the future perspectives - the transition to centralized or individual cooling, but the potential of the existing plant must be assessed from the beginning.

Contact information: ivonna.berzina@rtu.lv This research is funded by the Ministry of Economics of the Republic of Latvia, project "Development of heat supply and cooling systems in Latvia", project No. VPP-EM-EE-2018/1-0002​

Evaluation of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Fly Ash Composition Zamira Kazizova1, Saulius Vasarevičius2 ,Dace Lauka3 Riga Technical University; Vilnius Gediminas Technical University Table 2 Percentage content of MSWI Fly Ash “Forum Klaipeda”

INTRODUCTION The incineration is an effective way to energy recovery and significantly reduces the amount of waste by more than 90% and widely known for the treatment of solid waste. [2] The incineration process can be divided into three main parts: incineration, energy recovery, and air pollution control. The fly ash considered waste material which generated as a by-product of coal or a municipal solid waste of incineration. Notably, waste has huge impact on its properties, thereby it is important to know that waste a great impact via the physical and chemical properties of fly ash. Usually, it depends on the content of the raw MSW, combustion conditions, the type of incinerator, air pollution control devices, processing methods, and a certain type of waste. [2] Consideration in terms of the chemical side includes such parameters as corrosive, toxicity, reactive and ignitability. It is important for understanding of waste behavior as it moves through the waste management system. Secondly, consideration is regarding physical properties which are important for the selection and operation of equipment and for the analysis and design of disposal facilities. [4] A dry or wet scrubber is used to spray fine particulate matter or lime powder into hot exhaust gas to neutralize the acidic gases such as sulfur oxides and hydrogen chloride.

Utilization of MSWI fly ash residue is a complex process as fly ash considered hazardous waste, therefore, it needs to be acknowledged in every aspect.

Parameter, unit 08.01.

2019 Dry residue, % 100,0 Water content, % 0,0 TOC (total organic 1,1 carbon), %

03.04.

2019 100,0 0,0 2,0

24.07.2 019 100,0 0,0 1,5

23.10.

2019 100,0 < 0,2 0,8

Mean

Max

Min

Test Methods

100,0 0,0 1,4

100,0 0,0 2,0

100,0 0,0 0,8

DIN 38 414-S2

16,0

15,4

5,0

14,7

22,6

5,0

DIN EN ISO 10304

S, % 1,9 P2O5, % 0,2

11,8 0,1

1,4 0,1

0,2 0,4

3,8 0,2

11,8 0,4

0,2 0,1

DIN EN ISO 10304 DIN 38 414-S12

Na2O, % 3,5 K2O, % 4,8

3,2 3,7

2,9 3,0

3,0 3,4

3,1 3,7

3,5 4,8

2,9 3,0

DIN EN ISO11885-E22 DIN EN ISO11885-E22

MgO, % 1,2

0,9

1,1

1,1

1,0

1,2

0,9

DIN EN ISO11885-E22

Mg, % 0,7 CaO, % 36,9

0,5 33,4

0,6 41,1

0,7 47,7

0,6 39,8

0,7 47,7

0,5 33,4

DIN EN ISO11885-E22

SiO2, % 0,0

0,1

0,2

0,1

0,1

0,2

0,0

DIN EN ISO11885-E22

Al, % 0,8

0,5

0,5

1,0

0,7

1,0

0,5

DIN EN ISO11885-E22

Al2O3, % 1,6

1,0

1,0

1,8

1,3

1,8

1,0

DIN EN ISO11885-E22

Cl, % 22,6

DIN ISO 10694

During the incineration process, heavy metals in the waste accumulated as a result of the absorption of fly ash from the evaporation of water and the reduction of waste and the concentration of heavy metals eventually reach a relatively high level. For reutilization process fly ash must meet the requirements of both the mechanical and leaching properties of heavy metals.

Thereby, the leaching toxicity of heavy metals in fly ash is the most important indicator for assessing their environmental impact and providing the technical basis for treating and disposing of fly ash.

