American Corrections 10th Edition Clear
Full download at: Solution Manual:
https://testbankpack.com/p/solution-manual-for-american-corrections-10th-editionclear-reisig-cole-1133049737-9781133049739/
Test bank:
https://testbankpack.com/p/test-bank-for-american-corrections-10th-edition-clearreisig-cole-1133049737-9781133049739/
CHAPTER 10
Incarceration
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After reading this chapter, students should be able to:
1. Explain how today’s prisons are linked to the past.
2. Discuss the goals of incarceration.
3. Be familiar with the organization of incarceration.
4. Discuss the factors that influence the classification of prisons.
5. Explain who is in prison.
KEY TERMS
Custodial model
A model of correctional institutions that emphasizes security, discipline, and order.
Rehabilitation model
A model of correctional institutions that emphasizes the provision of treatment programs designed to reform the offender.
Reintegration model
A model of correctional institutions that emphasizes maintenance of the offender’s ties to family and the community as a method of reform, in recognition of the fact that the offender will be returning to the community.
Radial design
An architectural plan by which a prison is constructed in the form of a wheel, with “spokes” radiating from a central core.
Telephone-pole design
An architectural plan for a prison, calling for a long central corridor crossed at regular intervals by structures containing the prison’s functional areas.
Courtyard style
An architectural design by which the functional units of a prison are housed in separate buildings constructed on four sides of an open square.
Campus style
An architectural design by which the functional units of a prison are individually housed in a complex of buildings surrounded by a fence.
Maximum-security prison
A prison designed and organized to minimize the possibility of escapes and violence; to that end, it imposes strict limitations on the freedom of inmates and visitors.
Medium-security prison
A prison designed and organized to prevent escapes and violence, but in which restrictions on inmates and visitors are less rigid than in maximum-security facilities.
Minimum-security prison
A prison designed and organized to permit inmates and visitors as much freedom as is consistent with the concept of incarceration.
CHAPTER OUTLINE
I. Links to the Past
A. MostcorrectionalfacilitiesarestillinruralareasinlinewithQuakerbeliefs thatoffenderscouldberedeemedonlyifremovedfromcitydistractions.
B. The1940sand1950simageofthe‘bighouse’isstillimprintedonmost Americans’minds:awalledprisonwithlarge,tieredcellblocks,ayard,shops, andindustries.
1. TheSouthdidnotconformtothismodel.
2. Racialsegregationwasmaintained.
3. Prisonerswereusedasfarmlabor.
C. Therehabilitativemodelofthe1960sand1970s.
1. Treatmentprogramsadministered.
D. Duringthepast40yearstheprisonpopulationhaschanged.
1. TherehasbeenamajorincreaseinthenumberofAfricanAmericanand HispanicAmericaninmates.
2. Moreinmatescomefromurbanareas.
3. Moreinmateshavebeenconvictedofdrug-relatedandviolentoffenses.
4. Formerstreetgangsregroupinsideprisonsandhaveraisedlevelsof violenceinmanyinstitutions.
5. Theriseofpublicemployeeunionshaveimprovedworkingconditions, safetyprocedures,andtraining.
E. Currentfocusofcorrectionshasshiftedtocrimecontrol,whichemphasizes theimportanceofincarceration.
II. The Goals of Incarceration
A. Threemodelsofincarcerationhavebeenprominentsincetheearly1940s.
1. Thecustodialmodel–basedontheassumptionthatprisonershavebeen incarceratedfortheprotectionofsocietyandemphasizessecurity, discipline,andordersubordinatingtheprisonertotheauthorityofthe warden.ThismodelwasprevalentincorrectionsbeforeWorldWarIIand dominatesmostmaximum-securityinstitutionstoday.
2. Therehabilitationmodel–developedinthe1950s,itemphasizes treatmentprogramstoreformtheoffender.
3. Thereintegrationmodel–linkedtothestructuresandgoalsofcommunity corrections,itemphasizesmaintainingoffendertiestofamilyand community.
B. Correctionalinstitutionsthatconformtoeachofthesemodelscanbefound, butmostprisonsaremainlycustodial.
III. Organization for Incarceration
A. Statistics.
1. Prisonsareoperatedbyall50statesandthefederalgovernment.
2. Thereare1,292confinementfacilities;92percentarerunbythestates.
3. 47%inSouth
4. 20%inMidwest
5. 18.5%inWest
6. 14.5inNortheast
B. FederalBureauofPrisons.
1. Jurisdictionoffederalcriminallawisrestrictedtocrimesinvolving interstatecommerce,certainseriousfeloniessuchasbankrobbery, violationofotherfederallawsandcrimescommittedonfederalproperty.
2. Sincethe“warondrugs”inthe1980s,drugoffendersinfederalprisons makeupabout50.7percentoftheinmatepopulation.
3. Federalprisonersareoftenamoresophisticatedbreedofcriminal,froma highersocioeconomicclass,thanthetypicalstateprisoner.
4. Over56,000 about27percent offederalinmatesarecitizensofother countries.
5. Federalsentencingguidelineshaveincreasedtheprobabilityof imprisonmentsubstantially.
6. Thebureauofprisonishighlycentralizedwithastaffofover35,000who supervisemorethan195,000prisoners.
7. Thebureauoperates102confinementfacilities.
8. Thefederalgovernmentdoesnothaveenoughspacetohousemostpeople accusedofviolatingthefederalcriminallaw,soabouttwo-thirdsof
pretrialdetaineesarehousedinstateorlocalfacilitiesonacontractual basis.
