Designing For Circularity

DESIGNING FOR CIRCULARITY A Design Proposal for Coop-byen through Methods of Circular Economy

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Thesis in Landscape Architecture 2021

Designing for Circularity A Design Proposal for Coop-byen through Methods of Circular Economy 30 ECTS-point Master Thesis in Landscape Architecture Department of Geoscience and Nature Resource Management Faculty of Science University of Copenhagen Supervisor: Jan Støvring Dates: 31st of January 2021 - 31st of May 2021 Authors:

Alberte Caspersen Borup bls326

Nina Trock-Jansen cxv308

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The completion of this thesis would not have been possible without the help and guidance of certain individuals, to whom we are especially grateful.

We would like to express our thanks to landscape architect Martin Hedevang Andersen and the committe Danske Landskabsarkitekters Udvalg for Cirkulær Økonomi, for pointing out the importance of circular economy in Danish landscape architecture and for sharing their knowledge on the subject through lectures and conversations thus kickstarting our interest in the topic.

Thank you landscape architect and Head of Studies, Torben Dam, for inspiring feedback and interest in our work both prior to and during the project.

We would also like to thank our fellow students, for the mutual encouragement, good work environment, as well as their technical and creative inputs, especially during those times in which COVID-19 impacted our work.

Finally, we offer a special thank you to our supervisor at the University of Copenhagen, landscape architect Jan Støvring, for his consistently constructive feedback, extensive knowledge and insight on the topic as well as his continuous availability, impeccable overview, and willingness to answer what questions we might pose.

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Peaking into Coop’s distribution in Albertslund.

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Picture from a late night in our home office where we experimented with scales, connections and spatialities from a simple work model made of reused foam blocks, thread, needles and wooden sticks.

ABSTRACT

This thesis takes its starting point in the current headquarters for the retail group Coop in Albertslund. After functioning as a headquarter and distribution center from the 1960s until today, the area is now scheduled to be a supplementary district in Albertslund called Coop-byen. The project was already assigned a masterplan by an architectural company. The masterplan included a proposal based on innovative and sustainable methods to preserve the Coop-identity and offer varied housing and recreative areas to attract 4.500 new citizens to the municipality. After examining the masterplan, we saw the potential in creating an alternative design proposal through principles of circular economy.

Through our research of circular economy, we learned that it is a topic of great and immediate importance. However, we did find that a lot of the knowledge on circular economy in landscape architecture, as well as the methods of incorporating it to landscapes and urban spaces, to be underdeveloped and underexplored. In this thesis, we would like to explore the possibilities of making a design proposal for Coop-byen through principles of circular economy. By registering the existing structures of Coop, such as pavements, vegetation and constructions, and investigating the historical and cultural narrative, we have discovered that the area contains many preservable elements. The technical and aesthetic properties of these elements were studied to highlight their circular potentials. The circular approach was prioritized both when planning the area and when designing more detailed solutions, and circular design methods were thereby explored at multiple scales. This was finalised in a circular design proposal for Coop-byen, which would offer varied housing typologies, a main pedestrian street, vibrant court yards and multiple squares with different functions, all based in the existing settings of Coop. We hope that this thesis will inspire more circular design approaches in the future.

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MOTIVATION

The motivation for writing this thesis came from presentations and debates, through which we learned about the necessity of rethinking our current work methods in landscape architecture.

At first, circular economy seemed like the obvious choice but the more we learned, the more aware we became of the complexity and barriers connected to it. We likewise became aware of the scarcity of our natural resources and the urgency of the issue, which made us dive even further into the world of circular economy. This taught us how many aspects there are to consider.

Each topic was interesting in its own way but the information was scattered, hard to grasp, and to a large extend unconnected to the field of landscape architecture. We discovered the development project in the former Coop headquarters and distribution centre, with a focus on creating a new housing area. As a former industrial distribution centre, the large area had endless possibilities of interesting buildings and vegetation structures, as well as a great range of materials. Many of these materials were rarely recognized for their aesthetics but rather for their technical properties. This made finding the beauty and merit in materials that would often merely be collected and demolished an interesting challenge.

We therefore seized the opportunity to explore the possibilities of working with the development of Coop-byen through methods of circular economy. An additional aim was to inspire and motivate fellow landscape architects in the future and to share knowledge through our investigations and results. This led us to the following research question, which this thesis investigates and ultimately answers:

How can a design proposal for Coop-byen be developed through methods of circular economy?

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METHODS

This thesis is written based on our position as landscape architecture students, which has provided us with tools and the understandings of the design phases that we, as landscape architects, go through when a project proposal is to be made. Differing from other design proposals, the subject of this thesis has been guided by methods of circular economy throughout the many steps of making the proposal.

In many aspects of our work, we have taken an alternative approach to preparing a design proposal and explored potentials in several elements that we might have normally overlooked. This approach has challenged the aesthetic cornerstone that we have acquired during our degree, as well as in the technical skills we have attained in our study of circular economy. In preparation for this thesis, we developed a general understanding and overview of circular economy and its significance to landscape architecture. This took form in a report prior to our thesis which has influenced our further study of the topic. This knowledge already became useful at the very beginning of our thesis, when selecting our case area, which required existing qualities that we could investigate and developed through circular principles. A decision was reached to examine the retail group Coop’s headquarter and distribution centre in Albertslund, which was about to undergo an interesting transformation, as the current distribution centres were to be transformed into a large housing area. As work on the area began, more circular potentials were revealed, than we had first assumed. The opportunity to create innovative solutions became clear.

From visiting the site, we gained a bodily understanding of the spatiality, which to a great extent is planned on a scale to accommodate large trucks and cargo, rather than humans. Through on-site mapping and photography, the spatiality and scale were further explored, for later use in the design proposal. Through the use of maps, we gained an understanding of the quantifiable spaces, which could otherwise be difficult to grasp at a larger scale scale. It also provided the possibility of comparing the site with similar urban structures.

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Photography was used as a tool in recording the existing conditions, and details such as structures, textuality, and colours were documented to examine various correlations between building, vegetation, and pavement to be further assessed. By encapsulating the various areas of Coop, the historical narrative of the area was also passed on and became an important asset in the future design process.

During the design phase, drawing was an important tool, where the existing conditions had great importance. We were constantly reminded not to view the area as a blank canvas, and each drawing was based on current structures with every detail of these taken into account. The overall method in this thesis was largely based on the notion of failing to do too much, which differed from previous design processes in other projects. By using an overhead projector, this approach was explored so that we, in the sketching phase, could add structures to the existing layers. This approach was also used in relation to models of the existing landscape, to allow us to further examine the scales and interventions from the proposals.

Another important method was the collection of empirical material through books, reports and publications. This was necessary to strengthen our knowledge in the field of circular economy, as well as for the materials and circular methods that became a large part of the task and the design proposal. We gained further knowledge through conversations and interviews with landscape architects, students and, distributors of pavement materials, and relied on people outside the field of landscape architecture who could contribute with different understandings of the topic at hand. These conversations have been essential to understanding and working with the topic, especially during the repatriation where we explored the different angles that circular economy holds.

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STRUCTURE

This thesis will present various aspects of circular economy in relation to landscape architecture. This will be examined through the existing landscape and structures of Coop in Albertslund, where various circular design methods will be revealed into a strategic framework and design proposal for the future housing area, Coop-byen. By investigating circular economy through both theoretical contexts and a design proposal, it will explore the many potentials connected to this work method which will be demonstrated through the use of drawings, diagrams, photos and texts. Unless otherwise stated, all photos, diagrams, and drawings are made by the authors.

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CHAPTER 00 INTRODUCING: This chapter will first introduce and account for important aspects of circular economy and relate it to the field of landscape architecture. It will then challenge the contemporary understanding of aesthetics to inspire a change in our design approaches.

CHAPTER 01 UNDERSTANDING: Albertslund was developed during the modernistic era, which had a great impact on the entire area, including Coop. In this chapter, the historical aspects will be explained to provide an understanding of the form and function of Albertslund and Coop today.

Finally, it will present the current design proposal by Henning Larsen Architects, to understand the renewal plan of the future Coop-byen.

CHAPTER 02 PROPOSING: In this chapter, various methods of circular economy are explored in an alternative design proposal for the future housing area, Coop-byen.

CHAPTER 02.01 PROPOSING: This chapter will assess deeper investigations of the circular properties at the site, where more detailed registration of existing materials and structures are explained through a design proposal for the area of focus: Lagerstrøget.

CHAPTER 03 EXPERIMENTING: Through methods of upcycling, this chapter will show innovative examples of the current elements present at Coop to inspire new ideas and work methods.

CHAPTER 04 DISCUSSING: This chapter will reflect on the design and work methods used in this thesis and explore why this way of designing is not always the obvious choice.

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CONTENT 00 INTRODUCING

02 PROPOSING

18

Understanding Circular Economy

58

Strategy: Coop-byen - a Circular District

20

Performing Circular Economy

60

Cataloging for Circularity

22

Investigating Circular Economy

64

Circulating Surfaces

24

A Message in the Aesthetics

70

The Right-Angles Landscape

28

The Utilization of Reusing

74

The Facades Featured in Coop

82

Methods to a Circular Design

84

Restructuring Coop-byen

91

Circular History

94

Circular Buildings

96

Circular Vegetation

98

Circular Pavement

100

Urban Development

104

Scale and Spatial Studies

106

Programme for Coop-byen

116

Masterplan

118

Section of Coop-byen

01 UNDERSTANDING 32

Constructing Albertslund

36

Connecting Albertslund

38

Building Albertslund

40

Using Albertslund

44

The History of Coop

50

Transforming the Landscape of Coop-byen

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02.01 PROPOSING 124

Spatial Studies

128

Circular Excavation Residues

130

Uniting Industrial and Modern Design

132

Pavement Constructions

138

Area of Focus: Lagerstrøget

140

Section of Lagerstrøget

142

Section of Lagerstrøget: East

143

Section of Lagerstrøget: South

04 DISCUSSING

03 EXPERIMENTING 148

Upcycling

150

Material Mapping

152

Bench: Oak Tree + Boulder

154

Seating Plateau: Densiphalt

156

Circular Buildings

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160

Circular Reflections

165

The Little Book for Circular Economy

166

Reference List

1. Introduction

2. Proposal

3. Technical elements

4. Discussion

00 INTRODUCING This chapter will first introduce and account for important aspects of circular economy and relate it to the field of landscape architecture. It will then challenge the contemporary understanding of aesthetics to inspire a change in our design approaches.

