LA 5701 Adaptive Jakarta—Landscape Strategies for Real World Issues by akisec

ADAPTIVE JAKARTA LANDSCAPE STRATEGIES FOR REAL WORLD ISSUES

Tutors: Ervine Lin, Senior Lecturer | Kenya Endo, Lecturer

As a studio product which is not censored, it may contain mistakes or not represent the positions of NUS.

Published by CASA Centre of Advanced Studies in Architecture Department of Architecture School of Design and Environment National University of Singapore 4 Architecture Drive Singapore 117566 Tel: +65 65163452 Fax: +65 67793078

PREFACE

ADAPTIVE JAKARTA studio pays attention to the role of landscape architects in rapidly growing Asian cities; our perspective in identifying urban issues, discovering opportunities through design interventions, and advancing proposed interventions into sustainable strategies for the betterment of the residents. Students were challenged to analyze the socioeconomic drivers of spatial usage and patterns from community-level as well as city-wide geographical context to better understand the complex dynamics of the city as a whole. This book is a compilation of 19 graduate students’ work in the Landscape Architecture program, who put their hearts and efforts to explore adaptive landscape design interventions for creating multi-functional and culturally sensitive public spaces for enhancing city’s liveability. The first half of the book documents the process of the studio chronologically; group’s site analysis to explain the context and motivation for subsequent design approaches, and ends with design suggestions with concepts and experiential graphics. 19 very diverse design outcomes appear in the second half of the book under the following categories: 1) Waste & Landfill, 2) Wastewater Treatment, 3) Storm -water & Flood Risk Management, 4) River System Reconfiguration, 5) Social & Lifestyle, 6) Community & Open Space, 7) Streetscape and Linear Infrastructure. The book concludes with reflections of the studio. We hope the book will contribute to the deepening of the knowledge-base and an expanding of the potential scope of our profession. The studio preparation and site visits owe a lot of support from Mr. Brahmastyo Puji from Architecture Sans Frontières, Ms Elisa Sutanudjaja, executive director of Rujak Center for Urban Studies in Jakarta, Ms. Ellisa Evawani, Associate Professor, and Ms Hanifa Wasnadi from the University of Indonesia, and their students from the Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Ms. Dewi Rezalini from Bogor Agricultural University, Department of Landscape Architecture for sharing her insights of the profession in Indonesia. Special thanks to guest reviewers, Ms. Dixi Mengote-Quah, Ms. Dorothy Tang, Ms. Lehana Guo, Mr. Ryan Shubin who provided insightful comments to student’s works. Thank you very much.

STUDIO INTRODUCTION CHRONOLOGY PRELIMINARY RESEARCH PROPOSALS REFLECTIONS

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STUDIO INTRODUCTION Ervine Lin and Kenya Endo

Course Overview | This studio-based module expands the skill level expected of our students by enlarging their mode of operation to the scale of the city. As the second installment of a four part masterlevel core studio, the students will visit the city of Jakarta, the current capital of Indonesia. There, they will be faced with the realities of an ever growing megalopolis stretched by both environmental as well as socioeconomic challenges. Students will be asked to explore how landscape architecture can potentially alleviate some of the issues to be uncovered over the course of the semester and to suggest socially acceptable, environmentally viable and technically innovative interventions using a landscape approach Background I Concerns over water scarcity, climate change, and environmental health risks have prompted some Asian cities to invest in river rehabilitation and scholars in recent years have been demonstrating that a change in paradigm in river rehabilitation is possible, providing future scenarios that balance concerns over flooding, water quality, and ecology, with the realities of a rapidly growing megacity like Jakarta, the current capital of Indonesia (Vollmer et al., 2015). By 2050, an additional 2.5 billion people, resulting in a total of 66 percent of the world’s population, is projected to reside in urban areas with a glaring majority of this increase concentrated in Asia and Africa (United Nations, 2014). This massive urban transition coincides with an unprecedented expansion of builtup land which has resulted in ramifications to the local-regional climate, pollution, water quality and availability, arable land as well as the livelihoods of people in the region (Schneider et al., 2015). Much of this growth occurs in the “mega-deltas cities” which have historically conglomerated people, resources and economic activities, a trend which increasingly places them at risk to environmental hazards (Seto, 2011) and has contributed to rivers and wetlands becoming one of the most threatened ecosystems in the world (Malmqvist and Rundle, 2002; Tockner and Stanford, 2002). One such city is the current capital of Indonesia, Jakarta. Unfortunately, increasing urbanisation, commercial development and centuries of exploitation and neglect have transformed the rivers in Jakarta, such as the Ciliwung River, into one of the most polluted rivers in the world (E. Satriastanti, 2012). The concurrent anthropogenic factors such as buildup of garbage (Texier, 2008) and the rapid subsidence due to groundwater extraction (Chaussard et al., 2013) have also been attributed to the ever increasing seasonal floods in the city, the latest deadly flood happening in January 2020 (CNA, 2020). The issue of flooding is further exasperated when municipal infrastructure fails to keep pace with urban growth forcing lower-income communities settled along the downstream section of the river to rely on the polluted river for water, sanitation and even recreation (Vollmer and Grêt-Regamey, 2013).

In the past two decades, multiple studies of water management problems and engineering proposals to mitigate flooding have been brought up in Jakarta but none have been successfully implemented (Silver, 2014). One of these proposals is the long standing plan to “normalise” the river channel, a project led by the Ministry of Public Works which includes dredging, expansion and bank reinforcement works that would change both the topography and land use along the riparian corridor. The high cost of land acquisition, sensitivity of aggressive demolition and eviction policies, ironically coupled with the allowance for commercial entities to develop along riverbanks and other

green spaces (Steinberg, 2007) have resulted in a fair amount of debate on the validity of the “normalization” process. Unfortunately, “normalization” is still the strategy which currently has the most momentum and residents of who have been residing along some of the worst hit areas live under the constant threat of eviction and relocation to make way for these river improvement works (The Jakarta Post, 2015). Those who have already gone through it are now physically and psychologically segregated from the water systems that flow through the city. The studio’s starting point is thus exploring means in which landscape orientated solutions might provide an alternative to the alienating approach of “normalization”. While rapid urbanization is often blamed for the environmental degradation and increasing hazards from natural disasters, the magnetic concentration of people, resources and economic activity in cities can also provide for an opportunity to create mitigation strategies that shift the city towards sustainability (Seto et al., 2010). This concentration of resources has allowed for river and wetland restorations to become an increasingly lucrative enterprise with billions of dollars being spent on restoration works (Nakamura et al., 2006) Seen no longer as merely a recreational or decorative exercise, the practice of river restoration can be viewed as an infrastructural investment in which a multitude of benefits can be obtained, inclusive of flood mitigation (Benedict and McMahon, 2006). Girot acknowledges this noteworthy endeavor of landscape recovery but challenges practice and discipline to engage with the cultural and environmental dimensions of a site through a combination of physical experience, intuition and scientific research (Girot, 1999). As such, while the situation in Jakarta might appear bleak, the studio seeks to engage with the local populance while bringing to the table a landscape architectural agenda which explores the possibilities of reimagining the water systems in Jakarta such that they play not only an ecological, social and economic role but also one which has the possibility to mitigate environmental factors.

Site I The primary landing site will be a community within Kampung Kedaung Kali Angke in West Jakarta, located along the riverside of Kali Apuran, and close to Cengkareng Drain. Dense single-story housing blocks are surrounded by industrial area and several high-class gated communities, as well as undeveloped open fields (presumably owned by private developers). Due to the river expansion program back in 2014, several houses were evicted, creating new composition of spaces along the river—linear inspection road with spontaneous communal activities, faced by 2 separated neighboring communities. This eviction along the river is a common theme seen along many parts of Jakarta to make way for normalization of the rivers and canals. The landing site serves as a snapshot for the studio to understand Jakarta’s community-level spatial organization, complexity of social structures, and challenges that a typical community faces toward sustainable living. Simultaneously, students are to investigate surrounding neighborhoods for contextual understanding, as well as to conduct city-scale analysis for identifying how our landing site interrelates with the dynamics of the Jakarta City as a whole.

Design Questions | During the course, students will be challenged to develop both spatially and socially compelling design interventions. The studio is designed to answer these questions by using Jakarta as a case study and Kampung Kedaung Kali Angke as a landing site to deploy and demonstrate each student’s design approach(es). Questions students should ask themselves can include but are in no way limited to the following: • Considering the complexity of the site and the city, what will be the key parameters / priorities? • Aside from simply pledging areas for green, how can we incentivize local stakeholders to be part of the drivers of your landscape proposal? • How will students address informality in design, when environmental pressure as well as infra• Can landscape architects propose design prototypes that can infuse greater diversity and livability into the urban context? Learning Objectives and Approaches | For a landscape intervention to be successful, designers need to understand the site in question—from its collective memory to its physical topography. Unfortunately a designer seldom (if ever) belongs to the place in which he or she is asked to operate ing) which serve as a theoretical methodology in which to extract as much potential from the site in thus be tasked to perform the following: 1. To step outside their comfort zone into the complexities of metropolitan Jakarta to experience the ground conditions for themselves (landing) 2. Carefully unfold the intricate characteristics of the site through detailed analysis and experiential explorations (grounding) 3. Discover the potential areas in which landscape architecture can be leveraged on to alleviate the 4. Propose ways to restructure elements of the city into a series of resilient outcomes in the form of bespoke spatial and social frameworks (founding) complex and is only one of the many facets in which students can consider as their intended focus. A nonexhaustive list of potential topics* is suggested below: • Urban hydrology including city-wide waterways and hydraulic infrastructures, collection of rainwater, ground water extraction, access to portable water, etc. • Interaction with water (access, behavior, perception etc.), and how they shaped people’s lifestyle. • Access to greenery (or lack thereof) within the city and the realities of park building in Jakarta. • Solid waste management and sanitation and the possibilities of reinvigorating a positive human landscape interaction. • Productive landscapes and their potential role in improving socio-economic divides.

Lastly, narrative development will be the overarching skills to be further developed. “Narratives intersect with sites, accumulate as layers of history, organize sequences and inhere in the very materials and processes of the landscape.” (Potteiger and Purinton, 1998)

services) and experience (distinctive and memorable). These challenges are to be developed into opportunities to serve as the foundation of a logical narrative to outline the advantages and necessities of the proposed design. Studio Structure I to understand site context, with in-depth input sessions from local experts to identify problems and challenges. Students will be tasked to work in groups for the research phase, and as individuals for the design application phase, according to the requirements of each stage of the studio. Research Phase observation & measurements with advanced digital technology, interviews with residents, and collection of maps) to acquire relevant knowledge to serve as the basis of design vision and strategies for all students. For this initial research phase, students will be grouped into 3 focal scales for their respective site investigation tasks. Refer below for the potential site survey inventory: 1. City scale—Infrastructural network (water, transport), land-use, urban density, history, demography etc. 2. Neighborhood scale—Digital mapping and measurements, typological studies, etc. 3. Site scale—Interview surveys, detail observations on materials and site furnishing, sectional studies etc. The knowledge / geo-data / maps collected during the site visit must be traceable or be based on vidual design developments at the later stage. Design Development Phase The last 7 weeks will be left to focus on design application, which will culminate in a convincing

small group projects after discussing with tutors through the course of the semester.

