ARCHITECTURAL ENGINEERING Simone Creemers (0823378), Koen Coenders (0858318), Jørgen Hemesath (0722070), Ales Moravec (1036462)
COURSE:
Architectural engineering
STUDENTS: Simone Creemers Koen Coenders Jørgen Hemesath Ales Moravec DATE: 01-02-2017
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CONTENT PART A - ANALYSIS
A1 INTRODUCTION 6 A2 PICTURES OF THE BUILDING 8 A3 BASIS DRAWINGS 12 A4 DESIGN CONCEPT 18 A5 HOW IS THE CONCEPT CARRIED OUT? (BUILDING) 22 A6 HOW IS THE CONCEPT CARRIED OUT? (DETAIL) 28 A7 INCONSISTENCIES (REFLECTION) 44
PART B - RE-DESIGN
B1 PREFABRICATION 50 B2 ECOLOGICAL DESIGN 54 B3 CRAFTSMANSHIP 62 B4 CHEAP MATERIALS 70
REFERENCES 80
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PART A - ANALYSIS
A1 INTRODUCTION The analyzed building is designed by a small multidisciplinary design office founded by Uda Visser and Marijn Mees. Uda Visser studied at the Technical University in Darmstadt and started her career in Hamburg. After a few years she moved to the Netherlands, where she worked for Mecanoo Architecten, de architectengroep and SeARCH. Marijn Mees studied at the Technical University of Delft. After his graduation he mainly worked for SeARCH. During his period at SeARCH, he went to Hongkong and worked for RMJM. In 2006, the office MEESVISSER was founded on the premise that good architecture improves the quality of life. Apart from this main premise they defined three more bases for their architecture. The first one is formulated as follows: “Honest architecture with a strong identity” (Meesvisser, 2015). They believe that good architecture should create a strong character and a personal soul that reflects and enhance the user’s identity. The second aim is defined as: “A practical mind and an artistic spirit” (Meesvisser, 2015). According to MEESVISSER good architecture is a result of a collaborative creative effort to create valuable and sustainable solutions for its clients. The last base “Loved and long lasting” (Meesvisser, 2015) is based on the fact that MEESVISSER has extensive experience in all stages, scales and skills of the architectural process. Due these aims they realize ideas “by integrating technical, functional and conceptual aspects into well-functioning and beautiful buildings that will be loved and long lasting.” (Meesvisser, 2015)
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Figures: 1: Veemarkt Utrecht 2: Dining table and bench 3: Taylor made living 4: Lamerwood home 5: The GuestHouse 6: Kea Boumanstraat Amsterdam Literature MEESVISSER. (2015). About us. Retrieved from http://www.meesvisser.com/ office/#bio Detail. (2016). Residence in Amsterdam. Detail, 2016(2), 42-47. Images/drawings All images on this page are provided by Meesvisser.com
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Since 2006, MEESVISSER made designs for commercial buildings, buildings for education, offices, private’s houses but also furniture. The building analyzed in this project, is a private house in Amsterdam. It is situated on the Zeeburgereiland in the Keaboumanstraat and was completed in 2013. It was the minimized building code that was the most attractive to the architect. Due this minimized restrictions, they were forced to design every little aspect of the building by themselves (Detail, 2016). For the design, three pillars were important: time, money and comfort. As a result, in seven weeks and with a minimized amount of money, a comfortable house was constructed. Both the limited building restrictions and the three pillars defined by MEESVISSER, made this building interesting to analyze. What materials were used in order to reduce the amount of money and the construction time? Is the building totally prefabricated? In what way is the comfortable pillar related to the time and money pillar? Are there inconsistencies within the three pillars? These questions came up in a first analysis of the building and will be answered in this report. The connecting element within the design is the cross-laminatedtimber used for the construction. Both wall and floor panels were prefabricated in order to reduce the construction time and lower the costs. Electricity, pipes, etc. were all integrated in the wooden elements, allowing that the massive element could be used without any finishing. The house opens up on all levels with on the north side a magnificent view over the river IJ. Because of this transparency, the house is filled with daylight, which, together with the wooden elements, ensures that the house is comfortable to live in.
