Solutions manual to accompany geotechnical engineering 2nd edition 9780132368681

Solutions Manual to accompany Geotechnical Engineering 2nd edition 9780132368681

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2.4

Fossils are imprints in rock of ancient plants and animals. What type of rock might contain fossils? What type would never contain fossils? Explain.

2-1

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.

2-2

Engineering Geology

Chap. 2

Solution Fossils are formed when plants or animals, or at least evidence of their presence (e.g., footprints) are caught in a rock while it is being formed. Thus, the likelihood of finding fossils depends on the kinds of processes that formed the rock, and the possibility of plants or animals interacting with these processes. The majority of fossils are found in sedimentary rocks because they form by accumulation of sediments on the ground surface. In contrast, fossils are never found in intrusive igneous rocks, because they are formed by the cooling of magna deep within the earth’s crust.

2.5

What type of rock is most likely to develop sinkholes? Why? Solution Carbonate sedimentary rocks, especially limestone, are most prone to have sinkholes because they can be dissolved by long exposure to water, especially if the water is actually a mild solution of carbonic acid.

2.6

In general, how does the age of a rock affect its engineering characteristics?

Solution In general, there may be a relationship between the age of a sedimentary rock and its engineering characteristics. An older sedimentary rock has been buried under a higher overburden and therefore should be denser and stronger. There may not be such a straightforward relationship for igneous and metamorphic rocks; the engineering characteristics of these rocks may be more dependent on other factors such as the degree of weathering.

Section 2.3 Rock-Forming Minerals 2.7

Name four common minerals. For each mineral named, state one characteristic or property of the mineral and describe how this characteristic or property may be reflected in the property of a rock that contains the mineral.

Solution • Feldspar has a moderate hardness, making rocks containing feldspar susceptible to weathering.

• Quartz is harder than most minerals, making rocks containing quartz very resistant to weathering.

• Calcite is soluble in water; therefore, rocks containing calcite may develop solution cavities.

• Gypsum is water soluble, and thus can dissolve in groundwater. Rocks containing gymsum can develop solution caverns and sinkholes.

Section 2.4 Structural Geology 2.8

Define “bedding planes” and explain why it is important to assess their orientations as a part of slope stability analyses.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.

Chap. 2

Engineering Geology

2-3

Solution Bedding planes are the interfaces between the layers in a sedimentary rock. The shear strength along these planes is often much less than the strength perpendicular to them, so the orientation of the bedding planes is very important. For example, if the bedding planes are inclined outward from a slope, the rock might slide outward along the bedding.

However, if the bedding planes are inclined into the slope, such sliding is much less likely.

2.9

The bedding planes in a certain sedimentary rock have an average strike of N43°E and an average dip of 38°SE, as shown by the attitude in Figure 2.28. A 15-m tall, east-west striking cut slope inclined at 34° with the horizontal is to be made in this rock. The ground surface above and below this proposed slope will be nearly level. Compute the apparent dip of the bedding planes as they will appear in cross-section A-A′, then draw this cross-section. Your drawing should show the ground surface and the bedding planes. Do these bedding planes pose a potential slope stability problem? Explain.

Figure 2.28 Plan view of proposed slope for Problem 2.9. el. = elevation.

Solution The apparent dip in cross-section A-A’ is: tan δ a = tan δ sin α = tan 38°sin 43°

δ a = 28° The bedding planes dip out-of-slope and daylight (intersect with the slope face), as shown in the cross-section. Therefore, this slope may have inadequate stability.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.

2-4

Engineering Geology

Chap. 2

2.10 Draw cross-section A-A′ in Figure 2.11 and compute the apparent dip of the bedding planes as they would appear in this cross-section. There are two nearby attitudes, so compute the apparent dip for each. Then, sketch in the bedding planes on the crosssection. Do these bedding planes pose a potential stability problem? Why or why not?

Figure 2.11 Geologic map showing bedrock attitudes. In this case, the attitudes represent the bedding planes in a sedimentary rock.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.