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00. introducing

01. understanding

02. proposing

03. experimenting

UNDERSTANDING CIRCULAR ECONOMY

For a long time, our economy has relied on a linear model of production and consumption by producing, using to final be disposed of. To recognize the importance of this process, and thus move towards a more sustainable economy and society, principles of circular economy should be considered. Many different fields of work have described and worked with the term circular economy, which has further been explored by the Ellen MacArthur Foundation. They state that “A circular economy is a systemic approach to economic development designed to benefit businesses, society, and the environment.” (Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2017a). The circular approach can be implemented on different scales, whether it is on an individual level or a large global businesses level according to the Ellen MacArthur Foundation, it can be based on the three following principles: That designs should avoid the creation of pollution and waste, that products and materials must be preserved, reused, and recycled to keep them in a circular system, and last, that the circular economy should be based on a regenerating natural system, to make it possible to for instance return nutrients to the soil and use renewable energy (Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2017b).

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04. discussing

The Ellen MacArthur Foundation has developed a digram explaining the biological and technical materials’ role in the circular economy // Ellen MacArthur Foundation

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00. introducing

01. understanding

02. proposing

03. experimenting

PERFORMING CIRCULAR ECONOMY

For landscape architects to adjust to circular approaches, it is crucial to consider the current working methods - not just in the field of landscape architecture, but in the entire construction industry. This industry is, to a great extent, dominated by a linear economy, which has proven to take a great toll on the global C02-account and the planet’s natural resources. As a part of this industry, it is essential to understand the great responsibility of rationally managing our common resources as well as the importance of changing our approaches from linear to circular (Danske Landskabsarkitekter, 2020). The Danish committee, Danske Landskabsarkitekters Udvalg for Cirkulær Økonomi, share this perspective, and explore circular economy through previously constructed landscape projects as an inspiration for future projects. The committee has described circular economy as a concept and theoretical methods, and adapted the theories to fit the field of landscape architecture. The theories expand on how to enhance value by expanding the lifespan of a product or material, and is divided into four principles. The first of these principles is to change the project area as little as possible and to reuse any vegetation or pavement. The second is to ensure a long lifespan and to create a prolonged circulation through the method of design for dissembling. The third is to extend the lifespan of outworn products or materials by reusing them in a new form.

The fourth and final principle is to keep the materials pure and avoid manufacturing. The materials can by then be used for other projects, and are therefore more likely to be reused (Danske Landskabsarkitekter, 2020).

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04. discussing

Den nære cirkel // The immidiate circle

Langvarig cirkulation // Prolonged circulation

Gentagen genanvendelse // Repeated recycle

Danske Landskabsarkitekter’s committee for Circular Economy are explaining circular economy in relation to landscape architecture through four principles. // Danske Landskabsarkitekter

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Rene cirkler // Pure circles

00. introducing

01. understanding

02. proposing

03. experimenting

INVESTIGATING CIRCULAR ECONOMY

When working with circular economy in a landscape project, the principles of circularity must be considered in every stage of the process. By analysing the landscape, its unique qualities can be discovered, enabling the construction of a more informed design, one based on circular properties. These circular properties can be further explored by investigating different stages in the life cycle of materials or products, before, during and after construction.

The first stage to consider in a material’s life cycle, is the origins and methods of extracting the raw material. Then comes the manufacturing of the product, which contains multiple manufacturing possibilities before it ends up as a final product. Finally, it is the construction of a product that leads to the final project.

Now the possibility of repair can be investigated. If a product can easily be repaired and maintained, the lifespan of a project can be extended. When a project area is cleared, the circular properties present will be revealed by the ability of materials or products to be reused, recycled, or converted. That said, it is essential to understand the difference between these three concepts. A product can be reused if it can be utilized without further manufacturing both directly on-site and in another project. Recycling is when a product is manufactured to appear as a different product than the original. Conversion is when a product is subverted into small fractions, such as aggregates in a new product or base layer. If a product can no longer be in a circular rotation, it ends up in a deposit. This is to be avoided, in order to sustain the circularity of the material and product. All the aforementioned steps require different amounts of energy consumption. This influences the total assessment of a material or product’s circular properties, and it should therefore be considered along with the other stages when designing a project area (Borup and Trock-Jansen, 2021).

Circular economy can be displayed in many ways but cannot be avoided in the field of landscape architecture. Several aspects of a design process can be explored through circular economy and should therefore be an integrated part of the way landscape architects work. When designing with consideration of the existing knowledge, new opportunities can unfold in terms of preserving or regenerating a lost identity of an area. Furthermore, a circular accession can be an important factor for a new and more sustainable aesthetic in landscape architecture.

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04. discussing

Raw material extraction

Conversion

Product manufacturing

Recycle Product

Reuse

Construction

Project

Repair

Depositing

In our previous work we developed a lifecycle diagram to investigate the stages materials undergo in a circular lifespan to understand the circular properties relevant to landscape architecture and the construction industry. // Borup & Trock-Jansen

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00. introducing

01. understanding

02. proposing

03. experimenting

A MESSAGE IN THE AESTHETICS

Landscape architect Sven-Ingvar Andersson describes aesthetics as a phenomenon created through a contemporary understanding of the connection between form and expression. Originally, aesthetics was viewed as equal to art and was also translated into the field of architecture; bygningskunst, havekunst (building art, garden art) etc. Today, we expect more from art than just aesthetics.

It requires power, will, and meaning for it to retain its aesthetics as times change (Olsen, 2003). Methods of communicating aesthetics in landscape architecture can be done through construction, shape, and maintenance. Recently, many municipalities, as well as public and private institutions, have been following the movement Vild med Vilje to promote biodiversity. By changing aesthetics as a way of maintaining nature, instead of letting it evolve and spread, the importance of preserving and respecting nature and allowing it to exist on its terms is communicated.

Theorist Thomas Kuhn describes a radical change in behaviour as a shift in paradigms. Not everyone exercising the field needs to follow the change of behaviour, but enough for it to be described in articles or books and to be further evaluated and exemplified.

Before a paradigm occurs as a code of practice, it undergoes a period where it fights the existing theories and paradigms. It is therefore different from the positivistic expectation of science, where new understandings are being created from the previous, and should not be seen as evolution, but as change (Olsen, 2003).

According to landscape architect, Ib Asger Olsen, the display of a new paradigm in landscape architecture is communicated through new methods of aesthetics which can be seen throughout history. The 1920s was dominated by methods of building large housing blocks with a green courtyard as a contrast to divided backyards. It continued throughout the 1930- 1950s until an ideological critique of the green building structures created a new paradigm. The new paradigm was dominated by housing areas with community grounds arranged according to functions, large surfaces covered in pavement, and fragmented green spaces as seen in Albertslund Syd (Olsen, 2003). What these shifts in paradigm have in common is that they occur as a reaction to contemporary views on society and nature.

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04. discussing

As part of the narrative of Coop lays in broken pavement and worn off paint, and creates beautiful patterns which will be embraced in the future Coop-byen.

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00. introducing

01. understanding

02. proposing

03. experimenting

04. discussing

The high exploitation of nature’s resources, as well as the streams of waste and landfill, are having severe negative repercussions for the planet, which are nearly irreversible. This is reflected in an increasing resource scarcity, reduced biodiversity, significant climate change, and increasing pollution. With the construction industry being accountable for a significant part of the world’s total CO2 emission, this calls for self-examination of the different partakers in the field (Beim et al., 2019). In many ways, the matter comes down to the convergence between the ethics and the aesthetics. Ethics in terms of the knowledge of the negative consequences the linear economy has on our environment, and aesthetics in terms of our traditional understanding of beauty.

These concepts are usually prone to be opposites, since the consumer culture of today usually only allow for one to be dominant (Stylsvig Madsen et al., 2016). It therefore requires a different mindset and a change in our behaviour in terms of producing and using new materials as well as a new understanding of aesthetics.

We need to let ethics determine our aesthetics to a greater extend.

In other words, we need a change in paradigms.

Picture 1

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Picture 2

Picture 3 Picture 1: By recognizing the qualities in the exisiting vegetation by the distribution centre, it can be used in the design proposal for Coop-byen.

Picture 2: Many municipalities have turned to the movement ’Vild med Vilje’, and the picture shows an example where vegetation that have usually been considered as ”weeds” and would be removed, are preserved.

Picture 3: The distribution centre showed various aesthetics like a solitary wall with colourful patches among commodities, plastic wrapping and fork-lifts.

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00. introducing

01. understanding

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03. experimenting

04. discussing

THE UTILIZATION OF REUSING By reusing previously used materials in new projects, it can send a message of circularity. This is relevant in relation to the climate and resource challenges we face. The use of materials and spatiality already present in the project can play a significant role, as the amount of embedded energy has a significant effect on the climate (Stylsvig Madsen et al., 2016). Unfortunately, the matter still faces many challenges. Looking at the market today there is a great challenge in making materials and products competitive in relation to new products (Beim et al., 2019). One of these challenges is to incorporate used products into the current certification schemes and standards for building and construction, which is still inadequate. Furthermore, the processes of reusing, recycling, and converting can be associated with more expenses than merely buying new products. As long as it is not a legal requirement for companies in the construction industry to utilize a sustainable or circular production, fewer will be motivated to research, develop, and invest in the circular methods. The next step is to change the traditional aesthetics and see the various expressions, uncertainty, and heterogeneity that reusable products can bring as a quality. The question is whether, indeed, it is possible to popularize an aesthetic where the “new” is not necessarily new, but contains variations in colour and size, and which might provide unforeseen expressions.

According to architect Søren Nielsen, there can be value in the patina that old materials achieve after use, which new materials do not have. He experiences patina as an expression of the accumulation of time in the material, and maintains that a change of attitude could make room for alternative visual appearances (Stylsvig Madsen et al., 2016). Through multiple studies, architect and ph.D., Ulrik Stylsvig Madsen, aims to answer the questions of how the fields of architecture can continue its development through ecological challenges and how the change of aesthetics can play an important role, by suggesting following strategies: buildings should be constructed on such logic and tectonic that it can be easily understood in further developments, as well as elucidate future recycling opportunities. Likewise, future developments should be able to accommodate multiple complexities with a high amount of tolerance, concerning structures, functions, or aesthetics. This necessary change will influence the general aesthetic notion and possibly require a new kind of architecture,

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Picture 1

Picture 2 Picture 1: Many different pavements are laid out next to each other creating a patchwork.

Picture 2: Even the same pavements of SF-stones offer variations in colours and textures.

Picture 3: The shift in pavements have been used to organize placements of commodities and pallets.

which will be more heterogeneous than what we have seen in the past (Stylsvig Madsen et al., 2016). If we view our architecture in line with landscapes and urban spaces as one occurrence in a long line of developments, maintaining an understanding of what came before us, we can project our designs for a future development.

Picture 3

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Situation map //Albertslund, Zealand

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01 UNDERSTANDING Albertslund was developed during the modernistic era, which had a great impact on the entire area, including Coop. In this chapter, the historical aspects will be explained to provide an understanding of the form and function of Albertslund and Coop today.

Finally, it will present the current design proposal by Henning Larsen Architects, to understand the renewal plan of the future Coop-byen.