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A2 PICTURES OF THE BUILDING
Figures: 1: Image south-east 2: Image south-east 2 3: Image north-west 4: Image north-west 2 5: Image south-east zoomed in 6: Image south-east balcony 7: Image south-east back entrance
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Figures: 1: Image north-west zoomed in 2: Image north-west balcony 3: Image north-west front entrance 4: Battens balcony 5: Battens section 6: Battens entrance 7: Battens front
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A3 BASIC DRAWINGS
Figures: 1: Ground floor (1:50) 2: First floor (1:50)
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Figures: 1: Second floor (1:50) 2: Third floor (1:50)
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Figures: 1: North-west elevation (1:50) 2: South-east elevation (1:50) 3: Section AA’ (1:50)
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A4 CONCEPT The plot for the private house is situated in Amsterdam on Zeeburgereiland and is facing the river IJ on the northwest side. The shape of the island and the presence of the river determined the orientation of the plot. Together with the plot and its orientation towards the IJ, it was the minimized building code for this project that attracted the architects to start designing this private house. Only the maximum volume (6 x 13 meters) and the outer edges of the buildings volume were determined. (Detail, 2016) Within these minimized restrictions, almost every construction method is applicable. The construction method used is based on some restrictions or aims the architect set up there selves. They wanted to construct the house in a brief construction time and with accompanying cost-effectiveness. To do so, they chose to construct the building with prefabricated cross-laminated-wood panels which ensures that they could build the house in a very efficient way. Another aspect of CLT which contributes to the time and costs aspects, is that it hardly needs any finishing after assembling the prefabricated pieces together. (MEESVISSER, 2015)
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As mentioned before, the orientation was determined by the presence of the river and the shape of the island. The plot is part of a series of plots, that share this orientation towards the river. The northeast and southwest facades are facing other buildings, while the northwest and southeast facades respectively open up toward the river and towards a garden. This orientation is important on a big scale, but also affects design decisions on a smaller scale.
Figures: 1: Concept location 2: Concept minimized building code 3: Concept cross-laminated timber (1) 4: Concept cross-laminated timber (2) 5: Concept orientation 6: Concept structure 7: Concept ‘construction kit’ Literature Detail. (2016). Residence in Amsterdam. Detail, 2016(2), 42-47. MEESVISSER. (2015). About us. Retrieved from http://www.meesvisser.com/ office/#bio
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The usage of cross-laminated-wood for the construction ensures that nearly the whole building can be constructed like a construction kit. This, together with the use of hardly different materials and construction methods, made it possible to construct the structure in about seven weeks and finish the whole house within less than three months.
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Considering a detail of the building, the simplicity of the used construction method is evident. The assembled cross-laminatedwood panels are left unfinished which contributes to the time and costs aspects. Also the orientation is reflected in the detail; the crosslaminated-wood panels are executed in line with the wooden battens on the outside, which strengthen the orientation towards the IJ and the garden.
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Figures: 1: Concept direction/orientation
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A5 HOW IS THE CONCEPT CARRIED OUT? (LARGE SCALE)
BUILDING STRUCTURE The private house is constructed as one directional wall system with spans of 6000mm, however there are a few exceptions in case of the staircases. Four story building without a cellar, construction height varies in every floor. The ground floor clear height is 2706mm, first floor 2696mm, second 2881mm and third 2696mm. We couldn't discover the exact reason why the height varies because the slab is still the same thickness, however it might be just because of the room proportion, which would make sense. On the third floor there is a living room, which is the largest room with free plan area, so it make sense to have the biggest clear height at this floor. The load-bearing structure is made of prefabricated CLT panels (Cross Laminated Timber), they are used for horizontal and vertical constructions. As mentioned above on the third floor there is a free floor plan living room, which means that there are no partitions providing torsional rigidity, therefore a steel frame had to be added. It is a forfeit for having a free plan. The frame is positioned in the interior next to the window frame so it doesn't obstruct the view. In order to make the frame rigid enough a wind bracing had to be added but then it would block the balcony entrance so the wind bracing ends in one third of the span. There is a special, “independent� structure attached to the courtyard facade. Steel frame, balcony structure is attached to the CLT slab in every floor. This principle is not very clear from the drawing but we found it out during the interview with Ida Visser from the Meesvisser office.