Recommended Readings I ‘Adianto et al. - 2014 - The Informal Area Management in Slum Settlement.pdf’ (n.d.). Adianto, J., Okabe, A. & Ellisa, E. (2014) ‘The Informal Area Management in Slum Settlement’:, 18. Apip, Sagala, S.A.H. & Luo, P. (2015) ‘Overview of Jakarta Water-Related Environmental Challenges’. Betteridge, B. & Webber, S. (2019) ‘Everyday resilience, reworking, and resistance in North Jakarta’s kampungs:’, Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space. Bott, L.-M., Ankel, L. & Braun, B. (2019) ‘Adaptive neighborhoods: The interrelation of urban form, social capital, and responses to coastal hazards in Jakarta’, Geoforum, 106, 202–213. Chaussard, E., Amelung, F., Abidin, H. & Hong, S.-H. (2013) ‘Sinking cities in Indonesia: ALOS PALSAR detects rapid subsidence due to groundwater and gas extraction’, Remote Sensing of Environment, 128, 150–161. nacular: Politics, Semiotics and Representation, Cham: Springer International Publishing,13–30. tion and urban image’, Space and Polity, 23, 265–282. Girot, C. (1999) ‘Chapter 3: Four Trace Concepts in Landscape Architecture’, in Corner, J. (ed.) Recovering landscape: essays in contemporary landscape architecture, New York: PrincetonArchitectural Press, 58–67. Guinness, P. (2019) ‘Managing Risk in Uncertain Times’, Ethnos, 0, 1–12. Hellman, J. (2018) ‘How to Prove You are Not a Squatter: Appropriating Space and Marking Presence in Jakarta’, in Cabannes, Y., Douglass, M., and Padawangi, R. (eds) Cities in Asia by and for the People, Amsterdam University Press, 41–68. ‘Jakarta Waterscape: From Structuring Water to 21st Century Hybrid Nature? by arysari - issuu’ (n.d.). Available at: https://issuu.com/arysay/docs/nakhara (accessed January 2020). Lin, E., Shaad, K. & Girot, C. (2016) ‘Developing river rehabilitation scenarios by integrating landscape and hydrodynamic modeling for the Ciliwung River in Jakarta, Indonesia’, Sustainable Cities and Society, 20, 180–198. ing Cities’, The State of Environmental Migration 2015 – A review of 2014, 18. Ninsalam, Y. & Rekittke, J. (2016) ‘Landscape architectural foot soldier operations’, Sustainable Cities and Society, 20, 158–167. The lock-in of infrastructural solutions’, Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space, 37, 1102–1125. Potteiger, M., Purinton, J. (2002) ‘Landscape Narratives’, Theory in Landscape Architecture, edited Prescott, M.F. & Ninsalam, Y. (2016) ‘The synthesis of environmental and socio-cultural information in the ecological design of urban riverine landscapes’, Sustainable Cities and Society, 20, 222– 236. Rekittke, J., Paar, P., Lin, E. & Ninsalam, Y. (2013) ‘Digital reconnaissance’, Journal of Landscape Architecture, 8, 74– 81.

CHRONOLOGY 13th Jan - 3rd May 2020

The studio started off with the orientation of studio “Adaptive Jakarta” by tutors, followed by an introduction to the entire semester’s schedule. For the initial research phase, students were grouped into 3 focal scales; ‘City scale’, ‘Neighborhood scale’, and ‘Site scale’, for their respective site investigation tasks.

13 Jan

20-30 Jan- Preliminary Site Analysis Sharing and Field Trip Preparation The three groups presented and shared their initial analysis, and the major topics are below. 1.City scale—Infrastructural network, land-use, urban density, history, demography. 2. Neighborhood scale—Digital mapping and measurements, typological studies, etc. 3. Site scale—Interview surveys, detailed observations on material, sectional studies, etc. For field trip preparation, students received safety instructions from Mr. S. Ravindran (NUS Office of Safety, Health & Environment), and were also trained how to fly a drone for survey.

01 Feb - Field Trip Start - Fly into Jakarta

02 Feb - Kickoff Session with Seminars and Site visit with All Universitas Indonesia, Architecture Sans FrontiĂ¨res Indonesia, and the Bogor Agricultural University. Students and tutors visited to the site, Kampung Keduang Kali Angke, alongside students from UI.

Each group conducted site surveys with tutors and UI students. At night, students prepared for the interim sharing session at the hotel.

3-6 Feb - Full Day Onsite Surveys

7 Feb - Wrap-up Session At Rujak Urban Design Center, each group made a presentation. Guest reviewers included local collaborators, community members.

8 Feb - Field Trip End: Fly-out from Jakarta

10 Feb -2 Mar - Design Vision Consultation by Individual In preparation for the upcoming mid-review, each student had a series of personal consultations with our tutors, which included site and issue selection, analysis, and design approach.

Three guest reviewers were invited for the Mid Review; Ms. Dixi Mengote-Quah (Urban Planner / Hydro-engineer), Ms. Lehana Guo (Landscape Architect), Mr. Ryan Shubin (Landscape Architect). The reviewers provided constructive advice in diverse aspects regarding the research, analysis, issue selection, and design approaches.

9 Mar - Mid Review

16 Mar- 17 Apr - Design Development Students focused on design application, which culminated in a convincing design solution for the discussing with our tutors through online meetings.

Due to the Covid-19 pandemic, final review was conducted online with pre-recorded presentation. Ms. Dixi Mengote-Quah (Urban Planner, Hydro-engineer), Ms. Dorothy Tang (Landscape architect, Research), Ms. Lehana Guo (Landscape architect), Mr. Ryan Shubin (Landscape architect) reviewed student work remotely.

24 Apr - Final Review

4 May - Last Studio Session

PRELIMINARY RESEARCH

Adaptive Jakarta

CITY SCALE 18 NEIGHBORHOOD SCALE 36 CITE SCALE 52

CITY SCALE - HISTORY Historical Maps

Analysis: - Course of Ciliwung river changed due to canalization after floods in 1621 - The canal system caused the river to lose its current, and deposit large amounts of sediment

Batavia Old Town Poor living conditions in this walled town, causing diseases like malaria – eventually leading to the destruction of the wall in 18th century. Currently known as Kota Tua Jakarta (“Jakarta Old Town”) with some of the old buildings still preserved.

Historical Land Use Maps Jakarta Urban Area, 1985

Jakarta Urban Area, 1993

Analysis - Preference of industrial areas along the bay due to port industries - Mostly residential with mixed buildings along the river – showing that industries/ commercial buildings depend on the river

CITY SCALE - HISTORY Flood History in Jakarta Five Phases of Dutch Water Management

Source: Octavianti, T. & Charles, K. (2019) ‘The evolution of Jakarta’s flood policy over the past 400 years: The lock-in of infrastructural solutions’, Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space, 37, 1102–1125.

Flood History & Important Policy/Decisions in Jakarta, Indonesia

CITY SCALE - LAND USE Built-up Areas & Land Use History Rapid urbanization and population growth is the main reason for the emergence of informal settlements in Jakarta.

1970

1980

The massive urbanization contributed to the shortage of land supply and high land values. As a result, more than 25% of agricultural uses have been converted into industrial, commercial, or residential uses to meet the growing demand for land. Limited green space in Jakarta Decreased from: 27.6% in Master Plan – 1965 to 1985 26.1% in Spatial Plan – 1985 to 2005 13.94% in Spatial Plan – 2000 to 2010 Currently Jakarta has only 9% of green area (10, 008 hectares) from the original amount of 29%

1990

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5684097/

2000

(33,467 hectares)

Land use changes through time 1965- Mostly commercial concentrated in the central, with residential bordering the mixed used developments.

1965

1985

1985- Increase in residential areas, and mixed used remain along the rivers. 2009- Most well-planned settlements concentrated in West and North Jakarta

2009 Source: Jakarta Capital City Government Credit: Rujak Center for Urban Studies

Future 2030

2030 (Future) - Introduction of “Green Residential Areas” in South Jakarta, and an overall increase in green areas, especially along the rivers.

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REGIONAL REGULATION OF JAKARTA CAPITAL CITY NUMBER 1 YEAR 2012 JAKARTA SELATAN CONCERNING REGIONAL SPATIAL PLAN 2030

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CITY SCALE - DEMOGRAPHICS Population Density Total Population : 10.8 Million as of 2019 Total City Area in Jakarta : 4,384 km2 Kodya Jakarta Utara Population : 1,645,659 People

NORTH

Density : 11,756 people/km2

Kodya Jakarta

WEST

Barat Population :

Kodya Jakarta

CENTRAL

2,281,945 People

Pusat Population :

Density : 18,338 people/km2

902,973 People Density : 17,239 people/km2

EAST SOUTH

Kodya Jakarta Selatan Population : 2,062,232 People

Kodya Jakarta

Density : 13,363 people/km2

Timur Population : 2,693,896 People Density : 14,745 people/km2

2010 Population Census DKI Jarkata Province : https://sp2010.bps.go.id/index.php/site?id=31&wilayah=DKI-Jakarta

Ethnic Groups:

rta

ive

Religion:

n Su

n na

Buddhism Catholic Protestant Hinduism

t Na

World Population Review : http://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/jakarta-population/

Islam

Confuciansim

CITY SCALE - DEMOGRAPHICS Social Division

6 Districts : -Large & medium scale 8 Districts :

industries

NORTH

-Highest Concentration

-Trading Port

of small-scale industries

-Primary Tourist Hot Spot

-Rich cultural landmarks

WEST

suchs as Jakarta’s

CENTRAL

Chinatown and Dutch

8 Districts : -Admistrative & Political

Colonials

Centre -Distinct Landmarks and monuments

EAST

10 Districts : -Originally planned as ‘Satellite City’ (Suburbs)

SOUTH

-Central Business District

10 Districts :

- Upscale shopping malls and recreational

-Several Industrial sectors

areas

-Cultural - Based Recreational Area

- Residential areas

2010 Population Census DKI Jarkata Province : https://sp2010.bps.go.id/index.php/site?id=31&wilayah=DKI-Jakarta

Population Growth:

Gender Distribution:

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 Jakarta

Male Female

World Population Review : http://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/jakarta-population/

CITY SCALE - CONNECTIVITY Road Classification Compared with Singapore, Jakarta has similar trunk road density, and even higher road density when the calculation take all roads into consideration. However, large amounts of private cars make the traffic much more crowded than Singapore.

Road Density Singapore Trunk Road Density

Low 0

Jakarta Trunk Road Density

High

20KM

High

20KM

Jakarta All Road Density

Low 5

Low 0

Singapore All Road Density

Trunk Road Secondary Road Residence Road

20KM

High

Low 0

20KM

High

CITY SCALE - CONNECTIVITY Transportation Layers Railway System The construction of the railway system help alleviate the traffic congestion, but it is not widely finished in the whole city area.

Railway Line Railway Station 0

20KM

Other Transportation Methods Large number of sidewalks are shown on the map, but they are scattered in several area. Disconnection of the sidewalks lead to a horrible walking experience.

20KM

High Speed Way Railway Sidewalk

Important Transportation Hubs Central Jakarta has a better public transportation service compared with other areas of the city.

20KM

Ferry Terminal Bus Stations Main Bus Stops Taxi Stations Railway Stations

CITY SCALE - HYDROLOGY Base map

CITY SCALE - HYDROLOGY Waterway system

Flood Canals ("Banjir Kanal") in Jakarta (2012)

West Flood Canal | Banjir Kanal Barat(1919) 1918: Batavia city plan 1919: Constructed 1973: In the 1973 master plan, a system of canals was planned to cut to the flow of water in West Jakarta. 1979: Because of the 1979 flood, government revised the West Flood Canal plan by the construction of the Cengkareng drainage system.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta_Flood_Canal

East Flood Canal | Banjir Kanal Timur(2002) 1918: First launched by the Dutch engineer Van der Beer 1973: The EFC design was finished 2002: Construction began(but delayed due to problems in clearing the area) 2013: During the 2013 flood the East Flood Canal was still not connected to the Ciliwung River. Future: Try to connect the Ciliwung River and the East Flood Canal through a tunnel.