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00. introducing

01. understanding

02. proposing

03. experimenting

04. discussing

CONSTRUCTING ALBERTSLUND

Albertslund is a city located in Albertslund municipality in Greater Copenhagen. It is recognized as a modern planned district, mainly built in the 1960s as industrialized dense low-element construction. This was a result of the expansion of Copenhagen, which caused many companies to move to the suburbs.

This meant that the need for housing grew, and thus Albertslund became one of the first cities to be included in Fingerplanen (Skodborg, 2018b). Between 1963 and 1968, the housing area Albertslund Syd became a ground-breaking symbol of the new movement in urban planning as a response to the blockhouse construction and high-rise buildings. It was built around the then-new S-train station and based on the contemporary idea of the function-divided suburb with city centres, housing, industry, and recreational areas. It was later succeeded by similar housing areas: Galgebakken in 1974 and Hyldespjældet in 1976, which caused the district’s population to grow from approximately 3.000 to 30.000 from the mid-1960s to mid-1970s (Skodborg, 2018b).

Along with the large expansion of Albertslund in the 1960s and 1970s, the surroundings changed radically from being its own town to a suburb of Copenhagen. In 1963, the S-train network was extended from Glostrup to Taastrup Station, and Albertslund Station opened. The amount of car traffic grew, which caused an expansion of Roskildevej, which was widened, and in 1977 the municipality was connected to Motorring 4 (Skodborg, 2018a).

During this period, agriculture lost its importance in favour of trade and service. Several large companies moved to the municipality, and Herstedøster Industricentrum (today Hersted Industripark) was established in the first half of the 1960s as one of the largest industrial areas in Greater Copenhagen. In 1967, a large amount of agricultural land in the northern and western part of Albertslund municipality was planted in Vestskoven, and today 60% of the municipality’s 23.000 square meters are covered in forest (Skodborg, 2018a).

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Picture 1

Picture 2

Picture 3 Picture 1: The well-known, large social housing, Albertslund Syd, are based just south of Coop, and are an example of the modul housing from the era. The picture shows Albertslund Syd when it was just established in 1970. // Kurt Andersen Picture 2: Fingerplanen is a development plan from 1947 for Copenhagen’s development, to ensure that the city grew into ”fingers” with S-lane in the middle of each finger and with green areas between the fingers. // Danish Architects and Design Review Picture 3: Albertslund is a dense city with various industries, housing areas and infrastructure.

Situation map 1:35.000

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00. introducing

01. understanding

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Before the urban development during the 1960s, Albertslund was primarily an agricultural area with small towns throughout the landscape.

Map in scale 1:100.000 from the period 19011945 // Styrelsen for Dataforsyning og Effektivisering

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The implementation of Fingerplanen in 1947 had a great impact on the development of Albertslund Municipality and the surrounding areas in Greater Copenhagen. Most housing areas and industries in Albertslund were constructed during the 1960-1970s. Map in scale 1:100.000 from the period 1980-2001. // Styrelsen for Dataforsyning og Effektivisering

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00. introducing

01. understanding

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04. discussing

CONNECTING ALBERTSLUND

As a city, Albertslund is characterized by being developed into sections with specific and defined functions such as housing, businesses, shops, and green areas, all of which are tied together by a well-functioning road- and pathway system. The area by Albertslund Station is the city’s hub, connecting Albertslund with Greater Copenhagen (Henning Larsen Architects and Albertslund Kommune, 2015). With the expansion of Albertslund in the 1960s and 1970s, several roads were enlarged, and motorways were connected to the area to accommodate the increasing number of citizens and industry. This was especially prevalent for Roskildevej, just north of Coop and Motorring 4 through Vestskoven, which became the main traffic routes (Skodborg, 2018b), and are still supporting a great deal of traffic today. The first S-train line from Glostrup to Taastrup was established in 1963 along with the new station, Albertslund Station (DSB, no date) in the new housing areas Albertslund Syd. The placement of Coop was to ensure that goods could be distributed easily, as well as offering good transportation for the many employees with the Albertslund Station only a 10 minutes’ walk away. The freight transportation had rails into the warehouse area, and this was used until 2006. Since then, transportation has mainly been done by trucks, but the railways to the warehouse area still exist (Mortensen, 2013).

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Existing Coop buildings Roads - medium intensity traffic Roads - high intensity traffic Railways for S-trains and freight transportation

S

S-train stations

S S

S The map showing the infrastructure surrounding Coop today.

1:35.000

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00. introducing

01. understanding

02. proposing

03. experimenting

BUILDING ALBERTSLUND

Albertslund is dominated by dense, low element construction in larger sections, many of which have been built in the 1960s and 1970s (Skodborg, 2018a). The housing is mainly situated near the city centre where most retail shops, schools, stations, and smaller business can be found. But larger industrial areas handling many different industries such as distribution centres, storages, haulage contractors etc. can also be found in between housing and retail.

Since the expansion of Albertslund in the 1960s, the population number has been steady, with approximately 27.800 citizens today. From 2009-2019, the surrounding areas have had a population growth of 8-20%, whereas Albertslund Municipality only increased by 0,04% (Albertslund Kommune, 2019b). The lack of population growth in Albertslund Municipality is due to new homes not being built to the same extent as in the neighbouring municipalities. Therefore, there is a municipal plan from 2019 to develop large parts of the former industrial areas - such as Hersted Industripark and Coop-byen into mixed housing and business to attract 10.000 new citizens by 2030 (Albertslund Kommune, 2021).

The municipality is narrowing their focus on selected goals from the United Nation’s 17 sustainable development goals, as a framework for future urban developments. This means that the sustainability of innovations, nature, climate, and economy are highly prioritised in the plans for Albertslund as well as for Coop-byen.

It is essential for Albertslund that the development contributes to a green transition. By doing so, they are viewing the city as a laboratory for sustainable innovation, thus aiming to reduce the environmental footprint. This allows the principles of the circular economy to play a larger role (Albertslund Kommune, 2019b).

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Existing Coop buildings Developing area Housing area Industry Retail

04. discussing

Coop is surrounded by housing and industrials areas. Some of the industrial areas are about to undergo similar developments as Coop-byen.

1:35.000

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USING ALBERTSLUND

Albertslund borders on large green areas that move into the municipality in the form of natural, green corridors which account for 60% the municipality. Most of the municipality used to be former agricultural land but with the implantation of Fingerplanen in the 1960s, the forest, Vestskoven, was planted in 1967 to secure large green corridors in Greater Copenhagen. These green areas are primarily placed in the western and northern part of the municipality, with urban elements placed to the south. Associations and strong communities are weighted highly in Albertslund, and the municipality offers many opportunities for play, movement, and experiences through a large variety of recreative and sport facilities, both indoors and outdoors (Albertslund Kommune, 2018).

Today, Vestskoven accounts for 40% of the total area of Albertslund Municipality – and is still expanding. The remaining parks are spread throughout the city with varied vegetation strategies through habitats such as forest, cut grassland, and meadows (Danmarks Naturfredningsforening, no date). Albertslund Municipality has 76 lakes, the vast majority having been excavated in connection with the establishment of natural areas or laid out as rainwater basins (Harding, 2018). As part of their future strategy, the municipality wishes to expand these wetlands and especially the rainwater basins (Albertslund Kommune, 2018). The municipal plan for 2013‑30 expresses a desire to ensure and improve the diverse and species-rich nature (Albertslund Kommune, 2018).

When considering future urban development projects, nature must be easily accessible and contain a high level of biodiversity.

Projects should aim to preserve existing natural areas and ensure a sustainable density, where nature thrives between buildings and infrastructure. New and existing urban spaces must be connected and offer accommodations for social gatherings, play, exercise, and other recreative experiences (Albertslund Kommune, 2019b).

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Existing Coop buildings Forests and parks Sport facilities Wetland, lakes and creeks

Albertslund Municipality are very rich on natural environments and recreational offers.

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Photo of Coop’s distribution centre and headquaters approximately 1970. Most of the surrounding areas have later been developed into housing and industrial areas. // Sylvest Jensen Luftfoto/Det Kgl. Bibliotek.

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THE HISTORY OF COOP

Coop is a union of cooperative societies that includes different types of convenience stores. Since the establishment of Coop in 1896 as Fællesforeningen for Danmarks Brugsforeninger (FDB), it has undergone several changes, but continued to be an important part of the Danish trade of everyday commodities, as well as having an undeniable influence on Danish culture.

The initiative of FDB came from Severin Jørgensen in 1896, who saw the potential of collecting smaller cooperative stores into a larger, national community. The aim was to ensure lower prices on everyday commodities, by buying larger quantities at a time. In that way, deprived citizens could afford basic commodities (Jensen, 2016). Just a year later, the first FDB factory opened as a coffee-roasting factory in Kolding to ensure even better prices on goods, and to start a price war with FDB’s suppliers. In the following years, multiple FDB factories opened (Jensen, 2015).

FDB focused on articles for everyday use and displayed these at a museum to invite people to experience nice affordable designs. Modern furniture was designed together with architect Børge Mogensen and the design was found in many Danish homes. FDB also sold bicycles to the proud, Danish bike nation, and created a well-established bike brand called Mustang (Jensen, 2015).

In 1960, their distribution merged into seven warehouses in Herstedvester, whereas the FDB headquarters and central warehouse was situated at Roskildevej in Albertslund. With inspiration from America, the warehouses were designed for forklifts and trucks to cooperate with modern transportation and distribution needs. It became Denmark’s largest roofed building (Jensen, 2016). The geographical surroundings were an important factor in the placement of the new headquarters. By placing it at Roskildevej in Albertslund, it was possible to connect to the railway, thus ensuring easier access for freight transportation, as well as allowing it to be near main roads such as Roskildevej and Motorring 4 which connected the headquarters to Copenhagen, out of consideration for the employees (Jensen, 2015).

In 1964, the main warehouse and headquarters were inaugurated.

It was designed by FDB’s architecture firm and the organization’s requirements were therefore fully met when planning the area. The office building’s architectural appearance was characterized by a precise proportioning and vertical division of the façades (Frellsen et al.,

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Picture 1

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2012). The whole area was and is an example of functionalist architecture that inscribes itself in the Danish tradition for this type of industrial construction. Today, the design continues to meet the needs of Coop, which demonstrates far-sighted planning and supports the notion that architecture, aesthetics, functionality, and flexibility should be juxtaposed (Mortensen, 2013). The large and geometrical idiom that was characteristic of the building structures in the 1960s was also seen in the design of the surrounding landscape. Landscape architects Edith and Ole Nørgård had a great influence on many of the newly developed constructions in Albertslund, and in 1960-1969 Edith Nørgård was involved in the development of the landscape surrounding FDB’s headquarters (Lund, 2002). The uniform planting of Fagus sylvatica hedges dominated the area and created large, geometrical surfaces of vegetation. The same expression was applied to the large surfaces of cobblestone pavement (Lund, 2002). The source of light was thoroughly considered, and the epoch-making lighting architect Poul Henningsen was hired to be a consultant of lighting both inside and outside. He had previously designed a streetlamp called Medlys, which was placed at Vallensbæk Torvevej. It was a unique type of lightning and today, Medlys can only be experienced at this location. He also placed another type of lamp on the parking lot outside of FDB headquarters, which was originally designed for Slotsholmen in Copenhagen (Nilsson, 2018).