Figures: 1: Added steel frame and independent balcony structure 2: Jointing CLT panels Literature All information in this chapter is based on information gathered during an interview with Uda Visser.
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balcony wind bracing
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BUILDING CONSTRUCTION As mentioned above, four story raw house constructed of prefab CLT panels. Wall CLT panels are 147mm wide, while slabs are 189mm thick. Slabs are placed on top of walls, however this doesn’t create joint, which is rigid enough. Therefore the slabs are screwed every 270mm to the walls with 250mm long screws under a 70° degree angle. This is something, which is not very clear from the drawings, however it was explained by uda Visser during the interview. Most of the building is constructed as one directional wall system with exception for stairs, where the direction is turned by 90° in order to avoid gap in slab. The exchange is secured with HEB 180mm steel beam.
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The steel frame on the second floor, which provides torsional rigidity is constructed of HEB 180mm beams and HEB 140mm columns, secured with wind bracing rod. The exact dimensions of the wind bracing rod are not marked in the drawing therefore they are just estimated.
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Construction of each floor is slightly different, depending on the staircase position and partition placement, therefore see the following diagrams explaining each floor separately. CLT panel are manufactured for every floor separately in order avoid any adjustments at the construction site, which would slow down the construction and it might also cause some unwanted imperfections. Groundfloor There are two load-bearing walls on this floor, placed on the concrete base slab. The top edge of the north-west wall is carved so it creates flat, continuous surface in the interior. There are two openings in the slab, one is for staircase and the second is for skylight. The whole slab is divided into five parts, while three are in the main span direction while the other two are perpendicular to the main direction in order to allow openings for staircase and skylight. First floor The situation is similar to the situation on the ground floor, the only difference is the number of openings. There is only one opening for staircase, however the slab is divided into four parts because of the steel frame on the second floor. 1
GROUND FLOOR
Figures: 1: Structure ground floor 2: Structure first floor 3: Structure second floor 4: Structure third floor 2
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1st FLOOR
Second floor This floor has really simple construction, just a two load-bearing and the “wind-bracing� steel frame, however there are more interesting things on the third floor. Third floor The most interesting part of the third floor, according to construction is hanging balcony. Balcony is hanged on load-bearing walls, which are sort of a beams in this case.
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3rd FLOOR
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Partition-slab/beam joint On the ground and third floor there are three partitions providing torsional rigidity of those floors, apart from space dividing function. Partitions are attached to slabs/beams with “T� shape steel bracket by two bolts. In case of the CLT slab or concrete base slab, the steel bracket is screwed to the panel while in case of the steel beam the bracket is welded on the beam. Due to a lack of detail construction drawing the dimensions are estimated, however the principal is clear. The red box indicated the analyzed detail.
