အလင္းအိမ္မဂၢဇင္း အတြဲ (၆) အမွတ္ (၃)

1

jrefrmouU&mZf 13&4 / oDwif;u|wfv

2006 ckESpf/ {+yDv wGifpwifxkwfa0onf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(1)

1

1

jrefrmouU&mZf 13&4 / jymodkv

2006 ckESpf/ {+yDv wGifpwifxkwfa0onf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

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rmwdum tvif;tdrpf um;

4

uAsm jrefrmwd@k twGuf nDESifhnDrrsm; c&D;onf opPmwdik f twlwuG yG+J y;D rD;ao aejynfawmfacwf umcsi;f opf a'gi;f wd@k &J@apmif; wuUov kd x f u J olw@kd qGEJ w _ rf &wJh ,H=k unfcsuo f rH _d rd;k a&xJu0wˆK wm0efausol oGm;ESiOhf ;D awmh

rif;ok0%f rif;udkEdkif &J+ird ;f =unfatmif armifpdrf;eD cifrrrsdK; armifpGrf;&nf armifped 0f if; (ykw;D uke;f ) xGe;f vif;atmif (opPm) at;jrESif;&nf atmifbndK armifv0S if; (jrif;+c)H

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 14 15 16 17 18

umwGe;f atmfyu D s,f / apmidk / armifvif; / AtH

20

(65) ESpjf ynfh vGwvf yfa&;ae th xdr;f trSwf (65) ESpaf jrmuf vGwv f yfa&;rSonf 'Dru kd a&pD yef;wdik o f @kd

oef;0if;vd_if

22

oef;0if;vd_if 0if;xGÉfaZmf

28 33

ordik ;f qdik &f m okw/ &o tdik pf t D ufpf OD;wifxGÉf OD;cifarmifjrifh (od@k ) &Sm;&Sm;yg;yg;...

2

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

3

Edik if aH &; okw/ &o qef;ESi=hf unf ud, k x f ufom emvdw k phJ w d "f gwf o,HZmwused pf mrS vGwaf jrmufz@kd OD;ydik u f kd Reform vky&f ef tcsed w f efyg+yD tDvpfw@kd tqD&pfavaomfEiS h.f ..

'Dvekd nf;eJ@ jynfwiG ;f +ird ;f csr;f a&;... rs;kd csppf w d "f gwf wuUov kd w f cH g;}u;D zGichf sed w f ef+yD uíEfyk w f @kd uswrhJ su&f nf usrawmfawmfnchH yhJ gw,f tuset f ºuGi;f awG&@J em;yefusi;f ... trSwrf &csiaf om trSww f &rsm; jrifuiG ;f wp rdC k ;f aZmf AD,uferfuv kd rS ;f =unfjh cif; 'Duae@ArmawG Armpma=uapzd@k

'*kew f m&m armif0Ho azjrifh

39 45 49 Jame Mint 54 a'guw f m&efrsKd ;odr;f 59 &Jabmfzdk;oHacsmif; 64 a&$Oa'gif; 68 a'guw f m"rRy, D (ITBMU) 73 t&Si=f oo" ([yfreG ;f ab;) 79 *sL; 85 [Hom0wD OD;0if;wif 106 cif+idrf;opf 109 oufxeG ;f 112 armifomcsdK 119 O\mq&mtdk 124

acwfpum; a':atmifqef;pk=unf rauGwikd ;f c&D;pOf rde@f cGe;f aumufEw _ cf suf udrk if;udEk ikd f a[majymcsuf

a':atmifqef;pk=unf rif;udkEdkif

127 128

jroef;wifh t'D; (AOP)

131 136

oef;0if;vd_if

147

0wˆKwdk bl;oD;EkErk cl;& (bmomjyef) 'kut Q ydik ;f tprsm;(3) (tcef;quf)

bmomjyef tcef;quf &ke;f xGucf &hJ aom jrefrmjynf

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

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tvif;tdrfpum; ESpo f pf 2013 ckEpS w f iG f owW0gtrsm; r*Fvmtaygi;f eJ@ jynfph =kH uygap? ab; tEW&m,frsm; uif;&Si;f =u+y;D pdw. f csr;f omjcif;/ ud, k . f use;f rmjcif;rsm; ydik q f ikd Ef ikd =f uygap? vlom;taygi;f twW/ avmb/ a'go/ arm[rsm; uif;&Si;f +y;D arwWmw&m;a&S@xm;um tEW&m,ftaygif;tm; atmifjrif ausmfv$m;v#uf at;csrf;Edkif=uygapvdk@ tvif;tdrfrS ESpo f pf r*Fvm qkawmif;arwWmyd@k ovdu k yf gw,f? vGwv f yfr/_ wef;wlr/_ w&m;r#wr_/ wd@k onf vlom;wd@k &J@ arG;&myg tcGit hf a&; jzpfovdk vlom;wdik ;f ydik q f ikd If wefz;kd xm; jrwfE;kd =uaom t&mrsm;jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifv h nf; xde;f odr;f =uw,f/ umuG,=f uw,f/ apmifah &Smuf=uw,f/ arG;jrL=uw,f/ xkwaf z:=uw,f? aysmufysuf uG,af ysmufae&ifvnf; wGe;f vSeaf z:xkw=f uw,f/ awmfveS w f u kd yf 0JG if=uw,f? qdwo f Ok ;f ae&ifvnf; ay:xGuf awmufyvmatmif }uKd ;yrf;tm;xkw=f uw,f? 'gawG[m vlawG&@J arG;&myg tcGit hf a&;twGuf vlawG vky=f uwmjzpfw,f? wcsed w f nf;rSmyJ vltcsKd @[m twW/ avmb/ arm[/ a'gorsm;udk a&S@wef;wif vufuikd jf yKv#uf vltrsm;&J@ vGwv f yfr/_ wef;wlr/_ w&m;r#wr_awGukd ydwyf ifzsuq f ;D um rdrdudk,fusdK;&yfwnfr_twGuf vkyfaqmifvm=uw,f? 'ga=umifh vl@ordkif;awGrSm zdEyS o f al wGe@J wGe;f vSeo f al wG&@J yÉdyuQawG tajrmuftrsm; ay:aygucf =hJ u&wmjzpfw,f? tckacwfumvwGiv f nf; ay:ayguaf eqJ jzpfovdk aemifumvawGrmS vnf; ay:ayguaf eOD; rSmjzpfw,f? vlw@kd onfum; twWrsm;ESirhf uif;aom owW0g jzpfaevd@k ygy?J vl@ordik ;f rSm qd;k oGr;f npfjirf; &ufpufvw S hJ acwfumvawG tajrmuftrsm; &Scd yhJ gw,f? &Sad eqJvnf;jzpfw,f? 'Dacwf 'DumvawGrmS OD;aqmif+y;D &yfwnf az:aqmifcw hJ hJ vlwcsdK@&J@ rSm;,Gif;aom awG;ac: &yfwnfvkyfaqmifr_a=umifh vltrsm;[m ESpfaygif; ajrmufrsm;pGm tysut f pD; tqH;k t&H;_ rsm;eJ@ &ifqikd cf =hJ u&aomfvnf; aemufq;kH rSm zdEydS o f El iS hf wGe;f vSeo f w l @kd awG&@J yÉdyuQrmS zdEydS o f al wGbufuom tqd;k ESihf &ifqikd =f u&+y;D b0odr;f raumif; ysupf ;D cJ=h u&wmygy?J vGwv f yfr/_ wef;wlr/_ w&m;r#wr_twGuf wGe;f vSew f u kd yf JG 0ifco hJ w l @kd &J@ ordik ;f um; tprSm t&H;_ rsm;ESihf &ifqikd af p&umrl aemufq;kH rSm atmifjrifrr_ sm; ESihf xm0& awmufyaecJyh gw,f?

4

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

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,ae@acwfumv ordkif;t& urBm}uD;rSm obm0w&m;rsm; ysufpD;,dk,Gif; vmonfESifhtr# b,folaoao iawrm&if+yD;a&m qdkaom twW0g'Drsm;uwzuf/ w&m;r#wr_EiS hf vGwv f yfrt _ wGuf wGe;f vSew f u kd yf 0JG ifaeaom olw@kd uwzuf yÉdyuQrsm; &Sad eapumrl trSew f &m;udk vufc+H y;D / &d;k om;pGmjzifh tay;t,lukd vufcu H m r#wpGm aqmif&GufEdkifygu om,maom vl@avmu vSyom,mvmap&ef tcGifhtvrf;rsm; jynfhESufv#uf &Sdaeygw,f? odk@twGuf twW/ rme/ avmbrsm; c0gcsum vl@abmif vl@avmu tusKd ;twGuf &d;k om;pGm vufwJG aqmif&u G =f urnfqv kd #if ysupf ;D ;,d, k iG ;f ae aom urBmh obm0w&m;}u;D onf jyefvnf &Sio f efvm+y;D xajrmufvyS vmrSmjzpfygw,f? r[m+rKd iaf wm& q&mawmf OD;aZmwdu&J@ pum;udk r#a0vdyk gw,f? "vGwv f yf+y;D w&m;r#wwJh vl@todik ;f t0ef;rSm aecsi&f if/ pdwcf sr;f omapcsi&f if/ *k%o f u d Qm&Spd mG aecsi&f if vGwv f yfre_ @J w&m;r#wr_ukd umuG,&f r,f?" tm%m&SifpepfrSefor# usqHk;ap&rnf/ tvif;tdrf &Jabmfrsm;

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

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jrefrmwdk htwGuf igomv#iaf wmf/ olrawmf[k vlawmfxifyg/ wd@k jrefrmudk b,fcgq,fI &rvJ? ยบuGm;&if;ESiehf pf/ 0g;&if;epfonfh epfvsuaf eyg/ wd@k jrefrmudk b,fcgq,fI &rvJ? taumif;qd;k xif/ qd;k aumif;xifEiS hf txifvyJG g/ wd@k jrefrmudk b,fcgq,fI &rvJ? ol@udik gnKdS ;/ igo h n l KSd ;ESihf tnSKd ;}u;D yg/ wd@k jrefrmudk b,fcgq,fI &rvJ? nnf;It+yD;/ nlr+yD;bl; t+y;D wum/ vkyEf ikd yf grS awmf&ma&mufvrd /hf aemiftzd@k Ed;k =u x=u jrefrmwd@k om;ajr;wd@k twGuf }uKd ;pm;pd@k ?

rif;ok0%f

6

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

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nDESifhnDrrsm; tdk;a0oHESifh wGefyguyg w+yKd ief ufxJ cGyfa'gif;tvHvnf; &ifbwfxJ "toifh"xnfx h m;yg ydv k aS om reufjzeftwGuf Adou k maumif;awG jzpfapcsiw f ,f?

rif;udkEdki f 6/ 2/ 2012

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

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c&D;onf 'Dc&D;udk oGm;ae=uonf? b,fvrf;u b,fvo kd mG ;oGm; wae@awmh a&muf=u&rnf? twlwo l mG ;ae=uayr,fh twla&muf=u&rnf r[kw?f vlawGu tusKd ;ta=umif; w&m;ay: rlwnfum &yfwnfcsuaf wGtay: tajccH+y;D Tc&D;udk oGm;ae=uonf? wcsKd @u a&S@uoGm; wcsKd @u aemufuoGm; wcsdK@ wcsdK@u ab;uoGm; wcsKd @ wa&G@a&G@oGm; b,fvykd jJ zpfjzpf wae@awmh a&muf=u&rnf? vlonf vl@usi0hf wfawGe@J tnD....oGm;=uygu vl@ordik ;f wGif xm0, vSyaeayvdrrhf nf? od@k r[kwyf gu &SifvsufESifhvnf;ao ao+yD;awmhvnf;ao....ao ae&rnfjzpfonf?

&J+idrf; 27/ 12/ 2012 8

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

9

opPmwdkif 'Dawmif&;kd usm;qd;k ayg&@J ? armifhtcspf rSspfcsdK;vdkufcJh?

=unfatmif

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

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t wl w uG awmifwef;awGuawmh b,fawmhrS a&mufvmrSmr[kwb f ;l oGm;r,f vm nD=u vSr;f pd@k igwdk@a&SŒrSm vrf; ² ² ² ² ² ?

armifpdrf;eD

10

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

11

yGJjyD; rD;ao yGjJ y;D vdŒk rD;aooGm;wmvm;/ rD;aovdŒk yGjJ y;D oGm;wmvm;? yGrJ jy;D yJ rD;aooGm;wJhtcg yGJcif;wckvHk; tarSmifuswwfw,f? rD;aooGm;vdŒk yGjJ y;D vdu k w f t hJ cg Zmwford ;f awG rvSry jzpfuse&f pfwwfw,f? oli,fcsif;a& aocsmjyefpOf;pm;?

cifrrrsdK; (21/ 10/ 2012)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

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aejynfawmfacwf umcsif;opf

w&kwv f monf ,dik , f ikd af vm ,dik , f ikd f ,dik , f ikd ?f jrSm;rdk;&Gmonf +zdKif+zdKifavm +zdKif+zdKif +zdKif+zdKif? [kww f nf; onf&if;/ onf&if;? [kww f nf; &Sicf si;f / &Sicf si;f ? (jrifpikd ;f acwf/ umcsi;f rS) oDcsif;tp umcsif;u umcsi;f tp jrifpikd ;f u jrifpikd ;f tp wdu k yf u JG usK;ausmt f p w&kwu f ? yef;cst D p eH&u H eH&t H p yk*u H usK;ausmt f p rGe*f u kd rGe*f pkd pfonf usK;ausm+f yD yk*yH ef;csD oufaownf euf0gnKd eD aq;yef;cs?D

12

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

rGe*f v kd monhf w&kwjf ynf 'domygarmuf a&mufz;l onf? av;jrmS ; ajrmS ufcsD wyf}u;D nD usK;ausmv f monf 'd@k jrefjynf? w&kwaf jy;rif; yk*rH if; w&kwv f u kd v f @kd ajy;wJrh if; yk*aH ysmufq;Hk &_;H wJrh if; rif;oufjzwfwm w&kwrf if;?

13

w&kwv f monf ,dik , f ikd af vm?

Armajy;onf a0a0;avm? a&$u, kd o l nf t+yKd it f qdik ?f aiGukd ,lonf tydik t f Edik ?f pdeu f , kd o l nf "t}uKd if" "tydik "f uíef;udk ,lonf tckid t f +rKd i?f vkrH udk ,lonf tcsKid f t+yKd i?f {&mjrpfrif; uGi;f avmh &Si;f avmh vufyaH wmif;awmif a&Smifavmh &Sm;avmh "armifyikd f" pD;wm rpD;ap& "r,fyikd f" vS;D wm rvS;D ap& vnfrsKed if;um reif;ap& {&mjrpfa& raemufap&/ umuG,=f u? oHviG jf rpfa& rwef@ap&/ umuG,=f u? uíef;ysKd uíef;ikwf rE_waf p&/ umuG,=f u? w&kwaf jy;rif; ESprf if; rjzpfatmif aemifvm aemufom;/ Armom;awG "vm;" ESifh ajy;cke/f '*keu f kd qkwf a&ork'rf mS w&kwaf jy;rif;/ aemufwrif; [k ajy;rif;wrsK;d / armfueG ;f xd;k vd@k aomufusK;d renf;=uapownf;?

armifpGrf;&nf/ 12/ 12/ 12 e,l;a,muf tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

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a'gif;wdk h&J hapmif;

{&m0wD qdw k m apmif;wpfvuf a'gi;f tqufqufw@kd &J@ ,Ofaus;r_tarG? {&m0wDqw kd m uAsmwpfajumif; jrefrma'gif;awGoDwJh...tdk;a0..tdk;a0..? tJ'aD pmif;udk a'gi;f wdk v h ufrS vk,uf,u l m ausmufcmG }uKd ;jzKwf xif&mvkyzf @kd ,kwrf molw@kd }uKd ;yrf;=uygap? [oFmud;k aomif;vdk b,fa'gi;f urS tusirhf azmuf {&m0wDukd apmifah &Smufaeygv#if..?

Zmr%Diu S v f kd toufuakd y; tarG;wpfriS f tu|wrf cH {&m0wDukd 0ef;&Hjy;D aeygv#if..?

a'gi;f wd@k .aoG;eJ h {&m0wDuakd q; ordik ;f ay;wm0ef ausaeygv#if..? a'gi;f wd@k .tm;eJ@ ... {&m0wDqw kd m jrmS ;wpif; xm0& pD;qif;aeygv#if... ,kwrf molwkd &h J ah jctpHrk mS a&wpfr_efygroGm;&atmif a'gi;f awGuqD;wm; umuG,x f m;edik rf ,f? tJ'Dtcg apmif;wpfvuf uAsmwpfa=umif;eJ h urBmrSm@@@@a'gi;f &,fvkd h urRn;f xd;k vlrsLd ;raysmufbJ useEf ikd yf gvrd f rh ,f?

armifpdef0if;(ykw;D ukef;) ( 8-9-2012 ) ( jrpfqHka&umwm &yfqdkif;r_ESpfvnftwGuf ) 14

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

15

wuUovkd xf uJ olwkd h

tif;ol}uD;rod&atmif ntarSmif tm;ud;k zdk;qef; / om0 / zdk;axmif tif;pyfrmS ig;cd;k zrf;w,f cifarmifjrifh/ ayoD; f uftm;vH;k [m rd;k nawGrmS ? olwkd h q,fausmo 21 &mpkpeG ;f pGe;f txdyg dk 0rSm }u;D jyif;vmcJ=h uaygh ? ig;udik ;f axmufw,f 'Dvb ig;tkyaf qmif;eJ h zrf;w,f h 0wuUov dk rf mS q,fvn S hf rSm wvSnhf olwkd b zrf;rdwhJ ig;cl x,fx;kd EGm;ausmif; wn wn b,fEpS af umif&vkd v h J q,hif g;awmif; bmom&yf h mom&yf tav;csed f b,favmuf&vkd v h J tif;pyf AsKd uaf wm ig;cd;k zrf;wJb d f aumuf&w d f okd ah omfvJ tJ'gqefz;kd oufu,f&w d w f hJ bmom&yf touf&Sifa&;wefzdk;aygh? rsu&f w h mom&yf q,fEh pS v f &moD&ŒJ uefpeG ;f &Gucf ;l a&mif;wJb awmwuf x if ; ck w f tvSJ t h ajymif;awGrmS ?

