Inside the Territorial Garden



Inside the Territorial Garden The Cromarty Firth as an Organism of flux

 12/2020

Abstract

W

hat is a territorial garden? This question only makes sense if we understand the need to reconsider our relationship with other species, other elements and non-humans. For years, scientists have been warning our societies about the negative consequences of our actions, and philosophers have been trying to understand how we can change our habits and live in harmony with our environment. The garden has been, since its origin, the privileged meeting place between Human and Nature.

Inside the Cromarty Firth garden all the limits and boundaries are referencing (roads, railways, rivers, etc.) to create a general map which, instead of showing impassable boundaries, shows a new network on which a new system of green and blue corridors will be established.

The creation of these highways of energies and resources will allow the emergence of a new biodiversity and a new landscape experience for the inhabitants of the Cromarty Firth valley.

Furthermore, inside the Cromarty Firth valley, water is a major element. Water has always been of crucial importance in gardens and the Territorial Garden is not an exception. Water has a special status in the territorial garden. Its treatment will be essential to develop a space where Flows are improved to promote the emergence of Life and where its quality on earth has a positive impact on the Cromarty Firth itself The territorial garden is a new form of Art that invites all actors (human and non-human) to experiencing and to gardening Life as if it were the most precious thing that we have

References .............................................. 10

Table des matières Introduction...............................................1

Bibliography ........................................ 10 Iconography ........................................ 11 Appendix 1 ................................................ 0 Appendix 2 ................................................ 0

1- The garden as a meeting place between Humans and Nature ..................................1 Gardens origins and the fertility myths .1 Garden and Landscape: one and the same space ............................................2 Human and Nature, Garden and Gardener ................................................3 2- The limits of the garden ........................3 Bioregion, the scale to understand lifespace (the exemple of NE Scotland) ......3 The Territorial Garden: Cromarty Firth Valley .....................................................4 Water as the main element inside the garden ................................................4 3- Organising the territorial garden ..........5 How to organise? ...................................5 System Thinking .................................5 Limits and Boundaries as Corridors ...6 Blue and Green corridors ...................7 Who are the organizers? .......................7 Time as a Gardener ............................7 The Public as Gardeners.....................8 Farmers as Gardeners ........................9 Conclusion .................................................9

Appendix 3 ................................................ 0 Appendix 4 ................................................ 0 Appendix 5 ................................................ 0 Appendix 6 ................................................ 0

Inside the Territorial Garden

The need that we have to give more space to other living species is essential for our simple survival.

The Cromarty Firth as an Organism of flux

By Alexis Perrocheau

Introduction What is a territorial garden? This question only makes sense if we understand the need to reconsider our relationship with other species, other elements, non-humans.

The Anthropocene is the result of the expansion of mankind in numbers but also of the exploitation of the Earth’s resources per human in the last two centuries. Indeed, our atmospheric and geological impact as a species is considerable. (Paul J. Crutzen; 2006) The Planetary limits define not what Earth and Life (in general) can withstand, but what technologically complex cultures like ours, and many life forms that participate in the modern biosphere can manage without collapsing or becoming extinct. (H. Meadows, L. Meadows, Randers, W. Behrens III; 1972). For years, scientists have been warning our societies about the negative consequences of our actions, and philosophers have been trying to understand how we can change our habits and live in harmony with our environment. Bruno Latour defines the limits of this complex environment “In the singular, the term Critical Zones designates the Thin Layer in wich life has radically modified the earth’s atmosphere and geology – as opposed either to the space beyond or to the deep geology below“ (Bruno Latour, 2018) With this simple sentence, he manages to demonstrate all the diversity, the power but also the fragility (1) of this thin layer blocked between two empty zones; two death zones.

