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I. Jacksonian Democracy
A. Political Democracy
B. Anti-Democratic Forces
C. Democracy Unleashed
D. Jackson as President
i. The Eaton Affair
ii. The Maysville Road Veto
E. The Eastern Indians
i. Indian Removal
ii. Resistance
iii. The Cherokees
iv. The Trail of Tears
F. The Bank War
i. The Recharter Effort
II. Nullification
A. Calhoun and the Tariff
B. Clash of Titans Webster versus Hayne
C. Calhoun versus Jackson
D. New Cabinets
E. The Anti-Masonic Party
F. The 1832 Election
G. The Nullification Crisis
i. South Carolina Nullifiers
ii. Jackson Says No to Nullification
iii. Clay Steps In
III. War over the B.U.S.
A. Biddle’s Response
B. The New Whig Party
C. Killing the B.U.S.
D. The Money Question
E. Censoring the Mail
F. The Election of 1836
G. The Eighth President
H. The Panic of 1837
I. Politics Amid the Depression
J. An Independent Treasury
K. The 1840 Campaign
IV. Jackson’s Legacy
A. A New Political Landscape
1. What were Andrew Jackson’s major beliefs regarding democracy, the presidency, and the proper role of government in the nation’s economy?
2. What was Jackson’s legacy regarding the status of Indians in American society?
3. How did Jackson respond to the nullification crisis?
4. What brought about the economic depression of the late 1830s and the emergence of the Whig party?
5. What were the strengths and weaknesses of Jackson’s transformational presidency?
1. Andrew Jackson was the most openly partisan and politically involved president up to that point in history.
ANS: T DIF: Easy REF: Page 444 OBJ: 10.1
TOP: Jacksonian Democracy
2. One argument by opponents of Jackson was that democracy remained more an ideal than a reality for most Americans by the mid-nineteenth century.
ANS: T DIF: Moderate REF: Page 445 OBJ: 10.5
TOP: Jacksonian Democracy
3. Jacksonian democracy involved the extension of voting rights to blacks, Native Americans, and women.
ANS: F DIF: Easy REF: Page 445 OBJ: 10.5
TOP: Jacksonian Democracy
4. Despite his championing of the people and democracy, Jackson was a slaveholder.
ANS: T DIF: Moderate REF: Page 445 | Page 461
OBJ: 10.5 TOP: Jacksonian Democracy
5. Jackson’s vice president was John C. Calhoun.
ANS: T DIF: Easy REF: Page 447 OBJ: 10.1
TOP: Jacksonian Democracy
6. Osceola led the Seminole resistance to their removal from their lands.
ANS: T DIF: Easy REF: Page 452 OBJ: 10.2 TOP: Jacksonian Democracy
7. The Cherokee Indians were forced westward on the route that came to be known as the Trail of Tears.
ANS: T DIF: Easy REF: Pages 454–455
OBJ: 10.2 TOP: Jacksonian Democracy
8. The Bank War demonstrated that Andrew Jackson was exceedingly knowledgeable regarding the national bank’s role and policies.
ANS: F DIF: Moderate REF: Page 457 OBJ: 10.5
TOP: Jacksonian Democracy
9. President Jackson’s response to the nullification crisis was to ask Congress to raise the tariff.
ANS: F DIF: Moderate REF: Page 461 OBJ: 10.3
TOP: Nullification
10. Henry Clay was Andrew Jackson’s second vice president and was the man who would be president after Jackson.
ANS: F DIF: Easy REF: Page 464 OBJ: 10.1
TOP: Nullification
11. In the midst of the nullification crisis, John C. Calhoun resigned as vice president.
ANS: T DIF: Easy REF: Page 466 OBJ: 10.3
TOP: Nullification
12. Most Whigs were states’ rights advocates.
ANS: F DIF: Moderate REF: Pages 468–469
OBJ: 10.1 TOP: War over the B.U.S.