Techniques for manage fly ash residue

Separation processes

Thermal methods

reduce chloride, salts, alkali and heavy metals

three main categories as vitrification, sintering, and fusion

The Carbon-inPulp

Solidification/Stabi lization (S/S)

fly ash is mixed with NaCl to leach the metal, and then granular activated carbon is used as an adsorbent for metal adsorption

use an additive or binder to immobilize hazardous contents present in fly ash before utilization or landfill

Fig. 3 Concentration of heavy metals As, Zn, Pb, Ni, Hg, Cr, Cd, and Cu, mg/kg

Fig. 1 Main Techniques for manage fly ash residue

METHODOLOGY Municipal Solid Waste Incineration fly ash for this experimental research was sourced from CHPP “Fortum Klaipeda” located in the Baltic region of Klaipeda, Lithuania, which converts municipal and industrial waste, and biomass into heat and electricity. MSWI fly ash was collected from hoppers and stored in a dry condition before testing. The MSWI fly ash samples was taken in UAB “Fortum Klaipeda”, Klaipeda, Lithuania. Evaluation of MSWI fly ash analysis of four Protocols was carried out from 14th January to 18th November 2019. Fly ash refers to solid matter that is formed during the incineration process and collected by heat recovery and flue gas purification systems, where analysis has shown that fly ash is not chemically inert, but contains a large amount of water-leachable toxic heavy metals and their salts, including Pb, Cd, Zn, Cr, etc., which makes them a type of hazardous waste. [5] Table 1 Chemical composition of MSWI fly ash “Forum Klaipeda” Major chemical composition (%) SiO2 Al2O3 K2O CaO MgO Na2O Cl Trace elements contents (mg/kg) Pb Cd Cu Cr Zn As Hg

MSWI fly ash 0,1 1,3 3,7 39,8 1,0 3,1 14,7 MSWI fly ash 3380 206 1289 55,1 12131,5 15,0 10,8

RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

Fig. 4 MSWI fly ash of mean composition Fortum Klaipeda with the EU, CCME, GB standards, mg/kg

This study has shown differences in the chemical composition of “Fortum Klaipeda” and three limits of standards. Although the chemical composition of the product does not allow assessing the impact on the environment since it is much more dependent on the leaching stability of the material under consideration.

Also, previous studies of the composition of MSWI fly ash residues showed that the introduction of more stringent emission limits, the development of improved technologies for controlling air pollution, and incineration of municipal solid waste with a controlled composition led to a decrease in the concentration of various elements in MSWI fly ash.

One of the ideal solutions with hazardous content MSWI fly ash is the S/S technique to reduce the long-term dissolution rate of heavy metals in landfills and use the leachability toxicity as a mandatory assessment tool. Therefore, these solidified products can be used as raw materials for concrete production or road pavement.

CONCLUSIONS 1. The composition of MSWI fly ash is harmful to human health and the environment due to hazardous content as heavy metals, salts and organic matter. Concrete solidifying MSWI fly ash is a very useful treatment method for fly ash in a natural environment for safer disposal and if altering an appropriate storage condition.

The accuracy of the results of the analysis meets the requirements of the specified test methods, The tests were carried out as batch over up to month according to specifications.

Total carbon content according is significantly important to analyse as it directly influences on long-term behavior of landfills. The major chemical components in the MSWI fly ash were CaO (39,8%), Cl (14,7%), S (3,8%), K2O (3,7%), Al2O3(1,3%), Na2O (3,1%), MgO (1,0 %).

2. The experimental analysis of the chemical composition of MSWI fly ash is important for safe utilization in different ways. The results of study were leaching behavior and environmental risk of heavy metals in the MSWI fly ash.

Accordingly, a high concentration of CaO takes place due to the excess lime solution forced into the scrubber to deletion acid gases. The high content of CaO serves to maintain a pH environment that helps to stabilize some hazardous metals, for instance, Cu, Cd, etc.

4. The minor elements in MSWI fly ash from CHPP “Fortum Klaipeda” (0 to 1000 mg/kg) include As, Cr, Ni, Hg, Ba, Cd, and Co. Primary heavy metals in fly ash Zn, Pb, Cr, Cu, etc., where concentration of heavy metals exceeds the limits of standards for hazardous waste. Furthermore, Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd significantly go beyond the EU, CCME, GB standard limits.