9. Thefederalsystemhasenjoyedagoodreputationandhasbeenviewedas aninnovatorinthefieldofcorrections.
C. StatePrisonSystems.
1. Statesvaryconsiderablyinhowtheyorganizecorrections.
2. Theexecutivebranchofeachstategovernmentadministersitsprisons.
3. Thetotalcapacityofastate’sprisonsreflectsthesizeofthestate’s population.
4. Sentencingpractices,legislativeappropriationsforcorrections,and politicscanalsoaffectincarcerationrates.
5. Statesvaryconsiderablyinthenumber,size,type,andlocationof correctionalfacilities.
IV. The Design and Classification of Prisons
A. Formfollowsfunction:thedesignofastructureshouldserveitspurpose.
1. Duringthepenitentiaryera,institutionsweretopromotepenance.
2. Whenprisonindustrybecamethefocus,adifferentdesignenhancedthe efficiencyofworkshops.
3. Whenpunishmentheldsway,emphasiswasonthefortress-likeedifice thatensuressecurity.
4. Duringtherehabilitationera,newprisonswerebuiltinstylesthoughtto promotetreatmentgoals.
B. Today’sdesign–TherearefourbasicmodelsfoundinAmerica’sprisons.
1. RadialDesign:Eastern,Auburn,Leavenworth,Radway,andTrenton.
2. Telephone-PoleDesign:mostcommonlyusedformaximumsecurity prisons:Graterford,Marion,Somers,Jackson.
3. CourtyardStyle:someofthenewerfacilitiesarethecourtyardstyle.
4. CampusStyle:longusedforjuvenileorwomen’sfacilities.
5. Todayprisonconstructionisgreatlyinfluencedbycost.
C. LocationofPrisons:Asinthepast,mostarelocatedinruralareas.
1. Eventhoughmostprisoninmatescomefromcitiesandreintegrationhas beentheprimecorrectionalgoal,newinstitutionsarestillbeingbuiltin thecountryside.
2. Ruralwhitesarehiredtoguardurbanblacks.
3. Manycitizensbelievethatseriousoffendersshouldbeincarcerated,but notintheircommunity(NIMBYsyndrome).
4. Someeconomicallydepressedareashavewelcomedprisonstobringin jobsandrevitalizethelocaleconomy.
D. ClassificationofPrisons.
1. MaximumSecurityPrison–closedcustodyprisonshold38percentof inmates);usuallyanawesomeedificewithhighstonewallsstuddedwith guardtowers;designedtopreventescapesandtodeterprisonersfrom harmingeachother.
2. MediumSecurityPrison:hold43percentofinmates;externallythey resemblethemaximumsecurityprison,butorganizedonadifferentbasis andatmosphereislessrigidandtense.
3. MinimumSecurityPrison:holds19percentofprisoners,theleastviolent offenders;lackstowerguardsandwalls.
4. Super-Maxprisonsdoexistin40states.Theyhouseover20,000inmates whoarethemostdisruptive,violent,andincorrigible.
E. PrivatePrisons.
1. U.S.taxpayersspendapproximately$38.2billionannuallyonprisons.
2. Manyjurisdictionscontractwithprivatecompaniestofurnishfoodand medicalservices,educationalandvocationaltrainingandotherservices.
3. Now,governmentshirecorporationstohouseprisonerinprivatelyowned facilities.
4. Bytheendof2009,privatelyoperatedfacilitieshoused129,336inmates.
5. TheprivateprisonbusinessisdominatedbytheCorrectionsCorporation ofAmerica.
6. Problemswithprivatefacilities.
a. Differencesinprogramming.
b. Costs.
c. Accountability.
d. Legalissues.
7. Correctionsisamultibilliondollargovernment-fundedenterprisethat purchasessupplies,materials,andservicesfromtheprivatesector.
8. Privateentrepreneursarguethattheycanbuildandrunprisonsatleastas effectively,safely,andhumanelyasanylevelofgovernmentcan,ataprofit andalowercosttotaxpayers.
9. Privateprisoncorporationsneedtofilltheircellsinordertobeprofitable.
10.LiabilityofGuards theU.S.SupremeCourtsaidthatprivateprison guardsdidnothavelegalprotectionunderSection1983andarefully liablefortheiractionswhentheyviolateaprotectedright.
11.Therearefearsthattheprivatecorporationswillpresstomaintainhigh occupancyandwillbeinterestedinskimmingoffthebestinmates,leaving thetroublesomeonestothepubliccorrectionalsystem.
V. Who is in Prison
A. Theage,education,andcriminalhistoryoftheinmatepopulationinfluence howcorrectionalinstitutionsfunction.
B. Dataonthecharacteristicsofprisonersislimited(figure10.5).
1. Amajorityofprisonersaremenagedof25–44.
2. Majorityaremembersofminoritygroups.
3. Approximately40percenthavenotcompletedhighschool.
4. 44percentofprisonersarerearrestedwiththefirstyearofrelease.