0g;ckww f hJ bmom&yf l D ysu H s aejcnfroef;rSD wrd;k aomuf v,fuv tdraf &mufvmcJh vlajcwdwrf mS tÏm&Ï q,fEh pS &f yfwwfajrmuf a&td;k xJ ig;avSmifct hJ +y;D usL&Sirf ,lyJ ayguaf jrmufatmifjrifchJ 0g;ydk;0g; acgif;tHk;xuf qD qef qm; jiKyf =uufoeG f D ;l qdw k hJ tdyfpufcJhaygh ae ph Of tvsirf rSb f ;l awG&&Scd ahJ v&J h q,fEh pS v f &moD&J Œ *k%x h 0wuUov dk rf mS ? tvSJ t h ajymif;awGrmS ²²? olwkd b

xGef;vif;atmif(opPm) pufwifbm 30-2012 tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

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qGJESKwfr&wJh ,Hk}unfcsufoHrdSK ud, k u f sKd ;=unfh t"du0g' +cKH E, G t f xyfxyfq;l awm b0rSm ckwx f iG yf pfchJ rD;wdu k jf ymcsc²hJ ²?

vGwaf jrmufa&; tJ'aD oG; &if;ES;D tiftm; usdK;a=ucJh b0cGeftm; vSKy&f mS ; &ke;f uefchJ =urf;xrf;b0&Jh tvSnt hf ajymif;awGxrJ mS ²²?

awmfveS af oewf&w dS hJ ae&m E_wrf qufyJ xGucf gG vm aemufa=umbufrmS use&f pf acszsucf cH &hJ b0 tydkif;tprsm;pGm rkew f ikd ;f jyif;xJu oabFmysuw f pD;vkd acwfysuf vSKd i;f =urf;ay:rSm?

pGef v h w $ af y;qyfchJ usKd ;a=ucJh b0udak ygh wcg wcg pmemoleJ ah wG h wcg wcg em;vnfoel J ah wG@ wcg wcgaxmufxm;oleJ ah wG h wcgw&H oa&mfavSmifajymifomG ; tJ'D tufppfqm;rsm; H apw,f ²²? tkd &du k cf sKd ;cHc&hJ ESv;kH om;rSm rD;vSsx tavSsmf tpm; tvkycf cH &hJ h cg; rdom;pkb0qdw k m tcgw&H raxrJjh rifu&hJ J t &if x r J ; D awmuf o m G ;apcJ w h ,f? usdK;a=u ysufpD;cJh&rsm;pGm ay;qyf&r_}u;D rm;vSpmG d ;l av²² pGef v h w $ f qH;k &SKH ;rSK udprP &Sb tkd bm[kwaf o;vJav todtrSwftjyKrcH& a=uuGrJ KS rsu&f nfpuf pmemem;vnfrr_ cH& f m opf&u G w f &Gurf ubl; 'DtwGuf v_y&f mS ;aejcif;rS r[kww hJ m0ef opfawm}u;D vkd a=ucG &hJ acwfu ay;tyfww opf&u G f rsu&f nfpufaygi;f rsm;pGmav? b,favmufausyeG af tmifxrf;&Gurf vJ vGwaf jrmufa&;twGuf 'gyt J "du²²?

at;jrESi f;&nf atmufwbkd m 22 / 2012 (vGwfajrmufa&; wdkufyGJrsm;twGif;rSm usqHk;oGm;cJhaom ouf&Sdxif&Sm; &kef;uefqJ ,Hk=unfcsuf}uD;rm;aom &Jabmfrsm;/ ol&Jaumif;rsm;odk h) 16

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

17

rkd;a&xJu 0wˆK

ta0;u =unf&h if rif;eJ ih gu }uKd ;eJ yh ;l csnx f m;ovkd teD;=unfrh mS ta0;}u;D a0;w,f²²²? =uufwal &G; wpfaumifvdk avmu0wf awG wwGww f w G x f ;dk vl b h 0aumif;usK;d rif;yJo,fy;dk cJo h vk²d ²²? qGq J ef@rS a+zmif&h r,fh pdwu f ;l rif;²²²tdrrf ufrS vl;vJxcJyh g²²²? tEkynm qkw d m rif;cH,l ovkd ausm=f um;rSK aiG²²²²² &rRu²f ²²²² rl;,pfaq;0g;²²²²² wckrS r[kwb f ;l ²²²? rif;aoG;a=umxJrmS xk;d pdu k rf S vif;r,fq&dk if igb h 0awG arSmifyg&ap²²²?

atmifbndK tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

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wm0efausol oGm;ESihfOD;awmh &xm;bD;tvdrrfh mS olygomG ;+y?D iSuq f ;dk waumif xk;d atmfvu dk w f hJ oef;aumif,HtcsdefrSmyJ olygomG ;cJ+h y?D vdrafh ewJb h ;D wm;qD;r&/ ol@ukd qGx J m;vd@k r& oGm;ESiOfh ;D awmh? ol@cspo f al wGe@J teD;ta0; jzwf uyf nSyf qG, J al e&mcsv@kd r& oGm;ESiOfh ;D awmh/ OD;acgif;cs ae&m vkcd sio f vkd ae&ma&$Œvd@k r& oif;csKiõ ;f ra&G;ol/ awmfveS o f al yyJ oGm;ESiOfh ;D awmh/ rsu&f nfpufenf;ayr,hf oihcf E<mxuf *k%jf yKEiS ;f qDz;l awG a0vd@k oGm;ayOD;awmh/ pum;rajymEkid v f @kd rrSmEkid af yr,hf "wm0ef qufvuf xrf;aqmif=u" vd@k rSmaewJt h vm; oGm;ayOD;awmh? q,fausmo f uft&G,u f p touf 80 txd/ +rKŒd jy,Ofaus;r_udk rod awmfveS af &;,Ofaus;r_uo dk m odwhJ oif[m wm0efausyg+yD &Jabmf oGm;ayOD;awmh?

18

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

19

pGe@f v$wrf a_ wGxrJ mS b0wckv;Hk tjyif oihaf ygirf mS pl;0ifepfjrKyaf ewJh usnq f ef oihEf v S ;Hk om;rSm pl;0ifepfjrKyaf ewJh ql; cspfoleJ@a0; om;orD;eJ@a0; txifvrJG a_ wG ayG@zuf pmemem;vnfw,f &Jabmf… oGm;ESi?fh ;awmh? ajymufusm;ppf twku d af umif;wJh &Jabmf r&%rif;&JŒ ajymufusm;ppf tvpftidu k rf rdatmif umuG,cf ahJ yr,hf toufygomG ;cJ+h yD oGm;ESiOfh ;D awmh? a&m*gt& owdraumif; todraumif;ayr,hf ,k=H unfcsut f & owdaumif;cJw h ,f/ todaumif;cJw h ,f &moufyefawmfveS af &;orm;}u;D oifwm0efausyg+yD oGm;ayOD;awmh pdwfcsygav 'd@k wm0efrausao;bl; t¶k%Ef iS ;f qD ryGizfh ;l ao;orSs a&&SnZf eJG @J qufwu dk &f OD;rSmrd@k vufjyE_wq f ufvu dk yf gw,f &Jabmf oGm;ESiOfh ;D awmh?

armifv0S if; ( jrif;jcH ) (wyfrSL; &JabmfcifnKd odk@ uefawmhyef;)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

19

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umwGef;

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

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umwGef;

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

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22

(65) ESpfajrmuf vGwfvyfa&;rSonf 'Drdkua&pDyef;wkdifodk h oef;0if;v_di f

ESpfOD; ponfESifh OD;pGm}uHK&onfh ae@xl;ae@jrwfum; jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;ae@ jzpfonf? 2013 ckEpS f Zefe0g&v D 4 &ufae@um; 65 ESpaf jrmuf vGwv f yfa&;jzpfonf? jrefrmhvw G v f yfa&;udk udv k ekd eD ,fcs@J . vufr/S zufqpf.vufrS tomw=unf vufjzef@cH,&l &So d nf r[kwb f J jynfov l x l w k &yf vH;k . toufEiS hf aoG;ESihf rsu&f nfEiS hf &if;ES;D &,lxm;&jcif;jzpfonf? wefz;kd }u;D rm;pGm &,lc&hJ aom vGwv f yfa&;udk wnfwchH ikd +f rJ atmif }uKd ;yrf;aqmif&u G &f rnfh wm0efrmS vlwikd ;f Y wm0ef&adS vonf?

ud,k xhf ;D ud,k ehf ef; jrefrmEkid if o H nf ud, k x hf ;D ud, k ehf ef;ud, k =f uiSe;f ESihf ESpaf ygi;f rsm;pGm wkid ;f &if;om; aygi;f rsm;pGmjzifh csp=f unf&if;ES;D pGm aexdik v f mcJah om vGwv f yfI tcsKyt f jcmtm%mydik f Ekid if jH zpf.? xd@k xufrl ausmufcwf toD;oD;udyk if jzwfoef;aexdik v f monfh ordik ;f a=umif; &Snv f sm;aom vlrsKd ;vnf;jzpfonf?

Todk@ orkdif;tpOftvm}uD;rm;aom jrefrmEkdifiH¶Sd wkdif;&if;om;taygif;onf ysLacwf/ yk*aH cwf/ tif;0acwf/ ppfuikd ;f / yif;,/ awmifi/l uke;f abmif ponfjzifh ud, k rhf if; ud, k cf si;f Edik if rH sm; xlaxmifc=hJ uonf? OruGo J u kd rf ysuaf evmcJ=h u.? jynfy&eftaygi;f udk pnf;vH;k nDnw G pf mG wGe;f vSecf =hJ uonf? xdo k @kd aexdik v f m&mrS +Aw d o d sS e,fcsŒJ wd@k . usL;ausmpf pf 1824/ 1852/ 1885 22

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

23

wd@k wGif oH;k }urd w f ikd f ckcpH pfrsm; qifEcJ$ &hJ m oH;k }urd pf vH;k yif jrefrmwd@k ta&;edrchf &hJ ojzifh 1885 ckEpS f Ed0k ifbmv 28 &ufae@wGif wwd, t*Fvyd -f jrefrm ppfyt JG +y;D wGif rif;ESirhf b d &k m;wd@k ygawmfrl+yD;aemuf jrefrmEkdifiH. ukef;abmifrif;quf jywfcJh&avonf? 1886 ckESpf Zefe0g&v D 1 &ufae@rS pI jrefrmEdik if u H kd +Aw d o d sS tifyg,mtwGi;f oGwo f iG ;f cH&csed rf pS I jynfov l x l k w&yfv;kH ol@uíefb0od@k usa&mufc&hJ avonf?

ol@usGefb0 +Aw d o d sS e,fcsŒJ .vufatmufo@kd usa&mufonfwiG f jrefrmEdik if .

H tajctaersm; qd;k ¶Gm;cJ&h onf? jrefrmbk&ifrsm; tpysKd ;wnfaxmifxm;onfh pufrv _ yk if ef;rsm; &yfqikd ;f oGm;cJh.? EdkifiHjcm; wkdif;jynfrsm;ESifh tquftoG,f jywfcJh.? ynmoifapv$wfI acwfryD nm&yfrsm; avhvmaer_ tm;vH;k &yfwef@oGm;cJ. h ? acwfrw D yfrawmfz@JG pnf;jcif;vnf; ysupf ;D oGm;cJ. h ? odk@jzifh acwfrDEdkifiHawmftjzpf wnfaxmifzGJŒpnf;&ef tm;,lr_rsm;tm;vHk; +ydKuGJysufpD;cJh&avonf? e,fcsJŒonf jrefrmhpD;yGm;a&;udk jc,fvS,f&ef a&muf¶Sdvm jcif;jzpfojzifh pD;yGm;a&;t& tpGrf;ukef aoG;pkyfjc,fvS,fcsifwdkif; jc,fvS,fawmhonf?

Todk@jzifh pD;yGm;a&;/ EdkifiHa&;wdk@wGifomru tpOftvmaumif;cJhaom jrefrmhynma&; rSmvnf; qH;k cef;wdik f zsuq f ;D cHc&hJ onf?

e,fcsJŒqef@usifa&;wkdufyGJrsm; xdo k @kd vGwv f yfa&;qH;k ¶_;H &jcif;udk jrefrmwkid ;f &if;om;taygi;f wd@k onf rcHr&yfEifkd b f J &&mvufeuf/ vlopl ¶k ;Hk I e,fcs@J wd@k tm; 1885 ckEpS f rS 1895 ckEpS f txd ae&mtoD;oD;rS tHk=uGwGef;vSef wdkufcdkufcJh=uonf? e,fcsJŒ+AdwdoSswdk@onf 10 ESpfvHk;vHk; ajcrudkifrd vufrudik rf d jzpfc&hJ onf? w&m;aomppfukd qifEaJ$ eol wkid ;f &if;om;taygi;f wd@k udv k nf; &ufpufpmG +zKd ciG ;f ESrd ef if;cJo h nf? f yfa&;wku d yf YJG toufrsm;pGm ol@uíefrcHvakd om wkid ;f &if;om;wd@k um; vGwv ay;cJ=h u&onf? aoewfukd 'l;av;/ jrmS ;wd@k jzifh tHwck o hJ vdk vSpH yG u f kd "m;/ vHS vufeufjzifh wk@HjyefcJh.? odk@aomf awmfvSefwdkufcdkufr_rsm;rSm ol@uíefrcHvdkaom pdwf"mwfjzifhom a'otvdkuf awmfvSefr_jzpfyGm;jcif;/ &&mvufeufudkom pGJudkif=u&jcif;/ jynfolvlxk wpf&yfv;kH Ekid if aH &;Ed;k =um;wufºuGpmG yg0ifvmatmif rpnf;¶k;H Edik jf cif; ponfw@dk a=umifh e,fcsŒJ acwfO;D awmfveS af &;rSm wjznf;jznf; ¶_;H edryhf sujf ym;oGm;cJ&h avonf?

trsdK;om;a&; tm;rwef rmefavSsmhvkduf=u&aomfvnf; wkdif;&if;om;taygif;. pdwfY vGwv f yfa&;udk rrSw d rf okef tm¶kpH rJG w S x f m;=uqJ¶. dS ? od@k jzifh 1897 ckEpS w f iG f bmoma&; toif;tzGŒJ rsm; pwifay:ayguv f m+y;D aemuf 1906 ckEpS f arv 10 &ufae@wGif Ak'b < mom tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

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uvsm%,k0 ac: 0dkiftrfbDat toif;}uD;udk udkb&if/ udkbab/ udkarmif}uD; wd@k . OD;aqmifrj_ zifh zG@J pnf;wnfaxmifEikd cf ahJ vonf? trsKd ;/ bmom/ omoem/ pmay/ ynmudk cspfjrwfEdk;pdwfjzifh ysdK;axmifay;&if; 0g&ifhEkdifiHa&;v_yf¶Sm;r_rsm;udk aqmif¶GufcJh =uonf?

1920 jynfEh pS f atmufwb kd mvwGif jynf+rKd Œ Y *spD b D aD t ac: jrefrmEdik if v H ;kH qkid &f m jref r mtoif ; csKyf } uD ; ud k zG J Œ pnf ; Ek d i f c J h a vonf ? xd k t oif ; }uD ; onf rsd K ;cspf 0 H o mEk v_y¶f mS ;r_rsm;jzifh e,fcsŒJ wd@k udk edik if aH &;enf;jzifh qef@usicf =hJ uonf? xdEk pS rf mS udv k ekd yD nma&;udk qef@usiw f u kd cf u kd o f nfh 1920 jynfEh pS f 'DZifbmv 5 &ufae@Y jzpfymG ;cJah om yxr ausmif; om; oydwo f nf trsKd ;om;a&; 0HomEkpw d "f mwfukd yGm;rsm;xGe;f um;apcJo h nf?

1930jynfhESpfwGif oky¾u*VKef&mZmbGJŒcH q&mpHOD;aqmifaom awmifol v,form; ta&;awmfy}kH u;D ay:aygucf o hJ nf? qd;k ¶Gm;vGe;f aom e,fcsŒJ wd@k . v,f,m ajrzdEydS rf r_ sm;udk rcHr&yfEikd o f jzifh xºuGawmfveS cf jhJ cif;jzpfonf? awmifov l ,form;wd@k . awmfveS af &;onf vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;jzpfonf?

1900 jynfEh pS f aemufyikd ;f wGif e,fcsŒJ udk twdtvif;qef@usiI f vufeufpu JG ikd f tHwck ahJ om vlwef;pm;awmfveS af &;}u;D vnf; jzpfonf? xd@k aemuf ocifbaomif;OD;aqmifaom Edik if aH &;Ed;k =um;wufºuaG om acwfynm wwf vli,fwpfpu k 1930 jynfEh pS f arv (30) &ufae@wGif A[ef;&yfY wd@k Armtpnf;t¶k;H }u;D udk zGŒJ pnf;wnfaxmifco hJ nf? wd@k Armtpnf;t¶k;H . &nfreS ;f csurf mS e,fcsŒJ qefusiaf &; ESihf vH;k 0vGwv f yfa&;jzpfonf? wdŒk Arm tpnf;t¶k;H 0ifrsm;onf "ocif" trnfc=H uojzifh wdk@Armtpnf;t¶kH;udk "ocifygwD" [kvnf; ac:cJh=uonf? wdk@Armtpnf;t¶kH;. aºuG;a=umforH sm;/ wdu k w f eG ;f csurf sm;/ aqmify'k rf sm;onf vlxt k m; ZmwdaoG; Zmwdrmef h nf? wufºuGapcJo 1936 ckESpf azazmf0g&Dv 15 &ufae@wGif 'kwd,ausmif;om;oydwf}uD;jzifh e,fcsJŒudk qef@usifcJh=ujyefonf? 1938 ckESpfwGifum; 1300 jynfh ta&;awmfyHk}uD; ay:aygufvmcJhavonf? 1300 jynfh ta&;awmfyHkum; tvkyform;/ v,form;/ ausmif;om;tm;vHk;yg0ifaom vlxktkHºuGawmfvSefr_jzpfonf? jzpfyGm;&jcif;rSm jynfol vlxw k &yfv;kH qif;&Jusyw f nf;r_/ ud, k u f sKd ;&SmEkid if aH &;orm;rsm;ESihf e,fcsŒJ wd@k yl;aygi;f +y;D zdESdyftkyfcsKyfr_ ponfh ta=umif;w&m;rsm;a=umifhyif jzpfonf? xdkv_yf¶Sm;r_}uD;onf e,fcsŒJ wd@k udk rsm;pGm wkev f y_ af csmufcsm;oGm;apcJo h nf? 'kwd,urBmppf}uD;rjzpfyGmrD &ufydkif;tvdkrSm 1939 ckESpf pufwifbmv 1 &ufae@wGif t*Fvdyftcuf Armhtcsuf [laom rludk pGJudkifum *dk%f;*%ygwDra¶G; vGwfvyfa&;udk jrwfEdk;olwdkif; yg0ifEdkifaom ocifudk,fawmfr_dif; OD;aqmifaom 24

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

25

wdŒk Armtpnf;t¶k;H tzGŒJ 0ifrsm;/ a'guw f mbarmf. qif;&Jom; 0HomEktzGŒJ 0ifrsm;/ OD;bab OD;aqmifaom ig;yGiq hf idk t f zGŒJ ESihf woD;yk*v ~ yk*Kd~ vrf sm;jzifh Armhxu G &f yf*% kd ;f udk wnfaxmif cJo h nf? Armhxu G &f yf*% kd ;f udk wnfaxmif+y;D aemuf rsm;r=umrDrmS yif ajratmufawmfveS af &; vSsKd Œ0Sut f zGŒJ rsm; jzpfonfh uGejf rLepfygw/D jynfo@l ta&;awmfyykH gwD wd@k udk wnfaxmifchJ =uonf?

Todk@jzifh vlxkv_yf¶Sm;r_rsm;jzifh EdkifiHa&;t& e,fcsJŒudk qef@usifae&mrS vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&; pwifEdkif&ef ocifatmifqef;ESifh &JabmfoHk;usdyf0ifwdk@onf *syefEikd if o H @kd ppfynmoif=um;&ef wdww f qdwx f u G cf mG cJ=h uonf? vGwv f yfa&;pdwpf o JG efv#uf ppfynmrsm;udk tywfwukw}f uKd ;pm;oif,+l y;D aemuf 1942 ckEpS f 'DZifbmv 27 &ufae@wGif Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;OD;aqmifaom &Jabmfo;kH usyd f 0ifwdk@onf xdkif;EdkifiH befaumuf+rdK@Y ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf ac: bDtdkifatudk zGŒJ pnf;wnfaxmifc=hJ uonf?