In the late 1980s, FDB was financially challenged due to lower production costs in foreign countries and decided to close their factories to focus only on their retail distribution. After this, there were more financially challenging years for FDB, which led to a merger to form Coop Norden in 2001. Coop Norden became the biggest supplier of everyday commodities in Scandinavia. After the merger, FDB had less influence in stores in Denmark and by 2007 FDB decided to buy out the Danish part of Coop Norden to regain control of the Danish stores. Following this, the business shortened its name to Coop (Jensen, 2015). Today, Coop are still an important part of the Danish trade of everyday commodities. Their headquarters and central warehouses continued to be placed in Albertslund, and in 2017, Coop’s plant site was the largest private workplace in the municipality of Albertslund, with approximately 1.300 full-time employees (Lindhardt and Scheuer, 2018).

Coop is now being restructured, and the former industrial area is developing into a new housing district in Albertslund.

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Picture 3 Picture 1: The distribution centre holds many interiour details from the time Coop was established.

Picture 2: Geometrical lines are carefully connected through the vegetation, pavement and architecture.

Picture 3: Poul Henningsen developed various lamp-posts and light intallations for Coop which can still be found in the area today.

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FDB factories

Coop was established as Danmarks Brugsforening (FDB) by Severin Jøgerensen.

FDB’s own factories ensured lower prices on different everyday goods.

FDB A collection of smaller cooperative stores into a larger, national community, to ensure lower prices on everyday commodities, by buying larger quantity at a time.

Everyday articles Danish, affordable design from FDB is displayed to the public.

FDB opens its own factories, 1897 // Samvirke

FDB at the exhibiton ’Gode Brugsting’, 1941 // Samvirke

1960 FDB’s distribution were merged into 7 warehouses in Herstedvester. FDB’s headquarters and central warehouse was situated at Roskildevej in Albertslund. This became the largest workspace in Albertslund.

1964 The main warehouse and the headquarter were inaugurated, and was designed by FDB’s architecture firm.

Coop’s headquarter and distribution centre // Sylvest Jensen Luftfoto/Det Kgl. Bibliotek.

Functionalism The whole area was and is an example of functionalist architecture which is seen in the geometrical, uniform building, pavement and vegetation structure. Architect Poul Henningsen was hired to be a consultant of lighting both inside and outside.

Drawing by Poul Henningsen // Danmarks Kunstbibliotek

Coop’s distribution centre // 99xVSTGN

Self portrait 1952 // Poul Henningsen/Peter A. Johansen

1980s Pressure from lower production costs in foreign countries forced FDB to close down their factories and only focus on retail distribution.

Coop Norden More financially challenging years for FDB led to a merge into Coop Norden in 2001. Coop is now the biggest supplier of every commodities in Scandinavia.

Advertisement for FDB furnitures, 1970 // Samvirke

Today Coop are still an important part of the Danish trade of everyday commodities, and FDB have bought the Danish part of Coop Norden. The original headquaters and central warehouses are to this day still placed in Albertslund, and became

the largest, private workplace in the municipality in 2017.

Coop is now being restructed and developed into a new housing area.

Ortophoto of Coop’s headquarters 1989. // Det Kgl. Bibliotek

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TRANSFORMING THE LANDSCAPE OF COOP-BYEN The area surrounding Coop’s headquarters and distribution centre is faced with a renewal plan, which will transform the industrial site into a new housing area and recreational landscape, called Coop-byen. The Municipality of Albertslund and a focus group from Coop have composed a vision for the future Coop-byen, for which Henning Larsen Architects in 2020 created a masterplan. This turned into a set of values to form design goals for the project area. The five values are: Community, The Coop-identity, Diversity, Health, and Sustainability.

Coop-byen will become the epicentre for a strong community spirit and association activities. It will provide communities of various scales and activities for both the local residences and the rest of Albertslund. Various housing typologies will attract multiple inhabitants of different backgrounds and offer a range of facilities in and between the buildings. The design of Coopbyen will invite the inhabitants to be active and live healthier lives through the implementation of pathways, playgrounds, and activity squares. In the development, it is a priority to preserve as many of the historical markers as possible, such as vegetation structures, industrial elements, and constructions, along with characteristic buildings like the headquarters and the coffee tower. Another important part of integrating the Coop-identity in the new design is the importance of reusing existing structures, letting the industrial layout be present in new materials, as well as incorporating Coop and FDB in the new design. Coop-byen aims for principles of sustainability and will be aware of sustainable solutions such as rainwater management, waste treatment, and sustainable buildings. The existing vegetation is rich and should be preserved if possible. It will be extended with a recreational area with wild and sensuous experiences in the southern part of Coop-byen. A great variation of the vegetation will create more biodiversity and the area will be connected through green surfaces in the inner courtyards and on the streets and pathways (Henning Larsen Architects, 2020).

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Masterplan of Coop-byen 2020. // Henning Larsen Architects

The values presented for the future Coop-byen speak to an ambition of forming a modern district in Albertslund, which can accommodate 4.500 new inhabitants. Some of the design visions are linked to principles of circular economy, though this has not been a leading factor when planning the site. However, the area of the future Coop-byen has the potential to implement principles of circular economy that could support the reproduction of Coop’s history. The layout on the existing site, with great, historical warehouses and characteristic vegetation tells a story of the previous functions and facilities and the opportunity of focusing on circular principle is therefore very interesting at this site-specific area.

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IT REQUIRES A MIND-SET AND OUR BEHAVIOU OF PRODUCING NEW MATERIAL A NEW UNDERS AESTHETICS.

DIFFERENT A CHANGE IN UR IN TERMS G AND USING LS AS WELL AS STANDING OF

View of Coop’s headquarters from across Vallensbæk Torvevej overlooking the wide, neatly cut geometical beech hedge and parking spaces covered in cobblestones.

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02 PROPOSING In this chapter, various methods of circular economy are explored in an alternative design proposal for the future housing area, Coop-byen.

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STRATEGY: COOP-BYEN - A CIRCULAR DISTRICT Coop-byen - a circular district

Coop-byen is a new urban district in Albertslund municipality. The design approach has been not to view the area as a blank canvas but to respectfully recognize the existing site and utilize the many different potentials such as reusing materials and structures. It is characterized by a circular accession that aims to unfold the synergy of the former industrial heritage and the new housing and recreational facilities.

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Principles of circular economy have been used to form a design proposal where various registrations, methods, and concepts have been developed to oblige the existing qualities.

The new, circular housing district consists of different building typologies, such as terrace houses and variously sized apartments. The area contains multiple recreational offers and different commercial buildings.

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CATALOGING FOR CIRCULARITY

The industrial area of Coop contains a great number of different qualities, which need to be considered when proposing a new design based on circular principles. By drawing up and listing all the existing pavements, vegetation, and facades, an overview of the circular possibilities that lie within the area will be achieved.

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Registrations was made by visting the area multiple times to examine materials, vegetation, structures and scales, and documented through photography and sketches.

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Wide grass lawn and lamp-post by Poul Henningsen by Coop’s headquarter from when the area was first laid out, still exist today.

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CIRCULATING SURFACES

As an industrial area, Coop is surrounded by many paved surfaces of concrete and asphalt. These surfaces are primarily found on the connecting roads and by the warehouses, which have a functional use and are primarily meant for trucks handling large cargo. The areas surrounding the headquarters draw on characteristic structures from the construction period, with great surfaces of granite cobblestones and sett stones, to manifest themselves as the face of Coop. The different pavements have been registered to be reused, recycled, and converted in the new proposal.

Asphalt: 47.806 squaremeters Asphalt makes up most of the pavement in Coop, mainly on roads and parking spaces since asphalt is a very flexible, smooth, and even material (Holgersen and Dam, 2002). It is possible to convert asphalt through a method called partial recycling, through which the asphalt is cut up and mixed with bitumen and, if necessary, additional stone aggregates, after which it can be placed again. The asphalt can also be converted into base layer aggregates (Thagesen, 2006).

Concrete SF-stones: 22.378 squaremeters Due to the SF-stones’ technical properties in terms of high compressive strength and locking ability – while still being a relatively inexpensive material with a durability of 30-60 years - it is the second most used pavement in Coop. SF-stones can be collected and placed again, which means that they possess good recycling properties (Holgersen and Dam, 2002). However, they are mostly converted into aggregates to e.g. base layer aggregates and aggregates in new concrete, as it is cheaper than raw materials (Teknologisk Institut, 2019).

Concrete clinkers: 254 squaremeters Concrete clinkers are inspired by natural stones in shape, structure, and size, but have the technical properties of concrete which, to some extent, makes them capable of handling vehicle traffic (Holgersen and Dam, 2002). As long as they are cast in sand, concrete clinkers can be collected and replaced which gives them good recycling properties (Holgersen and Dam, 2002).

However, concrete is such a cheap material that new clinkers are more often prioritised over old ones, and the clinkers can instead be converted into aggregates (Teknologisk Institut, 2019).

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The existing pavements have been registred and assigned color codes to create an overview of the pavements avaliable for being reused, recycled and converted in the new proposal.

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Concrete: 69.476 squaremeters The concrete found in the distribution centre has a high load-bearing capacity and a smooth epoxy surface. This type of concrete are incredibly solid and durable built to the requirements of heavy industries. The epoxy surface protects the concrete from the heavy machinery and prolongs the durabilty of the pavement. Through the use of a diamant cutting machine, it is possible to cut shapes for plantbeds into the pavement (Dansk Beton et al., no date).

Densiphalt: 13.788 squaremeters Densiphalt combines the best properties of the flexibility of asphalt and the high load-bearing capacity and wear-resistance of concrete, making it suitable for the areas of Coop that handles large cargo. It is laid with a thickness of 30-100 mm on top of a base layer of asphalt, concrete, or gravel, and has a wear-resistance of at least 20 years (Arkil, 2018). By cutting the top layers of densiphalt, it can be reused as densiphalt slabs, and the underlying base layers can be thus preserved (Hougaard, 2021).

Cobblestones: 10.323 squaremeters Granite is a natural, sturdy material with an almost endless life span (Hansen, 2020). It comes in a range of colours and is at its most durable when the cobblestones are placed in an arched pattern, upon which it likewise withstands the wear and tear of vehicles to a greater degree (Holgersen and Dam, 2002). Granite is almost always reused and can indeed be even be more costly as a reused material, due to the wear and tear that gives the stone a unique aesthetic value that would not occur in newer materials (Holgersen and Dam, 2002). It is also possible to recycle and convert the stone into different sizes or as aggregates (Dausell, 2020).