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Figures: 1: Section structure 2: Joint partition walls
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A6 HOW IS THE CONCEPT CARRIED OUT? 3D DETAIL
Figures: 1: 3D Detail rendering 2: 3D Detail rendering 2
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DETAIL DRAWINGS (2D)
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Detail 1&2: 7. Small wooden columns outside (140 x 50 mm) 9. Cross laminated timber floor element outside (189 mm) 10. Cross laminated timber wall element top (147 mm) 23. Gypsum fiber board (fermacell, 12 mm) 24. Insulation between buildings (woodwool board, 30 mm) 25. Insulation underneath floor element (PIR, 70mm Rc 5) 26. Moisture diffusing membrane (Ubbink Multivab UV resistant) 27. Battens (18 x 48 mm horizontal) (20 x 45 mm vertical) 28. Douglas fir boarding (22 mm vertical plane and 20 mm horizontal plane) 31. Separating foil underneath concrete floor 32. Floor heating (tubes and brackets) 34. Rubber flooring (noraplan, 5 mm)
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Detail 3 & 4: 2. Steel beam (HE180B) 3. Steel wind bracing (metal plate 130 x 90 mm, metal rod round 25 mm) 6. Cross laminated timber wall element bottom (147 mm) 8. Cross laminated timber floor element inside (189 mm) 9. Cross laminated timber floor element outside (189 mm) 10. Cross laminated timber wall element top (147 mm) 11. Covering plate below beam (Lenotec 20 mm) 14. Wooden window frame (67 x 114 mm) 19. Glazing tape 20. Double glazing 22. Glazing bar horizontal direction 23. Gypsum fiber board (fermacell, 12 mm) 24. Insulation between buildings (woodwool board, 30 mm) 25. Insulation underneath floor element (PIR, 70mm Rc 5) 26. Moisture diffusing membrane (Ubbink Multivab UV resistant) 27. Battens (18 x 48 mm horizontal) (20 x 45 mm vertical) 28. Douglas fir boarding (22 mm vertical plane and 20 mm horizontal plane) 29. Insulation on top of floor (jackodur, 20 mm) 30. Insulation band against wall (20 mm) 31. Separating foil underneath concrete floor 32. Floor heating (tubes and brackets) 33. Cement screed floor (59 mm) 34. Rubber flooring (noraplan, 5 mm)
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Detail 5: 1. Steel column (HE140B) 4. Wooden blocks in column 5. Insulation in steel column (PIR) 6. Cross laminated timber wall element bottom (147 mm) 7. Small wooden columns outside (140 x 50 mm) 12. DPC foil 13. Plate against steel beam (multiplex 20 mm) 14. Wooden window frame (67 x 114 mm) 15. Wooden batten (38 x 100 mm) 16. Insulation behind window frame (high quality insulation damp open (Kingspan)) 17.Plate against window frame and wooden batten (multiplex 20 mm) 18. Airtight tape 19. Glazing tape 20. Double glazing 21. Covering plate steel column/glazing bar vertical direction (Lenotec) 23. Gypsum fiber board (fermacell, 12 mm) 24. Insulation between buildings (woodwool board, 30 mm) 26. Moisture diffusing membrane (Ubbink Multivab UV resistant) 27. Battens (18 x 48 mm horizontal) (20 x 45 mm vertical) 28. Douglas fir boarding (22 mm vertical plane and 20 mm horizontal plane)
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EXPLODED VIEW
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MATERIALS AND BUILDING ORDER
Steel column (HE140B)
The steel column is the first element of the detail which is in place. On top of the steel column a metal plate is welded in order to attach the steel beam (nr. 2). The steel frame creates the possibility to change the span direction of the floor. The steel has a protective coating.
Steel beam (HE180B)
The steel beam is connected to the steel column (nr. 1) by bolting it onto the metal plate which is welded on top of the column. The steel frame creates the possibility to change the span direction of the floor. The steel has a protective coating.
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Steel wind bracing (metal plate 130 x 90 A metal plate is welded against the column and beam. The wind bracing is atmm, metal rod round 25 mm) tached to this metal plate. On this level the wind bracing together with the steel frame (nr. 1 and 2) provides the stability in the plane parallel to the faรงade. On the other levels partition walls provide the stability in this direction. The steel has a protective coating.
Wooden blocks in column
In the column (nr. 1) wooden blocks are placed in order to fix a multiplex plate (nr. 13) against it.