1942 ckEpS f ESpq f ef;ydik ;f wGif *syefw@kd tultnDjzifh Armhvw G v f yfa&;wyfrawmf onf +AdwdoSse,fcsJ@ wdk@udk jrefrmEkdifiHrS wkdufxkwfEkdifcJhonf? odk@aomf *syefwdk@onf jrefrmwd@k tm; rlvay;xm;aom uwdukd azmufzsuI f jrefrmhajray:od@k a&mufonfEiS hf *syefwdk@. zufqpfZmwd¶kyfudk jyoawmhonf? zufqpf*syefwdk@. vufatmufwGif jrefrmwdkif;&if;om;taygif;onf &ufpufr_rsdK;pHk/ zdESdyfr_aygif;pHkudk cg;oD;emusnf;pGm cHpm;=u&.?

vH;k 0vGwvf yfa&;od@k xd@k aemuf jrefrmjynfov l x l w k &yfv;kH onf 1945 ckEpS f rwfv 27 &ufae@wGif zufqpf*syefwdk@udk awmfvSefwdkufxkwfcJh=uonf? odk@aomfzufqpf*syefrsm; qkwfcGm oGm;+y;D aemuf tdE, Nd Edik if H qif;rvm;+rKd Œod@k xGuaf jy;cJah om jrefrmEdik if b H &k ifcH a':refprpf onf uvD,ykd ufx&moabFmjzifh 1945 ckEpS f atmufwb kd mv 16 &ufae@wGif jrefrmEkid if H odk@ jyefvnfa&mufvm&m jrefrmwdk@ 'kwd,t}udrf e,fcsJŒ+AdwdoSswdk@ESifh &ifqdkif=u &jyefonf? e,fcsŒJ +Aw d o d sS w@kd onf vGwv f yfa&;udk tomw=unfay;vdjk cif; tvsO;f r&Sad y? wkid ;f &if;om;wd@k . pnf;vH;k nDnw G rf u _ kd +zKd c&JG ef ajcvSr;f rsm; jyifvmcJo h nf? xdt k a&;udk AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh acgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;u tajrmftjrif¶Sd¶Sd tcsdefrDumuG,fcJh&.? &v'fum; awmifwef;jynfr rcGJjcm;bJ wkdif;&if;om;aygif;pHkyg0ifonfh jynfaxmifpk}uD; zGŒJ Ekid af &;twGuf yifvpkH mcsKyu f kd 1947 ckEpS f azazmf0g&v D 12 &ufae@wGif ¶Sr;f jynfe,f yifvHk+rdKŒuav;wGif wkdif;&if;om;acgif;aqmif 22 OD;ESifhtwl AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf vufrw S af &;xd;k csKyq f Ekd ikd cf o hJ nf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

25

26

xdo k @kd vGwv f yfa&;twGuf }uKd ;yrf;aeqJumvrSmyif Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;ESiw hf uG tmZmenfacgi;f aqmif}u;D rsm; 1947 ckEpS f Zlvikd v f 19 &uf eHeuf 10 em&D 35 rdepfwiG f vky}f ucH cH &hJ onf? touf ESihf aoG; ESihf ací;ESihf &if;ES;D vmcJah om vGwv f yfa&;wku d yf YJG xyfavmif;I rsu&f nfoeG ;f +zKd ;cJ&h ao;onf? jrefrmhvw G v f yfa&;}uKd ;yrf;r_ordik ;f c&D;um; =urf;wrf;vSayonf? ay;vSLpGe@f v$wcf hJ &aom wefz;kd rsm;vnf; rsm;vS.? toufaygi;f rsm;pGm/ aoG;pufaygi;f tewW/ td;k tdrpf nf;pdrf terw*~rsm;vGe;f vSonf? toufrao use&f pf+y;D cE<mud, k t f pdwt f ydik ;f qH;k ¶_;H oGm;cJo h l wd@k rSmvnf; ra&rwGuEf ikd yf if &So d nf? od@k aomf jrefrmwdik ;f &if;om;vlxo k nf pGe@f v$wjf cif;rsm;pGmESit hf wl pnf;vH;k nD nGwrf /_ owW/d ZG/J rmefw@kd jzifh rqkwrf epf }uKd ;yrf;aqmif¶u G cf ahJ oma=umifh jrefrmhvw G v f yf a&;onf 1948 ckEpS f Zefe0g&v D 4 &uf eHeuf 4 em&D 20 rdepfwiG f vuf0,fyikd yf ikd f &¶Scd o hJ nf? vGwv f yfa&;&¶Scd ahJ om 1948 ckEpS f Zefe0g&v D 4 &ufae@wGif pwiftw k jf rpfcs pdu k x f cl ahJ om vGwv f yfa&; ausmufpmwdik Yf Tod@k urŠn;f wifcahJ vonf....

"1948 ckEpS f Zefe0g&Dv 4&uf/ aumif;jrwfaom oef@pif r*Fvmtaygif;ESijhf ynfph kH aomtcgY T igwdk@ jrefrmjynfonf vHk;0vGwfvyfaomtcsKyftjcmtm%mydkif jynfaxmifpkorRw jrefrmEdkifiHawmf}uD; tjzpfodk@a&muf+yD" [lI xdkae@&ufudk vGwv f yfa&;a=unmpmwrf;Y a&;xd;k xm;cJo h nf? xd@k tjyif tqdyk g vGwv f yfa&;ausmufwikd }f u;D Y a&;xd;k xm;aom vGwv f yfa&; a=unm pmwrf;Y "igwd@k Eikd if aH wmf}uD;onf rnfow l pfO;D wpfa,muf tzGŒJ wpfoif;. tarGtESpf r[kw/f rnfow l pfO;D wpfa,muftzGŒJ wpfoif;. yk*v ~ u d tydik yf pPn;f r[kw/f rnfow l pfO;D wpfa,muf tzGJŒwpfoif;u csKyfudkiftEdkifodrf;,l tusdK;cHpm;tyfaom EdkifiHr[kwf/ twdwu f mvu vnf;aumif;/ ,ckrsuaf rSmufwiG v f nf;aumif;/ aemifvmvwWŒH aom tem*gwfumvYvnf;aumif;/ igwdk@jynfaxmifpk}uD;Y rSDwif;aexdkif=uaom }uD;i,f a0;eD; usm;r rjcm; opPmawmfcH EdkifiHom;[loa¶GŒ 'dk@. tarGtESpftydkifypPnf; tusdK;cHpm;p&mjzpfonf" [lI vGwfvyfa&; a=unmpmwrf;tydk'f (5) Y azmfjy xm;ayon?f odk@aomf ,cktcg jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;&¶SdcJhonfhESpfaygif; 65 ESpfwkdifcJh+yD jzpfaomfvnf; jrefrmhwikd ;f &if;om;jynfow l pf&yfv;kH wd@k onf vGwv f yfa&;a=unmpmwrf;yg tcsut f vufrsm; twdik ;f cHpm;cJ&h onf r[kwaf y? 1962 ckEpS rf S ,ae@wkid f ESpaf ygi;f 50 cef@ pdk;rdk;tkyfcsKyfaeaom ppftm%m&Sif vlwpfpkuomvSsif wkdif;jynf.ºuG,f0aom ajray:ajratmuf obm0oH,ZH mwypPn;f rsm; ESihf yk*v ~ u d ydik pf nf;pdrOf pPm&wemrsm;udk 26

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2012 ckEpS f 'DZifbmv 9 &ufae@wGif rauG;+rKd Œod@k a&muf¶adS eaom trsK;d om; 'Dru kd a&pD tzGŒJ csKyf OuUÏ a':atmifqef;pk=unfuvnf; vlxak wGŒqHyk w JG iG -f "ESpaf ygi;f 40/ 50 twGi;f rSm jynfoal wG&ŒJ tiftm;awGu tawmf}u;D usomG ; w,f? 'Dvjkd zpfwmuvnf; tkycf sKyrf p_ epfraumif;vd@k / 'Dvrkd rSeu f efwhJ tkycf sKyrf p_ epfwpfck 'Deidk if rH mS t=um}u;D cHomG ;&wm[m jynfoal wGrmS vnf; wm0efruif;bl;aemf? tJ'[ D mudk ud, k b hf mom jyefpOf;pm;&r,f? ud, k cf v H @kd vnf; 'Dvjdk zpfwm" "jrefrmEdik if [ H m tjcm;urBmEh ikd if rH sm;eJ@ Edi_ ;f ,SOyf gu oH,ZH mwt&if;tjrpfrsm; trsm;}uD; ºuG,0f aom wkid ;f jynfwpfcjk zpfw,f? 'ga=umifh wkid ;f jynfqif;&Jjcif;r[kwb f J wkdif;jynftwGif; rSm aexdkif=uaom jynfolawG qif;&Jjcif;omjzpfa=umif;/ jyKef;wD; oGm;aom tzd;k wefuíef;opfawmfrsm; tygt0if ajray:ajratmuf oH,ZH mwypPn;f rsm; tcsnf;tESD;jzpfcJhr_tay: wm0efrJhjyKvkyfcJhaom tm%m¶Sdol/ ae&m&¶Sdolrsm;udk 4if;wd@k rdbrsm;u rnfo@kd oeG o f ifq;kH rcJo h vJ [k pOf;pm;rda=umif;" a':atmifqef;pk=unfu axmufjyajymqdk oGm;onf? rnfo@kd qdak p vGwv f yfa&; txdr;f trSwf ausmufwikd Yf a&;xd;k xm;cJah om vGwv f yfa&;a=unmpmwrf;yg vGwv f yfa&;. toD;tyGirhf sm;udk jynfaxmifp}k u;D twGi;f rDw S if;aexdik =f uolrsm;tm;vH;k cHpm;Edik &f ef vlwikd ;f Y wm0ef&o dS vdk ppftm%m¶Sipf epfukd tjrpfrS +zKd zsuI f 'dru dk a&pD Edik if aH wmfopf}u;D udk ZGv J ŒkH v0D&, d jzifh }uKd ;pm;tm;xkwI f nDnmzszs wnfaqmufEikd rf o S mvSsif jynfov l x l t k m;vH;k ºuG,0f csr;f omayrnf? jynfol tm;vH;k ºuG,0f csr;f omrSvnf; Edik if aH umif;Edik if jH rwftjzpf urBmt h v,fwiG f 0HhºuGm;xnf 0gpmG &yfwnfEikd rf nf jzpfa=umif; qENjyKvu dk &f ygonf?

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'DZifbm 20/ 2012 tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

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ordkif;wauGŒrS tdkifpDtufpf OD;wifxGÉf

oef;0if;vd_i f a&SŒwef; (0JrS,m) OD;btkef;/ OD;apm/ qmbmh*sfydkif/ OD;boef;/ OD;xGef;atmifausmf/ aemufwef; (0JrS,m) OD;ausmfrif;/ rpPwm0gemoH/ rpPwm abmhZfrif;/ OD;wifxGÉf

OD;wifxGÉfonf udv k ekd aD cwfY jrefrmvlrsK;d xJrS yxrqH;k tdE, dN yÉd^mOfc0H efxrf; (tdik pf t D ufp)f udk a&G; cs,cf ef@xm;jcif; cH&oljzpfonf? OD;wifxGÉfukd tz ta&;ydik f OD;zde;f (K.S.M., A.T.M) trd a':rdrw d @kd rS jrif;jc+H rKd ŒwGif 1895 ckEpS f azaz:0g&v D 1 &uf ae@Y zGm;jrifco hJ nf? arG;csi;f (7)a,ufteuf t}u;D qH;k jzpfonf? nDtpfukd 4 OD;p vH;k rSm t*FvefrS bm;tufavm (Bar.at. Law) 0wfvb kH ŒJG rsm;&I xl;cseG x f ufjruf xif&mS ;olrsm;jzpfonf?

OD;wifxGÉf. nDEiS n hf rD rsm;rSm w&m;ol}u;D ESihf Oya'ygarmuQ OD;ausmjf rif/h oHtrwf}u;D ESihf A[dw k &m;&H;k csKyt f usK;d aqmif OD;jrifo h ed ;f / jrefrmpmay r[m0dZm… bGŒJ &ESihf &efuek w f uUov kd f ausmufpmzwf a':cifjrrl/ &efuek w f uUov kd f ygarmuQcsKyEf iS hf urBmod jrefrmpmayynm&Sif a'guf w mxif a tmif / 0d Z … m *k % f x l ; ES i f h bD t D ; 'D b G J Œ & acwf p rf ; pmqd k a':cif a pmrl / &efuek w f uUov kd f t*Fvyd pf mXmerSL; a':wifapmrlw@kd jzpf=uonf?

OD;wifxGÉfonf i,fpOfu &efukef+rdKŒ pdef@aygvftxufwef;ausmif;/ yJcl;+rdKŒ tpdk;&txufwef;ausmif;/ &efukefaumvdyfwdk@wGif ynmoif=um;cJhonf? &efukef aumvdyw f iG f vydik ;f rSsomaeI 1911 ckEpS w f iG f t*Fvef*sL; 0pfaumvdy/f 1914 ckEpS w f iG f udef;b&pfwuUodkvf uGif;efaumvdyf/ 1914 ckESpfwGif tdkif,mvef'AŠvifx&DewD 28

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

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aumvdyfwdk@wGif qufvufynmoif=um;cJhonf? 1915 ckESpfwGif rufpfopfx&pfydk pmar;yGJudkvnf;aumif;/ 1917 ckESpf tDaumaemfrpfx&pfydk pmar;yGJudkvnf;aumif; atmifjrifco hJ nf? 1916 ckEpS w f iG f t*Fvyd t f ufaq; +yKd iyf YJG [l;pfy&du k q f k &&Scd o hJ nf? 1917 ckEpS w f iG f ude;f b&pfwuUov kd f bDatbGŒJ (0dZm… bGŒJ )udk ocsmF / abm*aA' *k%x f ;l wd@k jzifh &&Scd o hJ nf? 1920 jynfEh pS w f iG f 'AŠvifx&DewD aumvdyrf S bDat (wD/p/D ')D ESihf trfat (r[m0dZm… ) bGŒJ rsm; &&So d nf? xd@k aemuf 1921 ckEpS w f iG f t*Fvefrpf',fwefy,fvf Oya' ausmif;rS bm&pfpwm (Barrister at Law) 0wfvb kH ŒJG &&Scd o hJ nf? t*FvefjynfwGif ynmoif=um;aepOf tm;upm;bufYvnf; xl;csGefonf? 'g;vf0pfaumvdyf (Dulwich college) &wfbt D m;upm; vufa&G;pif (ywfbvpfpul; vufa0SŒcseyf , D )H / ude;f b&pfwuUov kd f &wfbt D oif; acgi;f aqmifEiS hf avSavSmt f oif; OuUÏtjzpf a&G;cs,cf &H onf?

1917 ckESpfwGif jrefrmwdkif;&if;om;rsm;xJrS tdEdN ,ppfwyfaumfr&Sif t&m&Sdtjzpf cef@tyfjcif;cH&onf? 1919 ckEpS w f iG f jrefrmwdik ;f &if;om;rsm;xJrS yxrqH;k tdE, dN yÉd^mOfcH 0efxrf; (I.C.S) tjzpf a&G;cs,cf &H onf? 1919 rS 1921 txd atmufpzf @kd 'f wuUov kd Yf tvkyo f iftjzpf ynmoifco hJ nf?

1921 ckEpS f 'DZifbmv 12 &ufae@wGif jrefrmjynfo@kd jyefvnfa&muf&o dS nf?

1922 wGif yJc;l wdik ;f urm0J rS OD;bd;k rif;.orD; roef;wif ESihf vufxyfco hJ nf? ,if;aemuf 1922 ckESpfwGif yJcl;0efaxmuf/ 1924 wGif opfawmXme twG i f ; 0ef a xmuf / opf a wmf a umf rwD twG i f ; a&;rS L ;/ 1925 wG i f b¾ma&; twGi;f 0efaxmuf/ 1926 wGif tcGeaf wmfEiS hf o\ar"pHpk rf;a&;aumf rwD twGi;f a&;rSL;/ 1927 wGif or0g,r wGzJ uf &DZpP=wm 0efaxmuftjzpf aqmif&u G cf o hJ nf? 1928 ckEpS f {+yDv 10 &ufae@rS 1933 ckESpf {+yDv 17 &ufae@txd tdENd,EdkifiH a'vD+rdKŒESifh qif ; rvm;+rd K ŒwG i f td E N d , tpd k ; &puf r _ E S i f h tvk y f o rm;Xme twG i f ; 0ef a xmuf / 'kwd,twGif;0ef wGJzuftwGif;0eftjzpf tr_xrf;cJhonf? xdkrSwzef 1933 wGif jynfta&;ydkiftjzpfvnf;aumif;/ 1935 wGif twGif;0efrsm;&Hk; (aemif0ef}uD;rsm;&Hk;) b¾ma&;Xme 'kw, d twGi;f 0eftjzpfvnf;aumif; xrf;&Gucf o hJ nf? wzufrv S nf; 1939 rS 1942 ckEpS w f ikd f &efuek w f uUov kd f 'kw, d t"dywdtjzpf aqmif&u G cf o hJ nf?

1941 ck E S p f puf w if b mv 23 &uf a e@wG i f eef ; &if ; 0ef *VKef O D ; apm. twGif;0eftjzpf *VKefOD;apmESifhtwl jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&; ta&;qdk&ef t*Fvefjynfokd@ ava=umif;c&D;jzifh xGucf mG cJo h nf? atmufwb kd mv 10 &ufae@ vef'ef+rKd Œod@k a&muf&+dS y;D atmufwb kd mv 18 &ufae@wGif +Aw d o d sS eef;&if;0ef qm0ifpwefcsmcsED iS hf OD;apmawGŒqHk tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

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aqG;aEG;&mwGif twlwufa&mufco hJ nf? csmcsED iS hf OD;apmwd@k ESpef m&D=um awGŒqHak qG;aEG; cJah omfvnf; jrefrmhta&; ESiyhf wfoufI +Aw d o d sS w@kd bufrS rnfonfu h wdurkd S ray;cJah cs? csmcs.

D wif;rmaomoabmxm;ESihf tjcm;+Aw d o d sS acgi;f aqmifrsm;² ra&r&majymqkrd r_ sm; onf OD;apmudk pdwt f aESmift,Suf jzpfapcJo h nf?

OD;apmonf +AdwdefrS tar&duefjynfaxmifpkodk@0ifI orRw z&efuvif 'D&;l pAJh tm; 0ifawGŒ&mwGiv f nf; OD;wifxÉG o f nf twlvu kd yf gchJ &onf? tar&dueforRwu +AdwdoSsudkvdkeDe,fwpfck. ta&;t&mrsm;wGif 0ifa&mufpGufzuf&ef vufwGef@aeonfh oabmxm;udk od&+y;D aemuf OD;apmonf OD;wifxÉG t f m;csex f m;I tar&duef&dS *syefo&H ;kH rS aumifppf0eftm; wud, k af wmf 0ifa&mufawGŒqHk aqG;aEG;cJo h nf? OD;apmonf tar&duefrS tjyef ay:wl*ED ikd if H vpfpuGe+f rKd Œ&Sd *syefo&H ;kH rS aumifppf0efukd wOD;wnf;awGŒqHck jhJ yefonf?

OD;apmESihf *syefaumifppf0efw@kd ajymqkcd o hJ rSs +Aw d o d sS awmfveS af &;u =um;jzwfzrf;,l+y;D pum;0Surf sm;azmfxw k I f vef'eftpd;k &xH jyefy@kd cJo h nf? OD;apmESihf *syefaumif ppf0efw@kd ajymqdck sut f usO;f csKyrf mS *syefu jrefrmEdik if u H kd usL;ausm0f ifa&mufvsS if jrefrmwdik ;f &if;om; wd@k u +Aw d d oSsw@kd udk *syefw@kd ESiyhf ;l aygi;f I x=uyG ek u f efvrd rhf nf? xd@k a=umifh olŒtaejzifh *syefukd wwfEikd o f rSs tultnDay; rnf[I l jzpfonf? +Aw d o d sS Eikd if jH cm;a&;0ef}u;D u OD;apmESihf OD;wifxÉG f ESpOf ;D udk zrf;&ef qH;k jzwfvu kd +f y;D OD;apmwd@k pD; vmaomav,mOf ygvufpwdik ;f jynf (,cktpPa&;Edik if )H [dik zf m+rKd Œod@k 1942 ckEpS f Zefe0g&v D 18 &ufae@wGif av,mOfqif; onfEiS hf zrf;qD;xde;f odr;f vdu k af vonf? xd@k aemuf OD;apmtm; tmz&duwdu k f ,l*ef'gEikd if o H @kd yd@k vku d +f y;D OD;apmonf ppftwGi;f umvwpfavSsmuf 1946 ckEpS f Zefe0g&v D 25 &ufae@txd txde;f odr;f cHc&hJ onf?

OD;wifxGÉfurkd l +Aw d o d sS w@kd u jyefvw $ af y;+y;D 1942 ckEpS f arv 20 &ufae@wGif jrefrmEdik if rH S qkwcf mG vSsuf tdE, dN Edik if H qif;rvm;+rKd Œ Y zGŒJ pnf;xm;aom qma':refprpf. ppfajy;tpd;k &tzGŒJ Y oGm;a&mufy;l aygi;f aponf? od@k jzifh OD;wifxGÉo f nf 1942 ckEpS rf S 1946 ckESpftxd jrefrmjynf ppfajy;qif;rvm;tpdk;&tzGJŒ. jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;qdkif&m t=uHay;t&m&Sdtjzpf aqmif&GufcJhonf? 1945 ckESpf pufwifbmv 6 &ufae@rS 7 &ufae@txd oD&dvuFmEdkifiH uEND+rdKŒ Y ta&SŒwmiftm&Sqdkif&m r[mrdwfwyfrsm;. ppfaoemywdcsKyf avmh'v f 0l aD rmifb h ufwefEiS hf jrefrmEdik if rH S Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef; acgi;f aqmif aom jrefrmudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒudk awGŒqHkaqG;aEG;&mwGif ppfajy;tpdk;& t=uHay;yk*~dKvf OD;wifxGÉfvnf; wufa&mufco hJ nf?

1945 ckEpS f atmufwb kd mv 25 &ufae@wGif jrefrmEdik if H bk&ifcq H ma':refprpf onf jrefrmjynftpd;k &. t =uaH y;t&m&Sd OD;wifxGÉfukd zqyvtzGŒJ csKyo f @kd apv$w+f y;D bk&ifct H r_aqmifaumifpw D iG f tzGŒJ 0if (15) OD;tpm; (11) OD;om cef@xm;rnfjzpfa=umif; 30

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

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ajym=um;aponf?