1) Life everywhere! Cromarty Firth, Scotland; Personal Pictures; 18.10.2020

“The Anthropocene throws us a particular challenge to acknowledge those ecological connections that sustain our existence. We live within networks, webs, and relationships with non-human (or more-than-human) others, including plants, animals, rivers and soils. “(Jessica K. Weir; 2015) Jessica K. Weir formulates this paradigm shift linked to this need for recognition for the living world. But how is this necessary change can be spatially interpreted?

1- The garden as a meeting place between Humans and Nature Gardens through history have had different shapes and different functions according to the beliefs and cultures of societies; but all tried to describe a space where abundance and beauty could have been possible.

Gardens origins and the fertility myths “We find in almost all civilizations, that (the original myth) of the separation of earth and sky. And it is a most essential bond, because the garden is born precisely from this sharing. It reveals the deep foundations of the soil by its rocks, its wells, its springs, and at the same

 

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time, it turns to the sky because plants need air, rain and sun. “ (Michel Baridon; 1998)

2) the water mirror reconnects the sky with the ground; Cromarty Firth, Scotland; Personal Picture; 18.10.2020

The history of Gardens is fascinating. Despite the diversity of human cultures around the world, this original myth described by Michel Baridon, this separation between heaven and earth (2), is common to all of mankind. This separation allows the emergence of a living space where plants and animals can evolve and where humans are responsible for the spatial organization of this new space.

Despite an anthropocentric vision, these myths already recognized the critical zone at the time and highlight this primordial relationship that humans have with non-humans. The garden has therefore been, since its origin, the privileged meeting place between Human and Nature. Moreover, in these myths there are no limits between garden and landscape, between garden and the world. The whole planet is a garden emerging from this separation.

Indeed, Oasis represented for Persian people, of the past the place where life was possible in the middle of the desert. There was an inside and an outside of the oasis. They called it pairidaeza and started to organize these spaces in relation to their behavior and beliefs. The first gardens appeared in a spirituals sense and not only for food production. Later, the Greeks translated this word into paradeisos. The words paradis in French, as paradiso in Italian and paradise in English all came through Christianity. They all describe the Garden of Eden where abundance of resources and life for humanity were given by God in cntrast with the desert where the environment was dangerous and everything dies. However this distinction between garden and landscape disappeared progressively: “During the Renaissance, when the squaring traced a clear dividing line between garden and landscape, the latter saw itself recognized as a place where Nature triumphed. The nature of this dialectical relationship changed in the following century […]. By extending its central axis to the horizon (3), the garden absorbed the landscape and created a continuum where, as we have seen, art and nature formed a whole […]. But since then, the horizon has grown steadily. [...] at every step, the garden has found itself associated with the widening of perspectives and the emotional tightening between Man and Nature “(Michel Baridon; 1998)

Garden and Landscape: one and the same space Throughout history, the notion of garden has evolved in accordance with the beliefs and cultures of those who built them. In the West, the division between Garden and Nature then Garden and Landscape was influenced by the Judeo-Christian religions. This division has its roots in the deserts of the Middle East.

3) Central axis to the Horizon; 17th century, Louvre Museum, Department of Graphic Arts; http://lenotre.chateauversailles.fr/parcours_en/pointsde-vues_en.html

As Michel Bardion describes it, the garden and the landscape are one today because Humanity is able now to apprehend not all of its landscapes but also of the Earth itself with the

 

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putting into orbit of satellite observation.

However, can we talk about garden if there is no relation with non-humans? Can we talk about garden when people are insensitive to their surroundings? What then is this relationship that must be put in place for our own survival?

2- The limits of the garden

Human and Nature, Garden and Gardener “Ecological finitude is a discovery of our time: this awareness that the quantity of life is limited, nonrenewable, breaks completely with the still historically recent idea of a perfect and indefinite nature. And this ecology bluntly shatters the romantic view of the universe. The Earth passenger then becomes accountant of his heritage, gardener of his landscape” (Gilles Clément; 1995) Gilles Clément has long tried to theorize this special relationship with nature as well as our role as a gardener and passenger on Earth.