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Alfonso, Prince of Asturias, 338–41 Amadeus of Savoy, King of Spain, 224; claim to the throne, 224–5; his courage, 225–6, 228–31, 236; Court life, 232–4; abdication, 240–1 Angelo, Michael, the painter, 212 Aranjuez: revolution at, 35, 42, 44, 53; arrival of Maria Cristina at, 107; Isabella II. at, 174 Arellano, Ramirez, 87, 91 Argüelles, Agustin, guardian of Isabella II., 142–3, 146–7 B Ballesteros, General, 101, 103 Baso, Secretary of Ferdinand VII., plot of, 95 Bayonne, 61; Treaty of, 67; Maria Cristina at, 134 Beauharnais, Marquis of, French Ambassador in Spain, 14, 39 Beira, Princess of, 106 Benavides, Cardinal, 176–7, 277 Beramendi, 202–5, 208–9 Berthémy, 73, 74 Bonaparte, Joseph, King of Spain, 68–70 Bonaparte, Lucien, Prince of Canino, 6, 24 Bonaparte, Napoleon: proposes Spanish marriage, 10; has letter from Charles IV., 6, 19; designs on the Peninsula, 24, 25–35, 38, 51; plots against the Royal Family of Spain, 53–78; enters Madrid, 68; letter to Ferdinand VII., 53–6 Brabo, Gonzalez, Prime Minister, 148, 152, 156, 206–7 Bulwer, Lord Lytton, British Ambassador in Spain, 164–5, 178, 189–90, 217–18

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recovers, 113; gratitude to his wife, 115–17; letter to Don Carlos, 118; death, 121 Ferdinand, Prince of Bavaria, 328–9, 331, 339 Ferretti, Figuerola, Colonel, 242–3; diary of, 244–6, 249, 291, 298–9, 302; greeted by Alfonso XIII., 303, 314 Fouché, 76 Francisco, Duke of Cadiz (Infante), 106, 146, 165; marries Isabella II., 166, 174 G George III., King of England, 77 Girgenti, Count Frederick, 223 Godoy, Manuel, Prince de la Paz, 2, 23; overthrow, 24–52; seized by the guard, 29; house ransacked by the mob, 30 Goya, painter, and Wellington, 72–3 H Halem, Juan Van, 87, 91 Henry, Prince of Bourbon, 222; killed in duel, 222 I Isabella II.: accepted as future Queen, 120; plot to seize, 143–5, 147; proclaimed Queen at thirteen years, 149; forced to sign a decree, 154; authorizes her mother’s marriage to Muñoz, 157; popularity, 157–8; marriage proposals, 161, 164; marriage, 166;

attempt on life of, 167–9; separation, 174–7; goes to Aranjuez, 174; returns, 177; reconciled to her husband, 178; attempted assassination of, 181–2; popularity wanes, 183; mutiny against, 184; insurrection against, 194; coldness towards her sister, 198; at San Sebastian, 207; dethroned, 216; character, 216–221; intrigues against, 208; in Paris, 221, 231; present at the wedding of Alfonso XII., 264 Isabella (Infanta), 180; marriage proposals, 207, 223, 329, 331, 339 Isabella of Braganza, second wife of Ferdinand VII., 83, 86; death, 91 Izquierdo, 39 J Janotha, Miss, 318 Josefa (Infanta), 185 L La Granja: secret societies at, 124, 130; Maria Cristina at, 134; Queen Victoria at, 317, 341–2 Lacy, General, 98 Leon, Diego de, General, plot of, 143–5 Leopold, Charles, Baron de Colly, 76 Luisa Carlota of Naples, 106, 136–7, 142, 146–7, 163 Luisa Ferdinanda (Infanta), 144, 166; marriage, 166–7, 169–72, 197

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death, 105; her character, 105–6 Maria Luisa of Parma: marries Charles IV., 2; Queen, 3; infatuation for Godoy, 4, 8; letters to her daughter, 30–4, 39; correspondence, 40–3, 47, 59; at Bayonne, 61 Maria Luisa, Princess of Etruria, 34; writes to Murat, 42, 144 Maria Mercedes, Queen of Alfonso XII., 256–7; death, 258–9; funeral, 259–60 Maria Teresa (Infanta), 267, 319, 321, 328–9, 331, 339 Maria Victoria del Pozzo, wife of Amadeus, 226, 230, 237–8, 240 Marie Amélie, wife of Louis Philippe, 213 Maura, 294, 312, 319 Mercedes, Princess of Asturias, 265–7 Merino, Manuel Martin, attempts to assassinate Isabella II., 180; executed, 181 Miraflores, Ambassador, 123, 159, 161–2, 179 Montijo, Countess of, 250–1 Montpensier, Duke of, 162; marries Infanta Fernanda, 166, 169, 222, 278–9 Moret, Minister, 303, 311–12 Morillo, General, 103 Muñoz, Fernando: marries Maria Cristina, 129, 130; Duke of Rianzares, 133, 156 Murat, Grand Duke of Berg, General: in Spain, 27; at Madrid, 37–9, 43; correspondence, 43–6, 51 N Nakens, 274, 300

