FLOOD RESILIENT CITY. Relationship between City and Water. The case of Shkoder. 2

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BIODIVERSITY Shkodra’s location, with Lake of Shkodra and its national park at the heart of the city, but also with the river of Buna and the mountains and hills surrounding it, is a remarkable hub of biodiversity. With over 1900 plant species and over 270 bird species on the Lake of Shkodra only, with unique coastal vegetation and endangered bird and fish species on the Buna River and Velipoje, and not forgetting the endangered birds and diverse plant life on the mountains surrounding Shkodra.

TThe Lake of Shkodra is home to over 350 species of microfauna, 236 bird species, a relatively high number of endemic species including the endangered Dalmatian Pelican and Pygmy Cormorant, and over 50 fish species including the endemic Shkodra roach and bleak. The river of Buna area also supports different endangered fish as the European Eel and the Balkan Trout, not to forget the rare bird species like the Great White Egret. As for the mountains part of the area, due to the height reaching up to 1900 meters and having 4 different height related zones, have a rich fauna including the critically endangered Balkan Lynx, as well as over 200 bird species.

When talking about the flora different altitudes contribute to separation into Macchia, Oak, Beech and Alpine Pastures zones depending on altitudes from 400-1900 m, with six plant and twenty vascular plant species endangered.

In the are we have the freshwater habitats, with three groups of aquatic plants on the Buna River; the woodlands with the alluvial forests on the banks of Buna and mixed forests, the flooded wet pastures that contain feeding habitats for birds mostly; and rocky habitats with calcareous composition ad not forgetting wetlands species like common reed or water lilies.

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1900

70 cm

Plant species

30 cm

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Bird species

Dalmatian Pelican

Pygmy Cormorant

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Great White Egret

Brown Bear

European Fox

Marten

Black-crowned Eurasian Eagle-Owl Night Heron

Balkan Lynx

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Microfauna

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Sea Lamprey

Striped Bass

80 cm

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Sheatfish

Eel

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Marble Trout

Balkan Trout

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Freshwater molluscs

Salamander

European Green Toad

European Pond Tortoise

Alpine Newt

Common Wall Gecko

Green Whip Snake

Asp Viper

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JFMAMJJASOND

JFMAMJJASOND

Image 68. Fauna analysis Image 69. Flora analysis Image 70. Biodiversity map of Shkoder

Greater Spotted Eagle

European Roller

JFMAMJJASOND

JFMAMJJASOND

Betula Pendula

Ulmus

Prunus Padus

Acer Rubrum

Tilia Cordata

Cercis Siliquastrum

Acer Saccharum

Narcissus Pseudonarcissus

Fraxinus Ornus

Salix

Lavandula Stoechas

Gaura Lindheimeri

Acer Platanoides

Tilia Platyphyllos

Celtis Australis

Rudbeckia fulgida

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Image 71. Synthesis map

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3 The area in question is defined by the Kiri river, which separates the city's urban core from the surrounding rural areas.

The industrial district covers a significant region of the city and divides it from the peri-urban area that borders it.

The area has various issues, including pollution of the water caused by discharge of waste into the river, soil erosion, and trash accumulation.

The linear district along the river banks is separated on the left by an elevated railway line and on the right by the river, resulting isolated from the city.

Image 72. Isolation critical area Image 73. Intersection critical area Image 74. Division critical area Image 75. Tissue analysis of "division" area

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2 The conflict area represents Shkoder's entry point and is marked by the intersection of three roadways and the confluence of the rivers Kiri and Drin in the Buna.

Highway intersection creates difficulty on traffic circulation.

The rivers cause flooding of the roadway and bridges, impeding the main entrance to the city, interrupting commerce routes, and cutting road connectivity with the rest of the country.

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1 The area is bordered by the lake on the left and the city on the right. The construction of the By-Pass, an elevated highway, has caused the division between city and lake.

The floods affect the area, causing extensive damage, economic loss and crops destruction.

The By-Pass infrastructure, built to protect against floods and divert traffic, appears to interrupt the permeability between the city and the lake, becoming a barrier for both people and biodiversity. This intervention has created extensive damage to the ecosystem and water drainage, as well as being useless to stop flooding.

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L A C K O U T S Natural: defined by the vegetation that forms different elements such as cores, patches, corridors and stepping stones.

Rural: grid mesh defined in the past by the centration that took place during the socialist period

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CHAPTER III - Site -

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S I T E A N A LYS I S

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The focus area of this project is the east part of the city, facing and connecting with the national park and consequently so, with the lake.

This were, initially entirely occupied by natural vegetations, was reduced to make space for the expanding of the city and the conversion of the terrain into agricultural land on the last century.

In the beginning of the new millennium, dirt roads were the only connection of the city to the lake, allowing the permeability in the transition area between the city and the natural environment.