Master plan development of Eastern Flood Canal, Jakarta, Indonesia Year

National level events

1969-1998

General Suharto’s New Order Government in power

1973 1974

Description

Water resources and other governmental functions consolidated to central government Master Plan I produced by the Department of Public Works and Master Plan I (Master Plan of Flood Control and Drainage Electricity (central) in collaboration with the Netherlands Engineering System for Jakarta) (NEDECO, 1973) consultant, NEDECO According to this law, the flood control infrastructure project was fully funded and implemented by the central government (MPW)

Water Law No. 11

1991-1993

1996

East canal events

Establishment of Jakarta flood prevention project by the Plan and construction of flood infrastructure under the authority of central government (‘Kopro Banjir’) the Ministry of Public Works (MPW)

1965

The collaboration between the Department of Public Works and the Japan International Consultant produced a new master plan (revision of previous master plan)

Master Plan II

Severe flood inundated almost all Jakarta’s New study about Jakarta flood was conducted by central The ‘Jakarta Flood Control Advisory Mission (JFCAM) by land area, especially in North and East government in collaboration with The Netherlands NEDECO’(1996) produced a new study about floods in Jakarta and Jakarta government an alternative design of the Eastern Flood Canal

1997

Master Plan III

The collaboration between Department of Public Works and Japan International Consultant produced a new master plan The transformation from centralization to decentralization is initiated

1998

Fall of Suharto’s regime

1999

Decentralization Law 22/1999 and Fiscal Equalization Law 25/1999

Eastern Flood Canal plan is integrated with the spatial planning of Jakarta 2010

Change of institutional arrangement in water sectors. Provincial government has autonomous power in regulation and policy related to water and flood management

2002

Severe flood hits Jakarta. It was recorded that disastrous floods affected 10,000 ha of Jakarta’s built-up area

Master Plan IV

More stakeholders involved in developing the Master Plan IV. MoU between central government and provincial government to implement Eastern Flood Canal signed

Kick-off of flood canal construction by President Megawati Soekarno Putri

2003 2004

New Water Law No. 7. First direct election

2007

Another devastating flood hits Jakarta; one of the worst floods ever experienced

Central government increased its commitment to accelerate the completion of the Eastern Flood Canal by allocating more budget than before

Resource: Evaluating Jakarta’s flood defence governance: the impact of political and institutional reforms Imelda Simanjuntak, Niki Frantzeskaki, Bert Enserink and Wim Ravesteijn

Flood project in Jakarta The coastal areas of northern Jakarta are the most susceptible to flooding. By 2100, the simulated maps of inundation show a large increase in inundated areas, both under low and high water level scenarios Map of coastal flood (2009-2100)

Coastal inundation and damage exposure estimation: a case study for Jakarta

CITY SCALE - HYDROLOGY Floods in Jakarta Map of Isohyet on February in Jakarta(1996,2002,2007)

Source: The pattern of spatial flood disaster region in DKI Jakarta, M P Tambunan 2017 IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 56 012014

Flood prone area in Jakarta Function of flood prone area in Jakarta: 1.Very high potential flood area â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Northern Jakarta 2.High potential flood area - Central and Southern Jakarta 3.Low potential flood area - Southeast Jakarta - steep slope

2002 flooding area 2002&&2007 2007 flooding area Very area Veryhigh highpotential potentialflood flood area

Conclusion: Actual prone area in the north, west and east of Jakarta lowland both in beach ridge, coastal alluvial plain and alluvial plain. Flood potential area on the slope is found flat and steep at alluvial fan, alluvial plain, beach ridge, and coastal alluvial plain in Jakarta.

Source: The pattern of spatial flood disaster region in DKI Jakarta, M P Tambunan 2017 IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 56 012014

Flood and Poverty 50 year flood return period

The flood hazard map showing inundation depth and extend for the following return periods: 1, 2, 5, 10, 25, 50 & 100 years. Flood risk assessment for delta mega-cities: a case study of Jakarta

Number of poor households in Jakarta map (2008)

In Jakarta, household income and the type of houses they live in also determine the impact of flooding on them. Most villages are located in the North of Jakarta (including our site)

Jakarta Climate Adaptation Tools (JCAT)

CITY SCALE - HYDROLOGY Land subsidence

Resource: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-44636934

Pollution Water sewerage system Only 4% of Jakarta has access to sewerage, with 96% or over 9.2 million people, with no wastewater management or treatment systems.

JAKARTA SEWERAGE SYSTEM (JSS)

Water quality Spatial distribution of Jakarta water quality A) Average value of BOD; B) Trend Z value of BOD; C) Average value of DO; D) Trend Z value of DO; E) Average value of TSS; F) Trend Z value of TSS during the studying period. BOD: Biological Oxygen Demand Upper stream: low average values of BOD Downstream and middle stream: high average values of BOD DO:Dissolved oxygen The average value of DO decreased from upstream to downstream The central district showing high DO values -REASON: the result of rapid urbanization in Jakarta which increased housing development in the upper and middle streams. TSS: Total suspended solids Most stations have low average values of TSS The central and eastern districts that have high average values of TSS. -REASON: result from construction and wastewater due to high population density and urbanization.

Quality standard of water in Singapore Items of Analysis BOD Dissolved oxygen Total Suspended Solids

range <10 mg L-1 >2 mg L-1 <200 mg L-1

RED CIRCLE means this station meets the standard value of Singapore. BOD: Only few of the water catchment meet the standard of BOD (<10 mg L-1). DO: About half of the stations’ water quality of DO higher than 2 mg L-1 TSS: Only two station have high level of TSS (larger than 200 mg L-1) Source: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0219009

CITY SCALE - JAKARTA SITE VISIT Places/Sites Visited City Scale - Site Visit Strategy During our site visit to Jakarta, the city scale group ventured out further from just the landing site - in order to get a better understanding of other parts of Jakarta, especially the kampungs. The main aim was to study these different areas in relation to the waterways and its surrounding condition, which we can later study through a comparative study. This was done through a series of sections cut through these areas.

Map showing areas visited DAY 01 - Central Jakarta, Cikini & Manggarai DAY 03 - Angke River, Moonkevart Drain

DAY 02 - Waduk Pluit, Kampung Akuarium & Tongkol

In the next few pages, the sections are divided into small, medium & large sized waterways for a better understanding on the conditions of these different types.

CITY SCALE - JAKARTA SITE VISIT Section Studies Small Sized Waterway

Kampung Cikini

Manggarai Stream

CITY SCALE - JAKARTA SITE VISIT Section Studies Medium Sized Waterway

Kampung Tongkol

Kedaung Kali Angke (Site location)

North of neighbourhood (Apuran River)

East of neighbourhood 32

CITY SCALE - JAKARTA SITE VISIT Section Studies Large Sized Waterway

Kedaung Kali Angke (Site Location)

South of neighbourhood (Mookenvart Drain)

West of neighbourhood (Cengkareng Drain)

East of neighbourhood (Pesing River)

Apuran River (Further down south from site, towards a more natural edge condition)

CITY SCALE - JAKARTA SITE VISIT Comparison Studies Waterway Typology Comparison - According to Size

Kampung Comparison

CITY SCALE - JAKARTA SITE VISIT Waterway Study & Timeline of Change Initial idea study looking at examples in Singapore as well as Jakarta

Greening up concretised canal edges

Allocation of pedestrian pathways & public spaces

Floating platforms across canals (Accessibility) Flexibility of space

Looking at changes that can be made in parts through a phasing strategy

NEIGHBORHOOD SCALE LAND USE

MULTIPY USE IN THE STREETSCAPE 0.8-1.2m transport

0.8m

1.2m

5m——+Wedding, Basketball, evening market

MATERIAL Legend

BUILDING DENSITY

FLOODING

1.5m——Selling, chatting, hanging clothes

1.5 m

2.5m——+Planting, baby caring, daily activities ( cooking, washing), playing

1.5 m

2.5 m

2-2.5 m

10m——Traffic, selling, parking Some daily activities moved to the outside spontaneously.People spent almost all of their time at the small space they occupied informally in front of their building 10 m

10 m

NEIBOURHOOD SCALE ZOOM-IN ANALYSIS Issue area identification

LEGENDS

Most worthy-hitten Mediun worthy-hitten Least worthy-hitten

East side

East side elevation A

LEGENDS

East side elevation Clip A

Clip B

ZOOM-IN ANALYSIS Clip C

Activity analysis

LEGENDS

Clip D

NEIBOURHOOD SCALE NEIGHBORHOOD GREENERY Softscape

Hardscape

Green Open Spaces in Neighborhood

Kampung

Underutilized

Roadside

Gate Community

Greenery

Space

Greenery

Urban Park

Riverbank Greenery

SOLID WASTE Garbage Truck Spots in Jakarta

Trash Generation spots in Jakarta

Source:https://jakartasatu.jakarta.go.id/portal/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=ee9940006aae4a268716c11abf64565b

Solid Waste Disposal Process Process 1: The residents usually just put the trash in front of the door, or hang on the trees or wall, waiting for wagons to collect them. Process 2: The trash collected by compant or government. The rack picker need to pay for the plastic and paper that collected from the garbage concentration center. Process 3: The garbage can be collected by company or government by trucks. Process 4: Some of the garbage can be recycled, while some can be treated in landfill.

Solid Waste Collection Point on Riverbank

1. Wagon & garbage truck 2. Underutilized area for garbage 3. Garbage dump 4. Garbage concentration centre

NEIBOURHOOD SCALE WASTE WATER Waste water facility map

Water pumps

Bisnis, Jakarta â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Local

Water gates

GovernmentOwned Water Utility (PDAM)

Waste water treatment concept Septic tank concept

Got water from PDAM, the residents need to pay for the water, the water collected from PDAM can be used for washing clothes, flashing toilet, etc. If the residents cannot afford to buy. clean water from water store, they can boil the water. Laundry water can be transferred directly into the drainage from the pipes

Toilet water are transferred into the septic tank to deposit, all of the water treatment are physical treatment

ROAD Road classification

Road density 0 - 954.7526042 954.7526043 - 1, 909. 505208 1, 909. 505209 - 2, 864.257813 2, 864.257814 - 3, 819.010417 3, 819.010418 - 4, 773.763021 4, 773.763022 - 5, 728.515625 5, 728.515626 - 6, 683.268229 6, 683.268223 - 7, 638.020833 7, 638.020834 - 8, 592.773438

Building density 0 - 15,925,504 15,925,504.01 - 31,851,008 31,851,008.01 - 47,776,512 47,776,512.01 - 63,702,016 63,702,016.01 - 79,627,520 79,627,520.01 - 95,553,024 95,553,024.01 - 111,478,528 111,478,528.1 - 127,404,032 127,404,032.1 - 143,329,536

NEIBOURHOOD SCALE WATER SYSTEMS water flow industry greenery river main pipe river garbage filtering blue pipe pump station water gate

N 0m

150m

300m

WATER POLLUTION

ACTIVITY MAPPING Legend Football court Non-sheltered restpoint Sheltered restpoint Biker restpoint Poultry cages Rubbish point Plastic collection Mass garbage collection Groundcable installation Fruit stalls Food stalls/Kiosks Fishing Playground Lawn maintenance Flower stall/Gardening

FLOODING Jakarta floods update on January 2, 2020

Jakarta floods update on January 3, 2020

Jakarta floods update on January 4, 2020

NEIBOURHOOD SCALE EDGE CONDITIONS

SETTLEMENTS AROUND THE EDGE

Brief study of the settlements around the water bodies to observe their way of living and understand their interactions with water.

1.Kampung Muk Water supply - pipe connections to individual households. Waste water have smaller channels that connect to pipe draining to the river. Solid waste disposal - waste segregation bins recently installed for a cluster of houses. Internal connections were low lying narrow pathways that flooded easily. Households have internal toilets that connected to septic tanks. Residents claim no interactive connection with the river.Affected by flood easily.

NEIBOURHOOD SCALE

SETTLEMENTS AROUND EDGES 2. Water supply - pipe connections to individual households. Waste water have smaller channels that connect to pipe draining to the river. Solid waste disposal - collected at the edge of the street, badly managed. Connected through two wide roads and smaller alleys connecting through.. Some households have their own attached toilets- mostly external People use the riverfront inherently for day to day recreational activities. Low lying area between the main road and the railway line. 3. Water supply through pipes and ground water as well. Waste water have smaller channels that connect to pipe draining to the river. Solid waste disposal - poorly managed gathered along the river edge. Internal connections network of narrow alleys with drains on one side. Households have external toilets that connect to septic tanks. Residents have distinct plantations along the river 4. Water supply - pipe connections to individual households. structure. Solid waste disposal - neat towards the riverfront, haphazard internally. Internal connections are very narrow pathways that connect the wide main road to the railway tracks side. Households have external and public toilets that connected to septic tanks. Residents actively engage with the riverfront, with makeshift space creation. 50

5. Water supply via pipeline Waste water systems poorly managed with resultant substandard living conditions. Solid waste disposal with no system in place- all over the settlement. Internal connections were low lying narrow pathways that flooded easily. Settlement has multiple, old as well as newly built well maintained public toilets. River edge treated as the backyard. Low lying settlement between the railway line and main road affected by flood badly.