1946 ckEpS f Zefe0g&D 1 &ufae@u +Aw d o d sS tpd;k &u OD;wifxGÉftm; Order of British Emperor (O.B.E) cs;D jri S chf o hJ nf? 1946 ckEpS w f iG f tdik pf t D ufpf 0efxrf;b0rS E_wx f u G I f The Burma Review *sme,fEiS hf New Time of Burma owif;pmudk t*Fvyd b f momjzifh xkwaf 0cJo h nf? xd@k aemuf 1946 ckEpS f pufwifbmv 20 &ufae@wGif zqyvtzGŒJ acgi;f aqmif Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;OD;aqmifI bk&ifct H r_aqmifaumifpD zGŒJ pnf;aomtcg OD;wifxGÉfonf bk&ifcHcef@ b¾ma&;ESihf tcGeaf wmfXmeY 0ef}u;D jzpfvmcJo h nf?

1947 ckEpS f Zefe0g&v D (2) &ufae@wGif Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;acgi;f aqmifonfh jrefrmud, k pf m;vS,t f zGŒJ +Aw d o d sS tpd;k &ESihf jrefrmhvw G v f yfa&;udp aP qG;aEG;&ef oGm;a&muf k yf gomG ; cJo h nf? aomtcg OD;wifxGÉfonf tzGŒJ 0iftjzpf vdu 1947 ckESpf azaz:0g&DvwGif yifvHkpmcsKyf csKyfqdka&;twGuf jrefrmudk,fpm; vS,t f jzpf wufa&mufchJ onf? xdEk pS rf mS yif awmifwef;a'o pHpk rf;a&;aumfrwD (Frontier Area Enquiry Committee) wGif jrefrmud, k pf m; vS,t f jzpf ocifE/k Adv k cf ifarmif uav;/ OD;ausm+f ird ;f wd@k ESit hf wl yg0ifaqmif&u G cf o hJ nf?

1947 ckEpS f {+yv D 9 &ufae@wGif wdik ;f jyKjynfjyKvw $ af wmf a&G;aumufyw JG iG f [oFmw+rKd ŒrS 0ifa&muf,OS f +yKd i&f m tEdik &f &Scd o hJ nf? 1947 ckEpS f ZGev f wGif zGŒJ pnf;yHt k ajccH Oya'rl=urf;a&;qGaJ &; aumfrwDtzGŒJ 0if/ tajccH Oya'tacsmudik f aumfrwDtjzpf0iftzGŒJ aqmif&GufcJhonf? 1947 ckESpf Zlvdkifv 7 &ufae@wGif vef'ef jrefrmjynf qdkif&m aumfr&Sirf if;}u;D tjzpf aqmif&u G o f nf? xdk@aemuf 1947 ckESpf Zlvdkifv 28 &ufae@wGif jrefrmEdkifiH bk&ifcHqm[l; bwfp&f ef. tr_aqmifaumifpD (0ef}u;D tzGŒJ )Y Xmevufuikd rf &Sd 0ef}u;D tjzpf aqmif&u G cf hJ onf? 1947 ckEpS f atmufwb kd mvwGif ocifEk OD;aqmifaom =um;jzwftpd;k &tzGŒJ b¾m a&;0ef}u;D tjzpf vnf;aumif;/ 1948 ckEpS f Zefe0g&v D 4 &ufae@wGif jynf axmifpjk refrmEdik if H tpk;d &. Edik if jH cm;a&;0ef}u;D tjzpf vnf;aumif; aqmif&u G cf o hJ nf?

1948 =o*kwfv EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;tjzpfrS E_wfxGufI AdkvfrSL;csKyf&mxl;jzifh t&efvufeufwyfrsm;. ppf OD;pD;csKyt f jzpf aqmif&u G cf o hJ nf? OD;wifxGÉfuo hJ @kd xdyw f ef; Ekid if 0hH efxrf;wpfO;D ESihf tpd;k &tzGŒJ 0if0ef}u;D wpfO;D tm; ppfwyf.jrifrh m;vSaom &mxl;wpfck ay;tyfc&H jcif;rSm xl;qef;aumif; xl;qef;ayvdrrhf nf? od@k aomf ol@b0onf i,fpOfuyif ppfr_xrf;b0u pwifcJhonf? OD;wifxGÉfonf tif'dkppfwuUodkvfrS bGJŒ&cJh+yD; tdENd, yÉd^mOfcHb0odk@ 0ifa&muf&eftwGuf ppfwyft&m&Sd&mxl;udk pGef@v$wfcJhjcifjzpfonf? jrefrmEkid if H vGwv f yfa&;&Scd +hJ y;D r=umrDrmS yif jynfwiG ;f ppfr;D awmufaecsed w f iG f ppfrx _ rf; tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

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a[mif;rsm;udk &Edik o f avmuf jyefvnfppk nf;I cdik rf monfh jynfaxmifpt k &H wyfrawmf (Union Auxiliary Force) zGŒJ pnf;a&;wm0efukd ol@zmomol urf;vSr;f cJjh cif;jzpfonf? olonf Ekid if aH wmfvyk =f urH w _ &m;cH *VKeOf ;D apmESihf aemufvu kd rf sm;udk ppfaq; pD&ifaeaom w&m;ol}u;D OD;ausmjf rif. h tpfukd vnf; wdu k w f u dk q f idk q f ikd f jzpfaecJo h nf? xd@k tjyif ol@owif;pmwGif toH;k jyK&eftwGuf *VKeOf ;D apmtr_ukd xdt k csed u f yif tdE, dN yÉd^mOfcHonf pl;prf;avhvmcJhonf? ol. The New Times of Burma owif;pm t,f'w D mtzGŒJ 0ifrsm; tm; Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;vky=f urH E_ iS hf ywfouforSs oJveG pf rsm;udk pkaqmif;&ef apcdik ;f cJo h nf? ,if;aemuf e,l;wdik ;f atmhzb f m;rm; owif;pmwdu k rf S tdro f @kd tjyef 1948 ckEpS f pufwifbmv (17) &uf ae@ n 9;30 em&DwiG f vlowform;wpfOu D vufypfA;kH jzifh ypfcwfvkyf=uHr_a=umifh um;a&SŒcef;wGif xdkifaeol OD;wifxGÉf.ajc&if;wGif usa&muf aygufuGJum ezl;/ b,fbufar;/ b,fbufaygif/ b,fbuf'l;/ b,fbufajc rsufpd tygt0if pkpak ygi;f '%f&m (8) csux f u d m arhajrmoGm;cJ&h onf? OD;wifxGÉfEiS , hf OS u f m xdik af eol Armhu, kd &f aH wmfwyfrS t&m&Sw d pfO;D ESihf ,mOfarmif; armifat;azwd@k rSm '%f&m tenf;i,f&&SdcJhonf? odk@aomfvnf; um;aemufrS vdkufygol a*:&cg;udk,f&Hawmf oDb[m'l;ESihf yDb[m'l;wd@k rSm '%f&mjyif;xefpmG &&Scd =hJ uonf? '%f&mjyif;xefpmG &&SI d arhajrmaeaom OD;wifxGÉftm; aq;&Ho k @kd tjrefwify@kd cJh=uonf? odk@aomf q&m0ef rsm;tm;vHk;u toufvk ukoaomfvnf; 1948 ckESpf pufwifbmv (18) &uf n 7 em&D 35 rdepfwiG f uG,v f eG f oGm;cJo h nf?

OD;wifxGÉf. =uGif;usefaom &kyfuvmyfudk tmZmenfukef; (,ck tnw& ppfonfArd mefae&m)Y Adv k pf ed rf eS /f Adv k yf w D m wd@k ESit hf wl ,SOv f suf *loiG ;f o+*Kõ [x f m;onf? ,cktcg e0wtpd;k &vufxufY tmZmenfuek ;f Y tnw&ppfonfArd mef wnfaqmuf vdkufaomta=umifh OD;wifxGÉf. tkwf*lvnf; zsufqD;cHvdkuf&onf? uG,fvGefcsdefY ZeD;a':oef;wifEiS hf orD; (3)OD; use&f pfco hJ nf?

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urBmausmf yef;csq D &m}u;D vD,edk m'kd 'gAifcsu D ol@&JŒtEkynm atmifjrifrt _ jzpf "rkdemvDZm tjyHK;" vkd@ vlawGac:=uwJh yef;csDum;ukd azmfjyEkdifygw,f? urBmausmf ¶k&mS ;pma&;q&m}u;D vD,adk wmfvpf wGKd i;f u ola&;om;cJw h hJ ppfe@J +ird ;f csr;f a&; 0wˆK}u;D ukd vufnSKd;xkd;jy+yD; "a[m'gu ig&h ŒJ tEkynm atmifjrifru _ G" vk@d &J&w J if;wif; ajymEkid w f hJ tajctaerSm &Scd w hJ ,f? odyyH` nmausmf tkid ;f pwkid ;f u &DavwD OD;cifarmifjrifh ADwD oDtkd&D pmtkyf}uD;ukd axmifjy+yD; "a[m'g uawmh ig&h ŒJ atmifjrifry_ u J G" vk@d vufraxmif+y;D (okd rh [kw)f ajymEkid yf gw,f? &Sm;&Sm;yg;yg; oHr%dEkdifiHa&;orm; ajymr,fqok&dk ifd@ ayrJ h acwf a jymif ; awmf v S e f a &; wpf&yfudk ,H=k unfcsuf ckid cf idk rf mrmeJ@ qifEaJ$ ewJh awmfvSefa&;orm; wpfa,muf tzkd@uawmh awmf v S e f a &;}uD ; wpf c k atmif j rif c J h o nf h wkdifatmif "'g[m igh&JŒpGrf;aqmifr_a=umifh jzpf wmuG" vk@d rajymEkid yf gb;l ? awmfveS af &;}u;D wpf&yf atmifjrifjcif;[m xkEd idk if &H dS jynfoal wG&ŒJ atmifjrif r_om jzpfygw,f? wu,fvkd@om rdrd yg0ifqifE$JaewJh awmfvSefa&;}uD; us¶_H;oGm;cJhr,f qkd&ifawmh xkad wmfveS af &;orm;twGuf jyp&m atmifjrifr_ qkv d @dk ol@&JŒESv;kH om;eJ@ ol@&JŒb0rSm xifusecf w hJ hJ 0if;xGÉfaZmf ao&myg '%f&m'%fcsuaf wGom jzpfrmS yg? h hJ xko d rl sK;d awGxu J uíefawmf oduírf;cJw wpfO;D uawmh jynfo@l wk;d wufa&;ygw&D ŒJ OuUÏjzpfco hJ l OD;cifarmifjrifh ygy?J uíefawmf OD;cifarmifjrifhukd yxrqHk; teD;uyf awG@qHkzl;cJhwmuawmh ql;avbk&m;vrf;axmifeh @J taemf&xmvrf;axmifrh mS &Scd w hJ hJ (xkt d aqmuftODudk r=umrDu zsuyf pfc+hJ y;D taqmuftODopf jyefaqmufz@dk pDpOfaeygw,f) taqmuftODrmS &Scd zhJ ;l wJh jynfo@l vli,f tzJ@G csKy¶f ;kH rSmyg?

EkdifiHa&;ygwD tzJG@tpnf;aygif; wpfq,fhav;zJG@avmufxJu jynfol@vli,f tzJ@G csKyq f w dk muawmh yrnw wyfaygi;f pk0if vli,f tzJ@G wpfz@GJ yg? xkt d csed w f ek ;f u uíefawmf[m &efuek af q;¶H}k u;D a&SŒ [ku d pf ul;rSm ausmif;wuf aecJw h myg? yxr ckEpS w f ef; ausmif;om;/ aemuf &Spw f ef;/ q,fwef;ausmif;om; b0 tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

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wpfavSsmufrSm jynfol@vli,f tzJG@csKyf¶Hk;ukd wpf&ufjcm; wpfcg ESpf&ufjcm;wpfcg wpfcgwpfavrSmvnf; ae@pOfvv dk dk ausmif;oGm; ausmif;jyef a&mufcyhJ gw,f? uíefawmf[m jynfo@l vli,ftzJ@G csKyu f dk a&mufavwkid ;f rSm uko d ef; (tif;pde)f / ukcd sex f eG ;f / ukw d ifat; (wuo OuUÏa[mif; uG,v f eG )f / ukad t;armif/ uk&d jJ rif/h uko d ef;jrifh (aemif Akv d w f axmifowif;pm t,f'w D ma[mif;) wk@d eJ@ r=umc% qHjk zpfchJ pum;0kid ;f zJ@G jzpfcyhJ gw,f? wpfcgwpf&rH mS vnf; ukad tmifAef; (xkt d csed u f jynfo@l vli,ftzJ@G csKyf OuUÏ)/ uko d ed ;f vGif ( pma&;q&m armifom&) eJ@ OD;cifarmifaxG; (cifarmifaxG;/ ysO;f rem;) wk@d ukd tzJG@csKyfrSm awG@&avh&Sdygw,f? wu,fawmh xkdvl}uD;awG[m touft&G,ftm;jzifh usGefawmhxuf rsm;pGm}uD;olawGyg? okd@ayrJh xkdtcsdefwkef;u uíefawmf tygt0if uíefawmfe@J oufw&l , G w f l vli,fawGu olw@dk emrnfawG a&SŒrSm "ukd" wyf+yD; ac:a0: qufqcH =hJ uygw,f? ukad tmifAef;/ ukw d ifat;/ uko d ef;jrifh ponfjzifh w&if;wES;D ac:a0:cJ=h uw,f? xkpd Ofu qk&d if uíefawmfw@dk [m touft}u;D qH;k jzpfwhJ a'guw f m armifarmifausmu f ydk if ukad rmifarmifausmv f @dk w&if;wES;D ac:a0:cJ=h uw,f? xkv d }l u;D awGuvnf; uíefawmfw@dk csmwdwaf wGudk wjyKH ;jyKH ;eJ@ wk@H jyefqufqcH =hJ uygw,f?

jynfol@vli,f tzJG@csKyfrmS awG@qHkcJh wpfae@om;rSmawmh uíefawmfwkd@ vli,fawG jynfol@vli,ftzJG@csKyf¶Hk;rSm pka0;a&muf&SdaecsdefrSm tzJG@csKyf taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; ukdoef;jrifheJ@ oleJ@&G,fwl vlwpfa,muf ¶Hk;cef;xJukd 0ifvm=uw,f? olwkd@ESpfOD;[m wpfOD;ukdwpfOD; ycHk;zuf+yD; 0ifvm=uwmyg? xkdol[m tom;ndKndK rsufESmoG,foG,feJ@ ukd,fvHk;ukd,f[ef cyfydefydefyg? uíefawmfhtem;rSmxkdifaewJh oli,fcsif;u "ol b,folvJuG " vkd@ cyfwkd;wkd; d w f ,f? ar;vmygw,f? uíefawmfu ol@trnfudk cyfw;dk wk;d yJ jyefajymvku "ukdcifarmifjrifhqkdwm olayghuG/ yDusL (P3) uav" uíefawmf[m ol@ukd 'Dt&ifuwnf;u wpfcgEpS cf g awG@jrifz;l aecJw h myg? xkad e@u uko d ef;jrifu h ol@ukd uíefawmfw@dk csmwdwaf wGe@J vnf; rdwq f ufay; cJyh gw,f? uíefawmf[m xkt d csed u f p+y;D ol@ukd wpfcgwpf&rH mS eD;eD;uyfuyf wpfcgwpf&rH mS cyfa0;a0;u awG@jrifc&hJ w,f? q&m}u;D r_id ;f OD;aqmifwhJ jynfwiG ;f +ird ;f csr;f a&; vlxk qENjyyJaG wGrmS tpnf;ta0; tcsKŒd rSm ol@udk awG@cJ&h w,f? wpfcguvnf; (uefawmfrif yef;jcrH mS xifygw,f) vlxk tpnf;ta0;wpfcek @J pifjrifah y:rSm pdwyf gvufyg a[majymaewJh ol@ukd awG@cJ&h ygw,f?

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oHr%dEdki fiHa&;orm;wpfa,muf wu,fawmh OD;cifarmifjrifh[m ol@&JŒb0wm wpfckvHk;udk ol@&JŒEdkifiHa&; ,H=k unfcsut f wGuf ay;qyfcw hJ hJ oHr%d Edik if aH &;orm;wpfa,mufyJ jzpfygw,f?

OD;cifarmifjrif[ h m 1929 ckEpS /f 'DZifbm 11 &ufrmS a';'&J+rKd Œ tbOD;a&$vif; / trda':pmOwd@k rS arG;zGm;cJo h l jzpfw,f? ol[m om;orD;ig;a,mufxu J pwkwo ˆ m;jzpf+y;D ol@atmufunDjzpfoluawmh uíefawmfwdk@ q,fausmfouft&G,fu wrf;wrf;ww jzpfcJh&wJh " =uifemjcif;wpf0uf ¶_yfaxG;jcif;wpf0uf" "wpfaqmif;opfjyef+yD" pwJh oDcsi;f awGe@J atmifjrifausm=f um;cJw h hJ Edik if aH usmt f qdak wmf}u;D udo k ef;vdi_ f (uG,v f eG )f yJ jzpfygw,f? OD;cifarmifjrif&h ŒJ rdbawG[m a';'&J+rKd Œ oJuek ;f av; aus;&Gmu csr;f omwJh v,form;awG jzpfw,f?

OD;cifarmifjrif&h ŒJ rdbawG[m &efuek +f rKd Œudk ajymif;a&$ŒvmcJ+h y;D aemuf 1937 ckEpS rf mS OD ; cif a rmif j rif h u d k ruf o 'pf trsKd ; orD ; ausmif ; rS m pwif ynmoif a pcJ h y gw,f ?

OD;cifarmifjrif[ h m 1946 ckEpS rf mS pde*f íef;ausmif;udk a&muf&SdcsdefrSmawmh OD;cifarmifjrifh ausmif;trnf[m "a*smha&$vif;" jzpfvmcJhygw,f? ol[m 1949 ckESpfrSm 'orwef; atmifc+hJ y;D aemuf &efuek w f uUov kd rf mS wufa&mufynmoifcyhJ gw,f? &efuek w f uUov kd u f kd a&mufcJhcsdefrSmawmh OD;cifarmifjrifh&JŒESvHk;om;xJrSm EdkifiHa&;pdwf"mwf[m oaE<wnf vmcJw h ,f? ol[m 1949 ckEpS rf mS &efuek cf ¶dik f ausmif;om;rsm;or*~ (&uo) tr_aqmif wpfO;D jzpfvmcJw h ,f? 1950 ckEpS rf S 1951 ckEpS t f xd topfjyefz@JG cJw h hJ ArmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f m ausmif;om;or*~rsm;tzG@J csKyf (Auorsm;/ tzG@J csKy)f &JŒ tr_aqmifjzpfc+hJ y;D 1952-53 ckepS f &efuek w f uUov kd f ausmif;om;or*~ (wuo)&JŒ tr_aqmifwpfO;D jzpfcyhJ gw,f?

awmfveS af &; qufom;uav; wu,fawmh OD;cifarmifjrifh&JŒ EdkifiHa&;pdwf"mwf[m *syefawmfvSefa&; umvuwnf;u pwifco hJ aE<wnfcchJ v hJ @kd qd&k rSmyg? *syefawmfveS af &;umvwke;f u a';'&J/ oJuek ;f av;aus;&GmrSm&Sw d Jh OD;a&$vif; a':pmOwd@k &JŒ aetdr[ f m *syefawmfveS af &; wdik ;f (2) &JŒ XmecsKyjf zpfcyhJ gw,f? wdik ;f (2) XmecsKyf&JŒ EdkifiHa&;rSL;u ocifpdk;jzpf+yD; ppfa&;wm0efcHuawmh AdkvfrSL;}uD;ae0if; yg? xdt k csed w f ek ;f u toufq,fah v;ig;ESpf t&G,o f m&Sad o;wJh udck ifarmifjrif[ h m ocifp;kd / Adv k rf LS ;ae0if;eJ@ tjcm;acgi;f aqmift=um;rSm qufom;tjzpf aqmif&u G cf &hJ olyg? xdkpOfu wa,mxdk;0goem}uD;+yD; uírf;usifr_vnf;&SdwJh ocifpdk; wa,m xd;k csiw f q hJ ENjyif;jyvmtcgrsK;d rSm (ab;ywf0ef;usiu f vlawGu ocifp;kd &Srd eS ;f r&dyrf ad tmif) xdek ,frmS &Sw d hJ emrnfausmf wa,mq&m}u;D OD;vpf qdo k u l kd tdro f @kd zdwaf c: xrif;auí;+y;D tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

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tdycf ikd ;f um ocifp;kd u OD;vpfwa,mxd;k wJh ykpH eH @J wa,mxk;d avh&cdS yhJ gw,f? xdt k csed rf sK;d awGrmS udck ifarmifjrifu h OD;vpfukd oGm;ac:ay;cJ&h ygw,f?