Narvaez, Ramon Maria, General, 128, 148, 150; War Minister and President, 159, 163; arrogance, 188–90, 194, 210; exiled to Paris, 211, 213; marriage, 214; Prime Minister, 214 Nelson, 11 O O’Donnell, Leopold, General, 138, 183–4, 188–9, 194–7; death, 206 Olozaga, Salustiano, President, 150–1, 154–5 P Pacheco, Francisco, 173, 177 Pavia, General, 243, 245–7 Paz, Doña de la, 261; marriage, 267 Philippe, Louis, 161, 166; fall of, 172 Pilar, Doña, 261 Pius IX., 207 Prim, General, 122, 221, 224; murdered, 227 R Riego, Captain, General of Galicia, 96–7, 101, 104 Romanos, Mesoneros, historian, 70, 81–2, 91 Rosa, Martinez, Prime Minister, 124 Rovigo, Duke of, 65 Rubio, Juan, historian, 281–2, 298–9 S Sagasta, Liberal leader, 272–4, 286–7, 295, 299

Salamanca, Premier, 174, 177–8, 288 San Gil, insurrection of, 194, 239 San Luis, Count of, 183, 219 San Rafael, Marquis of, 239 Serrano, Francisco, General, 150–1; influence, 173, 178, 216, 221; Regent, 224, 248 Seville, Duke of, condemned, 290, 295 Silvela, Minister, 300, 302–3 T Tacon, General, 216 “Trágala,” popular song, 101, 104 V Valcarcel, Doña Teresa, 133–4 Vicente Richard, conspirator, 86, 87 Victor Emmanuel, King, 226 Victoria Eugénie, Queen of Alfonso XIII.: chapter on, 314–44; bomb outrage on, 316–17; grants audience to authoress, 320; personal traits, 322, 324–5, 327 Victoria, Queen of England, letter of, 190, 217, 315 Vinuesa, Matios, Canon, plot of, 99 W Wellington, Duke of, 70; proclamation to Madrid, 71; and Goya, 72–3 Z Zamora, Leocadia, 211–12 Zorilla, Ruiz, 224

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Transcriber's Notes The following changes have been made to the text as printed.

1. Illustrations and footnotes have been located in appropriate paragraph breaks.

2. Obvious typographical errors have been corrected.

3. Accentuation in this book may differ from modern Spanish usage, but accents or absence thereof have been retained as printed, except where noted below.

4. Where a word is used repeatedly in the same way, hyphenation has been made consistent, preferring the form most often used in the printed work, or failing that the more usual form in general use at the time of publication.

5. So as to allow presentation within limited width, many names in the family tree on Page xiii have been abbreviated, and a key provided below the diagram. A link to the original page image is also provided.

6. Page 99: "the infant Don Carlos" has been changed to "the Infante Don Carlos".

7. The following changes have been made to Spanish names, in line with sources consulted: Pages ix and 138: "Duke of Teutan" has been changed to "Duke of Tetuan".

Page xiii (key): "Count of Girgente" has been changed to "Count of Girgenti".

Page 37: "Archdeacon of Alcáriz" has been changed to "Archdeacon of Alcaraz".

Pages 56 and 58: "Pedro Caballos" has been changed to "Pedro Ceballos".

Pages 68 and 69: "Charmartin" has been changed to "Chamartin" [location in Madrid].

Page 70: "Conde de Amirante" has been changed to "Conde de Amarante".

Page 103: "Vicaloaro" has been changed to "Vicalvaro".

Page 139: "Francisco Baimes" has been changed to "Francisco Balmes".

Page 141: "Manuel José Quintina" has been changed to "Manuel José Quintana".

Page 141: [General] "Las Concha" has been changed to "La Concha".

Page 152: "El Guerigay" has been changed to "El Guirigay" [newspaper].

Page 157: "Luis Mayang" has been changed to "Luis Mayans".

Page 158: "Guipazcoa" has been changed to "Guipuzcoa" [province].

Page 173: "Francesco Pacheco" has been changed to "Francisco Pacheco".

Page 197: "Palace of San Felmo" has been changed to "Palace of San Telmo".

Page 267: "San Lucar de Bairameda" has been changed to "San Lucar de Barrameda".

Page 269: [Plaza de] "La Incarnacion" has been changed to "La Encarnacion".

Page 320: "Carmen Burgos de Segúi" has been changed to "Carmen Burgos de Seguí".

Page 340: "Duchess of Ariot" has been changed to "Duchess of Arion".

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