2003

Today, the urban area is bounded by the ring road, which houses bus stops and cycle paths. The peri-urban area outside the ring road has industrial complexes surrounded by single-family homes.

This domain is delimited by the rural area, formed mainly by agricultural fields and permanent grasslands.

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The rural domain is divided by an important elevated infrastructure which prevents the permeability between city and nature.

This infrastructure has in fact created many problems: - prevents the outflow of rainwater from the city to the lake; - represents a physical barrier for people, forced to cross it in only two specific points; ty

creates damage to biodiversiby causing light and noise pollution;

- allows flood water to enter the urban area due to openings underneath the infrastructure.

In addition to this, outside the urban domain there is a lack of public functions such as schools, sports areas or simply common spaces such as parks.

Image 76. Areal photo of the site Image 77. 2003-2023 Image 78. Google maps photos of the site between the year 2003 and 2023

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BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOT

Image 79. Aeral photo of site key aspects Image 80. Analysis map of the site

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LACK OF SERVICES

INFRASTRUCTURE BARRIER

FLOOD RISK

FORMER INDUSTRY

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F LO O D S A N A LYS I S

WATER LEVEL RISE

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AVERAGE METEO DATA

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Image 81. Flood analysis of last 7 years.

Image 82. Average meteo data Image 83. Flood analysis map

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POLLUTION

Image 84. Section of the site representing the different problems with integrated photos Image 85. NBS

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LACK OF SERVICES

INFRASTRUCTURE BARRIER

FLOOD RISK

FORMER INDUSTRY

NATURAL BASED SOLUTION FOR FLOOD RISK MANAGMENT 85

1) REFORESTATION/AFFORESTATION - planting trees - restoring forests

2) WETLAND RESTORATION - natural buffer against flooding

3)SUSTAINABLE LAND MANAGMENT - soil conservation - terracing - contour farming - crop densification

4)GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE natural or engineered features: - green roofs - rain gardens - permeable pavements

- reduce soil erosion - regulate water flow - carmbon sequestration - biodiversity conservation - livelihood improvement

- absorb water - storing water - reducing peak flows - filtering pollutants - improoving water quality - enhancing biodiversity - recreational opportunities

Reduce the impact of floods on agricultural lands, improving resilience on farming communities.

- reduce soil erosion - increase sol water holding capacities - improve crop productivity

- reduce runoff - increase inflitration - improve watr quality - improving urban aestethics - enhancing biodiversity

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LET-IN

ABSORB

PUSH OUT

Protect areas by using landform or infrastructure element to impede water entrance.

Letting water inside, with control, to permit the storage of water and the following re-use in different purpose.

The flood can be absorbed by the terrain and also by using nature based solution: - restoring wetlands - use permeable vegetation - planting fruit trees that need a lot of water - agriculture, by cultivating corn, rice, soia - aquaponics, by using a system of floating platforms with vegetables (vegetables crops, requires a lot of water)

Taking water outside.

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LIM ICE

BREAKING BARRIERS

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SERVICES INTRODUCTION

NATURAL LINK

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IDENTIT Y AND VISION

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TOPOGRAPHY TO CONTROL FLOOD

RESTORING THE CONNECTION

NEW PUBLIC ACTIVITES

Image 89. ....

Image 90. Strategies logos

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Image 91. Strategy maps Image 92. Strategy sections Image 93. Axos

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DESIGN CONCEPT AND MASTERPLAN 94

Image 94. Design concept Image 95. Masterplan

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RURAL GRID + AXIS

DEFINING TRANSECTS

LANDFORMS

FUNCTIONS

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NO FLOOD +6,00 m

AVERAGE +7,50 m

CROSS SECTION COMMUNITY

Image 96. Flood scenario diagram Image 97. Transects cross sections

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CROSS SECTION SPORT

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HIGH +9,00 m

GREAT +10,50 m

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CROSS SECTION AGRICULTURE

CROSS SECTION WILDLIFE

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Image 98. Bird-eye view of project

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VIEW FROM WILDLIFE TOWER

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Image 99. Perspective view from Community Tower Image 100. Community transect

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VIEW FROM SILOS TOWER

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Image 101. Perspective view from Silos Tower Image 102. Agriculture transect

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SPORT 103

VIEW FROM CLIMBING TOWER 104

Image 103. Perspective view from Climbing Tower Image 104. Sport transect Image 105. Perspective view from Wildlife Tower Image 106. Wildlife transect

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WILDLIFE 105

VIEW FROM COMMUNITY TOWER 106

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REFE RENCES - H a n s Ta v s e n ’s P a r k a n d Ko r s g a d e - S L A

- Jinhua Yanweizhou Park

Architects: studio SLA and firm Ramboll

Architects: Turenscape Landscape Architecture Location: Jinhua, China

Location: Copenhagen, Denmark Year: 2016 — 2025

Year: 2014 This project is interesting as regards the use of riparian vegetation to ensure that the water flow of rivers is slowed down and get absorb by these plants. The park is connected by elevated pedestrian bridges.