Sett stones: 779 squaremeters Granite sett stones are of high value due to their aesthetic qualities which are only enhanced over time. Their size and shape give them good technical properties, allowing them to transfer load strains to the surrounding stones. They are therefore often used in squares and streets (Holgersen and Dam, 2002).

Like cobblestones, sett stones are almost always reused but can also be recycled and converted (Dausell, 2020).

Clay clinkers: 358 squaremeters Clinkers are made from nature’s raw materials: clay, sand, and soil minerals (Klinker Outdoor, no date). The average strength of clinker is about eight times higher than ordinary concrete bricks.

As such, they are therefore used when extra high wear resistance and small water absorption is required, e.g. on outdoor sidewalks, squares, and stairs (Binderup, Larsen and Sand-Jensen, 2006).

Clinkers have good properties in terms of being collected and reused. It is unusual for clinkers to be broken down and converted due to their nearly endless lifespan (Harris, 2020).

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The existing pavements have been registred and assigned color codes to create an overview of the pavements avaliable for being reused, recycled and converted in the new proposal.

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Picture 1: Many of the areas surrounding the headquarters are covered in cobblestones.

Picture 2: Sett stones can often be found in the areas of Coop near roads and public spaces.

Picture 3: The existing rail tracks have been preserved in the distribution centre and are cutting through the wide surfaces of densiphalt.

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THE RIGHT-ANGLED LANDSCAPE

Along with the prefabricated building structures that dominated the building development projects in the 1960s, the aesthetics of the landscape underwent changes as well. The curved lines were replaced by the artistic and geometric form, where rows of trees, as well as flat and squared surfaces became a manifestation of the dominance of the unruly nature (Hauxner, 1993). Parking spaces and grass lawns would cover large, right-angled surfaces based on the idea that landscapes should be functional whilst remaining beautiful, and these were often controlled by the geometrical principles (Lund, 2002). Furthermore, landscapes from this period also tend to be poor in specie-diversities with little consideration for the natural state of the area (Olsen, 1999).

Lawn Short-cut grass lawns can be seen stretching through wide surfaces and used as a decorative filler-element near the office buildings and parking spaces on both sides of Vallensbæk Torvevej. These lawns require a higher amount of upkeeping to appear short, dense, and homogeneous. This appearance is obtained by cutting the grass 20-25 times a year and requires fertilizer and irrigation (Olsen, 1999).

Hedge Fagus sylvatica has been used as a homogeneous and geometrical element to frame large surfaces in outdoor spaces. Many of the hedges are used to frame the large parking spaces, which was a spatial element that was planned with great consideration in the 1960s. Due to the structure of Fagus sylvatica, it can be cut back to the proper extent and therefore be used as large hedge elements. This sort of hedge requires large amounts of maintenance to keep its geometrical shapes (Olsen, 1999).

Tree Most of the trees in the area were planted in the 1960s but are showing very different growths. Large wooden areas stretch north of Læhegnet and along Vallensbæk Torvevej with primarily Quercus rubus, Populus tremula, and Robinia pseudoacacia. These are planted in rows of three, with a certain distance forcing them to become narrow trees with long stems. A large number of solitary trees of primarily Robinia pesudoacacia and Populus tremula are scattered near the office buildings which have secured them a greater growth and wider canopies.

Marsh A reservoir is placed in the southern part of the area to manage rainwater. The natural growth of aquatic vegetation can be found in the lake and marsh plants in the transition zone between land and water.

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The existing vegetation have been registred and assigned color codes to create an overview of the vegetation elements that can be preserved in the new proposal.

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Fagus sylvatica hedge are covering large surfaces by the office buildings with large Robinia pseudoacacia trees in between the bushes and are both elements from when the area was first laid out in the in 1960s by landscape architect Edith Nørgård.

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THE FACADES FEATURED IN COOP

The different existing buildings within the area of Coop are characterised by a late modernistic expression, which can, for instance, be seen in some of the façade’s vertical proportioning.

At the time they were constructed, the distribution centres were a far-sighted and innovative example of genuine functionalism, and today, they are a figure of the industrial heritage (Frellsen et al., 2012). By registering and noticing the unique details of each building, it becomes possible to preserve these elements in the new design.

Headquarters

Office building

Office building

Distribution centre

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Distribution centre

Distribution centre

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Picture 1: Rusty gates and tall, electric fences are bloking the direct entrance to the distribution area.

Picture 2: The many workers by the distribution centre use the bright orange door to go to their break room, which is still decorated with lamps by Poul Henningsen and furnitures from FDB. Picture 3: One of many industrial details by the door to the breakroom with bottons for; up, down, in and out.

Picture 4: The distribution area has a large selection of lamps in different shapes and sizes.

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WORKING WITH CONSTRUCTION GREAT EXTENT DEVELOPMENT

BY THE MATER THE OTHER WA

H CIRCULAR N IS TO A T TO LET THE T BE DICTATED IAL AND NOT AY AROUND. (INNOBYG, 2021)

Facade of the module built office building with lamp-post and geometrical beech hedge in front.

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METHODS TO A CIRCULAR DESIGN

The different circular methods have been used to form a design proposal that is based on preserving as much as possible to limit the amount of unnecessary new materials used, while still preserving the existing narrative of the area. The methods have been incorporated whilst accommodating contemporary and future needs, which will be presented in a new housing area.

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Picture 1: The existing rail tracks through the distribution area have been preserved and cuts down in the middle between the two distribution centres.

Picture 2: A tree grove was laid out in front of the Coop headquarter, as a counterpart to the roughness of the distribution centre.

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RESTRUCTURING COOP-BYEN

By rearranging the future building stock it is possible to take principles of circular economy into account, such as preserving existing vegetation and pavement. The amount of building surface and typologies is equivalent to the proposal by Henning Larsen Architects.

Placement of the cut out buildings on an projected orthophoto, to preserve as many of the existing structures at Coop as possible.

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By restructuring the total building stock on the plan drawing from Henning Larsen Architects, it was possible to preserve many of the existing structures of Coop-byen.

The registrations and surveying of pavements and vegetation structures showed that there are many elements worth preserving. Vitality analysis of the vegetation indicated that it was of good health and brought an aesthetic and biological value to the site. By restructuring the building structures in the north end of the site, it was possible to preserve at least a 9500 square metres of wooden area, shielding the area from Roskildevej. The restructured buildings were placed south of the existing road, Læhegnet, to avoid tearing it up and replacing it with a similar road system.

To further reuse the site’s existing structures, most of the buildings were placed within the existing facades. Some of the existing building structures will be removed to be cleansed and recycled as new building components, while others will be preserved and reused for the new constructions.

The new placement offers varied space between the buildings and each house and apartment building will have a private courtyard.

The commercial elements are placed in the northern parts of the area, facing the larger pedestrian area. In the southern part of Coop-byen, a recreational area allows space for high-intensity activities.

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Existing building structure at the area of Coop. * Additional diagrams in ”Appendix1”

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Picture 1: One of the grass lawns by the headquarters with cobblestone path ways.

Picture 2: Tall structures of red, stacked pallets by the distribution centre.

Picture 3: The distribution centre ’Tørvarelageret’ with interesting roof structures, yellow concrete pillars and industrial concrete floors.

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CIRCULAR HISTORY

By preserving important existing structures such as the geometrical shapes in the placement of the buildings and the vegetation elements, as well as the industrial remedies like the pavement and rail tracks, the authenticity and history of Coop are being preserved. Professor Carmen Anón Feliú describes how authenticity are found in when the landscape was laid out and should be considered an important element in future developments. She refers to methods of selecting vegetation and materials from the era in which the landscape was planned. This is not only due to the historical perspectives these vegetation and materials bring but likewise to ensure details as forms, colours, and scents that were originally intended as part of the creation, lives on (Olsen, 2003). The existing rail tracks bring an atmosphere of the industrial era in which they were used to transport Coop goods from the distribution centres to the rest of Denmark. The tracks will be preserved in the future Coop-byen, but will instead function as a pathway system for pedestrians. The tale of Coop materializes in the forms and shapes within the dominating, geometrical hedges by the headquarters. This form and size will be brought into the new pedestrian streets and recreational areas as a tribute to the original landscape, to retell the life of Coop.

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Picture 2 Picture 1: An old, industrial element, from when the rail tracks were a big part of the distribution.

Picture 2: Geometrical hedges and large Robinia pseudoacacia trees preserve the identity of the area.

Existing rail tracks and geometrical vegetation will be preserved in the design propsal and gain new function as spatial elements and pathways.

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Coop’s offices with interesting and characteristic roof details and geometrical beech hedges.

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CIRCULAR BUILDINGS

By viewing the existing structures as an active resource of materials, identity, and history, rather than elements to dispose of, the CO2-emission connected with the demolishing and transporting of waste products and new materials will be limited. Furthermore, this method will limit the amount of landfill being created and the added number of raw materials for constructions (Beim et al., 2019).

The architecture of Coop represents a period of the 1960’s industrial element constructions built on a strong foundation, where the tectonic elements are clearly visible. By establishing the new housing types in the existing building structures, the identity that lies within the facade - as well as the many structural components are kept and circulated into the new project. Not only is the history of Coop preserved, but the number of resources used is reduced. This solution further opens up many interesting squares and passages and makes it possible for the existing road, Læhegnet, to be preserved.

The centre, Tørvarelageret, is an L-shaped building from 1962, which allows trucks to enter through 28 dock-shelters. The building consists of a concrete skeleton with solid walls and concrete elements for the roof constructions. The façade is covered by profiled ternit and concrete element slabs. The factory section across was built in 1964 and consists constructively of a reinforced concrete skeleton with the filling of concrete elements and masonry in gables and transverse walls. The roof construction is made of concrete elements as a shed roof with panes inserted with iron bars to the north (Frellsen et al., 2012).

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Picture 2 Picture 1: A 250 metre shed roof of wooden roof and iron pillars are placed along the distribution centre ’Tørvarelageret’ .

Picture 2: Yellow concrete pillars are dividing ’Tørvarelageret’ into multiple lanes and spaces.

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Building structures, facades and pillars are being reused and recycled in the design proposal.

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CIRCULAR VEGETATION

The vegetation was primarily laid out in the 1960s and a vitality assessment found that the vegetation elements are in good enough condition to be preserved. Just north of the distribution centre, there are 6.500 square meters of primary trees of Quercus rubus, Populus tremula, Robinia pesudoacacia, and Hedera helix acting as a ground cover, which can be found stretching over 1 km along Roskildevej. West of the distribution area, similar vegetation structures are found in a 6.600 square meters area, framing the area from Vallensbæk Torvevej.

In future developments, several green areas of trees and plant beds will be developed through circular principles to ensure less negative environmental impact. By allowing natural succession from the surrounding vegetation, this will lower the environmental as well as the economic aspects of importing, planting, and managing new vegetation. The vegetation strategy for Coop-byen finds inspiration in informal green spaces. By removing parts of the paved surfaces, it will allow the surrounding vegetation to develop on the former, disturbed soil. Through little to no maintenance, the vegetation will spread spontaneously and more diverse vegetation will occur while securing a higher level of biodiversity for both vegetation and invertebrates (Rupprecht, 2015).