13. During Jackson’s presidency, the national debt grew smaller until it was paid off entirely in 1835.
ANS: T DIF: Easy REF: Page 470 OBJ: 10.5
TOP: War over the B.U.S.
14. The Distribution Act provided for each veteran of the War of 1812 to receive 360 acres of land in the West.
ANS: F DIF: Moderate REF: Page 471 OBJ: 10.4
TOP: War over the B.U.S.
15. Martin Van Buren opposed the establishment of an independent Treasury.
ANS: F DIF: Easy REF: Pages 475–476
OBJ: 10.4 TOP: War over the B.U.S.
16. The two biggest issues that hampered Van Buren’s bid for reelection were financial problems and the annexation of Texas.
ANS: T DIF: Difficult REF: Page 476 OBJ: 10.4
TOP: War over the B.U.S.
17. The Whig presidential candidate in 1840, William Henry Harrison, was the hero of the Battle of Tippecanoe.
ANS: T DIF: Easy REF: Page 477 OBJ: 10.4
TOP: War over the B.U.S.
18. The second two-party system emerged during the Jacksonian era and included Democrats and Whigs.
ANS: T DIF: Easy REF: Page 478 OBJ: 10.5
TOP: Jackson’s Legacy
1. Which of the following statements about the growth of democracy during the Jacksonian era is true?
a. Land ownership guaranteed a person’s right to political participation.
b. Race had less meaning as a national voting qualification than it had during Jefferson’s time.
c. Women were commonly voting in state and local elections, but not yet in national races.
d. Politics was no longer just the realm of the prominent and wealthy.
e. Although Jackson touted democratic gains, the reality was greater restriction.
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Page 444 OBJ: 10.1
TOP: Jacksonian Democracy MSC: Understanding
2. Alexis de Tocqueville, a Frenchman traveling through the United States in the 1830s, claimed that “the only pleasure an American knows” was
a. business. d. politics.
b. alcohol. e. boxing.
c. money.
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Page 444 OBJ: 10.1
TOP: Jacksonian Democracy MSC: Remembering
3. What was one way in which Jackson’s approach to politics was significant?
a. He established a precedent for U.S. presidents to rely on their record rather than campaigns to win votes.
b. He ended the powerful Democratic party “machine” because it contradicted his idea of the “common man.”
c. He was known first and foremost as an intellectual who happened to have produced the nation’s first reliable dictionary.
d. He showed unprecedented concern for the undemocratic constraints on African Americans and Native Americans.
e. Jackson was the first president to see campaigning as an acceptable tactic and to aggressively use it.
ANS: E DIF: Moderate REF: Page 444 OBJ: 10.1
TOP: Jacksonian Democracy MSC: Understanding
4. During Jackson’s presidency, southern slave owners feared
a. an influx of cheap Irish labor due to fewer immigration restrictions.
b. the possibility that democracy would cause the demise of slavery.
c. the fact that democratic activism was at an all-time low.
d. Jackson’s promises to protect the interests of the wealthy.
e. a decline in economic and political opportunities for workingmen.
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Page 445 OBJ: 10.1
TOP: Jacksonian Democracy MSC: Understanding
5. Which of the following statements identifies a way in which Jackson’s inauguration was significant?
a. During the inauguration, a drunken mob of people from various walks of life engaged in wild celebration and destruction, which appeared to symbolize the democratization of political life.
b. The inauguration was such an impressive and welcoming affair that those who had been skeptical of Jackson’s qualifications began to warm up to his presidency.
c. The inauguration prompted organized and united reactions from the crowd that grew so violent that the new president needed to deploy troops his first day in office.
d. During the inauguration, elite politicians were so impressed with the attitudes of the western Democrats present that new opportunities for collaboration between the parties emerged.
e. The inauguration turned into a public scandal because rather than properly mourning his recently deceased wife, Jackson was seen dancing with many different women.
ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Pages 445–446
OBJ: 10.1 TOP: Jacksonian Democracy MSC: Evaluating
6. During the Jacksonian era, and for the first time in American political history,
a. a president assumed his position to be superior to that of Congress.
b. Whigs won a majority in Congress.
c. a third-party candidate finished second in a presidential contest.
d. a state effectively nullified a federal law.
e. black men in some northern states were permitted to vote for president.