This project allow to let-in rainwater within this park. It has several spaces for public activities which, if necessary, become rainwater tanks.

This project is interesting for reducing the effect of floods in urban areas.

(Dezeen, 2016)

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(Dezeen, 2014)

- Blue Plan for Copenhagen Harbour

- Big U

Architects: Tredje Natur and PK3

Architects: BIG Bjarke Ingels Group

Location: Copenhagen, Denmark

Location: New York, USA

Year: 2013

Year: 2013

The masterplan presents relevant volumes, which change the landscape by becoming landmarks. This project is a reference on opportunities related the use of landforms to counter floods.

By adapting this concept to my site, i could achieve the transect that host wild life.

Big U was a reference to be able to give to the project an added value by ensuring these new areas were not simply spaces to counter floods, but that could become public spaces for the community.

(Architizer, n.d.)

(Arquitecturaviva, 2023)

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CURRENT

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CONCLUSION 108

The project proposal seeks to restore the lost connection between the city and Lake Park, interrupted by the West Bypass, and counteract the devastating action of the floods that afflict the area.

The project involves the restoration of the four axes that connect the east wing of the city to the lake, through the construction of two new pedestrian bridges, reducing the distance between the axes, which can now be reached in 10 minutes on foot.

The creation of green and blue corridors along the axes, in turn, allows for greater animal resilience towards the urban area.

The use of flood control strategies allows for the control of flood flows and the reduction of their speed, in order to protect the city.

These strategies differ according to the identity of each axis, allowing for the creation of different dynamics and interactions in each design transect.

The integration of different functions and activities based on the identity of each transept, given by the location and the context, compensate for the needs of public spaces of the city.

This project has become the goal of implementing coexistence and resilience between the city and nature, specifically by becoming an example of how to deal with the issue of flood risk.

PROJECT

Image 107. Current site Image 108. Project overview

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LIST OF IMAGES

Image 1. Most relevant European countries by percentage of flood risk 9 Source: author elaboration after visualcapitalista.com Image 2. Map of flood risk in Albania 9 Source: author elaboration after Pojani E., Tola M. ,"The effect of Climate Change on the water sector with a case study of Albania: An economic perspective" Image 3. Plumbi Mosque during flood, 2021 Source: https://www.euronews.com/green/2022/11/24/an-act-of-god-the-european-countries-where-homeownersshould-be-most-worried-about-climate 9 Image 4. Shkoder, Bulevardi Zogu I during great flood in 2010 Source: https://www.naharnet.com/stories/en/155912 9 Image 5. Shkoder, entrance of the city during great flood in 2010 Source: https://www.alamy.com/a-resident-wades-on-a-flooded-road-in-shkoder-some-120-km-75-miles-northwest-of-thecapital-tirana-albania-on-thursday-dec-2-2010 9 Image 6. Collage city key aspects Source: author 10 Image 7. Visualization of future great flood in 2050 Source: author 12 Image 8. Collage of historical places, figures and buildings Source: author 15 Image 9. Skhodra Lake photo Source: https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liqeni_i_Shkodr%C3%ABs 16 Image 10. Shkoder city aeral photo Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shkod%C3%ABr 16 Image 11. Hydropower plant aeral photo Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Albania 16 Image 12. Highway aeral photo Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rAc3MccsaNg 16 Image 13. Schemes of Shkoder about biodiversity, built-up, open spaces, infrastructure and water system.

Source: Author elaboration after PPV Bashkija Shkoder

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16 Image 14. Key map of the Skhoder region location in Albania Source: author 16 Image 15. Population percentage in each albanian region Source: author elaboration after Republika e Shqipërisë Instituti I Stastistikave 18 Image 16. Albanian population in age groups Source: author elaboration after Republika e Shqipërisë Instituti I Stastistikave 18 Image 17. Albanian interal immigrational routes Source: author elaboration after Republika e Shqipërisë Instituti I Stastistikave 18 Image 18. Shkoder municipality inhabitant percentage Source: author elaboration after Republika e Shqipërisë Instituti I Stastistikave 18 Image 19. Skhoder Province inhabitants by age population Source: author elaboration after Republika e Shqipërisë Instituti I Stastistikave 18 Image 20. Map of Shkoder region and percentage of inhabitants Source: author elaboration after Republika e Shqipërisë Instituti I Stastistikave 18 Image 21. Diagrams on the albanian population Source: author elaboration after Republika e Shqipërisë Instituti I Stastistikave Image 22. Satellite view of Shkoder Source: author elaboration after Nasa Earth Observatory Image 23. City location Source: author 18 Image 24. City development during Ottoman Empire Source: author elaboration after Shpuza E., "Transformation of urban form in Shkodër during the Ottoman period", (2021) 23 Image 25. City development during the last century Source: author 23 Image 26. City view of rozafa Castle in1900 Source: Albanian Photography, “The Photo Collection of Sultan Abdul Hamid II”,1878-1900 24 Image 27. City view of rozafa Castle in 1940 Source: G.Massani, “Albania: testo e foto di Giuseppe Massani”,1940

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24 Image 28. City view of rozafa Castle in 1987 Source: Colin's Webpages, “Albania Travelogue”,1987 24 Image 29. City view of rozafa Castle in 2022 Source: milosk50, “View at Shkodra city”,Adobe Stock.