5. Fouradditionalfactorsaffectcorrectionaloperations
a. Increaseinelderinmates
b. PrisonerswithHIV/AIDS
c. Mentallyill
d. Long-termprisoners
C. Elderlyprisoners–Anincreasingnumberofprisoninmatesareolderthan55 andhavehousing,medical,program,andreleaseserviceneedsthatdiffer fromtheaverageinmate.
1. Inthegeneralpopulation,specialhousingaccommodationsshouldbe made.
2. Theelderlyaremorelikelytodevelopchronicillnessessuchasheart disease,stroke,andcancer.
3. Prisonworkassignmentsmustbetailoredtofittheirphysicalandmental abilities.
4. Preparationforreleasetocommunitysupervisionortohospiceservices requiretimeandspecialefforts.
5. Aspeoplegetoldertheybecomelessdangerous.
D. PrisonerswithHIV/AIDS:Inthecomingyears,AIDSinexpectedtobethe leadingcauseofdeathamongmenaged25to44.TherateofconfirmedAIDS casesinstateandfederalprisonsis2.5timeshigherthantherateinthetotal U.S.population.
1. In2008therewere21,987stateandfederalinmateseitherinfectswith HIVorhadAIDSThehighrateofinfectionamonginmatescanbe explainedbytheprisoners’“highrisk”behaviors.
2. Only24statestestallnewinmatesforHIV.
E. MentallyIllPrisoners:Massclosingsofpublichospitalsforthementallyill beganinthe1960s;newantipsychoticdrugsmadetreatingpatientsinthe communityseemmorehumaneandlessexpensivethanlong-term hospitalization.
1. Communitytreatmentonlyworksifthedrugsaretakenandclinicsand halfwayhousesexisttoassistthementallyill.
2. Homelessnessisthemostpublicsignofthelackofprogramsforthe mentallyill.
3. Withtheexpansionofprisonsandgreateremphasisonpublicorder offenses,arrestandincarcerationhavebecomethepricemanypayfor theirillness.
F. LongTermInmates–moreprisonersservelongsentencesintheUnited StatesthaninanyotherWesternnation.
1. Harshsentencingpoliciesofthelast30years three-strikes,mandatory minimums,truth-in-sentencing theamountoftimeservedisincreasing.
2. From2003-8inmatesservinganaturallifesentenceincreasedby22 percent;thisisanestimate$1millionperperson.
3. Long-termprisonersgenerallyarenotseenascontrolproblems.
4. Administratorsmustfindwaysofmakinglong-termprisonlifelivable.
5. 310,000prisonersarecurrentlyservingatleast20yearsentences.
6. Eachlifesentencecoststaxpayersanestimated$1million.
7. Severedepression,feelingsofhopelessness,andotherhealthproblems arecommonamonglong-termers.
8. Longterminmatesarechargedwithlessdisciplinaryinfractionsthat shortterminmates.
SUMMARY
Prisons today have larger populations, different types of prisoners, and more ambitious goals than those in the 1950s. Three models of incarceration have been prominent during the past two decades: custody, rehabilitation, and reintegration. The Federal Bureau of Prisons is responsible for operating prisons that house federal prisoners, a large number of whom are drug offenders and citizens of countries other than the United States. State prisons are operated by the executive branch of government and vary considerably in how they are organized and the number of inmates they house. The private sector has long played a role in American corrections. A controversial form of such involvement entails contracting with governmental authorities to house state inmates in private prisons. Land costs and political factors influence decisions on prison placement. Most prisons are located in rural areas and architectural design varies. Correctional institutions are classified as maximum, medium, or minimum security. The higher the security level, the tighter the rules for prisoners and the more restricted their movements. Get tough sentencing policies, such as three-strikes, have increased the number of long-term prisoners in American prisons. Elderly prisoners, inmates with mental health problems and those with HIV/AIDS pose a number of challenges to corrections officials, including housing accommodations and medical care. Since their advent in the 1970s questions have been raised as to whether private prisons are more cost-effective than public prisons. Until recently research on this question has been lacking. As state’s deal with severe budgetary problems the future of private prisons is uncertain.
MEDIA LINKS
The Federal Bureau of Prisons website is listed at http://www.bop.gov.
Information about Washington’s Department of Corrections is found at the corresponding website listed at http://www.doc.wa.gov.
Learn about Virginia’s super-max prison at the corresponding website listed at http://www.vadoc.state.va.us/facilities/western/redonion/default.shtm.
Read about how the North Carolina Department of Correction classifies and assigns inmates to different custody levels at http://www.doc.state.nc.us/dop/custody.htm
The web link for the Corrections Corporation of America is found at http://www.cca.com/
Information about prison hospice programs for terminally ill inmates can be found at the corresponding website listed at http://www.npha.org.
To learn more about research on elder inmates visit http://sentencing.typepad.com/sentencing_law_and_policy/2011/04/older-inmate-populationgrows-puts-strain-on-system.html