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Pages 446–447
OBJ: 10.1 TOP: Jacksonian Democracy MSC: Analyzing
7. The Eaton affair revealed
a. Jackson’s failure to defend Peggy Eaton in any way.
b. Jackson’s tendency to favor Calhoun over Van Buren in matters of politics.
c. the influence that the personal opinions of Washington elite can have on federal politics.
d. Jackson’s willingness to prosecute his political opponents.
e. the increasing equality of women during the Jacksonian period.
ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Pages 447–449
OBJ: 10.1 TOP: Jacksonian Democracy MSC: Applying
8. Jackson’s veto of the Maysville Road Bill demonstrated his
a. belief that the federal government should avoid funding purely local projects.
b. belief that the federal government should assist states with internal improvements projects.
c. tremendous respect for Henry Clay.
d. initial support for John C. Calhoun’s policies.
e. lack of interest in western economic development.
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Page 449 OBJ: 10.1
TOP: Jacksonian Democracy MSC: Understanding
9. Why did Jackson veto the proposed Maysville Road, an internal improvement in Kentucky?
a. He argued that Congress could only approve multi-state projects that fell under interstate commerce.
b. He consistently opposed the building of roads and showed a preference for canals.
c. He feared that the road would fail to compete enough with the riverboats on the Ohio.
d. He worried that the approval of such a project would limit the role of the federal government.
e. He wanted to do everything in his power to maintain the support of Calhoun and Clay.
ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Page 449 OBJ: 10.1
TOP: Jacksonian Democracy MSC: Analyzing
10. Why did Van Buren oppose federal funding for the Maysville Road?
a. He disagreed with Jackson’s belief that the road was a federal rather than local government project, because it helped all of the United States.
b. He wanted to maintain the Erie Canal’s monopoly as sole connection between the East Coast and the West.
c. He was afraid that the federal government would go into debt to build the road after paying off the debt so recently.
d. He opposed it simply to spite Calhoun and the state of South Carolina after what happened during the Eaton affair.
e. As a southerner, he worried that the building of the road would give too much power to northern industry.
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Page 449 OBJ: 10.1
TOP: Jacksonian Democracy MSC: Understanding
11. President Jackson’s removal policy toward Native Americans
a. upheld all commitments made by previous presidents and thereby earned Native American leaders’ trust.
b. was far from a political priority of his, as he had campaigned on the protection of Native American lands.
c. focused on integration and assimilation to maintain consistency with his other democratic initiatives.
d. was based on his belief that Native Americans were barbarians who were to be treated as
e. was highly transparent in its intentions, especially during negotiations with Native American leaders.
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Pages 449–450
OBJ: 10.2 TOP: Jacksonian Democracy MSC: Understanding
12. Which of the following was true of the Indian Removal Act brought before Congress in 1830?
a. It allowed Indians who lived in areas east of the Mississippi River to remain on their homeland.
b. It became law after Congress overrode Jackson’s veto.
c. It provoked heated opposition and only passed in Congress by one vote.
d. It contained loopholes designed to exclude peaceful Indians from removal.
e. It showed Jackson’s refusal to pursue policies that might hurt his popularity.
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Page 450 OBJ: 10.2
TOP: Jacksonian Democracy MSC: Understanding
13. The Sauk and the Fox Nations resisted federal policy in Illinois and Wisconsin and were led by
a. Osceola.
b. Tecumseh.
c. Hiawatha.
d. Black Hawk.
e. Sitting Bull.