Indeed, since we have an impact on our environment, we have the duty and the responsibility to garden ourselves, learn to live with others and to garden our environment in order to balance the flows inside the critical zone.

The German artist Joseph Beuys tried through the performance (4) in 1971 to reconnect directly with Nature by emerging himself in a swamp. This symbolic act was in total opposition to the modernist aspirations of the time but also contrary to our idea of swamp.

Indeed this kind of space was considered by many to be a non-place. By doing that, he tried to interact directly with the natural processes instead of just admire them. He wanted to be part of these fluxes who make life possible and by recovering his body with mud he tried to reconsider the mud not just as dirty element in decomposition but something that can engenders Life.

4) Aktion im Moor ; 1971 ; Beuys rubs himself with the mud that he first dug up with his hands ; photo Gianfranco Gorgoni; Paul Getty Museum

The importance of defining a limit to the territorial garden is essential. If the notion of a planetary garden (Gilles Clément; 1996) is more and more accepted, how can such a vast space be arranged? Furthermore how can such a diverse space be arranged?

Bioregion, the scale to understand life-space (the exemple of NE Scotland) The Bioregion is a concept developed in the 60s and 70s by the Hippie movement at the end of the reconstruction period after the 2nd World War. This idea makes it possible to understand

Understanding these processes and reconsidering our own relation with Nature are the first steps to be a gardener  

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more precisely the particular relationship that inhabitants can have with their environments.

This specific space defines homogeneous ecosystems and societies sharing the same culture (Appendix 1). The definition of a Bioregion given by Michael Vincent McGinnis, Taylor & Francis Group perfectly sums up this special relationship.

“The bioregion — a territory revealed by similarities of biophysical and cultural phenomenon — offers a scale of decentralization best able to support the achievement of cultural and ecological sustainability.” (Michael Vincent McGinnis, Taylor & Francis Group; 1998) These bioregions therefore form autonomous entities which remain connected with the other spaces. They communicate, exchange and depend on each other.

“Both humans and other species have an intrinsic right to coevolve in local, bioregional and global ecosystem association.” (Michael Vincent McGinnis, Taylor & Francis Group; 1998) This notion of the inter-scale of biosystems is also linked to gardens. A comparison between a bioregion and a garden is interesting. The planetary garden (macrocosm) includes all the gardens of the world (microcosm). The territorial garden is a specific scale (a particular microcosm) which also contains other gardens, microcosms within a microcosm. This diversity of universes is a source of diversity like the life it tries to understand.

The Territorial Garden: Cromarty Firth Valley This territorial garden is bounded by the valley formed by the hills and mountains around the water feature of the Cromarty Firth. This specific organization is characteristic of gardens throughout history, as evidenced by the comparison between this image of the Nebamon garden during the Egyptian antiquity period (5) and these images of the Cromarty Firth (6).

However another comparison is possible. This is the Cromarty Firth Valley as an oasis.

5) The garden of Nebamon, fragment of a painted wall (pb. TT 146)

Indeed, this space is filled with life and activity.

Compared to the Highland Mountains in the hinterland, The Cromarty Firth Valley is a true oasis of life.

6) Cromarty Firth valley; Cromarty Firth, Scotland; Personal Picture; 18.10.2020

Water as the main element inside the garden Water is a major element of this territory.

Water has always been of crucial importance in gardens and the Territorial Garden is not an exception. The descriptions made in the Bible and the Koran of water are representative of its importance for humankind and also for the emergence of Life.

“The Sea: They have jumped over the mountains, down the valleys, to the place you have assigned them. (There) You have fixed an insurmountable boundary for them, So that they will not come back to submerge the earth - Rivers: You have directed the springs towards the rivers, which run between the mountains.