The vegetation west and north of Coop are all species with good formation properties. Especially Populus tremula and Robinia pesudoacacia, which are dispersed by the wind, germinates immediately, securing a continuous expansion of the vegetation (Møller, 2016). The plant beds will function as a green corridor from west to north, to secure good connectivity for the vegetation to spread and the biodiversity to thrive due to its function as a steppingstone habitat in the dispersal of plants and animals (Beninde, Veith and Hochkirch, 2015).

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Picture 1

Picture 2 Picture 1: The vegetated area north of Coop are seperating the very trafficated road Roskildevej and the less busy street Læhegnet as a green, dynamic wall.

Picture 2: Dense ground cover of especially Hedera helix are spreading through the tall trees.

The existing vegetation in the surrounding areas will spread to Coop-byen through succession and new plant beds.

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CIRCULAR PAVEMENTS

The basic principle of a good pavement is a system that can solve the many different and often conflicting requirements for functional traffic. Functional traffic conditions have been highly prioritised in the areas surrounding the distribution centre, where a flat terrain with smooth surfaces is made out of primarily densiphalt and SF-stones, which are used as pavements due to the properties that make them especially adept at handling heavyweight from trucks. These are therefore often associated with industrial areas and less often recognized for their aesthetic qualities. In the development of Coop-byen, the distribution areas will be turned into pedestrian streets and housing areas which will include pathways, dwelling zones, and vegetated areas. The existing pavements already offer good technical properties for the new uses, and by preserving it, the environmental impact of changing and converting or disposing of the pavement to replace it with a new one will be lower. To accommodate the new use while preserving the authenticity of the area, most of the pavement will be preserved and only removed to make space for vegetation. The different pavements offer different structures and therefore different opportunities and results. Densiphalt’s technical properties allow a clean cut directly through the pavement, which makes it possible to cut geometrical shapes for plant beds similar to the existing vegetation structures. The large slabs of densiphalt will be collected and stacked to be recycled as seating arrangements.

The SF-stones have technical properties that enable them to be collected without cutting and breaking the pavement when it is removed to make space for vegetation. The collected SF-stones will be reused as retainer walls and benches in future developments. Similar vegetation structures will be laid out in the existing SF-stone pavement, but the edged shape of the SF-stone will result in a more serrated expression.

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Picture 1

Picture 2 Picture 1: Many different pavements can be found in the distribution area, and each are offering different qualities. Industrial concrete with paint used as markers can be found inside the distribution centres.

Picture 2: The areas surrounding the headquarter serves another purpose and are therefore mostly covered in pavements like cobblestones and sett stones laid out in beautiful arch patterns.

The existing densiphalt will be cut in geometrical shapes and recycled as seating arrangements. The remaining hole will be used as plant beds.

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URBAN DEVELOPMENT

The circular methods will accommodate the future housing area with various building typologies, recreational functions, and commercial offers.

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Picture 1: A similar development project can be found nearby in Irma-byen, which offers various housing typologies and recreational areas.

Picture 2: Pillars from former constructions in Grønttorvet have been preserved and are used to frame the new park areas between the buildings.

Picture 1

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SCALE AND SPATIAL STUDIES

Coop-byen is changing from an industrial area designed for largescale cargo and trucks to a housing area that will fit the human scale.

The plottage of Coop-byen is approximately 250.700 square meters, where approximately 160.700 square meters will be housing 4.500 inhabitants and 34.500 will be commerce, such as SuperBrugsen and different showrooms (Henning Larsen Architects, 2020).

A housing area situated close to Coop-byen is Albertslund Syd, a social housing, which was built at the same time as Coop’s office buildings and distribution centres in the 1960s. The planning of the area was part of ‘Fingerplanen’ and became a pioneer project within the field of city planning. The structures of Albertslund Syd are characterised by rectangular shapes, where pedestrian paths are clearly divided from the traffic. The spatiality between the housing was meant to support local communities, which attracted many engaged inhabitants, and was an inspiration to the following development of housing areas (Frandsen, Ott and Nielsen, 2020). Some of these characters and qualities are continued in Coop-byen. Even though it is a smaller area, a focus on divided traffic has been considered, the aim being to create smaller enclosed spaces, free from traffic. The community feeling is likewise an important aspect of the future Coop-byen, and supports the goals from the 1960s: to welcome everyone to the area.

Coop-byen can also be compared to a new housing area called Grønttorvet. Grønttorvet is situated in Valby and is a modern housing area with different apartment buildings. The structure of both buildings and open spaces are more comparable in scale to how Coop-byen will developed. Formerly, it was an area consisting of large, roofed buildings that were an important part of the distribution of fruits and vegetables in both Copenhagen proper, Zealand, and parts of Sweden. Parts of the old building structures have been preserved to continue the narrative of the former purpose of the area. These are, for instance, columns placed in a public park, which tells the history of the former functions and facilities, but simultaneously has a new purpose as a park (FB Gruppen A/S, 2021). This creates a unique spatial experience, which is the same that will be achieved at the areas in Coop-byen, where the old distribution centres once were.

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Picture 1

Picture 2 Picture 1: Parking and pedestrian paths divided in the social housing area Albertslund Syd. // Wissenberg Picture 2: Pillars from the former distribution center at Grønttorvet. // Grønttorvet.dk

Albertslund Syd 1:20.000

Coop-byen 1:20.000

Grønttorvet 1:20.000

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Long, linear stretches of cobblestones are cutting through the wide, geometrical beech hedge by Coop’s headquarter and gives an impression of the scale.

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PROGRAMME FOR COOP-BYEN

Housing Coop-byen will consist of housing structures of 3-6 storey apartment buildings and 2 storey terrace houses to attract a diverse crowd and to accommodate different needs. All houses and apartment buildings will be constructed with shared outdoor spaces for a strong community to occur, where the residents can have a continuous influence on the development of the public space. To secure optimal daylight and to screen the area from trafficked roads, the 4-6 storey apartment buildings will be placed in the northern part of the area. The remaining 3-storey apartments, as well as the 2-storey terrace houses, will be placed in the southern part of the area.

Space Coop-byen will value communities by offering many shared spaces.

Pathways will meander between the buildings and offer sensorial experiences. Greenhouses will be placed in smaller squares between the buildings, inviting the residents to come together to grow their fruit and vegetables in areas where similar goods from Coop were once distributed. Lagerstrøget will function as the main pedestrian street for both the residences and the public. By moving along the existing rail tracks at Lagerstrøget, visitors will come across the FDB-showroom, the local kindergarten, and the community house, Lagerhuset.

Lagerstrøget will offer both dense and open vegetation structures and various seating arrangements. A new social hub will be placed underneath the shed roof from the former distribution centre and offer a variety of activity and exhibitions based on circular economy. When Lagerstrøget reaches its end, the new activity square, Godspladsen, begins. This square encourages sports and leisure to unfold in the new playgrounds and multipurpose pitch.

Commercial The Coop headquarters will continue to reside in the current building west of Vallensbæk Torvevej. New pathways will lead the employees from the headquarters to the marketplace, Severins Plads, where they can enjoy their breaks and meet fellow employees from the additional Coop shops. Coop will expand their industries in Coop-byen with new shops, such as supermarkets and showrooms, so that food, clothes, furniture, and transportation can all be purchased in the immediate area. These are essential to support a sustainable, new neighbourhood and for unplanned meetings to occur between neighbours. The aim is to create a vibrant neighbourhood that not only offers housing facilities and shopping near the resident’s homes, but also various job opportunities.

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Housing

Space

Commercial

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A picture from the main entrance to the distribution centre from Læhegnet. Most elements and surfaces in the distribution area are planned to fit the scale of trucks and large supplies of commodities, making the area and entrace wide and long.

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A picture from inside the distribution area where the long lines of preserved rail tracks from former distribution activities, are connecting the centre to the southern part of the area.

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IN OTHER WORDS, WE NEED A CHANGE IN PARADIGMS.

Coop-byen is aiming to be a supplementary district in Albertslund as a new housing and recreational area. The area will contain new various housing typologies, recreational spaces and commercial areas, while still preserving the history and strong identity of Coop. The history is especially found in the modernistic façades and the geometrical vegetation structure, which reflect the era in which Albertslund was primarily erected, in the 1960s. At this time, Coop expanded their new distribution centres and headquarters in Albertslund, as Coop became an important part of Danish households and general culture.

This strong narrative of Coop will be retold when the area is developed into a new district based on the principles of circular economy. By preserving as many structures as possible, it will reduce the amount of implementation needed of new, raw materials when developing the new housing area, as a more sustainable response to the vision for Coop-byen.

This is in line with Albertslund’s identity as an innovative, sustainable city and municipality, and the proposal will therefore include the following: The paved landscape and distinct vegetation functions as the first meeting with Coop and continues the strong narrative from when the area was first laid out in the 1960s.

The existing facades and building structures were built on a strong foundation and will be reused, recycled, and converted in various degrees to the new housing areas.

The proposal aims to preserve, reuse, recycle, and convert as many of the existing elements of Coop as possible, to strengthen the project through circular principles.

Plant beds, trees and inventory will be integrated at the former distribution road to accomodate the new use as a pedestrian street. Various housing typologies will be built from the former building structures, facades and elements.

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01. understanding

02. proposing

03. experimenting

MASTERPLAN: COOP-BYEN 1:2000 Surfaces

Vegetation elements

Densiphalt

Mixed plant bed

Concrete

Hedge

Asphalt

Ground cover

SF-stones

Marsh vegetation

Inventory Densiphalt plateau Existing rail tracks Existing pillar Up-cycled bench Up-cycled gate

Granite cobblestones

Plant bed

Granite sett stones

New tree in project area

Lake

New tree in project area New tree in project area Existing tree in project area Existing tree in project area Existing tree in project area

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04. discussing

et

Læhegn

ej Roskildev

Parking

Parking Parking Car park

Kindergarten FDB showroom

Coop showroom Car park

Lagerstrøget Severins Plads

Lagerhuset

SuperBrugsen

Mustang

Car park

æ Vallensb

Parking

ej k Torvev

Parking

Parking

Existing headquarters

Kaffetårnet Cafe

Godspladsen

Car park with excercise roof

Railway tracks

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SECTION OF COOP-BYEN 1:2000

A

Housing area

Existing headquarters

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Vallenbæk Torvevej

Severins Plads

a

Housing area

Lagerstrøget

Lagerhuset

Housing area

a

A

Section on masterplan

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Severins Plads

The cobblestone covered parking space by the Coop offices will gain new purpose as Severins Plads. Plant beds, trees and inventory will be used to accomodate the new use as a square where various Coop related shops, such as SuperBrugsen and Mustang, can be found. Pathways will connect the headquarters to Severin Plads which will be further connected to the housing area and Lagerstrøget.