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Pages 451–452
OBJ: 10.2 TOP: Jacksonian Democracy MSC: Remembering
14. President Jackson’s attitude toward the Supreme Court’s decision in Worcester v. Georgia (1832) was
a. elation, as it had ruled that he had the executive power as president to intervene and send aid to the Cherokee Nation.
b. anger, as it formally ended the Indian Removal Act and undid most of his policies regarding western expansion.
c. acquiescence, as he knew the Cherokees were the least likely of the southern tribes to adopt the customs of white America.
d. defiance, as he refused to enforce it and claimed that he had no constitutional authority to intervene against the anti-Cherokee laws in Georgia.
e. nonconcern, as he believed that the Christian missionaries in Georgia had the right to interact with Native Americans as they saw fit.
ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: Page 454 OBJ: 10.2
TOP: Jacksonian Democracy MSC: Analyzing
15. The 800-mile journey known as the Trail of Tears resulted in
a. a nostalgic but uneventful transfer of Indians to Oklahoma.
b. the death of thousands of Indians who made the journey.
c. Jackson’s change of heart about Indian removal.
d. the complete eradication of the Creeks and Seminoles.
e. Jackson’s diminished popularity in the South and West.
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Pages 454–455
OBJ: 10.2 TOP: Jacksonian Democracy MSC: Understanding
16. Which of the following statements about the Second Bank of the United States is accurate?
a. It was a public corporation mainly owned by the government.
b. It disbursed payments for federal debts.
c. It was exclusively supported by state governments.
d. It held only the funds of major private corporations.
e. It was forbidden from using government deposits as collateral for loans to businesses.
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Page 456 OBJ: 10.4
TOP: Jacksonian Democracy MSC: Understanding
17. Jackson viewed the Bank of the United States as a(n)
a. valued source of credit for small farmers.
b. entity to distrust, as it served the interests of a wealthy few.
c. necessary evil for issuing paper money that stabilized the economy.
d. important institution for the monitoring of state banks.
e. source of national unity because it served the whole country.
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Pages 456–457
OBJ: 10.4 TOP: Jacksonian Democracy MSC: Analyzing
18. When Congress rechartered the Bank of the United States in 1832,
a. the economy went into a depression.
b. Jackson made Nicholas Biddle its new director.
c. western farmers revolted in anger.
d. Jackson vetoed the recharter.
e. Jackson announced plans to nationalize it.
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Page 458 OBJ: 10.4
TOP: Jacksonian Democracy MSC: Remembering
19. Calhoun’s South Carolina Exposition and Protest argued that states could nullify federal legislation. Calhoun feared that the Tariff of 1828
a. was a major roadblock to emancipation for enslaved Africans.
b. helped northern industrialists and hurt southern agriculture.
c. weakened northern mill owners to the detriment of the national economy.
d. showed that Calhoun no longer supported the Union and would cost him the next election.
e. would lose support because it was unfairly called the Tariff of Abominations.
ANS: B
DIF: Moderate REF: Page 459 OBJ: 10.3
TOP: Nullification MSC: Understanding
20. In the Webster-Hayne debate, Robert Y. Hayne believed that
a. the Supreme Court’s authority was always superior to the power of the states.
b. states’ rights were more sacred than the Union because the states had created the Union.
c. the U.S. Constitution had been formed not by the states but by the American people.
d. the northern and southern states had to unite against the West on issues involving public lands.
e. slavery should be illegal and made the United States look like a nation of hypocrites.
ANS: B
OBJ: 10.3
DIF: Difficult REF: Pages 459–460
TOP: Nullification MSC: Analyzing
21. The Webster-Hayne debate is best remembered for
a. its ultimate effect on federal land policy.
b. Hayne’s outspoken defense of slavery.
c. Webster’s eloquent defense of the Union.
d. Jackson’s distrust and questioning of the Constitution.
e. its disastrous effect on Jackson’s popularity.
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Pages 459–460
OBJ: 10.3
TOP: Nullification MSC: Understanding
22. Why were some southerners surprised by Jackson’s views on nullification?
a. He strongly believed that the president should take a backseat when it came to legislative matters, refusing to ever exercise veto power over congressional bills.
b. He refused to openly support nullification throughout his presidency and relied on Calhoun to make
any speeches endorsing it for him.
c. He had long believed that states should be able to pick which federal laws they adhere to, but he abandoned this view at the end of his presidency.
d. He agreed with Vice President Calhoun on all other policy matters except nullification, and the pair had a remarkably close working relationship.
e. He was a southern cotton planter who owned many slaves but, upon threats to nullify federal laws, strongly exhibited an ardent sense of nationalism.