 

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Thus they water all the beasts of the field: the onagers quench their thirst there, And the birds of the sky, installed near them, sing their song among the row - The rain: From your balcony, up there, You water the mountains And the earth is filled with your heavenly wineskins.“ (Bible ; Psaume 104 ; p.196-198) "[…] those who erase do not see it? The skies and the earth were joined together and we separated them. With water we created all living things. Won't they join? […] » (Koran; Sourate 30, p.643) Water has a special status in the territorial garden. Its treatment is essential to develop a space where flows are improved to promote the emergence of life. However, the geohydrographic analysis of the valley is paradoxical (Appendix 2). Water is present here in abundance but the underground reserves are often dry. This is because water has great difficulty in infiltrating the surface due to the nature of the soil and also because of the embankment of rivers and the drainage of the land.

Poor management of natural resources can have disastrous consequences in the long term especially with the consequences of climate change. The territory needs to be more resilient. The management of water and the country is the basis for the development of any civilization. As Ludwig Hilberseimer says: “All important in the development of culture and civilization is the use of Land. Land, together with climate, is the real source of Life.

Aside from metals and minerals. Almost every product derives directly and indirectly from the land. Our whole Livelihoods depend on the soil and its use.” (Ludwig Hilberseimer; 1949) The territorial garden should therefore bring abundance and diversity to create a comfortable living space for humanity and also for non-humans.

3- Organising the territorial garden The organisation of the territorial garden like all gardens is carried out in such a way that all the actors (human and non-human) of the territory are taken into consideration. Thinking about the function of gardeners at the same time as the actual organization of the garden is essential.

How to organise?

System Thinking Systems thinking is an idea that everything is connected and interdependent. Therefore, every action in a system has repercussions on all the elements of the system. Landscape ecosystems are incredibly complex. However it is impossible for a Landscape Architect to draw all the elements of a territory. The objective is therefore for the landscaper to create a framework that makes it possible to support all the actions carried out by the actors of the territory. This balance between drawn structures and the activities that emerge in a landscape is very well described by Fritjof Capra and Pier Luigi Luisi.

“Human organizations always contain both designed and emergent structures.[…]The two types of structures are very different, as we have seen, and every organization needs both kinds. Designed structures provide the rules and routines that are necessary for the effective functioning of the organization. Designed Structure provide stability. Emergent structure, on the other hand, provide novelty, creativity and flexibility. They are adaptive, capable of changing and evolving.” (Fritjof Capra and Pier Luigi Luisi; 2014)

“The great fine art in the future will be the making of a comfortable life from a small piece of Land” (Abraham Lincoln, 1864)

 

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However how can we represent these interconnections spatially?

The idea is straightforward. It is inspired by the work of Paul Baran .

distribution of forces where all energies are accounted for.” (Lydia Kallipoliti; 2018)

Limits and Boundaries as Corridors “Engineering the Landscape, like any act of engineering, is a process that both reflects and defines human values and relationships. What human values and relationships are represented in the cultural landscape of the late twentieth century, especially in the dominance of pathways over settlements? “ (Rosalind Williams; 1993)

7) Centralized, Decentralized and Distributed Networks; Network Systems and Systems Ecologies (Paul Baran, 1959)

He was the first to describe the different forms of organization of systems. This simple diagram represents 3 different forms of systemic organization.

The first (Centralized) concentrates all the capabilities of the system.

This organization makes all the actors dependent on the central element. The second organization (Decentralized) is ranked according to the importance of the actors.

Finally, the last (Distributed networks) represents an organization where all the elements of the system have the same values and the same influences. This makes the structure very resilient to change or the disappearance of one of the actors (7).

The organization of the territorial garden will logically follow the third model (Distributed networks). This basic structure will bring a new stability to the interior of the landscape and a new support for life.

By this organization, the ecosystems inside the garden are free to evolve and stimulate the diversity of species and spaces over time.