6. Water supply - pipe connections to individual households. Waste water have smaller channels that connect to pipe draining to the river. Solid waste disposal - every house collects waste and puts in a cart that govt. Vans clear from. Internal connections complex network of narrow lanes with intermittent rain. Households have shared toilets. Residents have absolutely no positive connection to the river. Affected by flood easily. 7.(GATED COMMUNITY) Water supply - pipe connections to individual households. Waste water channels are wide that connect to pipe draining into the river. Solid waste disposal - waste segregation bins recently installed for a cluster of houses. Internal connections are well laid network of wide lanes. Households have internal toilets that connected to the drain. Residents seem completely oblivious and ignorant of the river.Not very badly affected by flood. 51

SITE SCALE - GENERAL INTRODUCTION Site location

History of the area

In 1973, the then Governor Ali Sadikin moved the Ambon community a dutch-formed armies to Kedaung-Kali Angke area.Kampung Ambon is also known for its drug-dealing activities, and often seen police bust-up throughout the years. The rise of the drug-related problems started after the monetary crisis in 1998. In 1990, the village experienced population growth and began to be taxed. the village at that time was included in RT 13 and RT 14 and moved from Kelurahan Kapuk to Kelurahan Kedaung Kali Angke. Floods occurred 3 times, in 2002, 2007, and 2012. Evictions occurred in late 2014 and early 2015. in 2014 evictions of houses that intersect with Kali. and in 2015 demolished houses along Kali and normalized Kali. At the end of 2017, people submitted an objection letter, which contained a reduction in river widening and river-equivalent roads to be 10 meters and 5 meters. In 2020, The people of kampung applied for land certification, although it was rejected because the land was claimed by PT Sarana Jaya, but the land claim was incorrect. Then the people start to put forward a supply of clean water that was responded well by the national water supply company. Source: https://www.satumaluku.id/2019/10/31/riwayat-kampung-ambon-jejak-orang-maluku-di-belantara-jakarta/, https://www.antaranews.com/berita/453756/shenynda-perempuan-pemberani-dari-kampung-ambon, Mrs. Ratu Nisa

SITE SCALE - GENERAL INTRODUCTION Organization Pattern of Provincial Government

SITE SCALE - GENERAL INTRODUCTION RT & RW Distrubtion

Land ownership map Land own by residents(certificate) Lands own by government Informal settlement Unlisted land

Source:https://www.atrbpn.go.id/Peta-Bidang-Tanah 54

SITE SCALE - GENERAL INTRODUCTION Landuse map of the site

LEGEND MIX USE BUILDING (Usually 1st floor commercial area and upper floors residential

OFFICE (One is a law office and the other is the RW office)

OPEN AREA

area)

WATER & GAS SHOP (Also sell other things)

FOOD BAR

SCHOOL (Primary school & Kintergarten) MOSQUE

HOME FACTORT (Sewing clothes) RESIDENTIAL HOUSES

PUMPING STATION

SITE SCALE - ROAD AND DRAINAGE Road hierarchy and drainage system

>6 m 5~6 m 2.5~5 m <2m

3 1

Bridges Bridge 1

Bridge 2

Width ≈ 2 m Length ≈ 50 m

Width ≈ 5 m Length ≈ 8 m

Bridge 3

Width ≈ 1 m Length ≈ 9 m 56

Bridge 4

Width ≈ 2 m Length ≈ 9 m Original length: 2 m

SITE SCALE - ROAD AND DRAINAGE Road material

mud and gravel

concrete

asphalt

SITE SCALE - ROAD AND DRAINAGE Drainage flow

Pipes from bankside households

Main drain

SITE SCALE - ROAD AND DRAINAGE Drainage cover

Stuck by garbage Concrete cover (width 60-70 cm)

waterlogging

Fireproofing?

SITE SCALE - ROAD AND DRAINAGE Road Classification - Priamry Road Charcteristic The primary road is running from north to south along the Chengkareng River. The roads has two car lanes and narrow pedestrian spaces. People are gathering under the trees along the river. On the river bank, the night market selling clothes and toys is held on weekends Pros and Cons Crossing the road is dangerous because of the heavy traffic and motorbikes running fast. Hawkers and parking cars are one of the reasons of traffic jam.

SITE SCALE - ROAD AND DRAINAGE Road Classification - Secondary Road Charcteristic The secondary road is branched from the primary road. This is a two-lane road without a dividing strip. The street in the north side of our site is lined with some private shops.

Pros and Cons Crossing the road is dangerous because of the heavy traffic. Outsiders often snatch on the road.

SITE SCALE - ROAD AND DRAINAGE Road Classification - Secondary Road (Unpaved) Charcteristic The secondary road is running east-west along the Kali Aprun canal. The surface consists of some materials, including scattered garbages which affect the walkability. The width of the roads varies because of property line not defined.

Pros and Cons It is hard to walk on the mudy road after heavy rain. The unpaved condition restrains the road traffic. The unpaved condition allows residents to use the roads flexible.

SITE SCALE - ROAD AND DRAINAGE Road Classification - Teritary Road Charcteristic The tertiary road is typical in the residential areas. Each street has its own characteristics, such as good greenery, gathering hawkers, and dogs. The boundaries between housing sites and roads are relatively clear.

Pros and Cons The environment became worse due to the dirty river and the poor sanitation in Kampong. Children can play relatively safely on the road because of minimal traffic in the area.

SITE SCALE - ROAD AND DRAINAGE Road Classification - Teritary Road in Kampong Charcteristic The teritary road in Kampong is narrow. The road is filled with the signs of living, such as many laundries and shelves being full of stuffs, scattered sandals, and so on. There are many houses and some stores facing the streets. Pros and Cons The riding motorbike on the narrow road is dangerous. The sanitation is a little bit poor. There is a lively atmosphere.

SITE SCALE - ROAD AND DRAINAGE Road Classification - Alley Charcteristic There are many alleys which are not shown on the map in the Kampong area. Some of them are outside, and the others are semi-outdoor spaces. There are some furnitures or stores on the semi-outdoor alleys.

Pros and Cons The alleys prompt the human circulation in the area. The allyes improve both the air flow of the inner streets and the visability.

SITE SCALE - HOUSES AND INFRASTRUCTURES Radius of infrastructure SHOPS MIX USE BUILDING (Usually 1st floor commercial area and upper floors residential area) RADIUS OF SHOP SERVICE WATER & GAS SHOP(Also sell other things) RADIUS OF WATER SERVICE

•12 groceries •15 commercial mix houses •1 water station •4 water store •The small shops along the riverside are more compact and are all commercial mixed houses, while an individual shop/greocery is more common inside . •There are fewer stores in the southeast part 66

SITE SCALE - HOUSES AND INFRASTRUCTURES Distribution

Self management Limited variety (snacksâ&#x20AC;¦) Main Customer: children

SITE SCALE - HOUSES AND INFRASTRUCTURES Building Stories Analysis

1-storey Building 2-storey Building 3-storey Building Unknown

SITE SCALE - HOUSES AND INFRASTRUCTURES Building Entrance Analysis

Entrance

The rental houses have been seperated into many single houses, the buildings have many entrance.

The houses of upper middle class have two or more entrances. One is vehicle entrance and the others are people entrance.

The mix use building has a lateral entrance for shop and a front entrance for residential.

SITE SCALE - LIFE AND LIVING Flora typoogy in kampung basically are roadside plangting, using planting beds and yards

Planting base map

SITE SCALE - LIFE AND LIVING Activities in kampung in kampung

Activity distribution map

SITE SCALE - LIFE AND LIVING Three types of Household Type 1 Around the Primary street edge as upper middle class families Type 2 Around the Secondary street edge as medium or lower middle class families Type 3 Around tiny lanes as informal settlement

Jalan Kapuk Pulo cross-section Informal characteristics Around this street edge: - upper middle class families - small wood workshops areas also can be found - tiny wood cottages at river bank to raise hen - Plantation being taken care by neighbours

SITE SCALE - LIFE AND LIVING Type 1 House characteristics & Relationship with Street Activities on Street Public Zone Strong walls, less spillover of spaces, Two lane vehicular movement on roads

Semi-Private Zone Cloth drying, parking, Sitting, Storage, Household stuff, vegetation

Private Zone Main living spaces (Living room, Kitchen, Bed rooms, etc.)

Public Zone

Semi- Private Zone 73

SITE SCALE - LIFE AND LIVING Type 2 House characteristics & Relationship with Street Activities on Street Public Zone Perforated walls, Permiable access to roads and street, two lane veghicular movement

Semi-Private Zone Cloth drying, parking, Sitting, Storage, Household stuff, vegetation

Private Zone Main living spaces (Living room, Kitchen, Bed rooms, etc.)

Public Zone

Semi- Private Zone 74

SITE SCALE - LIFE AND LIVING Type 3 House characteristics & Relationship with Street Activities on Street Public Zone Strong walls, but more spillover of spaces

Semi-Private Zone Cloth drying, parking, Sitting, Storage, Household stuff, vegetation

Private Zone Main living spaces (Living room, Kitchen, Bed rooms, etc.)

Public Zone

Semi- Private Zone 75

SITE SCALE - LIFE AND LIVING Social Dynamics Interview

Interview Conclusions People along Kali Apuran feel more connected to the people on the other side of the Kali than the people who lives within the legal housing blocks. (similar background, informal settlements, economy, etc.) The relationship between the people from both sides of Kali Apuran started to deteriorate after the expansion of Kali Apuran. (defining new territory, administrative division, boundary) The people of the kampung are relatively independent, and do not really engaged in their daily activities. (lack of engagement with each other) The inspection road becomes a backyard for the people. (shows the importance and quality of the road as public space) The anxiety not only stems from the issue of eviction, but also some tensions between people of the kampung and a certain group.

SITE SCALE - LIFE AND LIVING Social Dynamics Resident’s Wishlist [Translation from “list Usulan Warga” (inhabitants proposal list) ] KAMPUNG MISSIONS Creating and sustaining the greening of the kampung

RECENT ACTIVITIES OF THE WHAT LOCAL PEOPLE NEED LOCAL PEOPLE Gardening to fulfil their need(s) 1. Location: on the edge of the Installing pots road & above the roadDrainage (P) 2. Gardening equipment (P)3. Hydroponic planting medium (P) 4. Gardening training (NP) 5. Packing and distributing training (NP)

Having a market that can be managed and improved independently by the local people

Night market that held in certain day(s) Selling the daily need, such as egg,etc

1. Location: on the road (temporarily) (P) 2. Tents (P) 3. Initial modal (NP) 4. Organization (NP) 5. Good(s) to sell (P) 6. Entrepreneur training (NP)

Creating an integrated security system that could empower the local people of Kampung Kali Apuran

Siskamling (a routine security check in kampung) Portal installation

1. Portal (on 7 points in the area) (P)2. CCTV (on 10 points in the area) (P) 3. Security equipment (HT) (P) 4. Fire extinguisher (on 6 points in the area) (P) 5. Hydrant (P) 6. Ambulance (P) 7. Siskamling team ( 4 persons/ RT) (NP) 8.Mitigation training (NP)

Garbage transportation to the Having “Bank Sampah” (Garbage Bank) as a place for neighborhood landfill Garbage management division garbage management by the local people themselves

Empowering and sustaining the river by making fish karamba and holding public event, such as Public fishing (P) = Physical (NP) = Non-Physical

River cleaning Constructing pedestrian bridge from iron Fishing in “17 Agustus” celebration

1. Garbage management from each house (garbage sorting) (NP) 2. Training for garbage management and garbage decrease (NP) 3. 3R trash bin (P) 1. Dredging for river sedimentation (P) 2. Mural making on sheet pile (P) 3. Bridge for pedestrian and vehicle (2 units)( P) 4. Existing bridge repairing (1 unit)(P)