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Lagerstrøget

The existing rail tracks will be used as a path way connecting the northern part of Lagerstrøget with the activity square, Godspladsen. Geometrical plant beds with inspiration from the existing vegetation structures will be cut out in the densiphalt pavement.

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02.01 PROPOSING This chapter will assess deeper investigations of the circular properties at the site, where more detailed registration of existing materials and structures are explained through a design proposal for the area of focus: Lagerstrøget.

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SPATIAL STUDIES

A simple model of reused foam blocks was used to present the spatial properties of Coop-byen. Since the area was originally built for trucks, cargo, and distribution, the surfaces and spatial structures are all on a very large scale. Pin needles were used to understand the human scale in the context of the new housing typologies and broad pedestrian street. This was also used to create a programme for the area of focus, as well as how to accommodate the new use through the placement of trees, plant beds, and various inventory to create smaller and denser spaces. The model was also used in developing the connections to the various facilities and to highlight the interesting crossings and junctions.

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The spatialities, connections and scales of Lagerstrøget was explored through a simple model.

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Picture 1 Picture 1: Pin needles was used for placing trees in rows for the spatial understanding.

Picture 2: Foam blocks were stacked to function as buildings to understande the scale and wooden sticks were glued together to create the existing shed roof. Pieces of paper was laid out as plant beds.

Picture 3: Stacked foam blocks were used to experiment with building heights and connections between the buildings.

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Picture 2

Picture 3

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CIRCULAR EXCAVATION RESIDUES

Urban and industrial areas are automatically classified as a Category 2 soil, as it is expected that the soil is contaminated to some degree (Miljøministeriet, 2007). With Coop-byen being an industrial area for more than 70 years, where trucks have been driving through the area many times a day, the area would fall under this category. Further soil analysis will determine the exact amount of pollution to which the soil has been exposed. Genanvendelsesbekendtgørelsen contains rules on how and under what conditions soil and residual products can be reused for building and construction work (Miljøstyrelsen, 2002). Most of the existing pavement will be kept in Coop-byen, which will continue to cover for the contaminated soil. In areas where the pavement is removed, the soil will be reused for less sensitive initiatives like terrain elevations. Since the area is expanding with new housing projects, it is expected that there will be generated additional excavation residues. The soil will not be cleansed by reusing the contaminated soil in the deeper layers of the landscape. (Building Supply, 2019).

Through the method of phytoremediation, trees, shrubs, and herb will be used to neutralize, remove and contain heavy metals, salts, trace elements, and organic compounds in the soil (Hinchman, Negri and Gatliff, 2000). The soil is cleaned by increasing the mobility of the metals via the secretion of enzymes from the plant roots, allowing for the dissolved metals to be removed through root uptake and translocated to the upper parts of the plant. By harvesting the plant, the metals can finally be completely removed from the soil environment. This will lower the economic and environmental cost of cleansing and deporting soil (Andersen et al., 1998). These methods can result in a reduction of the amount of uncontaminated raw materials used, just as recycling will result in a reduction of landfill resources. A side benefit of reusing the land is also that truck traffic will be reduced during the construction period (Miljøstyrelsen and Skov- og Naturstyrelsen, 2004).

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Excavation residues from the future constructions will be reused and integrated in the terrain and plant beds.

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UNITING INDUSTRIAL AND MODERN DESIGN Coop-byen is covered with surfaces that are part of the circular narrative for the housing area. By reconstructing existing pavement into new shapes and giving them the new purpose of supporting pedestrians instead of trucks, the different pavements gain a new and improved quality. The former distribution area was characterized by large, uniform paved surfaces, where the small details in each pavement - such as their individual surface structures and shapes - would go by unnoticed. Combining a paved surface with a dynamic and vivid element such as a plant bed, or with a different pavement, will strengthen and increase these individual qualities. The properties of the different pavements vary, depending on their ability to be shaped and adjusted into a new design.

Densiphalt will be cut into stringent, geometrical shapes that support the former, functionalist layout of the area. Plant beds are cut into the pavement, further supporting the historical narrative of the area through the distinctive, geometrical shapes. On specific sites, the densiphalt paving is replaced with cobblestone surfaces that, due to their squared shape, have the ability to be laid in line with the straight-cut densiphalt.

Cobblestones are also used as the main pavement at the entrance of Coop’s headquarter and at Severins Plads. As for the original proposal for Coop, the cobblestones will be used to signal a public square.

SF-stones have a serrated and more organic shape. When the paved patterns of SF-stones are replaced with planting beds, it is possible to create a greater variation of forms and shapes. Furthermore, it is easy to adjust it due to its joint properties.

Where, before, there were distributions centres, there are now concrete pavements that pass on the historical narrative of the former Coop. The concrete is cut in soft organic shapes that support the dynamic plant bed and unite the industrial past, as well as the present layout.

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Plant bed + Densiphalt

Cobblestones + densiphalt

Plant bed + SF-stone

Plant bed + concrete

The pavements will offer various aesthetic qualities when placed with the new plant beds and a different pavement.

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PAVEMENT CONSTRUCTIONS

The most common method of road construction used today was established in the 1960s. The method dictates following: first a base layer is laid, followed by base coarse aggregates, and finally pavement. The thickness of the different layers in the construction will vary depending on the purpose (Thagesen, 2006). Since large parts of Albertslund’s infrastructure and paved surfaces were constructed during the 1960-1970s, with Coop-byen in 1964, there is reason to believe that most pavements in the area are constructed through this method.

Granite Granite cobbelstones: 7,5 cm Levelling course: 3 cm Base course aggregates: 19 cm Cushion course: 20,5 cm Asphalt Asphalt: 2,5 cm Levelling course: 3 cm Base course aggregates: 19 cm Cushion course: 25,5 cm Concrete Epoxy: 2 cm Concrete: 6 cm Levelling course: 3 cm Base course aggregates: 19 cm Cushion course: 22 cm Densiphalt Densiphalt: 10 cm Asphalt: 2,5 cm Levelling course: 3 cm Base course aggregates: 19 cm Cushion course: 25,5 cm

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Pulverasfalt: 2 cm Afretningslag: 3 cm Stabilt grus: 19 cm Bundsikringslag: 20 cm (+c: 6 cm) = 44 cm (c: øges til 50 cm)

Chaussesten: 7,5 cm Afretningslag: 3 cm Stabilt grus: 19 cm Bundsikringslag: 20 cm (+c: 0,5 cm) = 49,5 cm (c: øges til 50 cm pga. T2)

Granite

Asphalt

Concrete

Densiphalt

The base layers varies with the pavements, and will be taken into account when reusing the excavation residues and when creating plant beds beneath the former pavement.

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The former road to the distribution centre will now function as the main pedestrian street, Lagerstrøget.

Lagerstrøget will stretch from the existing northern road, Læhegnet, to the new activity square, Godspladsen, in the southern part of Coop-byen. The existing building structures from the distribution centre will be preserved and reused for new housing and building constructions. Rows of trees and geometrical plant beds reflect the time in which the landscape was originally laid out, and are used both as a spatial divider and as a way of creating a sense of direction.

The former rail tracks connect the area to the railways south of Coop-byen. These have been preserved and now function as a main route, leading residents and visitors from Lagerstrøget to Godspladsen. The linear form of the rail tracks is strengthened through rows of trees, thus creating diverse open and dense spaces along the tracks. Benches made of upcycled material from the area are placed along the rail tracks and throughout Lagerstrøget. The area is mainly paved in denisphalt from the former roads and concrete from the former distribution centre. Both have been preserved and each provides its own aesthetic quality to the area while retelling the history of Coop.

Lagerstrøget

Existing shed roof as social hub as well as exhibition site for circular and up-cycled products

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AREA OF FOCUS: LAGERSTRØGET 1:500 Vegetation elements

Surfaces

(XX.XX)

Inventory Densiphalt plateau

Densiphalt

Mixed plant bed

Concrete

Plant bed

Existing rail tracks

Granite cobblestones

New tree in project area

Existing pillar

Existing elevation point

New tree in project area

Up-cycled bench

New tree in project area

Up-cycled gate

OK XX.XX New,

top elevation point

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Lamp-post Kindergarten

Grass and flower bed

x OK 14.60 Plant bed

x (14.00)

25 ‰

Upcycled gates

FDB Showroom

0

13.0

13.50

25 ‰ Existing densiphalt

Lagerstrøget Existing concrete

14.00

Densiphalt plateau

x OK 14.60 x 14.00 Cobblestone square

Trees

Existing pillars

Existing rail tracks

Plant bed

Trees

Existing shed roof for activities and exhibitions based on circular economy

Trees

25 ‰ Grass and flower bed

25 ‰

14.00

Existing concrete

Trees

Community house Lagerhuset

Trees Densiphalt plateau

x OK 14.60 x (14.00)

Apartment

Apartment 25 ‰ Grass and flower bed

Existing concrete

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SECTION OF AREA OF FOCUS: LAGERSTRØGET 1:500

b

Housing area

Existing shed roof

Lagerhuset

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Lagerstrøget

B

Housing area

Connection to Severins Plads

B

Focus area and section on masterplan

b

Focus area

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SECTION OF LAGERSTRØGET: EAST 1:250

C

c

Plant beds with excavation residues

Cobblestone square

Robes for playing

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Existing shed roof

Common house Lagerhuset

SECTION OF LAGERSTRØGET: SOUTH 1:250

d

D

Pathway on rail tracks

Densiphalt plateau

Plant beds with excavation residues

Lagerstrøget

C

c

d

Focus area on masterplan

Sections on focus area

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D

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Lagerstrøget

The rail tracks are used as pathways through Lagerstrøget, framed by geometrical plant beds and rows of trees. Reused iron gates painted yellow are used as markers for the path way that connect the entrance of Lagerstrøget in the northern part of the area to the activity square, Godspladsen.

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Lagerstrøget

Smaller squares of cobblestones will be placed in between the dense rows of trees at Lagerstrøget.

Up-cycled benches of wood and boulders will be placed at the square, surrounded by geometric, flowering plant beds.

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03 EXPERIMENTING Through methods of upcycling, this chapter will show innovative examples of the current elements present at Coop to inspire new ideas and work methods.

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UPCYCLING

Another element of the circular economy is the concept of up-cycling. Up-cycling is defined by the process of converting a material or product into a new material or product of higher quality or increased value (Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2019).

Through up-cycling it is possible to avoid generating waste and landfill by retaining existing materials and structures, and it holds many potentials of bringing high utility value to future applications. To do so, it is necessary to register, analyse, and map the existing materials and components available at the site from the early stages of a project. The existing materials often contain an aesthetic, technical, or cultural reference, which is considered valuable to reuse or transform. In some cases, building materials can be downgraded to such an extent when up-cycling, that it loses its original properties and cannot subsequently be recycled in future projects. To avoid this outcome, up-cycled products can be transformed into components in industrial standard dimensions, be processed as little as possible, or be constructed through reversible joints with a clear tectonic composition that allows parts to be separated easily without being damaged. It is also important to consider if the material contains harmful substances that should not be built into new structures or released into the environment (Beim et al., 2019).