ANS: E DIF: Difficult REF: Page 461 OBJ: 10.3
TOP: Nullification MSC: Applying
23. Which of the following occurred as a result of the Eaton affair, and why was it significant that it did?
a. John C. Calhoun became an outspoken advocate of nullification, which helped him avoid the humiliating political repercussions of his wife’s close friendship with Peggy Eaton.
b. Martin Van Buren and John Eaton willingly left the cabinet to open the way for Jackson to force the Calhoun supporters on it to resign as well and, thus, for the appointment of a brand new cabinet.
c. Floride Calhoun was invited to organize all White House functions and meetings, thereby setting a precedent for women to take on certain influential political roles.
d. Jackson fired John Eaton and replaced him with Samuel Ingham, a Calhoun supporter, causing the two to engage in the deadliest political duel in American history.
e. The public regained widespread trust in Jackson and Van Buren, which helped ensure that Van Buren would stay on as secretary of war during the Panic of 1837 and resulting foreign conflict.
ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Page 461 OBJ: 10.1
TOP: Nullification MSC: Analyzing
24. Martin Van Buren was known as the “Great Magician” due to his
a. miraculous win in a very close presidential election.
b. skill as a professional politician exploiting his connections.
c. ability to get the country out of a depression.
d. success in building the Whig coalition.
e. seeming ability to read Jackson’s mind.
ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Page 461 | Page 473
OBJ: 10.5 TOP: Nullification | War over the B.U.S. MSC: Analyzing
25. What was the so-called “kitchen cabinet,” and what was one reason why it proved significant?
a. a faction of Calhoun’s supporters that actively undermined Jackson’s presidency behind closed doors
b. a committee within Jackson’s cabinet that morphed into a new political party known as the antiMasonic party
c. a gathering of expert advisors without ties to the media that helped guide Jackson in making nonpartisan economic decisions
d. an informal group of Jackson’s close friends and supporters that convinced him to go back on his pledge to be a one-term president
e. Jackson’s cabinet early on in the Eaton affair that provided such sound guidance that he maintained a relatively smooth first term
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Page 462 OBJ: 10.5
TOP: Nullification MSC: Understanding
26. The first third-party presidential candidate in American history arose from a party that built itself on mistrust toward
a. Catholics.
b. Freemasons.
c. Jews.
d. free blacks.
e. immigrants.
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Page 462 OBJ: 10.5
TOP: Nullification MSC: Remembering
27. What practice did the Democrats and National Republicans adopt from the third party that also entered the presidential race in 1832?
a. holding a national convention
b. vigorously campaigning
c. forming close ties with newspapers
d. keeping all messages secret from the public
e. adopting a vague stance on most issues to avoid alienating voters
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Page 464 OBJ: 10.5
TOP: Nullification MSC: Understanding
28. A tariff passed by Congress in 1832
a. lowered rates on some items.
b. was vetoed by Jackson.
c. ended talk of nullification.
d. was intended strictly to raise revenue.
e. was ruled constitutional by the Supreme Court.
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Page 465 OBJ: 10.3
TOP: Nullification MSC: Remembering
29. What federal law(s) did South Carolina nullify?
a. Marbury v. Madison
b. the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832
c. the Indian Removal Act
d. the Monroe Doctrine
e. the fugitive slave law
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Page 465 OBJ: 10.3
TOP: Nullification MSC: Remembering
30. In response to South Carolina’s passage of an Ordinance of Nullification, Jackson
a. said South Carolina was free to leave the Union.
b. privately threatened to hang Calhoun.
c. backed down by telling Congress to repeal the tariff.
d. was unusually indecisive.
e. declared South Carolina in a state of rebellion.