PROPOSALS

1) Waste & Landfill LANDFILL RECOVERY ZHANG Bingyi 80 - 99 GARBAGESCAPE Carissa Chin Qiwei 100 - 109 REIMAGINING THE WASTE FLUX OF JAKARTA ZHOU Zuyuan 110 - 161 2) Wastewater Treatment TREASURING WASTEWATER LYU Jiawei 162 - 173 From Risk to Utilization ZHOU Xianfeng 174 - 191 3) Stormwater & Flood Risk Management GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE FOR SRORMWATER MANAGEMENT HAN Cong 192 - 215 LIVE WITH WATER XIAO Xinyan 216 - 239 4) River System Reconfiguration REBIRTH RIVER FENG Zihan 240 - 257

5) Social & Lifestyle HOME AGAIN ZHANG Bingqian 258 - 291 BEYOND THE [ D E ] FENCE Ekta Rakholiya 292 - 307 6) Community & Open Space RECONFIGURATION OF RIVERSIDE COMMUNITY OPEN SPACE CHENG Jing 308 - 315 REGENERATION OF THE VERNACULAR WATER LANDSCAPE TANAKA Mamiko 316 - 327 SPACES IN AND BETWEEN SHAO Zhongran 328 - 343 7) Streetscape and Linear Infrastructure VIBRANT STREETS Poornima Bargotra 344 - 359 LIVABLE RIVERSPACE LIM Wenfa 360 - 377

LANDFILL RECOVERY ZHANG Bingyi

Jakarta, the capital of Indonesia, with a population of more than 10 million, faces a huge solid waste problem. The landfill is a serious urban problem in Jakarta, it will not only pollute the environment but also bring about people social, psychological and health problems. However, at present the Jakarta government only has preliminary measures for massive landfill (such as Bantar Gebang, which will be closed in 2021), but not for the informal scattered small landfills around Jakarta. Therefore, how to solve the problem of these scattered landfills will become a vital part of urban development. This program will start from the Kampung Kedung kali angke landfill, discussing how to recover of contaminated landfill site, making it becomes an urban park with ecological and recreational functions for kampung residents; and putting forward the new way of waste management, provide a new prototype of recovering over 200 landfills in Jakarta. The design will cover four design strategies, including garbage classification, water system recovery, vegetation recovery and soil recovery. Through some technologies, most garbage will be able to recycle in the landfill. Biodegradable can be used for composting; recyclable waste will become reusable materials, such as plastic tiles, recycled paper furniture, and construction waste will become structures. After covering with clay, nonrecyclable waste can reshape the terrain of landfill. Moreover, we can also achieve the water environment reconstruction and restoration of soil through the vegetation recovery and leachate treatment. Taking five years as a phase, the site will gradually transform into usable urban green space through three phases. PHASE I (0-5 YEAR): Over the first five-year period, recover Greenland landfill and open Kampung landfill to the public to deal with the waste. Technical supports such as Waste bank, Trashpresso, leachate treatment system technology will be established for further use. PHASE II (5-10 YEAR): For 5-10 year, the critical restoration areas will become the west side of Kampung Landfill. Greenland landfill will gradually become an eco-park to introduce some species inside. The mature soil contains the seeds of some native species can be used in other areas to help build soil structures. PHASE III (10-20 YEAR): The landfill thoroughly into urban green space available to the public-a eco-park after 10 to 20 years. Relevant waste management systems continue to be used (including recyclables and biodegradable waste can still be disposed of on-site). However, after the landfill is full, nonrecyclable waste will be transported to the intermediate treatment facility zone in north Jakarta. In short, waste reuse, garbage management, soil restoration and ecological restoration are combined to form a new method of landfill recovery, which can transform the rest of the scattered landfills in Jakarta. 81

JAKATA LANDFILL ANALYSIS

As one of the city's major problems, the issue of the landfills in Jakarta has inevitably and large impact on residents' lives and the environment.With the exception of Bantar Gebang (which is one of Indonesia's main landfills), Jakarta's landfills are small, scattered and mostly located in residential areas (especially in Kampung), making it inconvenient for the government to build effective solutions to manage them. Due to the low economic development, high housing density and planning unbalance reasons, west Jakarta district has the highest density in the whole city. The problems associated with this are that of Environmental, Health, and socio-economic Impacts.In order to improve the urban environment, how to solve the problem of garbage dump in Jakarta has become a problem to be discussed in this design.

Landfill distribution

Landfill Jakarta

Landfill density

Landfill and waterway

canal drain river stream landfill Jakarta

Landfill area classification

Jakarta <0.1 <0.5 <1 <5 <40

JAKATA LANDFILL ANALYSIS Landfill classifivation

Jakarta green land green land+waterbody residential residential + greenland residential + waterbody waterbody

Inside residential area

Inside green land

Near waterbody

Landfill location

Near buildings, more common in kampungs

Most common type. Usually link to a large or small green land

In the green land near the river or reservoir (a road or linear Greenland between two side).

Landfill function

small, usually dense

Can be a big one

Some even serve as the riverbank (linear shape)

Soil pollution

Water pollution

Abandoned space and landscape destroy

Landscape destroy

Waste overflow

Problem

Air pollution

Picture

Ecosystem destroy Waste overflow

Ecosystem destroy

SITE ANALYSIS Landfill type

House type

ÂŻ Drainage | site condition

residential residential + greenland residential + waterbody greenland 0.3K

1.2 ilometers

ÂŻ

church mosque school kindergarden community office fire station 00

0.3K

contour0.1m drainage runoff confluence

1.2 ilometers

DESIGN VISION The vegetation and soil restoration and surrounding environment (especially water) recovery of Landfill, develop a new waste management during the improving process, as an example for Jakarta small landfill reform project in the future.

Design strategy GARBAGE CLASSIFICATION Waste management and Waste separation controlled by technological tools (Biodegradable and nonbiodegradable) WATERSTSTEM RECOVERY | LEACHATE TREATMENT Leachate treatment and drainage naturalization VEGETATION RECOVERY Provide a capping that is deep and as favorable to root growth as is necessary to achieve desired plant performance SOIL RECOVERY Soil remodeling to provide the foundation for the transformation into ecological green space.

residential + waterbody greenland + waterbody greenland + residential residential

FLOW CHART In the flow chart we can see some details about the design strategies. Garbage classification will include waste management and waste separation controlled by technological tools. Garbage will be roughly divided into biodegradable and non-biodegradable. In order to save the limited landfill space, each household will be encouraged to use bokashi tank to deal with the biodegradable waste. After composting process, the product will be sent to composting pond for soil recovery. Non-biodegradable waste will be send into waste bank and divided into recyclable waste and non-recyclable waste. Through some technologies like trashpresso, recyclable waste will become reusable materials, such as plastic tiles, recycled paper furniture, and construction waste will become structures. After covering with clay, non-recyclable waste can be used to reshape the terrain of landfill. Leachate is the main course of soil pollution and water pollution, and will also influence the vegetation growth. After collecting and purifying, leachate water will flow into drainage. In this process, the plant plays more of a role in treating leachate, which cannot be separated from the soil.

FLOW CHART Waste reuse calculation

Leachate device calculation

TIME LINE Current situation

TIME LINE Phase I

TIME LINE Phase II

TIME LINE Phase III

TIME LINE WASTE

nonrecycable waste

recycable waste

biodegradable waste

compost is used for greenland landfill soil improvement

compost is used for west kampung landfill soil improvement

compost is used for east kampung landfill soil improvement

compost is used for agriculture

LEACHATE | water

HABITAT

0-3 YEAR

water bank

3-5 YEAR

woodland

6-8 YEAR

grassland

8-10 YEAR

aquatic

10-15 YEAR

waterfront forest

15-20 YEAR

agriculture

EXPLODED VIEW

woodland grassland waterbank aquatic waterfront forest agriculture

waste line waste path

leachate pipe leachate pond Anaerobic biofilter leachate line water flow surface runoff 0.5contour line

forest trail edge walkway servey path main path wooden path

Trashpesso waste bank volunteer center shops shelter wall landfill recovery area

PLAN Phase I

Phase II

PLAN Phase III

Lagerstroemia speciosa

Garcinia cambogia

Barringtonia acutangula

Lagerstroemia indica

Diospyros celebica

Pouteria obovata

Kopsia arborea Blume

Elateriospermum tapos

Dipterocarpus baudii

Magnolia vrieseana

Baccaurea tetrandra

Baccaurea sumatrana

Lithocarpus kostermansii

Lithocarpus platycarpus glass pavement soil clay solid waste

clay pavement soil solid waste

pavement soil clay solid waste

PERSPECTIVE

Entrance plaza

Agriculture area

PERSPECTIVE

Children playground

Forest trail

BIRDVIEW

100

GARBAGESCAPE : Leveraging waste as a new medium that transforms Jakarta wasteland into public parks and urban developments Carissa Chin Qiwei The sheer magnitude of solid waste has always been a pressing environmental problem in many urban areas particularly in Jakarta. Despite the multitude of issues to minimise solid waste, the continuous flow of waste is still unceasing. These informal wastelands scattered in Jakarta naturally become the “malignant tumour” of the city environment. Taking the example of an existing informal wasteland located at Kampung Kedaung Kali Angke, the purpose of the Garbagescape leverages on the current and continuous waste problem. The intent is to change people’s perception of how wasteland can be transformed into while injecting programmes that engages people associating with the wasteland. This study aims to utilise the continuous flow of solid waste extracted from the existing site. Through the compression and stacking of solid waste bales, it creates and forms new topographic landform that acts as a structural foundation, opening up existing wasteland area for potential parkland and urban developments. The objective of this project is to alter people’s subjective opinion on waste landscape in transforming it into a new development plot in Jakarta. This project develops and constructs through a timeline approach : 1. Solid Waste Bales Compaction (Daily) Application of compacting residual waste assists in minimising land area and volume of waste produced. The compressed waste thus creates individual components known as solid waste bale. 2. Clearing of Existing Landfill (1 Year) Clearing of existing waste from the wasteland by transporting loose solid waste into waste compressor machines. Upon compression, these individual waste bales will be transported back to the wasteland site, representing as a structural element that can be stacked to create new landforms. 3. Fabricating topographic levels and landforms (5 – 10 Years) Stacking of solid waste bales act as structural foundation with exploration of new topographic landform. This process tackles the current issue of flooding in Jakarta by elevating the ground level to 5m in height as a flood protection barrier during storm events, creating potential land uses - parkland and urban developments. 4. Bioplastic film protection (1 Year) With the solid waste bales stack to a desired height, an impermeable bioplastic film protection is required to be capped around the waste bales that prevent any form of methane gases or leachate leakage from sipping though the waste bales into new surface grounds. Excessive toxic gases and leachate will be channelled through a gas well header and drainage pipe for proper means of disposal or recycling accordingly. 5. Potential parkland and urban developments for Jakarta wasteland (5-10 Years) Using the parkland and urban development as a starting point for future planned development for wastelands in Jakarta, the construction process defers depending on individual land use requirements. Specifically for parklands, varying of soil depth layer for new vegetation, including hardscapes (paving), will be constructed above the bioplastic film. Demarcation of urban developments will require piling foundations made before any stacking of solid waste bales with a pile cap that sets the ground foundation of any structural development.

101

ISSUE A man-made disaster

Jakarta Solid Waste Management System Improvement Report: https://www.jica.go.jp/ english/our_work/evaluation/oda_loan/post/2003/pdf/2-14_full.pdf

OVERVIEW OF WASTE IN JAKARTA Volume of waste materials

Volume of waste disposed

102

By 2021 Bantar Gebang landfill will reach its maximum capacity. If the situation continues, there would not have sufficient land space to contain the waste.