In addition, the high content of Cl is a result of plastics and food wastes and K2O, Na2O content determine the suitability operations condition of pollution control system.

3. The content of toxic heavy metals in the fly ash directly depends on those found in municipal solid waste incinerated. Disposal methods must be selected so that the resulting stabilized products can comply with legislation requirements.

Method to recycle paper sludge waste: production of panels for sound absorption applications Tomas Astrauskas*1, Raimondas Grubliauskas1 1Vilnius

Gediminas technical university

Introduction Paper sludge is the water treatment waste, which produced during paper production. Paper sludge (PS) waste utilization is the common problem in the EU and internationally.

Most of the PS in EU is not used for the recycling.

According to Confederation of European paper industries only 10 % of PS was recycled in 2016. In Fig. 1 is shown that 55% of PS is used for energy recovery which according to waste management guidelines is not good way to treat waste in long term.

10

Fig. 3. Prepared PS and clay composite panels

For obtaining the sound absorption coefficient (α) of the paper sludge composites, the ISO 10534-2 standard method was used. The distances from the sample to the microphones are X1 = 190 mm; X2 = 100 mm and the distance between microphones s = 90 mm. The working frequency range is from 200 to 1600 Hz. The results are presented using 1/3 octave band filtering.

20 55 15 Energy recovery Storing in the sites

Composting Recycling in other industries

Fig. 1. Management of PS in European union

Very few studies were made focusing on PS composites acoustic properties. Most of the studies focusing on PS as additive to other known construction materials. With this work we are focusing on PS as main material of the composite. The aim of this paper is to propose a method to produce PS and clay composite panels for sound absorption applications.

Fig. 4. Impedance tube setup used for sound absorption testing

Results

Method PS used within the work was taken as a raw material from paper production company of Lithuania.

Composites were obtained by mixing grains of PS and clay. To bind the clay and PS grains the water was used. The mixture of clay and PS grains was dried in 50 oC for a 3 days.

A square sample box has been designed and 3D printed using polylactic acid (see Fig. 2a). The bottom of the container has been perforated with circular holes of 2 mm diameter in a square lattice of 3.5 mm. The function of the holes is to ensure the diffuseness of water drying.

A

B

Fig. 2. Sample producing box. A) box with a top cover and B) box with the composite sample inside

Fig. 5. Result comparison between composites

Conclusions With this study we propose method to produce robust acoustic panels where the main material is PS. To make acoustic panels clay was used as a binder. The proposed method shows the potential way for PS to be recycled.

The sound absorption coefficient values increases when density of composition decreases. The study shows that 50 – 60 % PS sample are too dense to achieve effective sound absorption. The optimal sound absorption coefficient values was found in 80% PS composite (α reach to 0.59).

Contact information: *tomas.astrauskas@vgtu.lt

Insurance against natural hazard: Critical elements on the risk premium evaluation in the Italian context 1 PAGANO *,

Andrea Jonathan Francesco Emanuele VANNUCCI3

2 ROMAGNOLI ,

1,2 Institute

of Energy Systems and Environment, Riga Technical University, Azenes iela 12/1, Riga, LV-1048, Latvia 3 Department of Business and Management, Pisa University, Cosimo Ridolfi street 10, Pisa, 56124, Italy

Introduction In recent years, the insurance industry has undergone considerable losses due to extreme weather events. The year 2011 is considered to be a record year for natural disasters, with insured claims that have cost the industry more than 127 billion dollars. Moreover, according to one of the latest reports on Europe drafted in 2013, it has been showed that EU has experienced a global amount of € $33 billion of losses, which about 50 % have been paid by insurance companies. The study was motivated by the increasingly pressing need, to Introduction provide the "weak" contractor with the legal and financial aspects that involve the contract itself with the aim of and duties attributable to the insurance company, as well as, the rights, of the insured subject according to a civilaperspective sensitize mass First make sketchtoof the the poster media and the subjects involved to build the basis of a new systematic approach.