Insulation in steel column (PIR)
Inside the column (nr. 1) insulation is placed.
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Cross laminated timber wall element bottom (147 mm)
The cross laminated timber wall element is placed between the steel column (nr. 1) and fixed to the floor element by using screws (see construction explanation). Onto the steel columns (1) and beams (nr. 2) are metal plates welded. The cross laminated timber wall element is fixed to the steel column by bolting it to these plates.
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Small wooden columns outside (140 x 50 mm)
On the outside wooden columns are attached to the CLT floor element (not visible in the detail) by using mounting brackets.
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Cross laminated timber floor element inside (189 mm)
The cross laminated timber floor element is placed between the steel beam (nr. 2) and on top of the wall element (nr. 6) (see construction explanation).
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Cross laminated timber floor element outside (189 mm)
The cross laminated timber floor element is placed between the steel beam (nr. 2) and on top of the small wooden columns (nr. 7) using mounting brackets to attach it (see construction explanation).
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Cross laminated timber wall element top The cross laminated timber wall element is placed on top of the CLT floor (147 mm) elements (nr. 8 and 9) and attached by using screws (see construction explanation).
Filling plate below beam (lenotec 20 mm)
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A plate is used to cover the steel beam (nr. 2) in which the CLT floor elements (nr. 8 and 9) are placed. The CLT floor elements have a recess in which the plate fits, because of this there is one continues line from one CLT floor element to the other.
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DPC foil
DPC foil is placed around the column (nr. 1).
Plate against steel beam (multiplex 20 mm)
A multiplex plate is attached to the wooden blocks (nr. 4) inside the column (nr. 1) by screws. The DPC foil (nr. 12) is fixed by this multiplex plate
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Wooden window frame (67 x 114 mm) The window frame is attached to the multiplex plate (nr. 13) and the CLT floor element (nr. 9) by using mounting brackets. The window frame is painted white to protect it from the weather conditions.
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Wooden batten (38 x 100 mm) 15
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Between the wooden batten (nr. 15) and the window frame (nr. 14) insulation Insulation behind window frame (high quality insulation damp open (Kingspan)) is placed.
Plate against window frame and wooden To cover the window frame (nr. 14) a plate is placed against the wooden batten (nr. 15) and the multiplex (nr. 13). The DPC foil (nr. 12) is fixed to this batten (multiplex 20 mm) part using staples. Airtight tape
The airtight tape is placed on top of the connection of the CLT wall element at the bottom (nr. 6) and the steel column (nr. 1). The tape is used to prevent air from entering the construction.
Glazing tape
Glazing tape is placed against the inside of the window frame (nr. 14) and against the inside of the glazing bar (nr. 21 and 22).
Double glazing
The glass is placed in the window frame (nr. 14) and fixed by the Lenotec covering plate (nr. 21) in the vertical direction and with a glazing bar (nr. 22) in the horizontal direction. In order to fit the glass the wind bracing (nr. 3) might have to be partly removed since there is only a very limited amount of space between the wind bracing and the window frame.
Covering plate steel column/glaslat vertical direction (lenotec)
A Lenotec plate is used to cover the steel column (nr. 1) and to hold the glass (nr. 20) in place. It is fitted in a recess in the CLT wall element (nr. 6). The cover plate creates one continues line from the CLT wall element to the glass. The seem is closed using kit.
Rebate horizontal direction
In the horizontal direction a glazing bar is used to fixate the glass (nr. 20). The seem is closed using kit.
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A wooden batten is attached to the multiplex plate (nr. 13) by using mounting brackets. The DPC foil (nr. 12) runs over the batten.
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Gypsum fibre board (fermacell, 12 mm) A fermacell plate is used to even out the surface on the outside of the partition wall, since the steel elements stick out from the CLT elements. This plate could be used to create a fire proof layer between the two houses. The CLT structural elements (nr. 6, 8, 9 and 10) are in this way protected. It is strange thought that the steel construction does not have this fire protection. It remains unclear if it is only used to fill in a gap or if it has an additional function.