LANDFILL OBSERVATIONS AND CHARACTERISTICS Waste Materials Scrap Scrap Others Glass Metal 1% 1% 2%

Non- Compostable 1%

Wood planks

Non- Recyclable

19%

Scrap Organic Waste

Plastic

55%

13%

Landfill Waste Material Categorisation

Recyclable

Potential Materials saved from landfill

Compostable 59%

21%

Scrap Papers 21%

SITE SELECTION An informal wasteland Kampung Kedaung Kali Angke Site

Kedaung Kali Angke Neighbourhood

103

Taking the example of an existing informal wasteland located at Kampung Kedaung Kali, in the west region of Jakarta

EXISTING CONDITIONS Components found in a wasteland

SOLID WASTE COMPRESSOR PROCESS Non- Recyclables

Food Waste

Recyclables

Existing and new waste piles

Solid Waste Bale New Waste Pile Sorted

Produced

Existing Pile

800mm (L) x 400mm (W) x 600mm (H)

Body Text - 8pt font size, 11pt leading space (Sentence Case) Dumping waste into solid

Loose Waste

Compression of

waste compressor

Particles

Waste

4750m3

104

Kampung Kedaung Kali Angke

Total amount of Solid bales required to cover

Loose Waste Volume

existing waste volume in the informal wasteland

Per Day

120 Solid Waste Bales

23,750 Solid Waste Bales

4 Solid Waste Bales

Site specific - Kampung Kedaung Kali Angke

Per Month

1440 Solid Waste Bales

SOLID WASTE BALES PRODUCTION DATA

Per Year

PROPOSED CONCEPT Process

CONCEPT Solid waste bales

Urban Developments Community Garden Public Park Bioplastic film capped on top of solid waste Soild Waste Bales Vegetative Swales Proposed Road /For government officials and wagons for waste disposal or collection

An overview of the solidwaste bales are being stacked up while transitioning to a public park at the background and eventually having urban developments built upon the waste for a 25 year projection

105

MASTERPLAN 3

Education

Water

Circulation Production

LEGEND

Waste Compressor Machines

Sorting and Recycling Bins

Pedestrian Path (1.5m)

Asphaltic Road - 2 way (5.0m)

Vegetative Swale

Detention Pond

Exposed Display of Soild Waste Bales

Look- Out Deck - view of solid waste bales

Park Entrance (Ramp)

10 Solid waste Bales mounds - sculptural element

11 Food Waste composting area Park

12 Community Garden

13 Open Lawn - For large events 14 Soccer Field - Sporting activities

Activities

15 Nature Play Area 16 Undulating Path 17 Seating Area

Developments

18 Piling Foundation (future urban developements) 19 Proposed Residential Development 20 Expansion of land development Continuous Solid Waste bile * 2m Flood Line Prediction by 2025.

30m

Solid Parkland Community Farming 2m Planting Buffer

5m Road

Swale

5m Flood Protection Barrier

2m Flood Line

106

Section AAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

Look-out Deck

Planting Buffer

Pathway

Aâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

15 11

Waste Bales Urban Developments

Open Lawn/ Soccer Field

107

Seating

Piling Foundation

Continous Solid Waste Bales serves as new building material for other future planned developments

PROJECT TIMELINE 0 - 25 years and beyond

Compacted solid waste lays as base foundation of wasteland (a) Solid waste compaction machines

Materials Sorting Area

Existing Wasteland

0 YEAR

New Roadway for wagons and location of compaction machines

Grids set up for placement of solid waste bales

1 YEAR

(b) Estimated total amount of existing waste into solid waste bales

Total : 23,750 Bales

1 YEAR

stacking of existing loose waste into compacted soild waste bales

additional new waste to be accounted for

2 YEAR

Parkland

2m Flood Line by 2025

Urban Development

Waste Bales Produced Per Year: 1,440 Bales

Estimated amount of soild waste bales per year 3 YEAR

Residential/ Commercial Developments

Pile capped, setting ground foundations for urban developments 25 YEAR >

108

Topographic fabrication of solid waste bales up to 5m in height (Flood Protection)

10 YEAR

Daily continous waste bales extended to other land areas

Parkland constructed inclusive of landscape design elements

15 YEAR

Bioplastic film capped on soild waste bales to prevent toxic liquid and gases

Piling Foundation

11 YEAR

Approved Soil Mix capped above bioplastic film

Demarcation of parkland and future urban developments

12 YEAR

DETAILING OF SOILD WASTE BALES Typical Design Components Concrete Cast In-situ Reinforce concrete slab to Engr’s Detail

Width Varies

200mm thk Graded granite aggregate Well compacted Sub grade material Bioplastic film

Tree Root Ball Approved Soil Mixture

800mm (L) X 400mm (W) X 600mm (H) Solid Waste Bale

Min 1500mm (H)

Compacted Sub-grade material Set root ball on firmly packed soil

150mm thk Compacted gravel mix Sandy loam soil

Well compacted Sub grade material (Hardcore) 800mm (L) X 400mm (W) X 600mm (H) Solid Waste Bale 150mm thk Compacted gravel mix Sandy loam soil

200mm thk Graded granite aggregate

Typical Detail : Concrete Pavers Scale 1:25

Well compacted Sub grade material (Hardcore)

200mm thk Graded granite aggregate

Typical Detail : Tree Planting Scale 1:25

Well compacted Sub grade material (Hardcore)

Concrete Cast In-situ Reinforcing steel bars To Engr’s details Waterproofing Liner Reinforced concrete slab To Engr’s details 200mm thk Graded granite aggregate

ICA

Well compacted Sub grade material (Hardcore)

E TA

Bioplastic film

ILI

1200mm (H)

TYP

Well compacted Sub grade Bioplastic film 800mm (L) X 400mm (W) X 600mm (H) Solid Waste Bale 150mm thk Compacted gravel mix Sandy loam soil 200mm thk Graded granite aggregate Well compacted Sub grade material (Hardcore)

Typical Detail : Slope Stabilisation Scale 1:25

109

800mm (L) X 400mm (W) X 600mm (H) Solid Waste Bale

300mm (L) Short sharpen wood stakes Geotextile (Coconut Mesh) fastened with short wood stakes (1000mm spacing) Planting of grass always below the mesh Approved Soil Mixture

150mm thk Compacted gravel mix Sandy loam soil 200mm thk Graded granite aggregate Well compacted Sub grade material (Hardcore)

Width of pile foundation to Engr’s details

Typical Detail : Pile Foundation Scale 1:25

Reinforced concrete ground beam to Engr’s details

110

REIMAGINING THE WASTE FLUX OF JAKARTA â&#x20AC;&#x201D;RESILIENCE BEHIND THE WASTE HIERARCHY OF METROPOLIS

Zhou Zuyuan

Narrative: The project is located in West Jakarta. After assessing the current situation, the issues I summarized are as follows: -Insufficient waste collection frequency -Environmental issues caused by insufficient solid waste treatment -The mixture of waste from the source -Limited space for temporary waste storage points -incomplete solid waste treatment system in neighborhood site(mainly collection system) However, beyond the problems mentioned above, the site still has great potential. In the first place, 65% of the waste generated is organic. if organic waste is treated effectively, the amount of solid waste transferred to the landfill can be largely reduced. In addition, a large amount of underutilized green land in the neighborhood site. Most of them are now used as temporary storage for solid waste. If these green spaces are upgraded and used effectively, their potential will be greatly stimulated. The project with the vision to treat the waste from the source and tackle the waste problems from the source. Targeting the issues identified, the strategies are set up: -Waste separation from the source. -Utilize the underutilized green space for centralized composting facilities. -Neighborhood-based composting The above steps build a new garbage system comprised of several decentralized composting facilities as well as micro compost units scatted in the neighborhood. System: -Micro-level compost system(Little composting system contains waste separation, collection, composting and recycling, implement in the RT boundary) -Centralized composting facilities (Large composting system with 3 categories facilities: small size facility, medium-size facility, large size facility. The facilities are categorized according to the size of the facilities and the equipment they have.) Through a rough estimation, if we assume that the centralized system has 50 large facilities, medium-sized facilities are small size facilities. And in the micro-scale, each unit can cover one RT, the system can process 50% of total waste and 85% of organic waste. In this way, the amount of waste transferred to the landfill can be largely reduced, the status of solid waste will be effectively alleviated. The ongoing consequences of waste will continue to impact the life of the local people in ways that cannot be ameliorated or erased. The proposed system can be connected to several functions that may engage the public with landscapes of waste as a way to reveal the unconfined impacts of the waste system to improve the living environment and increase economic benefits. 111

CURRENT SITUATION OF JAKARTA SOLID WASTE Current situation Trucks Landfill

collecting the

Wagon

rubbish

Boats collecting the rubbish in the river

Underutilized greenland use as temporary solid waste concentration center

Current waste stream in JABODETABEK

112

Secondary

Landfill site

Primary

Transfer statio

km 0

Landfill and waste treatement facilities in Jakarta ITF Marunda SPA Sunter IPAL Duri Kosambi IPAL Pialogebang ITF/PDLIK Calcung

TPST = Integrated Final Treatment Plant ITF = Intermediate Treatment Facility PDUK = Composting Center IPAL = Sewerage Treatment TPST BL Gebang

WASTE

FACILITY

LOCATION

STATUS

SOLID

Intermediate Treatment

Sunter

Upgrading from Transfer

WASTE

Facility (ITF)

Station to ITF

Cakung

Upgrading from Transfer Station to ITF

Marunda

On Process

Composting Center

Cakung

Operating

Intergrated Final Treatment

Bantargebang

Operating

Ciangir

On Process

Duri Kosambi

Operating

Pulo Gebang

Operating

Plant

SEWERAGE

Sewerage Treatment Facility

Source: Japan International Cooperation Agency, ( 2012, November), Master plan for establishing metropolitan priority area for investment and industry in jaboderabek area in the republic of indonesia

113

EXISTING CYCLE OF SOLID WASTE Existing Solid waste flow in Jakarta

114

Existing collection system Collection source Collected by agencies, directly transfered to the landfill. (E.g. Market Agency, Public Works Agency, Cleansing Agency or private means.)

Residential

Commercial

Office

Storing waste in waste bin, plastic bag or cardboard boxes in front of the house. The solid waste is collected by wagons or trucks, and transfered to a temporary disposal site area before transport to the landfill afterwards.

Market

Street

Park

Transportation From temporary disposal sites (or from solid waste generators for the direct system), collected waste is disposed of in the landfill located at Bantar Gebang. The types of vehicles are usually wagons and trucks.

Jakarta

Wagons 1hour25min

Bantar Gebang Jakarta landfill

Trucks

115

EXISTING CYCLE OF SOLID WASTE Existing Solid waste flow in Jakarta

116

Existing solid waste treatment 1. Compacting

Solid waste is compacted using physical means, to ease the transport process to the landfill The compacting station is located in Cakung-Cilincing Sub District in North Jakarta

2. Incineration

There are about 21 small-scale incinerators CHALLENGES: in operation indifferent sub-districts, each (1) Can not be operated on a daily basis with a capacity of about 150 kg/houe and (2) Technical information is lacking operation 8 hours per day. The remaining ash is either transported to landfill of transformed to a kind of bricks.

117

EXISTING CYCLE OF SOLID WASTE Existing Solid waste flow in Jakarta

118

Existing solid waste treatment 3. Composting

The idea of composting is to reduce the CHALLENGES: waste quantity going to landfilling. In (1) Lack of community participation principle, the composting system comprises (2) Lack of supporting vehicles for 3R a centralized sorting system, and thereafter (reduce, reuse, recycle) composting of the organic waste. Remaining (3) Over capacity in Zero Waste part waste is either burned in the incinerator or transferred to the landfill.

4. Landfill

There is only one landfill in Jakarta. It is located in Bantar Gebang.

119

CHALLENGES: (1) It has exceeded its design capacity (2) Ordor, smoke and disease problems that caused by poor control of its operation.

EXISTING CYCLE OF SOLID WASTE Existing Solid waste flow in Jakarta

120

Existing solid waste treatment 5. Recycling

Most of the recycled materials are collected at the generation point.