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Page 466 OBJ: 10.3
TOP: Nullification MSC: Remembering
31. What was the legislation in 1833, sparked by the nullification crisis in South Carolina, that authorized the president’s use of the army to compel states to comply with federal law?
a. the Indian Removal Act
b. the Distribution Act
c. the Independent Treasury Act
d. the Maysville Road Bill
e. the Force Bill
ANS: E DIF: Easy REF: Page 467 OBJ: 10.3
TOP: Nullification MSC: Remembering
32. The compromise tariff that ended the nullification crisis was authored by
a. Martin Van Buren.
b. Thomas Hart Benton.
c. Henry Clay.
d. John C. Calhoun.
e. Daniel Webster.
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Pages 466–467
OBJ: 10.3 TOP: Nullification MSC: Remembering
33. After his reelection, Jackson moved to destroy the Bank of the United States by
a. firing its director.
b. withdrawing its federal deposits.
c. getting the Supreme Court to declare it unconstitutional.
d. selling its stock to private investors.
e. opening new state banks.
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Page 468 OBJ: 10.4
TOP: War over the B.U.S. MSC: Remembering
34. Pet banks were
a. state banks with ties to Jackson.
b. institutions allowed to issue notes that were not covered by specie reserves.
c. credit unions championed by Henry Clay in the Senate.
d. institutions chartered in 1832 for the express purpose of handling foreign investments.
e. banks owned by Jackson’s biggest critics.
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Page 468 OBJ: 10.4
TOP: War over the B.U.S. MSC: Remembering
35. Which of the following did Biddle do in his fight against Jackson to save the B.U.S.?
a. He initiated a national financial crisis.
b. He appealed to Jackson directly to change his impression of the bank.
c. He agreed to accept state currency.
d. He set up “pet banks” on behalf of the Jackson administration.
e. He nearly destroyed the Democratic party.
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Page 468 OBJ: 10.4
TOP: War over the B.U.S. MSC: Understanding
36. Jackson’s opponents called themselves Whigs to
a. express their admiration for the British political system.
b. state their belief in complete human freedom.
c. confuse voters about their true political objectives.
d. denounce what they saw as Jackson’s monarchical qualities.
e. distinguish themselves from the National Republicans
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Page 468 OBJ: 10.5
TOP: War over the B.U.S. MSC: Remembering
37. The one thing that united all members of the new Whig party was opposition to
a. the Bank of the United States.
b. Andrew Jackson.
c. internal improvements.
d. high protective tariffs.
e. money backed by gold and silver.
ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Page 468 OBJ: 10.5
TOP: War over the B.U.S. MSC: Applying
38. In the face of the growing coalition of the Whigs, the Democrats still gained members from
a. admirers of Henry Clay.
b. economic nationalists.
c. social reformers, such as abolitionists.
d. southern planters.
e. German and Irish Catholics.
ANS: E DIF: Moderate REF: Page 469 OBJ: 10.5
TOP: War over the B.U.S. MSC: Understanding
39. Which of the following was true of Whig politicians?
a. They were economic nationalists increasingly divided over the issue of slavery.
b. They believed all financial decisions should rest with the states.
c. They mostly attracted Catholic voters from Germany and Ireland.
d. They were solidly in support of slavery and against Prohibition.
e. They argued against the promotion of manufacturing because it would hurt agriculture.
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Page 469 OBJ: 10.5
TOP: War over the B.U.S. MSC: Understanding
40. Jackson’s efforts to kill the bank resulted in
a. a vote in the Senate that nearly removed him from office.
b. a global recession.
c. the first assassination attempt of a sitting president in American history.
d. the removal of his secretary of the Treasury.
e. American industries’ abandonment of their factories.
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Page 469 OBJ: 10.4
TOP: War over the B.U.S. MSC: Remembering
41. Which of the following was true of the Specie Circular?
a. It paid off the national debt.
b. It gave excess federal money to the states.
c. It required gold or silver payment for public lands.
d. It outlawed paper currency.
e. It stabilized the economy for the rest of the 1830s.