Insulation between buildings (wood-wool Against the fermacell plate (nr. 23) insulation is placed using screws with board, 30 mm) pressure distributing plates. This insulation mainly has the purpose of sound insulation between the buildings. Because the building is directly placed against another building the insulation does not have a thermal purpose.
Insulation underneath floor element (PIR, Underneath the CLT floor element (nr. 9) insulation is placed which is fixed 70mm Rc 5) against the wood by screwing laths (nr. 27) on the insulation and CLT floor element. The insulation is also placed between the wooden columns (nr. 7).
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Moisture diffusing membrane (Ubbink Multivab UV resistant)
Against the wooden columns (nr. 7) and the insulation underneath the CLT floor element (nr. 25) a watertight membrane is placed. The membrane is attached to the elements by the battens (nr. 27) on top. This to protect the construction behind from water entering but also to make sure that the underlaying structure is no longer visible. Because this foil is partly exposed to sunlight it has to be UV resistant.
Battens (18 x 48 mm horizontal) (20 x 45 mm vertical)
Against the insulation underneath the CLT floor element (nr. 25) and the wooden columns (nr. 7) wooden battens are fixed in order to attach the douglas boarding (nr. 28).
Douglas fir boarding (22 mm vertical plane and 20 mm horizontal plane)
The boarding laths are painted white in order to protect them from the weather conditions and attached to the battens (nr. 27) using nails. The douglas boarding laths in the vertical plane are skew, like this water can easily drip of the elements.
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Insulation on top of floor (jackodur, 20 mm)
On top of the CLT floor elements (nr. 8 and 9) insulation is placed. The insulation mainly prevents the heath from the floor heating going into the construction below instead of in the room. It also functions as impact sound insulation although this is not its main purpose.
Insulation band against wall (20 mm)
Against the CLT wall element (nr. 10) a band of insulation is placed. This insulation makes sure that the concrete floor can expand horizontally and move if necessary.
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Separating foil underneath concrete floor On top of the insulation (nr. 29) on the CLT floor elements a foil is placed. This foil makes sure that the concrete floor (nr. 33) can move freely. The concrete most likely will move and when it would be attached to the insulation it would break things when it does. 31
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Floor heating (tubes and brackets)
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Tubes for the floor heating are placed on top of the insulation (nr. 29) and the foil (nr. 31). The tubes are attached by pushing plastic brackets over the tubes into the insulation.
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Cement screed floor (59 mm)
A cement floor is placed on top of the CLT floor elements (nr. 8 and 9), insulation (nr. 29) and foil (nr. 31). Inside the cement floor a floor heating system (nr. 32) is installed.
Rubber flooring (noraplan, 5 mm)
On top of the cement floor (nr. 33) rubber flooring.
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A7 INCONSISTENCIES REFLECTION
For gathering information about the building and detail we used drawings provided by the architect and we went by the office to ask some questions after visiting the building itself. Uda Visser from MEESVISSER, talked mainly about the general structure of the building. Unfortunately, we were not able to get all the details or a lot of very specific answers. Also in the various sources were, as expected, inconsistent at some points. So we did have a good starting point but there was still a lot to figure out for ourselves. In gathering materials for the model, we tried to search for the real materials. This resulted in a model with hardly no falsified elements. When making the analysis, drawings and model we came across some strange parts and inconsistencies. These inconsistencies will be elaborated on in the following pages. In some cases, we were forced to recreate a part in the model or drawings in a slightly different way, but there are also some things we changed because we thought it would be better to do it differently.
DIRECTION WOODEN BATTENS
The direction of the wooden battens is wrong in our own model. The direction shown in the three dimensional drawing on the left is the right direction. However, we think that the direction in the model fits better within the concept of the building. The direction used in the model namely strengthens the importance of the orientation of the building.