Cycle of recycling

121

ISSUES AND CHALLENGES IN THE WHOLE FLOW 1. Not suitable collection Issues and challenges - collection

Neighborhood have too much waste waiting for collection

Some waste is burnt at temporary transfer points, creating smoke and ordour impacts on surroumding areas, causing local flooding during the rainy season, as well as pollution of rivers and coastal waters

Limited space avaliability for tmporary/ secondary storage points

122

2. Not suitable treatment Issues and challenges - Incineration

The enviornmental problems caused by incineration

Issues and challenges - people

Low awareness of some community members of the environmental problems (e.g. flooding and health risks) caused by illegal dumping

Issues and challenges - landfill

1. Landfill is overcapacity. 2. Surface and groundwater contamination by waste exudate 3. Ordor, smoke and disease problems caused by poor control of the operation of the landfil

Issues and challenges - recycle

The mixture of waste reduces the possibility of recoverng material, as well as lowering significantly the commercial value or price received due to high contamination of material intended for recycling

123

ISSUES AND CHALLENGES IN NEIGHBORHOOD SITE Existing situation in neighborhood site Underutilized green space used for storage of garbage

Underutilized green space used for storage of garbage

124

Road

Garbage damp

Garbage concen

Building

Bin

Greenland as lan

Only collection systemâ&#x20AC;Śâ&#x20AC;Ś

ntrate center

Industrial Greenery

ndfill

125

Commercial Residential

ISSUES AFTER COMPARISON Too much pressure on the later process

NEIGHBORHOO

Food leftovers, expired food, fruit peels and cores, plants, and TCM herbs Paper, plastic, glass, scrap metal, fabrics. All other non-recyclable solid waste.

Batteries, light tubes, medicines, paint and its containers.

JAKAR 126

SYSTEM IS INCOMPLETE Too much pressure on transportation later process……make the situation worse More waste waiting for collection cause not frequent collection, more ordor and noise cause waste treatment facilities are too far…

Existing issues related to the incomplete system ISSUES AND CHALLENGES - COLLECTION

Neighborhood have too much waste waiting for collection

OD SCALE

Creating smoke and ordour, local flooding,pollution of rivers and coastal waters

ISSUES AND CHALLENGES - LANDFILL

ISSUES AND CHALLENGES - RECYCLE

1. Landfill is overcapacity. 2. Surface and groundwater contamination by waste exudate 3. Ordor, smoke and disease problems caused by poor control of

The mixture of waste reduces the possibility of recoverng

the operation of the landfil

RTA SCALE Limited space avaliability for tmporary/ secondary storage points

127

material, as well as lowering significantly the commercial value or price received due to high contamination of material intended for recycling

POTENTIALS Potential map

N 0 0.06 0.11

0.22

0.33

Miles 0.44

Indus

Green

1. Organic waste takes up 65%

2. Large areas of underutilized green

Underutilized greenland

128

Solid waste generatio

Solid waste composition

Households

strial

Commercial

nery

Residential

Markets

Food scraps

Paper

Cardboard

Plastic

Glass

Metals

Dusts

Textiles

Yard wastes

Wood

Household hazardous

Food scraps

Plastic

Paper

Wood

Metals

Leaves

Leather

Textiles

Paper

Cardboard

Plastic

Food scraps

Packaging

Food scraps

Housekeeping

Packaging

landscape trimmings

Commercials

Household hazardous

Industrials ashes

Parks

Street sweeping

on rate

What is Organic Waste? Organic waste takes up the most

129

Organic waste is any material that is biodegradable and comes from either a plant or an animal. Biodegradable waste is organic material that can be broken into carbon dioxide, methane or simple organic molecules. Examples of organic waste include green waste, food waste, food-soiled paper, non-hazardous wood waste, green waste, and landscape and pruning waste.

STRATEGIES TARGETED TO ISSUES AND POTENTIALS Strategy 1: Upgrade the greenland Tactic 1: Neighborhood-based composting, utilize the underutilized green space for centralized composting facilities.

Tactic 2: Combine composting facilities with other functions. E.g. parks, urban farm, which can form a sustainable cycle

130

Strategy 2: Upgrade the neiborhood Tactic 1: Waste separation from the source.

Biodegradable trash

Sanitary trash

Recyclable trash

Tactic 2: Compost units scatted in the neighborhood.

131

STRATEGIES ANALYSIS_UPGRADE THE GREENLAND Greenland typology

Indust

Reside

Under

0 0.06 0.11 0.22

0.33

Miles 0.44

Flow in site simulation Before Main collection line Secondary collection line Greenland Temporary concentration center

Ma Se

Gre

Tem

cen

132

Flow for greenland Before

trial green space

ential green space

rutilized green space

After After

ain collection line econdary collection line

omposting cycle

eenland

mporary concentration

nter

133

STRATEGIES ANALYSIS_UPGRADE THE NEIGHBORHOOD Residential typology

Kampun

Kampu

Greenla

Gated c

0 0.06 0.11 0.22

0.33

Miles 0.44

Flow in site simulation Before Collection line in Kampung

134

Collection line

Collection line inside the gated community

Collection line

Greenland

Residential areas

Residential ar

Temporary concentration center

Temporary co

Flow for greenland Before

ng A

Source : Residential areas

ung B

and

community

To: Solid waste treatment facilities NEIGHBORHOOD SCALE

Food leftovers, expired food, fruit peels and cores, plants, and TCM herbs Paper, plastic, glass, scrap metal, fabrics. All other non-recyclable solid waste.

Batteries, light tubes, medicines, paint and its containers.

After

Source: Organic waste from residential areas

e in Kampung

e inside the gated community

reas

oncentration center

Units scatted in the neighborhood

135

The compost generated can be used to the residential areas

VISION Vision of the solid waste cycle

136

Direction Neighborhood scale

Jakarta scale

NEIGHBORHOOD SCALE

JAKARTA SCALE 137

HOW TO OPERATE_UNITS Site selection_RT & RW boundary N 176

0 0.06 0.11

0.22

Mile

0.33

0.44

41 20 22 83

37 40 25

18 16

123 167

21 32

263 93

275

108

47 198

188 63

38 73

42 108

21 84

123

191 5

210

18 166

48 52

91 84

60 94

128

454 56

155 20

108 52 201

Basic units

Buckets 138

Wagons

Bio bins

Plastic shredding ma

Flow in boundary simulation RW boundary N

RT boundary the number of households

0.02

0.04

0.09

Miles 0.17

0.13

RT , neighborhood unit, 10-20 houses or

176households

households

2 units

RW, community unit, 5-10 Collection line in Kampung

RT boundary 57 units in total

Mix-used Mosque School Shops Office Water & Gas shop Residential Factory

38 27 40

47 9 94

Micro flow

achine

Red buckets:

Blue buckets:

For Sanitary waste 12 litrs

For plastic 12 litrs

Recycling facilities

Line for sanitary waste

Green buckets: For biodegradable

Some may connect to the

waste

schools or gardens to have

6 litrs

some educational functions.

Line for biodegradable waste Once a week

Line for plastic

Daily

The dry waste in blue bins which primarily contains plastic is collected once a week and then shredded into granules by a plastic shredding machine. These granules are used in road construction.

The wet waste is trasferred to the terrace of the appartment where the bio bin system has been set up. Every day the waste is turned over by the

Compost bins

workers and the old waste is covered by the new to curb ordor. The capacity of the bio bins is about 0.07 tonnes per day.

139

HOW TO OPERATE_CENTRALIZED FACILITY Suitable site for centralized facilities N Miles 0 0.06 0.11

0.22

0.33

0.44

27225m²

9075m²

16 62500m²

2100

980m² 1840m² 1720m² 1100m²

1820m²

1300m²

2720m²

32400m² 1900m²

Solid waste generation parameters When acquiring a disposal site, the land area must be large enough to accommodate waste produced by 1000 people over period of at least 20-30 years. It has been documented that 1000 people would require 1 acre of land per annum (USEPA1971). This requirement is considered appropriate especially for developing countries where a higher proportion of waste generated is organic and easily be decomposed. 140

Kedaung Kali Angke: Population: 36, 821 Area: 3.00 km² Density: 12, 257/km² Generation rate: 0.7kg/day Disposal site area required: 148, 892m² Waste generation: 25, 774.7 kg Organic waste generation: 16, 753.6 kg

1900

Industrial

Commercial

Greenery

Residential

Best site

Not suitable

Elevation

600m²

Road

12100m²

Slope

3016 -46

Road Road trucks

Distance

>15° <15°

Reclassify

Suitable Unsuitable

Reclassify

Suitable Unsuitable

Reclassify

Suitable Unsuitable

Reclassify

Suitable Unsuitable

can access 1200m

1800m²

0m² Waterbody

Waterbody

Distance

800m

0m²

Residential area

Residential Buildings

Distance

100m

800m

Total: 164080m²

Suitable Unsuitable

N 0 120 240 480

Weighted overlay 141

720

m 960

HOW TO OPERATE_CENTRALIZED FACILITY Composting concept

Functions required

Biosolids mixer

In-vessel compost building

Curing building 142

space for windrows

Screening building

Storag

Compostable solid waste

Households

Markets

Food scraps

Paper

Cardboard

Textiles

Yard wastes

Wood

Food scraps

Plastic

Paper

Wood

Leaves

Leather

Textiles

Paper

Cardboard

Food scraps

ashes

Packaging

Food scraps

Street sweeping

Packaging

landscape trimmings

Commercials

Industrials

Parks

Housekeeping

Percentage of activity area required inside a compost plant Maturing boxes

Office, toilets, wash room, equipment storage

Park

Reception, sorting, screening and packaging areas

Store for finished compost Store for recyclables

ge building 143

Compost boxes

HOW TO OPERATE_CENTRALIZED FACILITY

Residential ground

Windrows

Windrows Ground Grass

Staging area Screening area

Finished product

In-vessel area Mixing area

Staging area

Medium size Mid-sized compost systems are appropriate for small institutions including schools, hospitals and nursing homes and commercial establishments such as grocery stores, hotels, business with cafeterias and restaurants. The capacity of a mid-sized system ranges from 5 tonnes per day of food scrap.

144

Curing area

Large size Windrows

Centralized composting can range from 10 tonnes of organic waste per day. They are on a significantly larger scale, environmental, social and techinical considerations.

composting

Curing area

Screening area Urban farm Finished product

145

Park

HOW TO OPERATE_CENTRALIZED FACILITY Small size Ground

Mixing area

Grass

In-vessel composting area

Finished product

Small size The capacity of small size facility is about 2 tonnes of solid waste per day. They can be connected to houseyard, school, community garden, etc.

Overall distridution Large size composting facility Medium size composting facility Small size composting facility

146

WHERE TO GO Urban farm

Commercial

Park

Houseyard

School

Street

Community garden

Residential

147

HIERARCHY OF NEWLY BUILT SYSTEM Micro scale

Small size

scale

actual size 2mÂ˛

The capacity of the bio bins is about 0.07 tonnes per day.

capacity

1740mÂ˛

2 tonnes of organic waste per day.

Community garden

functions School

School

Houseyard

Waste

Commercial

Finished

Shredding

separation products

facility Bio bins

Compost bins

In-vessel compost

work Workers 170 in

Supervisors 2

Workers25in

Supervisors 2

total

in total

total

in total

finacial

148

1337 pounds

60 bags/

in total

day in total Rp

15,000,000

880 pounds in

36 bags/

total

day in total Rp

9,000,000

Medium size

Large size

5586mÂ˛

13838mÂ˛

The capacity of a mid-sized system ranges from 5 tonnes per day of food scrap.

Centralized composting can range from 10 tonnes of organic waste per day.

Urban farm Community garden

Park School

Commercial

Mixing

Curing

area

area Finished products

Staging area

Windrows Staging area

Office

Screening

Finished

Curing

area

products

area

Office

Windrows

Screening

In-vessel composting

area

149

Workers 80 in

Supervisors 3

Workers 40in

Supervisors 2

total

in total

total

in total

1430 pounds

60 bags/

in total

day in total Rp

16,250,000

3040 pounds

140 bags/

in total

day in total Rp

35,000,000

ADDING FUNCTIONS Large size N

Component 0 0.06 0.11

0.22

0.33

0.44

Miles

Facility: Large

Other function

Morphology

Urban farm in Jakarta

150

Urban farm nearby

Surrounding context

Commercial

Green

Industrial

Residential

Small size

Facility: Small

Other function Houseyard

Morphology

Surrounding context

Commercial Industrial Green Residential

Small size

Facility: Small

School

Other function

Site condition Morphology

Surrounding context

Commercial Industrial Green Residential

151

ADDING FUNCTIONS Medium size

Site condition Morphology Community garden

Surrounding context

Component Facility: Medium

Commercial

Green

Industrial

Residential

Other function

Medium size

Component Facility: Medium

Park

Site condition Morphology

152

Surround

Medium size

Site condition Morphology Community garden

Surrounding context

Park

Component Facility: Medium

Green

Industrial

Residential

Other function

When the composting facilities cooperate with more functions, they may have more possibilities. For example, urban farms, parks, community gardensâ&#x20AC;Ś The compostable waste such as food scrap, yard waste, landscape trimmings can be transferred into compost through composting facilities, and the compost generated can also be used in the source greenery.

ther function

ding context

153

Commercial

Green

Industrial

Residential

OVERALL SYSTEM

154

155

PROPOSED FLOW DIAGRAM Proposed flow

156

Previous flow

Often collected by the Market Agency, Public Works Agency and Cleansing Agency. Some are by private means.