OD;cifarmifjrif[ h m bDtufpD aemufq;kH ESpaf &mufwhJ 1952 ckEpS rf mS OD;xGe;f az/ a':usif&Dwdk@&JŒorD; a':wifwife@J tdrfaxmifuscJhw,f? xdk@aemufrSmawmh pmar;yGJ rajzawmhbJ ausmif;u xGucf mG vmcJw h ,f?

yDoHk;vHk;ygwD A[dkaumfrwD tdrfaxmifus+yD;aemufrSmawmh OD;cifarmifjrifh[m b0&yfwnfr_twGuf ausmif;q&mtvkyu f kd vkycf &hJ ygw,f? 1953 ckEpS t f xd yJc;l tpd;k & txufwef;ausmif;rSm txufwef;jyq&mtjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcyhJ gw,f? 1955 ckEpS rf S 1960 ckEpS t f jynft h xd yJc;l +rKd ŒrSm tvGwyf nmoifausmif;q&mtjzpf vkyu f ikd cf yhJ gw,f? ocsFmbmomuírf;usifwJh tvkyfvkyfaepOfrSm OD;cifarmifjrifh[m yJcl;c¶dkif y²r²n²w &JŒ obmywdtzG@J 0iftjzpf aqmif&u G cf yhJ gw,f?

'Daemuf 1958 ckESpfrSm ig;c¶dkif jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;qENjyyGJudk &efukefrSm usi;f y&mrSm OD;cifarmifjrif[ h m yJc;l +rKd Œ ppfa=umif;udk OD;aqmifcsw D ufcw hJ t hJ wGuf zrf;qD; xde;f odr;f cHc&hJ w,f? xd@k aemuf 1959 ckEpS t f wGi;f jynfvnfvw G af jrmufvmcJ+h y;D aemuf ocifoif/ ocifAarmifwdk@ OD;aqmifwJh jynfol@'Drdkua&pDygwDrSm A[dkaumfrwD0if jzpfvmcJhw,f? ,if;ygw&D ŒJ A[dak umfrwD0ifjzpfwhJ OD;cifarmifjrif[ h m y²r²n²w XmecsKy&f ŒJ obmywd tzG@J 0if jzpfvmcJyh gw,f? xdkESpftwGif;rSmyJ jynfol@'Drdkua&pDygwD OD;atmifoef;(AdkvfcsKyftpfudk) u OuUÏtjzpfaqmif&u G +f y;D OD;atmifjrifh ac: udu k }kd u;D (zsmyH)k u taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf aqmif&GufwJh trsKd;om;wdk;wufa&;ygwDeJ@ udkcifOD; (1953 ckESpf atmufwdkbm ausmif;wpfvydwaf &; ta&;awmfyakH =umifh rEWav;wuUov kd rf S &moufyef ausmif;xkwcf H cJ&h ol) eJ@ udb k ek ;f vdi_ w f @kd acgi;f aqmifwhJ &Jabmfaygi;f pHk xde;f odr;f a&;tzG@J wd@k yl;aygi;f +y;D jynfo@l wd;k wufa&;ygwD (People’s Progressive Party) udk wnfaxmifcyhJ gw,f?

OD;cifarmifjrifhu yDusLvdk@ twdkaumufac:a0:wJh yDoHk;vHk;ygwDrSm A[dk aumfrwD0if jzpfvmcJw h ,f? 1978 ckEpS t f wGi;f rSm OD;cifarmifjrif[ h m Auy ajratmuf v_yf&Sm;r_twGuf aemufxyf xdef;odrf;cHcJh&+yD; 1980 jynfESpfrSm vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifheJ@ jyefvnfvw G af jrmufcw Jh ,f?

'Daemuf 1988 ckESpf =o*kwfv (8) &ufrSm &Spfav;vHk; vlxktHk=uGr_}uD; ay:aygufcJhygw,f? 1988 ckESpf pufwifbmv 18 &ufrSm wyfrawmfu EdkifiHawmf tm%mudk &,lum EdkifiHawmf+idrf0yfydjym;r_ wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@udk zGJ@pnf;cJhw,f?

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'DaemufrSm ygwDpHka&G;aumufyGJawG usif;ya&;twGuf EdkifiHa&;ygwDawG wnfaxmifcGifh jyKcyhJ gw,f?

OD;cifarmifjrifh[m 1988 ckESpf Edk0ifbmvtwGif;rSm jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;ordkif;rSm wpfcsed u f &Scd w hJ hJ jynfo@l wd;k wufa&;ygwu D kd 4if;&JŒ&Jabmfwpfpek @J jynfvnfwnfaxmifcyhJ g w,f? topfjyefvnfwnfaxmifcJhwJh jynfol@wdk;wufa&;ygwDrSm OD;cifarmifjrifhu OuUÏtjzpf wm0ef,cl +hJ y;D OD;vSa&$ (ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmifa[mif;)taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; tjzpf aqmif&u G cf w hJ ,f?

udkudk;usGef;udk tydk@cHcJh& wu,fawmh OD;cifarmifjrif[ h m ol@&JŒb0udk ol@&JŒ,H=k unfcsut f wGuf paw;cJw h hJ y¶dzk uf&iS ef ,f Edik if aH &;orm;wpfa,muf/ y¶dzk uf&iS ef ,f awmfveS af &;orm;wpfa,mufyJ jzpfygw,f?

1963 ckEpS u f awmfveS af &;aumifpeD @J awmwGi;f vufeufuikd f tzG@J tpnf;awG t=um;rSm jynfwGif; +idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf aqG;aEG;yGJawGvkyfpOfrSm ig;c¶dkif+idrf;csrf;a&; qENjyyGJawG ay:aygufcJhw,f? OD;cifarmifjrifh[m &efukefrSmusif;ycJhwJh tqdkyg ig;c¶dkif qENjyyGrJ mS yJc;l ppfa=umif;udk OD;aqmifcsw D ufcyhJ gw,f? jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&; aqG;aEG;yGJawG ysufjym;cJh+yD;aemufrSmawmh tqdkyg qENjyyGJawGrSm OD;aqmifyg0ifcJhwJh vuf0Jvuf,m EdkifiHa&;orm; trsm;tjym; zrf;qD; xde;f odr;f cHc=hJ u&w,f? ,if;od@k zrf;qD;cHc=hJ u&olawGxrJ mS OD;cifarmifjrifv h nf; yg0ifcw hJ ,f? xdt k }urd u f zrf;qD;cHc&hJ pOfrmS OD;cifarmifjrif[ h m yxrydik ;f rSm tif;pdeaf xmifrmS aecJ&h ayr,fh EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;awGudk 'kwd,t}udrf udkudk;uíef;udk ydk@cJh&mrSm OD;cifarmifjrifhyg tyd@k cHc&hJ ygw,f? jynfolawG&JŒ EdkifiHa&;0d^mOfwpfckjzpfwJh OD;cifarmifjrifh[m 1988 ckESpf ta&;awmfy}kH u;D pwifcw hJ hJ tcsed u f p+y;D Edik if aH &;e,fy,frmS enf;rsK;d pHek @J v_y&f mS ;cJyh gw,f?

OD;cifarmifjrif[ h m 1988 ckEpS rf mS zG@J pnf;cJw h hJ 'Dru kd a&pDr[mrdwrf sm;tzG@J ('rz) &JΠem,utzG@J rSm a'guw f m armifarmifausm/f OD;omvSatmifw@kd eJ@twl yg0ifcyhJ gw,f?

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41

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Edik if aH wmf wm0ef&odS rl sm;/ t"du armif;ESi Ef ikd rf ,fh ae&mrSm &Sad eolrsm;[m OD;ydki uf kd wDrm;qufvkd wdik f;jynftwGuf tusdK;&Sd&djS zpfatmif jyefvnf eR of rm vkyf&ef vkdtyfaeygw,f? odkŒr[kwfyJ 'Dtwkdi;f yJ qufxm;r,f qdyk gu vlwpfptk wGuf tusdK;tjrwfuokd m OD;wnf&mS azGae+yD; Edki if tH wGuf xduk of ihaf om tcGeaf iGrsm; ray;aqmifjcif;/ ravsmf=oZm oH;k jcif;/ pD;yGm;a&;udk em;rvnforl sm;/ ud,k uf sdK;udok m =unfoh nfh 0ef}uD;rsm;/ AdkvfcsKyfrsm;ESihf 4if;wdkŒ. om;orD;rsm; OD;aqmifaeojzifh rvdkvm; tyfaom qHk&H_;r_rsm;udk zefw,D laejcif; tp&SdwmawGudk vkyfudki faewJh tzGJŒtpnf;jzpfwJh twGuf qufvufxm;&Sd&ef roifah wmfygbl;? ..... =unfo h nfh 0ef}u;D rsm;/ Adv k cf sKyrf sm;ESihf 4if;wdŒk . om;orD;rsm; OD;aqmifaeojzifh rvdv k m; tyfaom qH&k ;_H r_rsm;udk zefw;D ,laejcif; tp&Sw d mawGukd vkyu f ikd af ewJh tzGŒJ tpnf;jzpfwhJ twGuf qufvufxm;&S&d ef roifah wmfygb;l ? 'ga=umifrh Œkd OD;ydik u f kd zsuo f rd ;f rvm; (odŒk r[kw)f EdkifiHawmfESifh EdkifiHom;rsm;twGuf tusdK;&Sd&SdeJŒ vkyfudkifEdkifr,fh EdkifiHwum Holding tzGŒJ tpnf;rsm;uJo h Œkd pepfwuseŒJ yGiv hf if;jrifompGm ajymif;vJ+y;D Win Win Situation taejzifh qufomG ;rvm; wm0ef&o dS rl sm; qH;k jzwfEikd yf gap?

James Mint December 9 ,2012 (James Mint's facebook)

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(88) rsdK;quf ausmif;om; acgif;aqmifwpfOD;. axmifwiG ;f jzpf vufawG bh 0 Edik if aH &;aemufcH 0wˆKopf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif;rS pDpOfxkwfa0onf?

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Edik if w H pfEikd if .

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udak usmv f m$ ;zd@k / 'grrS [kwf jynfy tiftm;}u;D awGukd rsuEf mS csKad oG;zd@k / rD', D mtjrwfxw k zf @dk "+ird ;f csr;f a&;aqG;aEG;yG"J Zmwfcif;avh¶w dS ,f qdw k mudk awG@&rSmyg? wenf;ajym&&if 'DauG@ rsK;d udk 'Dwufe@J rS ausmv f @kd &w,fqw kd m ppfAv kd cf sKyaf wG aumif;aumif;odaeyg+y?D Adv k af e0if; vufxufupvd@k jynfwiG ;f ppfukd wrifarG;xm;wJh ppftyk pf [ k m aemifrmS vnf; 'Dvkd "+ird ;f csr;f a&;aqG;aEG;yGJ" Zmwfvrf;awG vdt k yf&if vdt k yfovdk cif;aeOD;r,fqw kd m aocsmygw,f?

'Dae@umvrSm jynfwiG ;f ppfukd jzpfay:apwJ/h jynfwiG ;f +ird ;f csr;f a&;udk ysujf ym;apwJh t&mawG[m }uzhH w G t f pd;k &&JŒ 2008 ckEpS f zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'eJ@ rw&m;oif;Oya'/ yk'rf (5) wd@k vdk Oya'awGxrJ mS wnf¶adS eygw,f? tJ'D Oya'awGurkd zsuo f rd ;f bJ +ird ;f csr;f a&; wnfaqmufw,fqw kd m[m a&ay:rSm oJyakH pwD wnfovdo k m jzpfygvrd fh r,f? }uHhzGwftpdk;&[m +idrf;csrf;a&; aqG;aEG;yGJawGudk ac:qdk&mrSm wu,fwrf;om ¶d;k om;w,fq&kd if wbuftiftm; pkawGukd +zKd czJG @kd / OpPm"e tcGit fh a&;eJ@ qGaJ qmifwm rjzpfz@kd vdyk gw,f? ppftpd;k &awGe@J "aqG;aEG;" vd@k tzG@J tpnf; awGtwGi;f uGw J ,f+yw J ,f qdkwm[m 1963-64 ckESpfawG uwnf;u awG@cJh&+yD;yg+yD? tcktcgrSmvnf; wzGJ@csif;/ wpkcsi;f / wOD;csi;f yJx h u G /f uGx J u G w f mawG rjrifcsit fh qH;k awG@ae&ygw,f?

Adkvfae0if;&JŒ 1963 ckESpf aqG;aEG;yGJwkef;u Adkvfae0if;[m "vufeufudkif wdu k cf u kd af e=uaom awmwGi;f tzG@J tpnf;tm;vH;k od@k " vd@k vdyrf +l y;D wdik ;f jynf weHwvsm;udk aqG;aEG;yGJ zdwaf c:a=umif; twdtvif;a=unmcJyh gw,f? 'ge@J ajymif;jyef }uzhH w G t f pd;k &uawmh "=um;cH" vlawGuwqihf cdk;a=umifcdk;0Sufvkyf/ tajctaewcka&muf&if vlod¶Sif=um; a=unm qdw k mrsK;d awG vkyaf eygw,f? tJ't D cgwek ;f u ESpb f ufoabmwlncD suaf wG r¶Sad yrJh ESpb f uf[m ppf&yfxm; ovdk jyKr=l uygw,f? 'Dae@ }uzhH w G f tpd;k &uawmh ucsijf ynfe,fe@J ¶Sr;f jynfe,fxrJ mS xd;k ppf t}u;D tao;awGukd &yfxm;jcif; r¶Sw d t hJ jyif 'Dvkd ppfwu kd +f y;D aqG;aEG;yGaJ wGrmS zdtm;ay; wmawGawmif vkyaf eygw,f?

1963 ckEpS w f ek ;f u &efuek rf mS (7) c¶dik jf ynfwiG ;f +ird ;f csr;f a&; qENjyyG}J u;D / rEœav;rSm (5) c¶dkif +idrf;csrf;a&;qEN jyyGJ}uD;awGudk vlawGodef;csDwufwm &SdcJhygw,f? 'gawGudk Adv k af e0if;u "+idrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;yGJ" awG rzsuo f rd ;f rcsi;f cGijfh yKxm;ygw,f? (aqG;aEG;yGJ awG+yDawmhrS tm;vHk;udk 0g;vHk;odrf; vdkufzrf;ygw,f) 'geJ@rwlh t+idrf;pm; AdkvfcsKyf}uD; OD;odef;pdefuawmh "+idrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;yGJ" awGvkyfaew,f qdkwJh umvtwGif;rSmyJ nrSmtdyaf ewJh oHCmawmfawG (olw@kd xuf +ird ;f csr;f pGm qENjywmr¶S)d udk rD;avmifwu kd f oGi;f wm/ te,fe,ft&yf&yfu oydwf orm;awGukd zrf;qD;ESyd pf ufwmawG vkyaf eygw,f?

Adv k af e0if;upvd@k Adv k o f ed ;f pdet f xd ppftpd;k &tqufquf vkycf w hJ hJ "+ird ;f csr;f a&;aqG;aEG;yGJ" qdw k mawGrmS xl;xl;jcm;jcm; wlncD suf ESpcf suu f awmh 'DaqG;aEG;yGaJ wGxrJ mS 66

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

67

axmufvrS ;f a&;ut"du yg0ifaewmeJ@ tpd;k &[m vlxu k v kd @_H aqmf usi;f ywmrsK;d rvkyf wmygy?J wu,fawmh jynfwiG ;f +ird ;f csr;f a&;udk wu,ftvdv k m;qH;k ol[m jynfov l x l ak wGyg? wu,fwrf; +ird ;f csr;f a&; wnfaqmufr,fq&kd if olw@kd wawG tifrwef 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om jzpf¶rkH u wufwufºuGºuG yg0if=urSmyg? 'gayrJh ppftpd;k &awGuawmh tJ'ge@J ajymif;jyef vlxu k kd ajcmufveS @f wm awGawmif vkyx f m;=uygw,f?

1963 ckESpf "+idrf;csrf;a&; aqG;aEG;yGJ"qdkwmeJ@ trftdkifwifOD;/ 1990 ckESpf w0dkufu "typf&yfaqG;aEG;yGJ" awGeJ@ Adkvfcif!Gef@/ 'Dae@vkyfaewJh" +idrf;csrf;a&; aqG;aEG;yGJ"+awGe@J Adv k af tmifrif; (Adv k af tmifrif;[m wydik ;f u axmufvrS ;f a&; tvkyu f kd vkyaf ew,fqw kd m vlwikd ;f od=uygw,f)/ cGrJ &Edik w f hJ vufonfawGv@kd ajymEdik yf gw,f? 'g[m ppftpd;k &bufu ¶d;k om;r_r¶Sw d mudk azmfjyaewmvd@k ajym&if rrSm;ygb;l ?

Adv k cf sKy}f u;D a[mif; oef;pdew f @kd taeeJ@ wu,fwrf;+ird ;f csr;f a&; azmfaqmifcsif w,fqdk&if....

(1) wEdik if v H ;kH udk a=unm+y;D tzG@J tpnf;tm;vH;k eJ@ wwef;wnf; qufqv H yk u f ikd yf g?

(2) jynfwiG ;f +ird ;f csr;f a&; wnfaqmuf&mrSm jynfov l x l u k kd vGwv f w G v f yfvyf wufwufºuGºuG yg0ifcGihfjyKyg? (3) jynfwiG ;f +ird ;f csr;f a&;udk twm;tqD;jzpfaewJ/h jynfwiG ;f ppf qufvufwnf¶dS a&;twGuf tusK;d jyKaewJh 2008 ckEpS f zG@J pnf;yHk tajccHOya'tyg rw&m;wJ/h Edik if aH &; vuQ%maqmifwhJ trde@f Oya'awGukd zsuo f rd ;f ypfyg?

(4) ud, k Efh ikd if aH &;/ 'grrS [kwf pD;yGm;a&;/ 'grrS [kwf oHwrmefa&; t=uyftwnf; awGukd ausmv f m$ ;Edik ¶f kH weyfpm; ajz¶Si;f enf;awGe@J rajz¶Si;f yge@J ?

&Jabmfzdk;oHacsmif; (ae@opf rD'D,mrS)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

67

68

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

69

jzpf=uygonf? u|Eyfk u f m; Tr#avmuf r&ifah o;yg[k ajym=urnfqv kd #if u|Eyfk f rjiif; vdyk g? xdt k qift h wef;od@k a&mufatmif }uKd ;pm;v#u&f ydS gonf [lIom ajzqd&k ygrnf?

rsdK;cspfpwd &f ydS kH yrmqdkaomf jrefrmtoif;ESifh qdkAD,uftoif; odk@r[kwf w&kwftoif;wdk@ abmvH;k upm;=urnfqv kd #if rnfonfh tcgrqkd jrefrmtoif;u Edik af pcsiyf gonf? Tr# txdrl rsdkK;cspfpdwf &Sdygonf? odk@&mwGif jrefrmtoif;u npfupm;I EdkifonfqdktHh? b,fvEkd ikd &f Edik &f 0rf;omonf qdak om vlpx k w J iG f u|Eykf f tygt0if r[kwyf g ? od@k &mwGif wzufu npfupm;I jrefrm&H;_ &onf qdv k #irf u l m; rcHcsio f nfh vlpx k w J iG f u|Eykf yf g0if ygvrd rhf nf? od@k &mwGif jrefrmu csvu kd I f wzufom; emoGm;onfqv kd #iv f nf; u|Eykf f 0rf;romcsiyf g? wzuftoif;a=umifh jrefrmemoGm;onf qdv k #iu f m; rcHcsipf w d f &Syd gvrd rhf nf?