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BRACKET WINDOW FRAME
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In the real building they used an angle profile over the whole length of the frame to attach the window frame to the cross laminated floor panel above. But this is a bit too much since the frame already has a certain stiffness on its own. Therefor you would only need to use a few brackets, so this solution we used in the model.
MISSING CURTAIN RAIL
In the drawings we received from the architect, a curtain rail recess in the Lenotec beam cover is drawn. However this curtain rail is not visible in the images, so it is unclear if this part is installed in the building.
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FLOORS OVERLAP WALLS
In the model shown on the left, it is visible that the floor overlaps the wall underneath it. We don’t know what the specific reason is for this.
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When placing the glass in the window frame there is only a very limited amount of space to manoeuvre because the wind bracing is really close to the window. It is obstructing the glass from entering. So in order to fit the glass they might have placed the glass already inside the building against the wind bracing before installing the window frame. It might have been an option to slide it in between from the side. But another option could have been that they temporarily removed one of the diagonals of the wind bracing, this of course involves risks because the building structure at that moment doesn’t have the stability it requires anymore.
DIRECTION CLT FLOOR
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The cross-laminated-timber panels consist of several layers with all a specific direction. Because in our model the column dimensions are a bit smaller we used one layer less in the floor elements than there are visible in the drawings. This causes that the floor elements are a bit thinner in the model than in the drawing.
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WATER RETAINING FOIL
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The foil underneath the douglas cladding isn’t properly shown in the drawings provided by the architect. In our model and drawings, we made it behind the whole surface of the cladding. To attach the ends of the foil we added a wooden lath and attached the foil to it using staples.
JOINT STEEL COLUMN AND STEEL BEAM
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To give the structure stability a steel construction is implemented within the cross laminated wood elements. In order to connect the beam to the column a steel plate is welded on top of the column. This did not become clear in the drawings though. The beam and the column also have different dimensions which results in an improper joint. They also used a profile for the beam which is normally used for columns and the other way around. We don’t know why this is done. In our model the measurements of the steel beam and column differ a bit from the drawings provided by the architect, this was because we were only able to get the material in these dimensions.
WINDBRACING
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In order to attach the steel rod to the steel plate in the model a u-profile is welded to end of the rod. Like this the rod can be bolted to the steel plate. We used this option because the connection element which is used in the building was to expensive. In the drawings we did make the intricate connecting element.
FLOOR FINISHING We were not able to use linoleum for the floor finishing. Instead of that we use grey cardboard to finish the floor.
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REFERENCES Cradle to Cradle Certified. (2017). Cradle to Cradle Certified Products Registry. Retrieved from http://www. c2ccertified.org/products/registry Detail. (2016). Residence in Amsterdam. Detail, 2016(2), 42-47. McDonough, W., & Braungart, M. (2003, September). Towards a sustaining architecture for the 21st century: the promise of cradle-to-cradle design. UNEP Industry and Environment, 26(2-3), 13-16. Retrieved from http://www. uneptie.org/division/media/review/vol26no2-3/voL26_no2-3.htm MEESVISSER. (2015). About us. Retrieved from http://www.meesvisser.com/office/#bio Modulogreen. (2015). ModulogreenÂŽ Living Walls. Retrieved from http://www.modulogreen.pt/en/modulogreen%C2%AE-living-walls Modulogreen. (2015). Modulogreen Specification. Retrieved from http://www.bynaturedesign.ca/wp-content/ uploads/2014/05/ModuloGreen-Specification-Generation2-May-2015.pdf (http://www.schelfhout-beton.be/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Tabel-isolatiewaarde_w_NL.pdf) Thoma. (2015). Bauteilkatalog. Retrieved from http://www.thoma.at/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Holz100_ Bauteilkatalog_Mrz_2014.pdf Thoma. (n.d.). The idea behind Holz100. Retrieved from http://www.thoma.at/en/holz100
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