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Page 471 OBJ: 10.4
TOP: War over the B.U.S. MSC: Remembering
42. Jackson’s attempt to censor the mail revolved around which issue?
a. tariffs
b. western land claims
c. slavery
d. Indian threats
e. South Carolina’s nullification
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Page 471 OBJ: 10.5
TOP: War over the B.U.S. MSC: Remembering
43. Which of the following statements about Martin Van Buren is accurate?
a. He divulged the secret rituals of the Masonic order, leading to the formation of the anti-Masonic party and his rise to the presidency.
b. He failed to win the presidency because the Whigs crafted the successful strategy of nominating three regional candidates.
c. He enjoyed a strong economy during his single term as president, in many ways due to Jackson’s economic decisions.
d He promised to follow in Jackson’s footsteps, but lost popularity due to his perceived ambition and inherited issues in the financial sector.
e. He was considered too principled and unwilling to take risks, which had prevented the economy from growing enough to stay stable.
ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: Page 473 OBJ: 10.4
TOP: War over the B.U.S. MSC: Evaluating
44. The Panic of 1837 began with
a. a change in the policies of the Bank of England regarding loans, which led to a decline in the demand for U.S. cotton.
b. a surplus of American wheat due to the gradual reliance on European trade throughout the Van Buren administration.
c. the tariff of 1835, which had lowered duties to dangerous levels and resulted in a rise in American spending.
d. a depression in France that negatively impacted the market across the Atlantic and increased reliance on the Specie Circular.
e. a lack of American infrastructure projects, which in turn caused a surge in unemployment across the United States.
ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Page 474 OBJ: 10.4
TOP: War over the B.U.S. MSC: Evaluating
45. In the face of the Panic of 1837, working-class Americans could expect
a. federal government assistance.
b. a large number of good jobs.
c. cooperation between Democrats and Whigs.
d. high prices for food and clothes.
e. easy bank loans.
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Page 475 OBJ: 10.4
TOP: War over the B.U.S. MSC: Understanding
46. Which of the following statements accurately describes the economic conditions leading into the Panic of 1837?
a. Booming government land sales experienced throughout Jackson’s presidency counteracted any sort of economic depression in the following years, making it small and short-lived.
b. The economy was vulnerable going into Van Buren’s presidency due to Jackson and Congress’s elimination of the B.U.S. and the gold or silver requirements of the Specie Circular.
c. Economic conditions had their ups and downs, but the ultimate decision to ensure the continuation of the B.U.S. following the Bank War prevented the introduction of worthless paper money.
d. Although they had relatively less money, the poor were in a position to fare better than the wealthy because their jobs remained stable due to the infrastructure projects of Jackson’s presidency.
e. Although the federal government during Jackson’s presidency had made some financial issues, its long-term decision to stall all trade with Britain and France prevented additional losses.
ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Pages 474–475
OBJ: 10.4 TOP: War over the B.U.S. MSC: Evaluating
47. Martin Van Buren became convinced during the Panic of 1837 and its aftermath that an Independent Treasury Act was necessary to
a. stabilize the American banking system by taking federal deposits out of shaky “pet” state banks.
b. stop National Republicans and Whigs from uniting and overthrowing his administration.
c. give state banks more control over the nation’s supply of gold and silver.
d. create manufacturing and banking jobs in the face of the worsening economic crises.
e. fund a massive unemployment insurance program to help millions of Americans suffering from the economic depression.
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Pages 475–476
OBJ: 10.4 TOP: War over the B.U.S. MSC: Understanding
48. William Henry Harrison
a. was a leader of the states’ rights wing of the Whigs.
b. was known as the “Little Magician.”
c. was respected for having defeated the Shawnees at Tippecanoe.
d. directed the Bank of the United States until Jackson destroyed it.
e. like Jackson, was born in frontier poverty.