Ei

Catastrophe scenarios, here specifically in order to natural hazards, can provide different financial results, the most common of which are the curve of average annual loss (Annual Average Loss, AAL) and curve of probability of exceedance (Exceedance Probability, EP) Each event has an annual probability that it occurs (pi) and a loss associated with it (Li).

Furthermore, it must be taken into account that it exists the possibility that more than one event might occur the same year. The table below takes as assumption eight events which are ordered for decreasing total losses (L). The sum of the probabilities of all events must be equal to 1

Li [€]

i

E[L] = pL i [€]

1

0,005

1000000 0,00500

5000

2

0,015

750000

0,01993

11250

3

0,02

500000

0,03953

10000

4

0,05

300000

0,08755

15000

5

0,1

200000

0,17880

20000

6

0,2

100000

0,34304

20000

7

0,25

50000

0,50728

12500

8

0,36

10000

0,68466

3600

Total

1

97350

n pi =1 i=0

EP curve as tool for insurance company for risk reduction

pi [%]

EP ( Li ) [%]

Average annual Loss (AAL) =97350

0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1 0

200.000 400.000 600.000 800.000 1.000.000 1.200.000 1.400.000 1.600.000 Loss

% prob.

Figure 1. Theoretical EP curve draft according to Table 1 data.

http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/posterpres.html

Contact information: Andrea Jonathan Pagano, Address: Riga Technical University, Azenes st. 12-1, Riga LV-1048, Latvia. Mail: andrea-jonathan.pagano@rtu.lv, Phone: (+39) 3460272615

Energy Efficiency Improvement in Thawing Zane Indzere*, Kevin D. Manzano Martinez, Tereza Bezrucko, Ivars Veidenbergs, Dagnija Blumberga Institute of Energy Systems and Environment, Riga Technical University

Introduction

Case study

Thawing process within fish processing companies is one of the most essential steps in manufacturing.

Four various thawing methods were considered: • Steam; • Microwave; • Water; • Air blast method.

These methods were chosen as they are most commonly used within fish processing companies.

Indicators affecting alternatives were chosen as follows: • Energy consumption, kW; • Cost, euro; • Water, m3; • CO2 emissions.

MULTIMOORA method was used in order to find the most efficient alternative considering beforementioned indicators.

Among other things, the thawing process plays a special role because this usually takes place before the preparation of the food and is maintaining high quality of it. Thawing might be understood as to change from a frozen solid to a liquid by gradual warming, also as to lose stiffness, numbness, or impermeability by being warm. In some documents, thawing might be called defrosting.

Thawing is a process used not only in the fish product processing, but also to thaw other various food products, for example, meat, vegetables etc.

Therefore, even though the current research done based on the thawing in the fish production, the method and assessment could be done for any other industry where thawing of food products is necessary.

Methodology

Results and Discussion Table 1. Assessment of the best thawing method by using MULTIMOORA method Thawing method

Rank

Steam

3

Mircrowave

1

Water

2

Air blast

4

The results show that the number one in the rank is the microwave method. However, the best method from all alternatives is with the lowest ranking – air blast method. This is due to the fact that all indicators used in the evaluation are non-beneficial.

This knowledge can be used when manufacturing companies needs to consider thawing method for their own production. In this research paper, thawing of fish production is considered, however thawing is used in much broader terms, for example, in food manufacturing in general.

Contact information: *Zane.indzere@rtu.lv

Quantitative and financial aspects of Resilience bonds in the context of recursive insurance contracts.

A cost benefit analysis Andrea Jonathan PAGANO1*, Francesco ROMAGNOLI2, Emanuele VANNUCCI3 1,2 Institute

of Energy Systems and Environment, Riga Technical University, Azenes iela 12/1, Riga, LV-1048, Latvia 3 Department of Business and Management, Pisa University, Cosimo Ridolfi street 10, Pisa, 56124, Italy

Introduction The motivations that led the authors to carry out such analysis are inherent, on the one hand, to the social implications in the sense that greater protection of assets and better awareness of the problem referred to natural disasters allows the community to be aware of the risk. Secondly, it was carried out in order to highlight the possible financial variations in the sense in which the implementation of mitigative works partially limits the damage to the same assets. Third, the assets covered by recursive insurance, at the end of the mitigation implementation, are naturally subject to a greater interest on the market. Ultimately, any ex post damages, on the one hand limited as highlighted above, with a view to implementing a resilience bond, would be distributed among heterogeneous subjects, avoiding imbalances and imbalances on the public economy.