“Thus, having a large variety of species can provide a buffer for ecosystem fluctuations, changes, and perturbations. The idea of webbing alternate channels for energy and resources, the idea of excess and diversity of systems and species and of built-in redundancies, is a different concept than the notion of negative feedback, or teleological

With this simple question, Rosalind Williams invites us to rethink our ways of planning our territories. The modernist vision of the 20th century carved out spaces and encouraged the fragmentation of our landscapes. However, despite the many barriers that these engineering elements place on biodiversity and the elements, they remain essential corridors for human communities. Indeed, this dichotomy of state is essential to understand all of the boundaries and borders within the garden.

Boundaries are also corridors. These corridors are essential infrastructures for the flow of goods and services to the societies that use them.

The objective is to create a general map by systematically referencing these boundaries.

(Appendix 3). Instead of showing impassable boundaries, it shows a new network on which a new system of green and blue corridors is established.

The creation of these highways of energy and resources will allow the emergence of a new biodiversity and a new landscape experience for the inhabitants of the Cromarty Firth valley.

Moreover, this organization will function as a mechanism whose objective is the performance of life. James Corner describes this aptitude that landscape architects have very well. He shows how they create precise structures that allow the emergence of life as inside the territorial garden.

 

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“In designing Pathways, corridors, patches, fields, matrices, meshwork, boundaries, surfaces, mats, membranes, sections, and joints - each configuration highly specific in dimension, material and organization – we are constructing a dynamic expanding field, literally a machine stage for the performance of life, for the propagation of more life, and for the emergence of novelty.

In other worlds, arguments for staging uncertainty, for indeterminacy and openendedness, make sense only in a world with specific material form and precise design organizations“ (James Corner; 2004)

unseeing, the thorn and briar are as unpassable as the castle wall. [...] However this is not a barrier of stone and mortar but one of fragile stalk and leaf. And there is tension in this contrast (Kaczmarczyk, p.57).” (’Hedge’’; Posted on June 17, 2018)

To summarize, the basic composition of these corridors is defined as follows: the field, the meadow, the fruit hedge, the coppice, the valley gutter and the forest (Appendix 4). The transition between these strata allows for a diversity of habitat and biodiversity.

Who are the organizers?

There is no Garden without a Gardener. Can there be Gardeners without a Garden?

Blue and Green corridors So what is the precise shape of these corridors?

How are they made up?

The idea of these corridors should correspond not to watertight and impermeable boundaries but rather to transitions between spaces.

There is one word in ecology to describe these transitions: Ecotone. Ecotones are spaces where the dynamics of evolution are very important. Indeed, these environments have at their heart, a meeting of two very different ecosystem. This meeting promotes biological diversity and creates a place of exchange. They are porous hedges. That create, an erosion effect which changes the hard boundaries into transition spaces. A beautiful definition of what is a hedge is written on the blog of Liminal Narrative: “For, in these peculiarly liquid times of flux and change, it is important ‘to move quickly and easily across the team boundary’ (Dibble and Gibson, p.926). […]. And, like the variety of flora and fauna engendered by the hedgerow, these organizational boundaries can be similarly diverse.” (Dibble and Gibson, p.929).

“This is fluid, liquid, organic space or, if you prefer, the organisational hedgerows which shelter chance, promise and threat.”

“Remember too that for the small and wily, the hedge is porous; [...]. Yet, to the large and

Landscape architect should consider the actors who will maintain this garden as is essential.

Without gardeners, the garden cannot exist because, time inevitably changes the design that the landscape gardener made. However, what if time was considered as a gardener on its own right?

Time as a Gardener Henri Bergson understood very early what the substance of time is.

“Time is mobile and always incomplete…. All existence is in a Flux of Becoming moving and growing, a succession of states which never rest where they are … Duration is ongoing and is never a complete picture.”

(Henri Bergson; 1910) By its very nature, time is essential for life. It's the one thing that sets everything in motion. If the landscape architect is the composer, time is the conductor. It sets the 8) Green ecotone tempo and rhythm of the evolution; every greatest movements like the 5 years; Personal seasons to the most insignificant document, November 2020 like the growth of a leaf.