Tr# qdv k #if u|Eykf Yf rsKd ;csppf w d f r&So d nf r[kw?f &So d ifo h avmuf &Sad =umif;? od@k &mwGif w&m;jcif; rw&m;jcif;ESihf wGv J suf &Sjd cif;udk em;vnfEikd af vmufonf xifyg.? u|Eykf w f @kd wdik ;f jynfukd wjcm;vlrsKd ;u usL;ausmw f u kd cf u kd cf v hJ #if olwyg; enf;wl ckcH wGe;f vSezf @kd toifh &Sdaomfvnf; olwyg;wdkif;jynfxJodk@ 0ifwdkuf+yD; udk,fhvlrsdK; }uD;us,fatmifvkyfonfh txJwGif u|Efkyf yg0ifvdrfhrnf r[kwfyg ? Tae&mY ยนcGif;csuf uav;wckxnfhvdkyg ao;onf? a&S;acwfrsKd ;u ouJo h @kd ud, k w f ikd f acgi;f aqmifjy;D wdik ;f jynf wjynfukd (avmb r$ejf y;D ) wdu k cf u kd o f rd ;f ydu k o f nfh trSm;rsKd ; jyKrad vrnfavm rajymwwf? toufpeG @f wdu k &f jy;D t&d;k t&if; udu k &f onfh tvkyrf sKd ;wGirf u l m; yg0ifvrd rhf nf r[kwaf cs? tcsKd @u usEykf t f m; (wGuu f yfonf) [k qd=k uv#iv f nf; cH&ef toif&h ydS gonf? u|Eykf u f m; bmrqdk wGujf y;D rS vkycf siw f wfow l a,mufjzpfygonf?

tuef@towfxm;wwfjciciff; u|Eykf o f nf taemufwikd ;f (pm}u;D ay}u;D rsm;) txl;ojzifh 0wห Kaumif;}u;D rsm; (Classics Classics)) udk tajrmuftrsm; zwfI pOf;pm;cJjh cif;a=umifh &&Sa d om todum; wrsKd ;/ Ak'. < w&m; awmf u d k avh v mtm;xk w f c J h j cif ; twG u f a =umif h &&d S c J h & aom tjrif u m; wrsKd ;jzpfvsu&f ydS gonf? odk &h mwGif u|Eykf t f zkd rh mS yxrtodEiS hf 'kw, d tjrifwkd rh mS ol@tuef@ ESihf ol ra&mr,Suf woD;wjcm;pD wnf&o dS nfjzpfI toH;k &So d vkad umufumiifum toH;k jyK Edik yf gonf? TtxJwiG f Ak', < Ofaus;r_/ jrefrmh,Ofaus;r_/ umvfrmhupf . f pD;yGm;a&;pepf ponfwdk hvnf;&Sdao;&m vnf;aumif;wkd hudkE_dif;,SOfIjyvkd.? t*Fvdyf *sef;wJvfrJef; wa,mufonf OD;Ek.ig;yg;oDvteufrS ypPn;f cd;k jcif;/ r,m;ck;d jcif;/ vlowfjcif;/ rkom;ajym jcif;wnf;[laom av;yg;wkd u h kd vH+k cKH I aot&ufaomufjcif; wckr#avmufom azmufzsuf ayvdrrhf nf? odk ah omf xm;ygO;D awmh/ aot&ufraomufjcif;wckwiG f OD;Ek. ig;yg;oDv orm;u *se;f wJvrf eJ ;f wa,mufxuf omonfq=kd uygpkd ?h *se;f wJvrf eJ ;f bufro S maom tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

69

70

tcsurf sm;udv k nf; =unf=h uygO;D ? ig;yg;oDvorm;wa,mufonf aยบuG;ylojzifrh a&mif;bJ raeEdkifonfh rkqdk;rwa,mufxHrS ypPnf;wckudk wefzdk;xuf zdESdyf+yD;qpfI0,fcsif 0,fEkdifonf? oDvysufonf[k rqdkEdkifacs?*sef;wJvfrJef;wa,mufrlum; rdrdudk,fwdkif cGeftm;enf;I rulnDEdkifvsif tenf;qHk;E_wfjzifh jzpfap ckcHI ajymay;ayvdrfhrnf? rdrdtusdK;twGuf tjcm;vlwa,mufu rw&m;ojzifh aqmif&Gufay;onfqdkvsif ig;yg;oDvorm;u rSed ;f +y;D =unfah evdu k aeEdik o f nf? *se;f wJvrf eJ ;f wa,mufru l m; xdu k o hJ kd ah eI rjzpf? ol t h wGuf rw&m;vkyrf ay; ygESifh[k ajymvdrfhrnf?ig;yg;oDvorm; wa,mufonf }uHK}udKufcJhvsif xdkufoifh onfxufyI kd tcGit hf a&;,lvrd rhf nf? tcGit hf a&;,ljcif;onf cd;k jcif;r[kw[ f k qdEk ikd o f nf? *se;f wJvrf eJ ;f wa,mufru l m; xdu k o f ifo h nfxuf yd+k y;D tcGit hf a&;,l&rnfukd &Suw f wf onf?ig;yg;oDv orm;wa,mufonf azmfvHzm;Edkifonf? uyfyg;&yfyg;tvkyfrsdK;ESifh }u;D yGm;atmifvyk Ef idk o f nf? *k%}f u;D olrsm; ydwq f &H o dS rl sm;udk }uKd I h csLEkid +f rKu Sd Ef ikd o f nf? *se;f wJvrf eJ ;f wa,mufru l m; ud, k o hf u d mQ udk ud, k af pmifx h rd ;f onfjzpfI rnfol q h u D r# csLjcif;+rKSd ujf cif;rjyK? bmudrk #tvum;rvdck si?f xku d w f efatmif tvkyv f yk I f ,lcsio f nf? rnfol ha&S hYr# rsufESmatmufrcs?t+rJOD;acgif;axmifcsifonf? qif;&Jonfudk r&Suf/ npfywf&rnfudk &Sufonf? trsdK;jrwfonfqdkI *k%frwuf/ &dk;ajzmifhonfhtwGuf *k%, f o l nf? vk&d if;tcsKyYf *se;f wJvrf eJ ;f wa,mufonf (Sense of Justice and Fair Play) rdrEd iS hf qufqo H r#aom udpt P 00wGio f mru rdr. d ywf0ef;usiYf vnf; rw&m;ojzifh tEdkifusifhjcif;udkrjrifvdk/r#r#ww jzpfapvdkaompdwfoabmrsdK; t+rJudef;atmif;ol wa,mufjzpfavonf? t*FvdyfawG[m onfvkdcsnf;yJvm; [k ar;zkd hvkdrnfrxif/ txufwiG af z:jycJ+h y;D yg+y?D odk ah omf u|Eyfk o f abmusonfrmS um; olwkd t h xJrS vlaumif;rsm; onf xdo k kd ah omtjzpfrsKd ;odk ah &mufap&ef}uKd ;pm;zkd h em;vnf=ujcif;yifjzpfonf? Tr#avmuf qdv k sif *se;f wJvrf eJ ;f [laom pHcsed o f nfavmutwGi;f Y tawmf}u;D jrifah ya=umif; 0efc&H ayvdrfhrnf xifonf? Ak'<bmomwGif(t&d,m)wnf;[lkaom yef;wkdifonf Tr#ru jrifhonf[k qkdaumif;qdk=uayvdrfhrnf? odk haomf t&d,m[lonfrSm avmurSvGwf ajrmufjcif; twGujf zpf.? avmuDom;wa,muftzk@d rSm Tr#avmufqv dk #if urf;ukef onf[k u|Eykf q f ckd sio f nf? wpHw k a,mufaomolu u|Eykf t f m; *se;f wJvrf eJ ;f taetxdik Ef iS hf t&d,mtae txkid f rnfonfu}kd uKd uo f nfenf;[k ar;jim;tH?h vl t h zGJ t h pnf;xJwiG v f yl *k Kd~ vfwa,muf taejzifah exdik &f v#if *se;f wJvrf eJ ;f wa,mufukd }uKd uo f nf? &[ef;tjzpfEiS hf aexdik &f v#if t&d,mudk }uKd uo f nf[k u|Eykf u f ajzqkad yvdrrhf nf?

70

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

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pma=umif;av;wa=umif; oGm;awG@ygw,f? tJ'h D pma=umif;av;udk usr tckxd rarhEikd af o; ygbl;?"jrefrmEdik if o H nf urBmt h qif;&Jq;kH Edik if rH sm;wGif wwd,ajrmuf vdu k yf gonfwhJ"? (atmf[pforH sm;/ vufcyk o f rH sm;) tJ'h aD wmh usru yx0D oifcgp wwd,wef;ausmif;ol tjrife@J qdak wmh usr 'Dvykd J jrifwmayg?h wu,fwrf;awmh Edik if w H ck wd;k wuf }u;D yGg;zd@k o,HZmw xGu¶f ekH @J wif rvHkavmufygbl;? (vufckyfoHrsm;) 'g usr&J@ tajymr[kwf ygbl;? urBmhpD;yGg;a&; ynm¶Siaf wGajymwJh tajymyg? olw@kd u b,fvakd jymovJqakd wmh Edik if w H ck wd;k wuf}u;D yGg;zd@k tcsu}f u;D (4)csuf vdyk gw,fw?hJ o,HZmw/ obm0o,HZmw (Natural Resource) vd@k ac:wJh obm0o,HZmwawG aygrsm;zd@k wJ?h eHygwf (2)uawmh tpOftqufu }u;D yGg;cJw h /hJ tpOftqufu ¶Scd w hJ hJ t&if;tES;D / eHygwf (3) u Technology vdk@ac:wJh enf;ynm f l awG/ tJ'D av;rsKd ;vH;k topftqef;awG/ eHygwf (4) uawmh tJ'h eD nf;ynmudk uírf;usio ¶Sw d hJ Edik if [ H m (od@k r[kw)f av;rsKd ;rSm oH;k rsKd ;avmuf ¶Sw d EhJ ikd if [ H m tJ'h D Edik if [ H m csr;f omyg w,fw?hJ tJ'h aD wmh usrwd@k jrefrmEdik if u H (1) o,HZmwawGawmh aygrsm;=u, G 0f ygw,f? aemuf eHygwf (2) (3) (4) ¶Sd r¶Sad wmh usr rodygb;l ? (vufcyk o f rH sm;) tJ'h aD wmh usrnHw h hJ ta=umif;u tJ'h u D p ygw,f? aemufxyf usr nHw h t hJ a=umif;udk ajym&&ifawmh jrefrmEdik if H &J@ Edik if aH &;eJ@ ywfoufv@kd usr nHw h myg? Edik if aH &;tjrif bmrS r¶Scd w hJ hJ ausmif;olwa,muf ta=umif; usr jyefajymygr,f? pwkwˆwef; ('grSr[kwf) yOPrwef; t¶G,f avmuf uav;b0rSm usrwd@k Edik if rH mS ta&;tcif;wck jzpfcyhJ gw,f? tJ'h D ta&;tcif;rSm +rKd @}u;D awG/ &efukef/ rEWav;awGuae +yD;awmh pwif jzpfyGg;cJh+yD;awmh usrwdk@qDudk wjznf;jznf;eJ@ ysH@ES@HvmcJhygw,f? tJh'D ta&;tcif;uawmh w¶kwf-Arm ta&;tcif;yg? w¶kwfawGeJ@ ArmawG csuek +f yv D @kd (&DorH sm;) usrwd@k =um;&ygw,f? usrwd@k a&eHacsmif;rSm w¶kwv f rl sKd ;awG trsm;}u;D ¶Syd gw,f? usrwd@k a&eHacsmif;u w¶kwv f rl sKd ;awGe@J ArmvlrsKd ;awGawmh rcs=uygb;l ? usrwd@k tcsi;f csi;f awmh cifcifrifrifygy?J usrwd@k ausmif;rSm twef;xJrmS usrwd@k eJ@ pm+yKd izf uf w¶kwrf av; 3 - 4 a,muf ¶Syd gw,f? olw@kd eJ@ usrwd@k vJ pmar;azmf ar;zuf &if;&if;ES;D ES;D cifcifrifrifygy?J 'gayr,fh jrefrmEdik if H rSmawmh w&kwf- Arm ta&;tcif; jzpfae+yDvdk@ od& ygw,f? 'Dawmh usrwdk@ vJ vufcv H u kd ¶f ykH aJ yg?h w¶kwaf wGe@J ArmawG csuek +f y/D 'DavmufyJ oabmxm;vdu k yf gw,f? w&ufawmh usrwd@k ausmif;wufaewJt h csed rf mS q&mru usrwd@k udk ajymygw,f? wd@k wawG reufzef a&mufvdk@¶Sd&if 'D+rdK@&J@ vrf;awGay:rSm ausmif;om;awG tm;vHk;wef;pD vrf;wavSsmuf csDwuf&r,fwJh (vufckyfoHrsm;) tJ'Dawmh usru ausmif;pmoifwJh tcsdefrSm tjyifxGuf &r,fqdkawmh odyfaysmfoGm;ygw,f? (&DoHrsm;) tJh'geJ@yJ usrwdk@ tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

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r¶d_@&Jbl;qdk+yD; aemufudk uyfw,f? tJ'Dawmh usrwdk@ ESpfa,muf&J@ tjzpftysufudk r=unf&h ufwhJ enf;enf;touf}u;D wJh ausmif;olwa,mufu usrwd@k ESpaf ,muf ud, k pf m; ajz¶Si;f ay; vdu k yf gw,f? olyJ quf+y;D awmh rD;¶d@_ w,f? (&DorH sm;) usr[m 'Dvkd Edik if aH &; r¶Sad tmif nhw H ,fqw kd m usr 0efcyH gw,f? 'g usr&J@ pD;yGg;a&; nHzh sirf /_ Edik if aH &; nHzh si;f r_yg? 'gayr,fh tJ'v D o kd m nHw h ,f? usru bmjzpfcsio f vJqakd wmh usrb0rSm tjzpfcsiq f ;kH qENwcku pma&;q&m b0wckygy?J pwkww ˆ ef;t¶G,f uwnf;u usr[m pma&;q&m wa,muf jzpfcsicf yhJ gw,f? pma&;q&mjzpfz@kd usrudk wGe;f tm;ay;wJh tcsuaf wG trsm;}u;D ¶Syd gw,f? tJ'guawmh usr zwfcw hJ hJ pmtkyaf wGygy?J usr[m ausmif;pmu vG+J y;D awmh tjyifbuf pmayawGukd r*~Zif;awGukd trsm; zwfchJ ygw,f? ausmif;pmxuf yd+k y;D awmh zwfcyhJ gw,f? tJ'h aD wmh usr rSwrf o d avmufayg/h usr zwfcw hJ hJ pmtkyaf wG[m trsm;}u;D ygy?J pma&;q&m}u;D wuUov kd b f ek ;f Edik /f pma&;q&m}u;D "l0/H q&mr}u;D a':cifEiS ;f ,k/ *sme,fausm rf rav;/ olw@kd pmtkyaf wGukd usr zwfygw,f? tJ'h rD mS usrb0rSm yxrOD;qH;k zwfz;l wJh pmtkyw f tkyu f kd tckxd rSwrf yd gw,f? 'g[m usrtwGuf yxrOD;qH;k 0wˆKyg? tJ'h guawmh pma&;q&m}u;D "l0&H @J "rmvm" vd@k trnf&wJh 0wˆK jzpfygw,f? "rmvm" [m vufo;kH vH;k avmuf xlwhJ pmtky}f u;D wtkyyf g? ol@ tJ'h pD mtkyu f kd usr&J@ usrud, k yf ikd t f jrife@J zwfcJhwmawmh r[kwfygbl;? tJh'Dtcsdefwkef;u usru umwGef;awGyJ zwfygw,f? umwGe;f awmifrS xl&if rzwfygb;l ? cyfyg;yg;yJ zwfygw,f? w&ufusawmh usr pwkww ˆ ef; pmar;yGt J +y;D ausmif;tm;wJh tcsed rf mS usr araru pmtkyw f tkyf ,lvmay;ygw,f? "orD; 'D0wˆKukd zwfprf;" vd@k usrudk ajymygw,f? tJ'h 0D wˆKu "rmvm" 0wˆKyg? usru pmtky}f u;D udk =unf+h y;D awmh vef@oGm;w,f? "tm; pmtky}f u;D u txl}u;D ygvm;arar" vd@k ajymawmh "at; xlawmh xlw,f/ 'gayr,fh orD; pdw0f ifpm;rSmyg" wJ?h orD;wd@k armifErS awG[m pum;ajym&if tifrwef ¶dkif;w,fwJh? udkudk&,f/ nDrav;&,f b,fawmhrS pum;rajymbl;/ armifErS tcsi;f csi;f t}u;D eJ@ti,fukd eif˜ ig oH;k w,fw?hJ tJ'h g raumif; bl;wJh/ 'Dawmh orD; 'Dpmtkyfudk zwfwJhtcgrSm zwf+yD;oGm;&if orD; ,Ofaus;odrfarG@ vmvdrrhf ,f? 'Dpmtkyx f rJ mS vlawG[m pum;ajym&if ody, f Ofaus;wmyJw?hJ zwf=unfyh gw?hJ tJ'h aD wmh usruvJ araru zwfcikd ;f w,fq&kd if igzwfz@kd oifw h mayg?h ud, k zhf momud, k f awG;+y;D awmh arharha¶S@rSmyJ tJ'h pD mtkyu f kd usr zGizhf wf vdu k yf gw,f? pzGizhf iG chf si;f yJ tJ'h D pmtkyu f kd usr pdw0f ifpm; oGm;w,f? olu tcef;(1) tzGirhf mS tusO;f axmifwck&@J jrifuiG ;f eJ@ pxm;ygw,f? tJ'h D tusOf;axmifxJrSm/ tcsKyfcef;xJrSm/ oHwdkifawG aemufrSm tusOf;om; 10 a,muf tusO;f us aeygw,f? olw@kd uawmh wdik ;f jynfukd awmfveS yf ek u f efv@kd csKyx f m;wJh tusO;f om; awGyg? wa,mufu acgi;f aqmif/ tJ'h aD cgi;f aqmifemrnfu Adv k ef ENv@kd ac:ygw,f? ol@&J@ tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

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99

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100

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

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101

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

103

ae=uwm/ oGm;csiw f hJ ae&mawG oGm;ae=uwm/ pum;awG ajymae=uwm/ a&;csiw f mawG a&;ae=uwm/ em;axmifcsiw f mawG olw@kd =um;atmif em;axmifaeEdik f =uwm/ tJ'gawG tm;vH;k udk oljrifae&awmh tJ'h u D kd odyo f mG ;csiw f ,f? tifrwef aysm¶f i$ w f hJ Edik if }H u;D wcky?J tJ'h aD wmh igomG ;csiw f ,f? cufaewmu wHcg;}u;D &J@ a¶S@rSm tapmif}h u;D wa,muf ¶Syd gw,f? tJ'h D tapmif}h u;D u rwfrwf&yf+y;D awmh c&D;onf}u;D qDukd =unfah ew,f? c&D;onf}u;D u tapmif}h u;D qDukd oGm;ygw,f? "tapmif}h u;D cifAsm" wJ/h "usaemf 'DwcH g;uae jzwf+y;D awmh [d;k +rKd @awmf}u;D qDukd oGm;csif ygw,f? usaemfu h kd 0ifciG ahf y;ygcifAsm" wJ?h tJ'h v D kd olu ,Ofaus;pGm cGiahf wmif;vdu k yf gw,f? 'Dawmh tapmif}h u;D u 0ifciG rhf ay;ygb;l vd@k rsuEf mS xm; wnfwnfe@J jiif;vdu k w f ,f? tJ'h aD wmh c&D;onf}u;D u 0ifciG rhf ay;ao;bl; qdak wmh wcsed rf mS awmh igu h kd 0ifciG ahf y;rSmeJ@wlw,fq+kd y;D ol[m aemufjyefqw k o f mG ;w,f? jyef+y;D awmh cyfvrS ;f vSr;f rSm xdik +f y;D awmh apmifah eygw,f? pdw¶f n S v f uf¶n S ef @J 0ifciG ahf y;wJt h xd apmifw h ,f? olwcg rwfwwf&yf+y;D awmh tapmif}h u;D qDukd jyefomG ;ygw,f? "tapmif}h u;D cifAsm usaemf [dk +rKd @awmf}u;D xJukd 0ifcsiyf g+y/D usaemfu h kd 'DwcH g;uae 0ifciG ahf y;yg" wJ?h tJah wmh rESpu f vdyk J tapmif}h u;D u rsuEf mS rmrmeJ@ 0ifciG rhf ay;bl;vd@k jiif;vdu k w f ,f? olu rESpu f vdyk J aemufjyef qkw+f y;D cyfvrS ;f vSr;f rSmyJ xdik af pmifah ew,f? igu h kd wcsed cf sed af wmh 0ifciG ahf y;rSm xifyg&@J / 'grrS [kwf wa,mufa,mufuyJ igu h kd 0ifxu G cf iG hf vufrw S f awmifay;rSm xifyg&@J / 'grS r[kwf wa,mufa,muf&@J aemufuae uyf+y;D vdu k &f if awmh ig 'DtxJukd 0if&vdrrhf ,f xifyg&J@? ol[m awG;+yD;awmh ol@ae&mrSm +idrf+yD;awmh xdkifaeygw,f? tJh'Dvdk wpHk wa,mufu ay;vmEdk;eJ@ arSsmfvifhcJhwm &ufuae v/ vuae ESpf/ ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm =umwJt h xd olu tJ'h aD e&mrSm xdik +f y;D apmifyh gw,f? aemufq;kH ol[m tzd;k }u;D b0eJ@ wkew f ek f csdcsdeJ@ x+yD;awmh tapmifh}uD;qDudk xoGm;ygw,f? oloGm;wJhtcsdefrSm olpOf;pm;w,f/ 'DwcH g;}u;D [m zGix hf m;wmvJ [kww f ,f/ b,forl v S J 0ifciG hf vmrawmif;=ubl;/ igwa,muf yJ0ifciG ahf wmif;w,f/ jzwfqif; oGm;wJh vlvJ rjrif&bl;/ tJ'h g xl;awmh xl;qef;w,f/ ig 'Dwcg prf;=unfOh ;D rS jzpfr,fq+kd y;D .... "tapmifh}uD;cifAsm/ usaemf 'Dta¶S@rSm apmifhvmcJhwm usaemf 'Dta¶S@rSm apmifv h mcJw h m ESpaf ygi;f rsm;pGm =umcJyh g+yD usaemf tdv k J tdak eyg+y/D aovJ ao&ygawmhr,f tcktcsdefxd usaemf 0ifcGifhr&ao;bl;/ usaemf'Da¶S@rSm apmifhaeorSs ESpfawGrSmvJ 'DwcH g;}u;D xJukd 0ifwo hJ &l ,fv@kd wa,mufrS rawG@ao;ygb;l / usaemfwa,mufwnf;yJ 'Da¶S@rSm ¶Sw d ,f/ tJ'g[m bmoabmvJ cifAsm" wJ?h olu tJ'h v D kd ar;vdu k af wmh tapmifh }u;D u "[kww f ,f cifAsm;u vG+J y;D awmh wa,mufrS txJukd 0ifciG rhf awmif;ao;bl;/ 0ifv@kd vJ r&ao;bl;/ bma=umifv h q J akd wmh 'DwcH g;[m cifAsm;twGuf &nf¶, G +f y;D zGix hf m;wJh wHcg;jzpfv@kd yJ/ b,forl v S J vmrar;ygb;l / tckawmh usaemf 'DwcH g;udk ydw&f ygawmhr,f" tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