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Increased value of material/product

Material/product

Finishing

Innovative idea

Manufacturing

Upcycling is a method of increasing the value or quality of a material or product.

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MATERIAL MAPPING

Through careful registration of the existing elements and materials present in the area, it is possible to create a material map. This tool can be used to inspire new designs whilst retelling the story of Coop in a sustainable way. By considering waste as a resource, we open up for an entire new world of possibilities to create alternative solutions, products, and materials.

Product: stone boulder

Product: slate

Product: granite settstones

Product: glas window with metal frame

Product: bronze slabs

Product: iron pillars with wooden beam

Product: glas window with metal frame

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Product: brick

Product: flagpole

Product: concrete SF-stone

Product: metal globe with iron wires

Product: vegetation

Product: Metal slabs

Product: Poul Henningsen lamp-post ’Medlys’

Product: iron gate

Product: glas window with metal frame

Product: Iron pillar

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Product: Poul Henningsen lamp-post

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BENCH: OAK TREE + BOULDER

Taking inspiration in artist Rikke Ravn Sørensen, wood from the Quercus Rubur trees in northern part of the area will be cut into planks and used as seating, in the form benches. By cutting down the tree in the early stages of the development of Coop-byen, it will have time to dry before being up-cycled into benches. There are currently many large boulders scattered around the headquarters and the distribution centre. By drilling a 20 cm wide cylinder from the boulder it can be extracted and used as a foundation for the benches. The remaining boulder can still function as a seating arrangement and car blockage for the pedestrian areas. The benches will be a characteristic and work as an identity-forming element throughout Coop-byen and they will tell the story of up-cycling and circular economy.

Picture 1

Picture 2 Picture 1: The existing boulders from Coop will be up-cycled by drilling cylinder holes through the core to be used as foundation for new benches. // Rikke Ravn Sørensen Picture 2: The trees and boulders will be turned into benches of stacked planks on a foundation of cylinder boulders with inspiration from artist Rikke Ravn Sørensen. // Rikke Ravn Sørensen

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Existing boulder and former vegetation

Boulder and bench as seating arrangements

38 38cm cm

27 27 cm cm

40 cm

13 13 cm cm

Measurements of bench

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SEATING PLATEAU: DENSIPHALT

Densiphalt from the distribution area are being cut out into various shapes and sizes to make room for trees and plant beds at the future Lagerstrøget. By stacking the densiphalt slabs, they gain new function as plateaus, benches, or even stages. These are laid out throughout the new, recreative areas of Coop-byen, and in that way, help tie the whole area together and pass on the industrial narrative. Each layer will be 140 cm wide and 12 cm tall and can be stacked into various heights. The lengths will differ and depend on the size of the plant bed.

Picture 1

Picture 2 Picture 1: Densiphalt can vary in colour and be made of dark compositions.

Picture 2: Lighter densiphalt are found in the begning of Lagerstrøget.

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Densiphalt slabs from existing pavement

Densiphalt plateau

50 cm

280 cm

10 cm 2,5 cm

Measurements of plateau

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RESTRAINER WALL: SF-STONES

Concrete SF-stones from the southern part of the distribution centre will be taken up and reused as a restrainer wall at the new Godspladsen. The design of an SF-stone consists of multiple angles, which, when placed on top of each other in 1/2 bonds, creates an interesting surface. The walls can be created to fit multiple lengths and heights and will be used as space dividers for the wide public spaces at Coop-byen. The stones will be cast together with concrete, making it difficult to separate them for further use. However, they can be converted into base aggregates in the future. Similar walls can be made through the use of other bricks cast together with lime mortar, which allow for the bricks to be taken apart again and reused. This type of mortar, however, requires bricks with a water-absorbent quality that the SF-stones do not hold.

Picture 1

Picture 2 Picture 1: SF-stones have a serrated shape and can be placed together in different ways to create various surfaces.

Picture 2: SF-stones joined together creates a smooth surface.

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SF-stones from existing pavement

SF-stones used as wall 10 cm

120 cm

6 cm Measurements of wall

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04 DISCUSSING This chapter will reflect on the design and work methods used in this thesis and explore why this way of designing is not always the obvious choice.

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CIRCULAR REFLECTIONS

In the thesis, Designing for Circularity, we sought to examine the practice of circular economy through a landscape architectural design proposal. The motivation was driven by a curiosity to learn more about circular economy in relation to our field of study and to work with this as a supplement to our knowledge and understanding of the scarcity of the world’s natural resources. We were further motivated by a belief that landscape architects have a responsibility to consider the challenges that affect the environment. These convictions urged us to elaborate on the concept of circular economy, where we explored if a change of design methods is necessary in our practice.

Through investigating circular economy, we learned that multiple parameters were essential to consider. These were primarily to preserve as much as possible as well as to use the existing structures and qualities of the area in the future design. We also learned that innovation is of great importance if circular methods are to be implemented in a design.

This understanding of circular economy was explored and utilized through a design proposal for Coop-byen in Albertslund Municipality. Coop-byen is a current urban development project which aims to attract approximately 4.500 new citizens and offer recreational and commercial facilities. With this in mind, we aimed to design an alternative development project based on methods of circular economy. The area was established in the 1960s and still functions as Coops headquarter to this day. The area mainly consists of office buildings and distribution centres and had many different qualities, due to its being an industrial site with a long history and an interesting narrative. In some areas, the site was characterized by industrial pavements and constructions handling heavy cargo and trucks. These were therefore prioritised for their functionality, rather than their aesthetics qualities, when originally laid out.

Our circular design proposal was made using various methods. By investigating the history of Coop and the surrounding structures, we built an understanding of the strong narrative of Coop and of the area. Pavements, vegetation, facades, and inventory were carefully examined and registered to explore the possibilities of preserving as much of the previous structure as

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03. experimenting

04. discussing

possible. These registrations were used to form the new masterplan, where designs such as geometrical plant beds, rows of trees, and houses built on the original foundation were suggested. The design would therefore be carefully planned and based on notions of circularity while simultaneously taking the narrative of Coop into account. We further explored innovative methods of upcycling former products and materials found within the area. By suggesting designs of benches made through existing inventory and vegetation, and walls made from former pavements, we explored the possibilities of upcycling structures and elements into the new design. These methods and considerations resolved in a final design proposal for Coop-byen; a design that provides an example of a design based upon circular principles. The goal was not always to propose final and detailed solutions in all aspects of the design, but to point to methods where we could see a circular potential. In that way, new and alternative design methods could be developed based on existing materials or products, and thereby contribute to more circularity. This showed that the way in which we design and construct requires a new mindset, and that an experimental aesthetic is necessary if a design is to be based on circular economy.

During our work, we were attentive to this way of differentiating a design proposal from the practice we have observed during our period of study and through previous internships. We considered the potential barriers that could occur when working with circular economy in a landscape architectural practice and have been discussing whether these are the reason why a circular accession is not always obvious.

When experimenting aesthetics from a circular perspective, some barriers transpired. By using existing materials and structures it can often result in unforeseen expressions. The materials can vary in size, appearance, and condition, and indeed will often be limited to the existing amount found in the area. Aesthetics is decidedly significant in the field of landscape architecture, and preserving the existing can set limits to how the design develop.

With our design proposal, we found that the aesthetic we created sometimes left us with odd shapes, as well as an expression that would be site-specific to Coop-byen. For instance, the work of preserving the existing pavements would dictate how the plant

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00. introducing

01. understanding

02. proposing

beds would appear, which would then be shaped depending on their adjustable properties. Depending on the point of view, this can either be considered a strong quality or a compromise on the design in convergence between the ethics and the aesthetics.

These sometimes unconventional designs made from previously used materials would furthermore communicate the message of circularity as an important factor in changing our ways of constructing a landscape and the common understanding of aesthetics. However, we did discover that it can be more time-consuming to make a design from existing materials and to generate new ways of handling our resources so that they can stay in a circular rotation for longer. We experienced that it requires many technical methods and examinations to become sure of a material or product’s circular properties. In some cases, the methods have not yet been invented, which was a challenge but a great learning experience, and points to the importance of innovative thinking when developing a circular design.

Every project requires a lot of logistic planning and organization, and making a circular project is no exception. We noticed that logistic matters can be an essential consideration if a project is to be circular. Clearing work is important and time-consuming since all of the project area needs to be assessed from its circular possibilities. If different materials or products can be preserved or reused, they need to be sorted, stored, and sometimes cleaned for later use, which again can be a logistic challenge. In our thesis, we found that the logistic coordination that should take place at Coop-byen would be very time-consuming indeed. It has therefore not been extensively explored in this thesis, even though we are aware of the importance of logistics when designing for circularity. Transportation is also a large consideration, both in terms of logistics, but especially in terms of reducing the CO2-emission.

CO2 is, in general, a notable part of a circular process and needs to be considered throughout every step of the process. We have not directly described the CO2 account for our proposal, but by preserving as many of the structures, vegetation, and pavements as possible, as well as avoiding the taking away of soil for cleansing, we expect to have limited the amount of CO2-emission to a greater extent. In further investigations of the project, it would be very interesting and educational to dive into this aspect of circular economy.

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03. experimenting

04. discussing

There are a lot of barriers and different parameters to be considered when designing by the principles of circular economy. But one important aspect lies within the exact term “circular economy”, and that is of course economy itself. To make a circular project, there needs to be economic incentives. Within this subject lies a discussion regarding whether, in fact, circularity should be prioritised even though it can be the more expensive choice. As landscape architecture students, we would encourage a great prioritisation in developing and working with circular solutions. In our project, we did not work within a budget, making it possible for us to experiment with circular solutions that might be quite costly. Economics is a difficult task when a design proposal is circular, and we recognise the influence that economics have on a project. This made us ask the question of how one would put a price on sustainability to preserve our natural resources. This a discussion that must be taken to the government, the municipalities, and the contracting authorities, if circular economy is to be implemented in more projects. Regulation on circularity should be adjusted and certification schemes regulated so that the circular approach become the obvious choice.

This thesis has investigated how circular economy can be implemented throughout a design process and contributed to an alternative aesthetic in our field of landscape architecture. We have found that innovation is a big part of a design and that the general aesthetics that we currently practise in our field needs to change.

If circularity is to be the obvious approach when designing, there needs to be a shift in the way we perceive our role as landscape architects. We hope that this proposal can inspire our fellow architects and push the boundaries of future projects.

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BY VIEWING OU LANDSCAPES A URBAN SPACES ONE OCCURRE IN A LONG LINE DEVELOPMENT WE CAN PROJE OUR DESIGNS F A FUTURE DEVELOPMENT

UR AND S AS ENCE E OF TS, ECT FOR

T. * Additional book in ”Appendix2”

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