http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/posterpres.html

The quantitative model â&#x20AC;&#x201C; resilience bond approach Flood risk could be expressed by the distribution of claim amount in a fixed time unit. Let consider that the flood risk could be expressed by the distribution of the claim amount in a fixed time unit, and that this risk must be faced throughout a fixed time horizon, at most even perpetual. Let X be such r.v. with known density function and moments. Let consider a risk assessment based only on the first two moments of such r.v. such that insurance premium P is a function of these two parameters . We can consider a finite time horizon T (time units) or at least an infinite time horizon.

Assuming a fixed discount rate r and the relative discount factor v=1/r, the actual total cost for flood risk insurance C(T), is in case of time horizon T; C(â&#x2C6;&#x17E;) = in case of infinite time horizon, that is a perpetual payment P. Let consider a mitigative infrastructure with cost K and a building time duration S. Let assume S<T. Let consider that after this infrastructure is built, the exposure to flood risk is reduced, i.e. we have a new claim r.v. Y with the first two moments E[Y] = and [Y]= ; such that insurance premium is a function of these two parameters P1 for which it is P1< P. A resilience bond is composed by two parts, one relative to the insurance aspect and the other relative to infrastructure financing. We can assume that for the insurance side the issuer has to pay a coupon equal to P and for the financing side an additional coupon of Q=g(K), till time S, which can be the bond-maturity. So the actual total cost in case of a resilience bond approach, D(), is in case of time horizon T. in case of infinite time horizon, that is a perpetual payment P_1 after time S.

The Failure of insurance systems against natural hazards France Floods, earthquakes, Hazards volcanic eruptions, tsunamis System not mandatory, but insurance is compulsorily linked to a widespread basic Obligatoriness fire protection Strong state regulatory role, unlimited public economic System guarantee for the main governance reinsurer

Switzerland

Floods, landslides, earthquakes System not compulsory, but for many natural risks insurance compulsorily linked to a very widespread basic fire protection Strong regulatory role of the local cantonal authorities. In most cantons, insurance is offered by a publicly-owned company.

The insurance system offers Hedging offer, compensation coverage and manages Role of management, creation of compensation, in the form of a insurance dedicated reserves in the public monopoly or under free companies financial statements competition A state-guaranteed reinsurer It is provided by consortium is provided, with freedom to systems that associate public and Reinsurance operate for other entities private insurers separately

UK

USA Specific policies for hurricanes, storms, other specific policies for floods and earthquakes. Flood coverage: mandatory for mortgages, with federal insurance program (public-private partnership)

Earthquakes, storms and floods System not mandatory. Optional insurance linked to relatively Floods: compulsory coverage in flood risk areas and for widespread basic coverages, generally buildings covered by mortgages. Earthquake: coverage provided in case of mortgages not mandatory Floods: role of the federal government in determining risk No regulatory intervention by the state. and tariffs. The fund grants subsidized policies.

No public compensation foreseen in Earthquake: Partnership in California with the CEA Fund case of natural disaster which enjoys tax benefits and grants subsidized policies Hedging offer, compensation management, establishment of dedicated reserves in the financial statements, which might take policies in collaboration with the various forms of advantage of tax breaks. partnership, where applicable Insurance companies operate freely on Free reinsurance market, also issued cat bonds by the the market CEA fund

Contact information: Andrea Jonathan Pagano, Address: Riga Technical University, Azenes st. 12-1, Riga LV-1048, Latvia. Mail: andrea-jonathan.pagano@rtu.lvPhone: (+39) 3460272615

Circular Economy Analysis. Ranking of Energy Resources from Waste Rudite Vesere, Silvija Nora Kalnins, Dagnija Blumberga Institute of Energy Systems and Environment, Riga Technical University

Introduction

Methodology

The circular economy model is a circular process focused on the efficient use of resources, where that which is used, consumed and reused is reintroduced into the economic cycle. The value of products and materials is maintained for as long as possible, waste generation and resource use are reduced, and resources remain in the economy, where they are used again to create added value.