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'Dawmh uyfzum&J@ tJh'D yHk0wˆKav;udk tJvpfpwkef;u usrwdk@udk ¶Sif;jycJhw,f/ 'Dv[l m ESpaf ygif;rsm;pGm 'DxJudk 0ifcsifwJh pdwfeJ@ apmifhqdki ;f aecJwh m tJ'h g[m arSsmfvifhcsuf r[kwfbl;wJh? apmifhqdki ;f r_qwkd m ygvm&if 'g[m qENyJ jzpfw,f? 'g arSsmfvifch suf rjzpfEikd fbl;/ arSsmfvifch suf&,fv@kd ajymwJth wGuf ol[m wHcg;xJukd 0ifzdk@ }udK;pm;oifwh ,f?

'DwcH g;udk olu,kd wf ikd f 0ifzdk@ r}udK;pm;yJ wpHkwa,muf&J@ trdef@tm%m/ wpHwk a,muf&@J tm;ud;k r_e@J ol0ifz@kd ol[m apmifah ecJwh m? 'ga=umifh ol[m 'DwcH g;xJukd 0ifciG fh r&cJhbl;?aemufqHk;=uawmh wHcg;}uD;u jyefydwfoGm;&+yDwJh? urBmay:rSm vlawmfawmfrsm;rsm;[m 'Dvdk pdwfxm;rsdK; ¶Sd=uw,f? usaemfwdk@awG tm;vHk;rSm 'Dtzdk;tdkvdk pdwfxm;rsdK; ¶Sd=uw,f? 'g arSsmfvifch sufyikd ¶f iS fawG r[kwfbl;vdk@ tJvpfpwkef;u ajymygw,f? ...... wJh ajym+y;D awmh ol@a¶S@rSmyJ wHcg;}u;D udk ydwv f u kd w f ,f/ 'Dawmh uyfzum&J@ tJ'h D yH0k wˆKav;udk tJvpfpwke;f u usrwd@k udk ¶Si;f jycJw h ,f/ 'Dv[ l m ESpaf ygi;f rsm;pGm 'Dxu J kd 0ifcsiw f hJ pdwef @J apmifq h ikd ;f aecJw h m tJ'h g[m arSsmv f ifch suf r[kwb f ;l wJ?h apmifq h ikd ;f r_qw kd m ygvm&if 'g[m qENyJ jzpfw,f? 'g arSsmv f ifch suf rjzpfEikd b f ;l / arSsmv f ifch su&f ,fv@kd ajymwJt h wGuf ol[m wHcg;xJukd 0ifz@kd }uKd ;pm;oifw h ,f? 'DwcH g;udk olu, kd w f ikd f 0ifz@kd r}uKd ;pm;yJ wpHw k a,muf&@J trde@f tm%m/ wpHw k a,muf&@J tm;ud;k r_e@J ol0ifz@kd ol[m apmifah ecJw h m? 'ga=umifh ol[m 'DwcH g;xJukd 0ifciG hf r&cJb h ;l ? aemufq;kH =uawmh wHcg;}u;D u jyefyw d o f mG ;&+yw D ?hJ urBmay:rSm vlawmfawmf rsm;rsm;[m 'Dvkd pdwx f m;rsKd ; ¶S=d uw,f? usaemfw@kd awG tm;vH;k rSm 'Dtzd;k tdv k kd pdwx f m;rsKd ; ¶Sd=uw,f? 'g arSsmfvifhcsufydkif¶SifawG r[kwfbl;vdk@ tJvpfpwkef;u ajymygw,f?

'Dawmh usrwd@k u tJ'h D yH0k wˆKukd =unf+h y;D wJt h cgrmS usrwd@k nHah ewmawG awmfvm atmif arSsmv f ifch suq f w kd m apmifq h ikd ;f ae¶Hek @J r&bl;/ usrwd@k ud, k w f ikd f rjzpfjzpfatmif vkyrf ,f qdw k hJ qH;k jzwfcsuf ygz@kd vd+k y;D vd@k usr tJv h kd awG;ygw,f/ tJ'h ge@J tJvpfpwke;f ajymovdk arSsmv f ifch suf t¶Sijf zpfatmif usrwd@k enf;vrf;awG ¶Sm=uygw,f? 'Dtapmif}h u;D ausm+f y;D awmh txJukd 0ifz@kd enf;vrf;awG/ 'gayr,fh usr bmenf;vrf;rSm rawG@ao;ygb;l ? ckcsed x f d wHcg;}u;D u yGiahf eqJyg? 'gayr,fh usr enf;vrf;rawG@ao;wJt h wGuf rawmfao;yJ nHhzsif;wJh vlwa,muf jzpfaeygw,f/ 'g[m usrwa,mufwnf; r[kwfygbl; usr oli,fcsi;f awG tukev f ;kH 'Dvykd gy?J q&m0efawG/ wcsKd @ pma&;q&mawG usravmufe;D yg; 104

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

105

nHw h v hJ al wG ¶Syd gvrd rhf ,f? 'Dawmh usrwd@k txJukd 0ifz@kd enf;vrf;wckcak wmh ¶Srd ,fq+kd y;D ¶Sm=uayr,fh enf;vrf;rawG@cJah wmh ud, k u f u kd , kd f enf;enf;awmh a'gojzpfrw d ,f? ab;u =unfw h hJ y&dowfvJ 'Davmufn&hH ovm;qd+k y;D a'goxGucf sif xGuyf gvrd rhf ,f? trSet f wdik ;f 0efc&H &ifawmh usr[m 'Dc&D;onf}u;D vdk jzpfaeqJyg? 'Dae&mrSm usr pme,fZif; owif;pmq&m}u;D wa,mufukd vlwa,mufar;wJh ar;cGe;f eJ@ ud, k u hf u kd , kd f ajzodryhf gw,f? olu Edik if aH usmf pme,fZif; owif;pmq&m}u;D wa,mufudk bmar;ovJ bmajymovJqdkawmh "cifAsm;wdk@ owif;pmq&mawG[m jy\emawGukd ¶Smae=uwmyJ/ jy\emawGukd ¶Sm+y;D 'Djy\em&J@ tajzudak wmh jynfoal wGukd csjyzdk@ owdr&=ubl;/ cifAsm;wdk@ awmfawmfnHhwJh vlawGyJ" vdk@ owif;pmq&m}uD;udk a0zefygw,f? 'Dawmh owif;pmq&m}u;D u jyefajymvdu k yf gw,f? "[kwu f /hJ usaemf[m jy\em&J@ tajzrodv@kd om owif;pmq&m vkyaf ewmyg/ jy\em&J@ tajzudo k m od&if Edik if aH &;orm;yJ vkyrf mS aygh" wJ?h tJ'h v D kd olu ajzw,f/ 'Dawmh usrvJ 'Dowif;pmq&m}u;D vdkyJ ajz&ygvdrfhr,f? usr[m pma&;q&mom jzpfygw,f/ pma&;q&m jzpfwJhtwGuf jy\emawG ¶Smw,fv@kd t"dyg` ,f oufa&muf&if oufa&mufomG ;ygvrd rhf ,f? usr[m jy\emawG&@J tajzudk rodv@kd om pma&;q&m jzpfaewmyg? jy\emawG&@J tajzudk od&if Edik if aH &;orm; vkyrf mS ayg?h tJ'h v D q kd &kd if (vufcyk o f rH sm;) tJv@kd omqd&k if usrudk ckvkd &efuek f pufr_wuUodkvf pmaya[majymyGJ pifjrifhay:rSm usrudk awG@&rSm r[kwfawmhygbl;? aus;Zl;wifygw,f¶iS ?f (vufcyk o f rH sm;)

a[majymol - *sL; (1996 &efukefpufr_wuUodkvfwGif a[majymcsuf)

tarSmif}um;u Armjynf 0if;wifhxGef; tvif;tdrf r*~Zif;rS pDpOfxkwfa0onf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

105

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tuseft}uGif;awG&JΠem;yefusif;rcH&atmif 'Hk&if;awGudk 'Drdkua&pDZmwf tukefoGif;}u

[Hom0wDO D;0if;wif usKyu f toufawG =u;D jcif;ru=u;D vmawmh ajcaxmufuvnf; wkew f ek q f ikd ;f / OD;aESmuf uvnf; r_erf e_ rf ikd_ ;f ? &dik ;f vdu k w f v hJ u l av;awG Asm? rawmfwa&mfawG ar;cGe;f vm xkw=f uw,f? usKyjf zifh ajym rajym csiyf gb;l ? ar;wJ[ h muvnf; =unht f ek ;f av? bmwJ?h "'Dae@wpfjynfv;kH rSm qENjyyGaJ wG tke;f tke;f xaew,f? tb b,fvkd xifovJ? 'Dval wG aemufa=umif;jyefz@kd ajcvSr;f jyifvm=uovm;Asm" wJ?h usKyb f modrmS vJ? aemufa=umif;jyefqw kd mbmvJ? ajcvSr;f jyifqw kd m bmvJ? ud, k u hf , kd u f akd wmifrS tEkid Ef ikd &f ,f? r,dik rf vJ/ r&GrJ ,dak tmif tawmfxed ;f ae&wm? a[hoil ,f²²²²²aemufa=umif;/ aemufusG r;f awGvmajymraeeJ@? rodb;l a[h? ud, k af wmfacsmav;u tawmfpum;a=um &Snw f ,f? "[m tbuvnf; / aemufusrG ;f ypfwm rajymygb;l ? aemufa=umif;jyef wmajym aewmAs" "r=um;bl;aygifuGm/ [dkppfom;awG aemufwef;jyefw,fqdkwmrsdK;yJ =um;bl; ygw,f" 106

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

107

"tJ'h gajymwmaygh tb&JŒ? ppfwyfu a&SŒwef;xGuw f m wd@k / aemufwef; jyefwmwd@k qdkwmawG vkyfaeusqdkawmh tcka&m aemufwef; aemufa=umif;jyefOD;rSmvm;vdk@ ar;ae&wmayg?h 'Dru kd a&pD vkyrf ,fq&kd mu aemufjyefqw k rf mS vm;ar;wmAsKŒd " "aeygO;D / ppftpd;k &u b,fwek ;f u a&SŒwef;a&mufaevdu k w f mvJ" "aoygawmhtb&,f ppftpd;k & ajymwmr[kwb f ;l ? orRw=u;D OD;ode;f pdef tpd;k & wufvmcsdefuwnf;u 'Drdkua&pD EdkifiHa&;tajymif;tvJawG vkyfaejyDvdk@ a=unm xm;wmavAsm" "a[haumif aopum;awmh vmrajymeJ@? 'Drdkua&pDoH=um;av/ igraocsif avuG" "csifcsif rcsifcsifAsm/ 'Drdkua&pDqdkvm;/ bmqdkvm;=uD;uawmh aoapmfeH vmaejyeD @J wl&ŒJ " "a[h²²²²²a[h tJh'D[m=uD;qdkwmu b,fwkef;urS r&SifcJhwm? bmaoapmfeH &rSmvJu?G tJ'h g=u;D aemuf a=umif;jyefrmS vm;wd@k / aemufusrG ;f ypfrmS vm;wd@k vmrar;eJ@? bmrSrvkyb f ;l v[J?h pdwcf s? e*du k wnf;u 'H&k if; 'H&k if;uG" 'Dacwfuav;awG w,f';kH a0;=uoAsm? bma=umifrh sm; 'Dvakd r;cGe;f awG xkwaf e=u ygvrd ?hf 'ge@J ar;=unhrf w d ,f? "aeygO;D uGŒJ ? bmjzpfv@kd rif;wd@k u 'Dru kd a&pD aoapmfev H mjyD ajymae&wmvJ" "[mtbuvnf ; ''d w f a tmuf ' aejyef y gjyD ? r=um;rd b l ; vm;Asm? vufyHawmif;awmif a=u;eDpDrHudef; zsufay;awmif;qdkae=uwm? r=um;rdbl;vm;Asm? a'ocHvx l ak &m/ a'o0ef;usiv f x l ak &m 0dik ;f ulqENjyae=uwm? rjrifb;l vm;Asm? oydwpf cef; t=urf;zufjzKd ccJG v hJ @kd oHCmawmfawG rD;avmifA;kH pmrdcw hJ m" "ppftpd;k &yJumG / 'Davmufawmh vufoaH jymifvrd rhf aygh" "[mtbuvnf;vkyfjyefjyDAsm? b,fuvm ppftpdk;&vJAsm/ abmif;bDcsGwf vdu k jf yAD s? t&yfom;tpd;k &AsKŒd / t&yfom;tpd;k &? v$waf wmf=u;D vnf;ay:jyAD sm? pme,fZif;awG vnf;aqmfjyAD sm" "[²²²²²[ bmaqmfwmvJ" "rSm;vd@k tba& rSm;vd@k ? aysmaf ejyD ajymwmyg? orRw&H;k 0ef=u;D wpfyg; rD', D m awGe@J awGŒowJ?h ajymowJ?h orRw=u;D udk aysmaf tmif xm;=uygw?hJ " "taumif;om;ayghuGJŒ? ESvHk;a&m*gorm; oem;ygw,f? aysmfaysmfaeyavh apuG,f" "tJv h v kd nf; r[kwaf o;bl;tb&JŒ? olŒcrsm b,frmS aysmt f m;ygrh vJAsm? wpfjynf vHk;ESH@ oydwfuifqma&m*g jyef@aejyDAsm? orRw=uD;u [dkaumfr&SifzGJŒ/ 'Daumfr&Sifcdkif; tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

107

108

vkypf &m&Swd m vky=f uaygh? igajymcsifwmuawmh aemufa=umif; jyefwmawG rjyefwmawG odyaf jymraeygeJ@umG ? aemufa=umif;tusefta=uGi ;f awGu tm%mydik af wG =um;rSm&Sdwkef;v[? 'Dae@vlxkudk em;yefusif;aewm olŒwdk@v[Jh? 'Dae@bkef;=uD;awGudk rD;t&k%fqGrf;uyfaewm olwdk@v[Jh? wdk@'aD e@wu,fvkyf&rSmu tJ'D 'usefppfom;' awGa&m/ tpd;k &a&m/ v$waf wmfawGa&m/ rD',D mawGa&m tm;vH;k udk 'Drukd a&pDvrf;=urf;ay: wGe;f wif=uzdk@yJuGJ@? 'Drdkua&pD vrf;a=umif;twdki ;f 0dik ;f qGJ ac: =uzdk@yJuGJŒ ..... vkyaf evd@k om wdik ;f jynfu jird u f yk u f yk jf zpfaewm tb&JŒ? at;vSwmr[kwb f ;l ? oydwpf &kH if awmhvm;? olyek q f v kd m; bmqdv k m;/ xrSm =urG mS rsm;awmif pd;k &owJh" "r[kwrf [wfawGu, G ?f zG[v hJ yJG gap/ z,fygap? 'gawGa=umifh aemufa=umif; jyefrmS vm;awG 'gawGtwGuf &ifav;awG;yl ajymae=uwmeJ@ wl&ŒJ ? at;av? awG;vnf; a=umufrae=ueJ@uGJŒ? tpdk;&rsm;uawmh t&dyftuJapmifh=unfh ae[efwlyg&JŒ? 'Dae&m rif;wdŒk wpfawGo&d r,fh pum;av;wpfceG ;f &So d uGŒJ ? tJ'h guawmh²²²²" "b,fvw kd ;kH As? ajymygO;D As" "a':atmifqef;=unf&h ŒJ pum;uGŒJ ? tpd;k &aemufa=umif;jyefvn S hf rvSnq hf w kd m vlxt k ay:rlwnfowJ?h aemufa=umif;vSnahf tmifvnf; vlxyk v J yk ef idk o f wJ?h aemufa=umif; rvSnahf tmifvnf; vlxyk v J yk Ef ikd o f wJ?h rSwo f m;p&maygu h , G f" "'Dvdkqdk usGefawmfeJ@ vlxkeJ@wGJjyD; tpdk;&aemufa=umif;rjyefatmif 0dkif;wGef; =u&rSmAsKŒd " "at;aygu h , G ?f vkypf &m&Sw d m vky=f uayg?h igajymcsiw f muawmh aemufa=umif; jyefwmawG rjyefwmawG odyfajymraeygeJ@uGm? aemufa=umif;tusefta=uGif;awGu tm%mydkifawG =um;rSm&Sdwkef;v[? 'Dae@vlxkudk em;yefusif;aewm olŒwdk@v[Jh? 'Dae@bke;f =u;D awGukd rD;t&k%q f rG ;f uyfaewm olw@kd v[J?h wd@k 'Dae@wu,fvyk &f rSmu tJ'D 'usefppfom;' awGa&m/ tpdk;&a&m/ v$wfawmfawGa&m/ rD'D,mawGa&m tm;vHk;udk 'Drdkua&pDvrf;=urf;ay: wGef;wif=uzdk@yJuGJ@? 'Drdkua&pD vrf;a=umif;twdkif; 0dkif;qGJ ac:=uzd@k yJuŒJG "?

[Hom0wDO D;0if;wif 'Dvd_if;*sme,f? twGJ(1)/ trSwf(48)rS

108

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

109

trSwfr&csifaom trSwfw&rsm;

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109

110

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111

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cifjidrf;opf

(Khin Nyein Thit's facebook

rS jyefvnful;,lazmfjyygonf?)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

111

112

jrifuGif;wp

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113

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113

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117

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Ngu Yen Van Trai

uGref efZmwd? jyifopf. AD,uferfx;dk ppftwGi;f rSm taru iwf+y;D aoonf? onfawmh OD;av; tpfuw kd @kd . vufay:rSm i,fb0}u;D &ifch &hJ onf? t&G,af &mufaomtcg qif;&JveG ;f aom tpfuw kd @kd rdom;pkukd xm;&pfc+hJ y;D qdik *f o Hk @kd ajymif;onf? yxr qdu k u f m;eif;? aemufawmh vSsypf pftvkyo f rm;? xrif;eyfrrSeo f l vlwpfa,muf? uíJc sd K um;um;}uD ; awG / 0g;carmuf a wG / v,f u G i f ; awG / avS o rŠ m ef a wG / "edawmawG/ &$ŒH EGaH wGEiS hf uíefawmfw@kd Edik if EH iS hf toGiw f al om AD,uferfordik ;f u =urf;wrf; cufxefygonf?