24 Image 30. Buna bridge view, (1940 left, 2022 right) 26 Image 31. Taraboshi hill view, (1913 left, 2023 right) Source: Gabriel Louis-Jaray, “L’Albanie inconnue”, 1913, Source: Vila Shqiperia, “Shiroka 96”, 2023 26 Image 32. Rozafa Castle view, (1901 left, 2005 right) Source: Baron Alexandre Degrand, “Souvenirs de la Haute-Albanie”,1901, Wikipedia website, “Rozafa”, 2005 26 Image 33. Bacalleku bridge view, (1900 left, 2022 right) Source: Albanian Photography, “The Photo Collection of Sultan Abdul Hamid II”,1878-1900, YuliaBulgakova, Adobe Stock, 2022 26 Image 34. Urban development map Source: author 28 Image 35. Synthesis map Source: author 28 Image 36. Historical development map Source: author 28 Image 37. Google Map views Source: Googlemap.com 30 Image 38. Domains analysis Source: author 32 Image 39. Domains identification Source: author 32 Image 40. Domains map 32 Image 41. Street view photos Source: author elaboration after Googlemap.com 34 Image 42. City domains

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Source: author elaboration after Googlemap.com 34 Image 43. Built-updevelopement between years 2000 and 2020 Source: author 36 Image 44. Built-up synthesis map Source: author 36 Image 45. Built-up main elements Source: author elaboration after Googlemap.com 36 Image 46. Buit-up map Source: author elaboration after PPV Bashkija Shkodres 36 Image 47. Architectural styles in Shkoder Source: author 38 Image 48. City built up deep in Source: author 38 Image 49. Infrastructure historical development maps 40 Image 50. Infrastructure typology 40 Image 51. Synthesis map of infrastructure 40 Image 52. Infrastructure map Source: author elaboration after PPV Bashkija Shkodres 40 Image 53. Infrastructures typologies during centuries Source: author 42 Image 54. Schemes of actual infrastructural typologies Source: author 42 Image 55. Open space developement between years 2000 and 2020 Source: author 44 Image 56. Synthesis map of Shkoder open space development Source: author 44

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Image 57. Open space typologies Source: author elaboration after Googlemap.com 44 Image 58. Open space map 44 Source: author elaboration after PPV Bashkija Shkodres Image 59. Section key plan 46 Source: author elaboration after Google map Image 60. Main crops in the area 46 Source: author elaboration in PPV Bashkija Shkodres Image 61. Panoramic and aeral photos of open spaces 46 Source: Adobe stock/Shkoder-Albania Image 62. Floods recordings through the last centuries Source: author elaboration in PPV Bashkija Shkodres 48 Image 63. Seasonal flood diagram Source: author elaboration in PPV Bashkija Shkodres 48 Image 64. Synthesis map of Shkoder flooding areas 48 Source: author elaboration in PPV Bashkija Shkodres Image 65. Water system typologies Source: author elaboration after Google map 48 Image 66. Water systems and flood risk map Source: author elaboration in PPV Bashkija Shkodres 48 Image 67. Collage with photos of main floods Source: author 50 Image 68. Fauna analysis Source: author elaboration in PPV Bashkija Shkodres 52 Image 69. Flora analysis Source: author elaboration in PPV Bashkija Shkodres 52

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Image 70. Biodiversity map of Shkoder Sourche: author 52 Image 71. Synthesis map Source: author 54 Image 72. Isolation critical area Source: author elaboration after Googlemaps.com 56 Image 73. Intersection critical area Source: author elaboration after Googlemaps.com 56 Image 74. Division critical area Source: author elaboration after Googlemaps.com 56 Image 75. Tissue analysis of "division" area Source: Author 56 Image 76. Areal photo of the site Source: Studjo Jakaj Production 59 Image 77. 2003-2023 Source: author 59 Image 78. Google maps photos of the site between the year 2003 and 2023 Source: Googlemap.com 59 Image 79. Aeral photo of site key aspects Source: author elaboration after wikipedia.com/shkoder-albania 60 Image 80. Analysis map of the site Source: author 60 Image 81. Flood analysis of last 7 years.

Source: author 62 Image 82. Average meteo data Source: author 62

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