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Page 477 OBJ: 10.5
TOP: War over the B.U.S. MSC: Remembering
49. In the 1840 campaign, the Whigs picked William Henry Harrison to run for president
a. and won the votes of aristocrats by portraying him as a business titan.
b. and explained in detail how they would fight the depression.
c. and offered few policy details despite their catchy campaign slogan.
d. but lost in a close election because so few Americans made it to the polls.
e. and won support due to his promise to keep the Republic of Texas its own nation.
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Page 477 OBJ: 10.5
TOP: War over the B.U.S. MSC: Analyzing
50. One undebatable fact about the Jacksonian era is
a. Jackson’s sincere commitment to equality for all Americans.
b. the wisdom of Jackson’s destruction of the “monster” bank.
c. Jackson’s place as one of the greatest presidents in American history.
d. the dramatic increase in voter participation by 1840.
e. the degree that common men lessened the power of elites.
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Page 479 OBJ: 10.5
TOP: Jackson’s Legacy MSC: Understanding
1. What was Jackson’s vision of American democracy, and how did that vision relate directly to his own political power?
ANS: Answers will vary.
2. How did Jackson’s early life shape his development into adulthood and the way he conducted himself during his presidency?
ANS: Answers will vary.
3. Why was the banking controversy so important in the 1830s? What actions did Jackson take toward the B.U.S.? Why?
ANS: Answers will vary.
4. How did the Tariff of 1828 serve as the impetus for the Nullification Crisis?
ANS: Answers will vary.
5. How did the Eaton affair reveal the role and influence of personal lives and decisions in helping to shape politics?
ANS: Answers will vary.
6. How might the insults lobbed at Andrew Jackson’s wife during the 1828 campaign have influenced how he dealt with the Peggy Eaton controversy?
ANS: Answers will vary.
7. What issues led to the creation of a new party system by the end of the 1830s?
ANS: Answers will vary.
8. What led Jackson and Calhoun to go from close friends and political allies to bitter enemies and rivals? Trace the rift between them. Be sure to include both policy and personal differences that strained their relationship.
ANS: Answers will vary.
9. With so much opposition to Jackson’s Native American policies, how did he still manage to get them passed and enforced?
ANS: Answers will vary.
10. Describe the election of 1832. What were the major political parties, and what were the significant issues involved in the campaign? What was the outcome?
ANS: Answers will vary.
11. Discuss the diverse coalition of the Whigs. What were the major characteristics of “Whiggery”?
ANS: Answers will vary.
12. What were the causes and results of the Panic of 1837? What impact did this economic crisis have on the Van Buren administration?
ANS: Answers will vary.
13. Examine the role of violence in Andrew Jackson’s life and how he incorporated that into his presidency.
ANS: Answers will vary.
14. Overall, was the United States better or worse after Jackson served as president? Use specific examples to support your argument.
ANS: Answers will vary.
Match each description with the item below.
a. offered as a toast at a Jefferson Day dinner: “Our Union It must be preserved!”
b. was the husband of the woman snubbed by wives of cabinet members
c. was Jackson’s most trusted political adviser and ally and was nicknamed the “Little Magician”
d. was the director of the Bank of the United States who expressed confidence in the bank’s future
e. was the South Carolinian who became the leading states’ rights activist for the South and Jackson’s fiercest critic
f. was Jackson’s opponent for president in 1832, proving unable to see the sources of Jackson’s popularity
g. won the presidency with his “Log Cabin and Hard Cider” campaign depicting him as a humble man
h. as a Massachusetts senator, said “Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable”
i. was a presidential candidate for the anti-Masonic party in 1832 who carried only the state of Vermont
j. was the 1840 Whig vice presidential candidate who was featured in Harrison’s campaign slogan
1. Nicholas Biddle
2. John C. Calhoun
3. Henry Clay
4. John Eaton
5. William Henry Harrison
6. Andrew Jackson
7. John Tyler
8. Martin Van Buren
9. Daniel Webster
10. William Wirt
1. ANS: D
2. ANS: E
3. ANS: F
4. ANS: B 5 ANS: G