In order to reduce waste, it is necessary to prioritize actions according to the waste hierarchy.

Waste prevention is the highest point in the waste hierarchy. Reuse of waste is the next most desirable form of waste management. Waste regeneration is further delineated into the following categories: material regeneration and energy recovery. Disposal is always a last resort.

Incineration of waste with energy recovery and effective use is allowed in cases where the waste in question cannot be recycled for economic or technical reasons, but at the same time has a high calorific value. When used as an energy source, waste replaces fossil fuels and limits greenhouse gas emissions.

The author analyzes waste as a potential use of energy resources, according to four aspects: technological, economic, social, environmental and climate-related.

Using the TOPSIS analysis method, a decision matrix D is created, which consists of criteria and alternatives, as shown in formula:

Results

Waste as an energy resource can be produced and used in different ways depending on the type of waste stream and the type of production.

The results of the analysis clearly show that the most optimal of the selected alternatives is the use of biodegradable (organic) waste for biogas production. This opens up opportunities for biofuel use in transport. At the same time, biogas production must be seen in conjunction with the composting process, so that resources can be used with maximum added value.

Contact information: Rudite Vesere: ruditevesere@yahoo.com

Ranking of By-products for Single Cell Oil Production. Case of Latvia Elīna Račko, Dagnija Blumberga, Krišs Spalviņš, Eglė Marčiulaitienė Institute of Energy Systems and Environment, Riga Technical University, Azenes street 12/1, Latvia

Introduction

Results

Single cell oil is considered as promising alternative to fish and vegetable oils. Due to the ability of oleaginous microorganisms to produce significant amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids, single cell oil can be used for human and animal consumption [1].

This article examines the potential biotechnological applications of Labyrinthulomycetes in single cell oil production, the cultivation conditions, nutritional requirements and suitable waste products. In addition, agroindustrial by-product availability analysis has been carried out. The article evaluates agroindustrial by–products based on their availability in Latvia, required pre-treatment, price, expiration date and efficiency.

Methods Six biodegradable waste-product were evaluated using TOPSIS methodology: 1. Crude glycerol (from biodiesel production); 2. Low quality wood; 3. Dairy wastewater; 4. Brewery by-products – spent grain; 5. Brewery by-products – spent yeast; 6. Apple waste from juice production; Five criteria were used to determine the best alternative: Criteria Local availability Price Required pre-treatment Processing efficiency Expiration date

Unit tons per year euro per ton mark from 1 to 10 kg per ton days

Weight 0.247 0.197 0.18 0.19 0.185

Data sources:official statistics of Latvia, scientific databases and assessment of experts.

References 1.K.Spalvins and D.Blumberga, “Single cell oil production from waste biomass: review of applicable agricultural by-products,” Agron. Res., vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 833–849, 2019.2 Ayhan, D. (2003). Sustainable cofiring of biomass with coal. Energy Conversion and Management.

Apple waste

0,70

Spent yeast

0,70

Spent grain

0,83

Dairy waste

0,42

Low quality wood

0,49

Crude glycerol

0,67 0,0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1,0

Unitary variation ratio

The feedstock rank determined with the TOPSIS method Feedstock Place in the rank Spent grain 1 Spent yeast 2 Apple waste 3 Crude glycerol 4 Low quality wood 5 Dairy waste 6

Conclusions Several suitable biodegradable waste products are widely available in Latvia. Taking into account the significant potential to produce a high-value-added product that would benefit the overall national economy and the principles of sustainable waste management, practical experiments must be carried out to select the appropriate strain of microorganism and processing technology.

After multi criteria results spent grain from brewery has the highest priority according to the criteria evaluated. It is almost as rational to use apple waste and spent yeast waste, while low quality wood is currently not a suitable resource for the production of single cell oil, mostly due to energy-intensive pretreatments. and bioethanol has the lowest.

There is relatively little information on the use of waste products (excluding crude glycerol) in the production of single-cell oil with Labyrinthulomycetes, so extensive research is needed in this area.

Contact information: eliinaracko@gmail.com