 

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In the practice of landscape architecture, many have already become interested in the representation of time and its use in the design process. Michel Desvignes explains how, through a succession of drawings, the impact of time is made visible.

The Public as Gardeners

“An overall plan used as a tool of conception proceeds with the improbable hypothesis that they will indeed evolve simultaneously. By identifying and considering the elements that are in evolution apart, problematic as they likely are, it becomes possible to conceive of ways of preparing for these individual transformation. Multiple and successive drawings (8) allow for the envisaging of how these various mechanisms will interact. The logical consistency and potential beauty of a completed territory depends on the legibility of the mechanisms that make it up, just as is the case for an agricultural territory.” (Michel Desvignes; 2016) One of the main jobs of a landscape architect is to create experiences. The sensitive approach to a territory makes it possible to highlight the assets of a landscape. The sensitive approach (using your five senses) is what connects us to our environment and to the rest of the world.

The experience we have of a place is therefore essential because the landscape, and the garden in particular, are spaces that accentuate our sensitivity (Appendix 5). James Corner describes this experience of the landscape through time while, describing the importance of the role of time in our appreciation of landscape: “One can only experience landscape by moving through and by collecting series of images. As landscape is part of, Corner also states that landscape understanding only can be gathered over time, by experiencing landscape in different conditions and different modes. And to conclude he defines landscape as a ’living biome’, subject to flux and change over time” James Corner, 1992

9) Dingwall, project idea; Collective energy as a tool to implant new practices in the Landscape; Personal documents, November 2020

If we still make a distinction between urban and rural today; in the future, this division will be replaced by a single category: the gardener.

Gilles Clément described very well this need that we have to be gardeners during our stay on Earth. In the territorial garden, everyone will have the opportunity to have a direct effect on their environment. The provision around the cities of common spaces where residents will be free to garden in an ecological way will be a good opportunity to renew the relationship between Human and Nature on a lasting basis (9). A very good example of this commitment of the inhabitants of Gironna is the project of Marti Franch: “EMF self-initiated project Girona’s shores, is an on-going effort to reclaim, develop and manage a multifunctional green infrastructure (GI). It integrates the city’s edge nature as a strategic asset to reimagine a green-open conurbation. Its goal is to construct the largest public facility of town.” (Marti Franch; 2020)

 

8

Farmers as Gardeners

easily. This provides more resilience against climate change and extreme weather events.

Telling a farmer that it is a gardener is like telling a landscape architect that he is an architect. Within the territorial garden, farmers as gardeners should be seen as special. The relationship of farmers to their land is different from others. Their experience the landscape differently. Alain Roger explains it simply:

The garden once again brings Humanity and Nature together. Our knowledge of ecological systems and how to work with them have given a new point of view of our relationship with Nature. The territorial garden is the spatial expression of this new point of view

“The values given (by farmers) to the places are those of work, land, possibly agricultural progress and employment. Faced with these everyday realities, the "landscape" evoked by city-dwellers, foreigners, appears at worst threatening and alienating, at best derisory.

The aesthetic register seems to be swallowed up by the utilitarian, the beautiful defined by the useful. ” (Alain Roger; 1997) Considering the territorial garden as a productive space or a utilitarian place, is important for its good maintenance and for its acceptance in the farming community (Appendix 6). Underestimating the productive value of a territory is to forget the people who live in it.

Conclusion While the garden may be perceived by many to be obsolete, the whole imagination it evokes and the multitude of forms it can take have been forgotten.

Francis Bacon has marvelously described the importance of a Garden from the 17th century.

“And a Man shall ever see that when Ages grow to Civility and Elegancy, Men come to build stately rather then Garden finally. As if Gardening was the greater Perfection.”

(Francis Bacon; 1625) The territorial garden provides for all actors a living space of quality where they can experiment new forms of landscape.