19 &mpk tv,fwiG f jyifopfw@kd vufo@kd usa&muf? [dck srD if; (Ho Chi Minh) u League of Nation zGŒJ um vGyv f yfa&;udk awmif;qd?k 1945 rS 1954 txd jyifopf/ AD,uferf 9 ESpf ppfy?JG 'deAf ifz;l (Dein Bien Phu) cHwyfrmS jyifopfw@kd txdem &_;H edr?hf qkwfcGmoGm;=u&mu AD,uferf awmifajrmufuGJoGm;? *sDeDAmoabmwlnDcsufjzifh ajrmufyikd ;f udk qdAk , D ufEiS hf w&kww f @kd u uGyu f ?J awmifyikd ;f udk tar&duefppfom; 5 ode;f eJ@ xde;f csKy?f xk@d aemuf awmifA, D uferf. tar&duefqef@usiaf &;ppfyu JG mvrsm;? ik,ifAef;x&GdKif;u onfumvqdk;}uD;xJrSm toufudk pGef@cJhol jzpfygonf? wpfcgrmS tar&duefumuG,af &;0ef}u;D ruUemrm;&m; (Mc Namara) awmifA, D uferfukd a&mufvmcJh&m ik,ifAefx&dGKif;u aumifvDwHwm;rSm AkH;cGJvkyf}uHzdk@jyifonf? odk@aomf ratmifjrif? 1964 ar 10 rSm zrf;vdu k +f y;D atmufwb kd m 15 rSm ypfowfvu kd o f nf? olŒudk zrf;rdawmh vufxyf+y;D p 19 &ufom &Sad o;onf? tusO;f axmif abmvk;H uGi;f xJrmS rsuv f ;Hk t0wfpnf;xm;onfukd vufrcH? Let me look at our beloved land.

igcspw f hJ ajrudk =unfch iG ahf y;?

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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

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Long live Vietnam.

AD,uferf t"Ge@f &n S yf gap? yGufyGufnHonfh [pfaºuG;oHrsm;ESifhtwl taocHoGm;cJhonf? tmZmenf ik,ifZefx&GdKif;? tar&duefusL;ausmfppf. aoG;nSDe@HawG AD,uferfrSm raysmufao;? tar&duefavwyf Air Force C-123 jzifh yufjzef;cJo h nfh "mwkaA'tqdy&f nfrsm;a=umifh awmifA, D uferfrmS opfawm}u;D awG ckxd rpdr;f pdEk idk af o;? od@k aomf ordik ;f u a&$Œonf?

1976 rSm awmifajrmufaygi;f cJah om/ qd&k , S v f pfEikd if H xlaxmifcahJ om AD,uferfu aps;uGupf ;D yGm;a&; qdak omtoHukd AD,uferftoHjzifh Doi Moi [k a=u;G a=umfvu kd o f nf? tcsed u f 1986? urBmvSnchf &D;onf 3 oef;avmuf AD,uferfukd vSrd 0hf ifvmowJ?h [EGKd i;f +rKd Œawmf&ŒJ ajruGuaf ps;ESe_ ;f [m wdu k sKd / e,l;a,mufw@kd eJ@ wpfwef;wnf;jzpfomG ;owJ?h tar&duef vufaxmuf Edik if jH cm;a&;0ef}u;D AD,uferfukd vmvnfowJ?h rae@u &efo/l onfuae@ rdwaf qG? 'gqkd ik,ifAefx&GKd i;f udk b,fae&mrSm xm;&yg?h 'guykd J uAsmq&m rdC k ;f aZmfu ordik ;f ta&$Œtajymif;udk uAsmzGŒJ ypfvu kd o f nf?

2006 Ek0d ifbmv &ky&f iS af w;uAsm r*~Zif;xJu uAsm? "ik,ifAefx&GKd i;f nae"? (ok;H )

ik,ifAefx&GdKif;nae oufawmifo h ufomjzpfrt _ wGuf &efou l kd tnHch w H phJ m&ifxrJ mS oif ryg0ifcb hJ ;l ? emusirf ,freS ;f od&ufe@J a&SŒqufw;kd 0Ho h rl sm; &Scd &hJ if a&qkH;a&zsm; ZGaJ umif;olrsm; &Scd &hJ if aorif;uawmif 'l;wke&f olrsm; &Scd &hJ if tJonftrnfpm&if;xJrmS oif yg0ifcahJ y&JŒ?

AD,uferf&ŒJ awmufywJah usmufrsu&f wem ik,ifAefx&GKd i;f tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

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oif aemufq;Hk xpfcsK;H vdu k w f hJ toH[m 1946 atmufwb kd mu a&wGu&f if 42 ESpf wdik cf +hJ y?D 42 ESpq f w kd u hJ mv[m arhavsmch zH @kd &m vkaH vmufayr,fh uíefawmft h onf;ESv;Hk xJrmS awmh oifah w;oH[m yJw h ifxyfaeqJygav?

ESif;awGa0aewJh tusO;f axmif abmvk;H uGi;f xJrmS vufr&GŒH wyfzŒJG u ypfowfawmhr,fq h q J J ao&rSm 0rf;renf;bl;vm;vd@k owif;pmorm;u ar;jref;awmh wkev f y_ jf cif;uif;rJw h hJ oif[m tar&duefumuG,af &;0ef}u;D ruUemrm;&m;udk rvky}f uEH ikd w f mudyk J uíefawmf 0rf;enf;ygowJh umbdkifajymif;rsm; a&SŒarSmufrSm tzwdik ;f jynfukd aemufq;Hk taeeJ@ E_wq f ufz@kd rsuv f ;Hk ay: pnf;xm;wJt h 0wfukd qGcJ íwfypfcw hJ ,f? tpaw;cJ&h awmhr,fh rdepfyikd ;f uav;rSmawmif wnf+idrfat;aq;vGef;aewJh oif"h mwfyu Hk kd =unf&h if; tH=h opdwef @J uíefawmf rifoufrad yg?h b,fta=umif;t&mursm; oifEh v S ;Hk om;xJukd 'Dvrdk sKd ;wefc;kd pGr;f yum;awG xnfo h iG ;f xm;ay;ovJv@kd 122

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aphirk w d ,f? ik,ifAefx&GdKif;cifAsm; urBm}u;D rSm acwfawGajymif;vJomG ;ayr,fh ESpaf wGumG a0;oGm;ayr,fh [dck srd if;&kyx f ak tmufrmS bDv*f w d u f kd awGŒvdu k &f ayr,fh 'Duae@ rdk;&Gm+yD;p nae rdk;&Gm+yD;p naecif;av;rSmayhg 21 &mpk&ŒJ tar&duefpwdik f uaz;qdik u f av;xJuae raomuf&ao;wJh aumfzcD u G u f kd udik af jrmS uf&if; oift h m; owd& OD;n$wv f u kd yf g&ŒJ ? rkC kd af Zmf (av;) 'guawmh uAsmq&mrdC k ;f aZmf. ordik ;f udk wpfcsuf vSnt hf =unfyh ifjzpfonf?

armifomcsdK (ydawmufyGifhopf pmaytEkynmr*~Zif; / pufwifbm/ 2008) (armifomcsdK . apmif;}udK;ay:rSm =u,fa&mifawG Edk;jyefawmh pmtkyfrS)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

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'Duae hArmawG Armpm a}uapzdk h

O\mq&mtdk toHxGufrSm;I t"dy`m,f vHk;0 uGJjym;oGm;aom "wdk@p&m" iydESifhjrSKyfpm;& aomt&m ESihf wd@k q&m (Our Teacher) wd@k ESpcf k vGrJ mS ;&yHk ta=umif;av;udk 'Dwywf rSmawmhjzifh q&mtdu k &Si;f vif;wifjyay;oGm;rSmjzpfygw,f?

xGupf m ESi fh eyfpm "xGufpm eyfpm" ESifhywfoufI okawoejyKaomtcg atmufygtwdkif; awG@&S&d avonf? xGufeyf- ausG;arG; pm;aomufaponf?

OD;omjrwfayg&m%pum;tbd"mef- ESm (88) / xGufeyf- }ud / xGufeyf / (ayg) pm;zG,f/ aomufzG,f vufaqmify%mwdk@jzifh {nf0h wfjyKonf? jrefrmpmtzGJ@ - ESm - (167) / xGufeyf - xGufpm; / eyfpm;jyKonf? q&m,k'oef - ESm (534) / "pma&; pmcsw D @kd ESihf &Sr;f pum;jyef wd@k udk cef@I 'xGupf meyfpm' ydk@&onf?

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(avmuAsL[musr;f - tif&pkH mwrf;) "b¾maqmifrLS ; wd@k udk pD&ifapI oHw@kd udk 'xGupf meyfpm' ay;yd@k vm&onf? (avmuAsL[musr;f - tif&pkH mwrf;) "axmywf/ EGm;Edk@/ xef;v#uf/ qD/ i&kwf/ =uufoGef/ ig;ajcmuf/ ig;jcrf;/ig;pdrf;/ qef/ 'xGupf m' ay;ydk@&onf ? (avmuAsL[musr;f - pm&Hpk mwrf; ) txufyg awG@&Sdcsufrsm;ay: rlwnfI / aphpyfaocsm xdrd wdusatmif &Si;f vif;csuf xkwyf gO;D tHh ? "xGuef yfwiG f jyoemr&Syd g? tajztm;vH;k oabmoGm;wlae=uygonf?" "xGufpmeyfpm" ESifhywfoufIum;uGJvGJr_ tenf;i,f&Sdygonf? q&m}uD;,k'oefu "xGupf m;eyfpm;"[k 0doZ…ex D nfI h a&;xm;ygonf? tif&0kH ef}u;D u "xGupf meyfpm" [k qdyk gonf?

Tae&mwGif tif&0kH ef}u;D rSm a&;xH;k trSejf zpfI twdtus rSeyf gonf? q&m ,k'oefurkd l rSm;onf[k rqdck siyf g? vlrsKd ;uGjJ zpfI t=um;rSm;jcif;jzpfygvrd rhf nf? q&m}u;D ,k'oefu, kd w f ikd f ajymavh&adS ompum;rSm "jrefrmpum; toHxm;cufonf"[kjzpfygonf? uíefawmftxufwef;jyq&mvkyfpOfu pmoifbuf ukvm;q&mem&,m;u iydEiS hf jrKS yI f pm;&aom "wd@k p&m"udk "wd@k q&m" [k toHxu G rf mS ;+y;D (Our Teacher) [k t"dym` ,faumuf a&;om;cJzh ;l ygonf?od@k jzpf&m q&m}u;D ,k'oefa&;aom "xGupf m;eyfpm;" ESihf tif&0kH ef}u;D . "xGupf meyfpm" onf twl wlygy[ J k pma&;olu qH;k jzwfygonf? wpfzef tif&pkH mwrf;u "axmywf/ EGm;Ed@k / xef;v#u/f qD/ i&kw/f =uufoeG /f ig;ajcmufig;jcrf;/ ig;pdr;f / qef/ "xGufpm" ay;ydk@&onf[k tcdkiftrmaz: jyxm;ojzifh "eyfpm" . t"dy`m,fudk uGi;f uGi;f uGuu f u G f jrifvm&jyefayonf? tb,fo@kd jrifoenf;qdak omf "xGupf m" onf qefjzpfaeonfhtwGuf "eyfpm" onf xrif; / ,m*k/ xrif;a=umf/ xrif;aygif;/ xrif;okwfrsm;jzpfa=umif; xif&Sm;vSygonf? xdkenf;wl "ig;pdrf;" onf "xGufpm" jzpfonft h wGuf "ig;pdr;f " udk csujf yKwf a=umfavSmf aygi;f ESyx f m;aom [if;v#mrsm;onf "eyfpm" jzpf&jyefavonf? tjcm; "xGupf m" rsm;udv k nf; Tenf;twdik ;f om ,lygav? pma&;ud&, d m &Sm;yg;vSaom acwfjzpfI pmudjk rKS yaf &;enf;/ csKyaf &;enf;rsm;udk toHk;jyKcJh&m - y - , - v - ay [laom ay,sv av;rsdK; ay:aygufvmjcif;a=umifh "xGupf meyfpm" udk "xGuef yf" [lI csKyfa&;jcif; ay:aygufvmygonf? ed*Hk;csKyf taejzifh "xGupf m"onf rcsurf jyKwb f J pm;I&aom (ajr}u;D rS xGuaf om) opfo;D 0vH/ opfOopfz/k tpG,/f t&Gu/f tap;/ tacgurf sm;ESihf csujf yKwpf m;I&aom om;pdr;f / ig;pdr;f ponfrsm; jzpfayonf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

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q&m}uD; ,k'oefa&;aom "xGufpm;eyfpm;" ESi fh tif&0kH ef}uD;. "xGufpmeyfpm" onf twl wlygyJ[k pma&;olu qH;k jzwfygonf? wpfzef tif&Hkpmwrf;u "axmywf/ EGm;Edk@/ xef;v#uf/ qD/ i&kwf/ =uufoGef/ ig;ajcmufig;jcrf;/ ig;pdrf;/ qef/ "xGupf m"ay;ydk@&onf[k tcdki tf rmaz: jyxm;ojzifh "eyfpm" . t"dy`m,fudk uGi f;uGi f;uGufuGuf jrifvm&jyefayonf? tb,fo@kd jrifoenf;qdak omf "xGupf m" onf qefjzpfaeonfth wGuf "eyfpm" onf xrif; / ,m*k/ xrif;a=umf/ xrif;aygif;/ xrif;okwfrsm;jzpfa=umif; xif&mS ;vSygonf? xdkenf;wl "ig;pdrf;" onf "xGupf m" jzpfonfth wGuf "ig;pdrf;" udk csufjyKwf a=umfavSmf aygif;ESyfxm;aom [if;v#mrsm;onf "eyfpm" jzpf&jyefavonf? tjcm; "xGupf m" rsm;udvk nf; Tenf;twdik ;f om ,lygav? ..... "eyfpm" qdo k nfrmS csujf yKwf a=umfavSm/f uifzw k f ponfjh yKvyk +f y;D rS El;rSeyfrS pm;&aomtpmrsm;udk qdyk gonf? usr;f &if;r=unfh todrยบuG,/f usr;f yifv,fr@kd ul;zd@k rvG,/f zwf}uHrw S v f @kd rjywf&u _ , G /f wpfzufurf; wufvrS ;f Edik zf @kd &G,?f

O\mq&mtdk (jrefrmwdkif;(rf) twGJ (1) trSwf (16) wGif az: jy+yD;?)

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acwfpum; a':atmifqef;pk}unf rauG;wdkif; c&D;pOf rdef hcGef; aumufESKwfcsuf

obm0 o,HZmwawG bm+zpfv@dk jyKe;f wD;oGm;vnf;/ aysmufu, G o f mG ;vnf; qkad wmhuíefrwk@d &J@ wu,f&h wemawG +zpfwhJ +ynfov l x l k Ekid if o H m;awGtaeeJ@ 'Dopfawm awGudk rumuG,Ef idk cf v hJ dk /h rapmifah &SmufEidk cf v hJ dk ?h tJ wcsKd u h a+ymrSmaygh 'g uíefawmfw@dk uíefrwkd@eJ@qkdifwmrSr[kwfbJ? tpkd;&u ol@[mol vkyfcsifwkdif;vkyfoGm;wm? rSefawmh rSefygw,f? 'gayrJh +ynfol+ynfom;awGrSmvnf; wm0ef&SdwmyJ? 'Dtpkd;&qkdwmuvnf; b,fxu J ayguzf mG ;vmvkd v h nf;? +ynfo+l ynfom;awGxu J yJ ayguzf mG ;vmwmyg? tJ'h aD wmh usr wcgwavpOf;pm;=unfw h ,f 'Dvw dk m0efrhJ vkyw f hJ tm%m&Sw d hJ vlawG/ ae&m&Sw d Jh vlawG b,fvdk rdom;pkawGrmS =u;D +yif; vmovJ? olwdk rh b d awGub,fvdk oGeo f if qk;H rcJo h vJ qkw d mukd usrwcgav pOf;pm;rdygw,f? usrwkd &h J h +ynfov l x l [ k m tckq&dk if om;orD;awG i,f&, G w f hJ om;orD;awG&w dS hJ usrwkd &h J h +ynfoal wGudk pOf;pm;ap csiw f ,f? igwdk h om;orD;awGu tu,fI olwdk o h m Ekid if rH mS tifrwefrS =oZm&Sw d hJ &mxl;awG &cJv h dk &h &dS if b,fvydk *k Kd~ vrf sK;d +zpfapcsio f vJqw dk m pOfpm;yg? tJ'h v D dk pOf;pm;+y;D om;orD;awGudk +yKpyk sK;d axmifyg? om;orD;awGudk +yKpyk sK;d axmifwahJ e&mrSm uk, d &hf J rh o d m;pk tusK;d pD;yGm;twGuyf J =unf+h y;D awmh +yKpyk sK;d axmifwmukd rvkyyf geJ h ? tJ'h v D dk vkyv f dk &h &dS if uíefrwkd h rvkcd siw f hJ tpk;d &rsK;d +yefxyfay:vmvdrrhf ,f ?

a':atmifqef;pk=unf

( rauG;+rKd h / 'DZifbmv 9 &uf / 2012 ) tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(3)

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udkrif;udkEdkif a[majymcsuf

usaemf t+rw J rf;a+ymw,f ? =uyfr+ynfw h hJ 'Dru dk a&pD? wpfusyx f rJ mS wpfrwfavsmh w,fqw dk m eJawmhreJb;l As? bma=umifh ygaewmvnf;? orkid ;f a&;wJt h cgrmS tawG;tac: tom&zkd h olwdk t h +rw J rf;tompD;,lw,f? orkid ;f ukd ykzH suaf vh&w dS ,f? vGwv f yfa&;ukd wyfrawmfu &,lay;cJw h ,fqw dk mukd wavsmufv;Hk tJ'h D +y;D cJw h hJ tarSmifacwfrmS olw@dk &ku d o f iG ;f w,f? uGseaf wmfaxmifxrJ mS pmzwfwm tifrwefiwfwt hJ cg uíefawmfw@dk bmvkyf vnf;qkad wmh aq;vdyw f dk tpDcaH v;ukd vku d +f y;D awmh zwfw,f? tJ'h D tpDcx H rJ mS ygwhJ ykaH wGuvnf; 'Dvydk ?J cg;=um;rSm ypPwdk xk;d +y;D awmh bk&m;ukd a&$cswyhJ aHk wGrsK;d ygy?J 'gwu,f yg? +y;D awmh yef;vsm;=u;D ukd a&$riS o f w k +f y;D awmh rde;f r=u;D awGu yef;awGudk a&avmif;w,f? ab;u rde;f r=u;D awGu a+crukid rf d vufrukid rf d xkid =f unfah e&w,f? 'ge@J yJ +y;D aewmyJ? aemufq;Hk pmzwfawmh owif;pmrSm wyfrawmfu vGwv f yfa&;ukd &,lay;cJw h ,f qkw d m awGcsn;f yJ? odyt f a&;=u;D ygw,f 'DOpPm ? orkid ;f trSerf od&if orkid ;f topfudk a&;vk@d r&ygb;l ? tJ'aD wmh 'gav;awG[m tvum; r[kwb f ;l As ? orkid ;f ukd oif=uw,fqw dk hJ ae&mrSm BIA ac:wJh &Jabmfo;Hk usyd f ray:cifu udpu P dk olwdk b h ,fvrdk S wyfta=umif;ukd a&;vkd rh &bl; ? &Srd S r&Sw d m ? tJ'h d tcgusawmh bmuaevnf;qkad wmh ausmif;om;vSKy&f mS ;rSK eJ +h ynfol v h KS y&f mS ;rSK ? ukv d edk pD epfatmufu vGwzf dk h trsK;d om;vSKy&f mS ;rSKawGu rygvdk h r&bl; ? tJ h ' D a wmh yxrausmif ; om;oyd w f / 'k w d , ausmif ; om;oyd w f / wwd , ausmif;om;oydwf qkw d mawG yguydk g&r,f? YMBA, GCBA yg&r,f? q&mpH awmifol 128

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131

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