Last but not least, the territorial garden is a new form of Art that invites all actors (human and non-human) to experience Life as if it were the most precious thing that we have. […]"You must have," said Candide to the Turk, "a vast and magnificent land?" "I only have twenty arpents," replied the Turk; I cultivate them with my children; work keeps three great evils away from us, boredom, vice, and desire ‘’ (Voltaire; 1759) This garden experience allows us to understand the essential links that we have with our environment. As Voltaire described it, we must also cultivate our own garden, that is to say our intellect.

By doing this, each human has a positive impact on their environment. All of these actions combined could have a global impact. This noosphere (collective consciousness) could have a positive impact on the emergence of more Life on Earth. […] “While the movement from the biosphere to the noosphere is not reducible to the conscious actions of humankind, the noosphere would nevertheless appear to represent an arena within which humankind has the potential and agency to play the defining geological role.” (Jonathan D. Oldfield, Denis J.B. Shaw; 2004) The Anthropocene would therefore not be an era of destruction but rather an era of creation.

As if the Garden of Eden has been restored.

Furthermore this new type of garden creates a space for life itself. Indeed, by improving the fluxes and the connections in this territory, it is creating a network where life can emerge more  

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References

Henri Bergson; Time and Free will …; 1910

Bibliography

James Corner; Representation & landscape; 1992 – Quoted in “Drawing Time”; Noël van Dooren March; 2011

Abraham Lincoln, 1864; Quoted in Ludwig Hilberseimer, “The New regional Pattern”, 1949

Alain Roger ; ‘’Court traité du paysage’’ ; Editions Gallimard ; Paris ; 1997

Bible ; Psaume 104 ; Cité par Bottéro “La naissance du monde selon Israél” p.196-198

Bruno Latour; “Down to Earth – Politics in the New Climatic Regime”; Polity Press; 2018

Donella H. Meadows, Dennis L. Meadows, Jørgen Randers, William W. Behrens III; The Limits to Growth; Potomac Associates Universe Books; 1972

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Gilles Clément; ‘’Contribution à l’étude du jardin planétaire“, Valence, Ecole régional des beaux-Arts, 1995, p.55

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Jessica K. Weir; Lives in Connection; “Manifesto for Living in the Anthropocene”; Punctum books; Brooklyn, NY; 2015

Koran ; Sourate 30 , p.643

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Lydia Kallipoliti; “THE ARCHITECTURE OF CLOSED WORLDS, OR, WHAT IS THE POWER OF SHIT”; 2018

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’Hedge’’;

James Corner; “Not Unlike Life Itself: Landscape Strategy Now”; Harvard Design Magazine, (Fall 2004/Winter 2005)

2018;

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https://liminalnarratives.com/blog/page/2/)

 

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Rosalind Williams, “Cultural Origins and Environmental Implications of Large Technological Systems?” Science in Context 6, no.2 (Autumn 1993): 381

Michel Desvigne ; Process rather than site plan ;http://micheldesvignepaysagiste.com/en/pro cessrather-site-plan

Voltaire ; Candide ; 1759 (il faut cultiver notre jardin.)

Vernadsky and the noosphere concept: Russian understandings of society–nature interaction Jonathan D. Oldfield *, Denis J.B. Shaw; 2004

Iconography Aktion im Moor ; 1971 ; Beuys rubs himself with the mud that he first dug up with his hands ; photo Gianfranco Gorgoni; Paul Getty Museum

Central axis to the Horizon; 17th century, Louvre Museum, Department of Graphic Arts; http://lenotre.chateauversailles.fr/parcours_e n/points-de-vues_en.html

Centralized, Decentralized and Distributed Networks; Network Systems and Systems Ecologies (Paul Baran, 1959)

The garden of Nebamon, fragment of a painted wall (pb. TT 146)

 

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Appendix 1

Appendix 2

Appendix 3

Appendix 4

Appendix 5

Appendix 6