Mixed solid waste is sorted; organic solid waste is composted and certain recyclable products are recycled. Remaining waste is either burned in the incinerator or transferred to the landfill.

Food leftovers, expired food, fruit peels and cores, plants, and TCM herbs Paper, plastic, glass, scrap metal, fabrics. All other non-recyclable solid waste.

Batteries, light tubes, medicines, paint and its containers.

JAKARTA SCALE

Source & market of trash The newly built system of composting facilities 157

PERSPECTIVE Overall perspective Micro scale system

Centralized composting system Commercial areas

Trash separation Wagons

School

Composting station

Park Urban farm

Bio bins

Source: school, commercial areas, residential areas, green lands. But the compost generated can aso be used in the source

Composting station can be

The compost generated can

catogarized into three types:

aso be used in the source

large size, medium-size and small size

Zoom-in perspective Source and micro scale

Micro scale system

Trash separation

centralized composting facilities

Wagons

Commercia areas

Bio bins

Centralized composting system Composting station can be catogarized into three types: large size, medium-size and small size Composting station Park

later process

Later process

Due to the system, th waste to b the landfill reduced.

Recycling center Incineration

158

Later process Landfill Recycling center Incineration

Due to the decentralized system, the amount of solid waste to be transferred into the landfill can be largely reduced.

Source: school, commercial areas, residential areas, green lands. But the compost generated can aso be used in the source

School

The compost generated can aso be used in the source Urban farm

e decentralized he amount of solid be transferred into l can be largely

159

Landfill

JAKARTA SCALE VISION There are a number of dominant variables influcing current waste management issues in Jakarta, which can be identified but not limited to the following:

Factors related Population density

Green land

Roads trucks can access density

Farm Forest Grass Meadow Nature reserve Orchard Park Scrub

Site selection process 0 miles

Tertiary tertiary Secondary sencondary tertiary sencondary primary truck jakarta boundary

Primary primary Truck truck 0

Roads trucks can access

Notsuitable Suitable

62000 8 Kilometers

Distance jakarta boundary

miles

Reclassify

0 miles

Distance

areas 0

miles 8 Kilometers

Reclassify

0 miles

Notsuitable Suitable

69000

Waterways Waterways

Notsuitable Suitable

61000

Residential Residential areas

Distance

miles

Reclassify

0Â°

93 Dem

-55

Notsuitable Suitable

90Â° Slop

Reclassify

In summary So in total the system can process 3142.7 tonnes of trash per day, which Jakarta takes up nearly 50% of the waste generated per day. In Jakarta, 55% 6500 tons of waste per day of waste generated are organic waste, which means nearly 85% of the Generation rate: 0.7kg per organic waste can be processed day 8 million people

160

Prediction of the system in Jakarta scale _ centralized Large facility: cover 12958 people per day Medium-size facility: cover 6478 people per day Small size facility: cover 2857 people per day So if have 50 large size facility, 50 medium-size facility, and 50 small size facility, roughlt can process 1114 tonnes of waste per day can generate 90 tonnes of compost per day

Prediction of the system in Jakarta scale _ micro

Suitable site for centralized facilities

There are about 28, 981 RTs and 2, 544 RWs in Jakarta However, in a large city such as Jakarta, as there is a constant population influx, in many cases a RT (neighborhood associations) contain as many as 100-150 households. So, 28, 981 RTs need 28, 981 units to process the trash Can process 2028.7 tonnes of trash per day Can generate 305 tonnes of compost per day

Estimation about the capacity of the system Item

Newly built system Micro scale

Centralized system

Amount of facilities

28, 981 units

150 ( just estimate, according to availability of landďź&#x2030;

Capacity

2028.7 tonnes/day

1114 tonnes/day

Compost can generate

305 tonnes/day

90 tonnes/day

Compost can generate

Waste can process

Proportion of total waste in Jakarta

Proportion of organic waste in Jakarta

395 tonnes/day

3142.7 tonnes/day

50%

85%

161

162

TREASURING WASTEWATER LANDSCAPE APPROACH ON DOMESTIC WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND THE FEASIBILITY OF LARGE-SCALE APPLICATIONS BASED ON THE CALCULATION

Lyu Jiawei Abstract: the increasingly severe problem of domestic wastewater pollution in Jakarta impact peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s life. This project intends to minimize the water pollution and the dependency on the urban water supply by using natural-based approaches. Moreover, providing a feasible method for largescale applications based on the mathematical calculation. Nearly 75 percent of the rivers in Jakarta are heavily polluted, of which the primary pollution source is domestic wastewater. Situated in Kedaung Kali Angke, the neighborhood, especially in the kampung, faces a severe problem of water insecurity due to the lack of public washing and toilet facility and some infrastructure related to the water supply, drainage, and sewage systems. Besides, the high cost of domestic water is hard to undertake by low-income workers. This project intends to minimize the water pollution and the dependency on the urban water supply by using natural-based approaches. The overall goal is to achieve the recycling of the wastewater and provide a feasible method for largescale applications. Some wastewater parameters can be gotten like the area of required wetlands per capita, and the proportion of total green space needs to be used as wetlands in sites through calculation. The wastewater treatment system combines the anaerobic treatment and constructed wetlands, which consider the value of sewage purification and landscape characteristic. On the site scale, this design is taking one green space, in the middle of the Kedaung Kali Angke neighborhood, surrounded by the kampung and low-middle class residentials as an example to demonstrate this wastewater treatment system. Based on the calculation, 43% of the site green space needs to be used as wetlands for sewage treatment. There are three steps for sewage treatment. Firstly, the wastewater collected by the septic tank for settlement. Next, through the anaerobic pond and wetlands, the BOD (biochemical oxygen demand) and pathogens are removed mostly. Lastly, the purified water flows to the retention pond and holding tank for daily residential usage and some parts of purified water for agricultural irrigation and aquaculture meanwhile. As for the large scale application, the same sewage treatment system and mathematical calculations are used in conjunction with the 2030 planning. On the neighborhood scale, the green open space amount in the neighborhood is sufficient for domestic wastewater treatment through calculation. However, there is necessary to relocate it properly as an even distribution to cover the wastewater of the whole neighborhood residential area. On the city scale, through calculating the required wetlands area for sewage treatment in each district and the proportion of the wetlands area to total available green space, the feasibility and potential of the plan can be evaluated. From the data collected and calculated, at present, the required wetlands area accounts for 75% of the existing available parks in Jakarta, which is super high and low feasible. While in 2030, from the government planning, the greening rate targeted at 30% so that the green open space will increase significantly to 196 kmÂ˛. The required wetlands area for domestic wastewater treatment only accounts for 7% of the entire green open space. Therefore, the feasibility of this approach is much higher.

163

PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS OF WASTEWATER Pollution Issue in Jakarta Water Pollution

Pollution Sources in 5 Rivers in Jakarta Pollution Sources in 5 Rivers in Jakarta

Water pollution

Slightly polluted

Meet the standard

Small Scale Industry Solid Waste

Moderate polluted

Hosptial Hotel

Heavy polluted

Industry Agriculture Livestock

Heavy polluted

Moderate polluted

Slightly polluted

Sewage Treatment Rate rate Sewage treatment 4%

Meet the standard

Domestic(Household) 0

Urban Urban Wastewater andand Septage Flowin in Jakarta wastewater septage flow Jakarta Open defecation Other on-site sanitation Septic tanks no sewage

96%

Communal toilets Septic tank with sewage

Septage and wastewater safely disposed Septage and wastewater unsafely disposed

Directly sewage(No septic tank)

Source: United nations industrial development organization research data. Diagram by Jiawei.

Domestic Water Supply and Discharge System

Domestic Water Treatment PDAM Drinking Water

Grey Water

Black Water

Drainage Septic Tank

Average household Average Housholdwater Waterusage Usage Drink 25%

Cooking&Cleaning 35%

Bath 15% Washing 25%

Drink

Bath

Washing

Cooking&Cleaning

Domestic Water Comsumption

164

Domestic Water Comsumption for Bath House Hand and Cleaning Basin Shower

Drinking and Cooking

Toilet Flushing

Gardening/ Others

10%

27%

25%

Kitchen/ Dishwashing

3% 17% Grey Water= 56%

Laundry 11%

DESIGN VISION AND CALCULATION Design Vision

Design Calculation Wasterwater Parameters

Daily Water Consumption

164 Litre/Per captia

Neighborhood Population *predict

41000 People

Wasterwater Treatment System Public Toilet Washing Facility

Total Sewage Flow

Influent

6724 mÂł/Day

Septic Tank Influent / Effluent

Neighborhood Area

200

Mg/L 30 Mg/L

2.61 kmÂ˛

Area of Required Wetlands Proportion of Wetlands in Green Space

0.043 kmÂ˛

Neighborhood

43%

0.1 kmÂ˛

Q(lnCoâ&#x2C6;&#x2019;lnCe) KĂ&#x2014;dĂ&#x2014;n

K= K20 Ă&#x2014; 1.01đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;â&#x2C6;&#x2019;20 Q=

q.N

1000

Per Captia 1.06 mÂ˛

Parameters: q: average sewage volume per person per day

KĂ&#x2014;dĂ&#x2014;n

K= K20 Ă&#x2014; 1.01đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;â&#x2C6;&#x2019;20 Q=

q.N

1000

VĂ&#x2014;p Q

V: wetland volume

Ce: efďŹ&#x201A;uent BOD concentration (mg/L)

Q: total sewage flow

n: porosity of constructed wetland bed substrate N: the population of a certain region T: the temperature of domestic sewage

Anaerobic Pond

Q: total sewage ďŹ&#x201A;ow

of wetlands at temperature T

Volume=

K: biochemical reaction rate constant

d: aquifer depth (m)

Flowrate Ă&#x2014; Detention time

165

Fish Pond

Water Retention Time:

Co: inďŹ&#x201A;uent BOD concentration (mg/L)

S: area of subsurface ďŹ&#x201A;ow constructed wetland

Subsurface Wetlands

Q(lnCoâ&#x2C6;&#x2019;lnCe) Area of Required Wetlands S=

Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland

Anaerobic Pond

Green Space Area

BOD Concentration

Area of Pond= V / depth

Effluent

Pond

Farm Holding Tank Effluent

Residentials

Food Production

SITE DESIGN PLAN Proportion of Required Wetlands Area to Landuse in 2030 Green Space 37%

3.5%

33.5%

43%

57%

11% 15%

Residential

Roads

Industry

Public Service & Office

Green Space

Roads

Wetlands Other Green Space

Residentials

Site Location and Service Scope

Design Site

Industry

Site Wastewater Flow Plan

Anaerobic Pond Public Washing and Toilet Facility

Neighborhood Green Space

Community Boundary Service Scope Boundary

Service Scope Boundary

Pipeline Zone （200 meters radius） Truck Transport Zone Wastewater Pipeline Tranport

166

SITE DESIGN Master Plan

·Design Information Site Area: 9400m² (Green Space+Public Service Area） Site Elevation Difference: 7m Wetlands Area: 4042m² Each Wetland Depth: 0.5m Anaerobic Pond Volume: 1415m³ Anaerobic Pond Area: 235Vm² Anaerobic Pond Depth: 6m Sewage Treatment Capacity: 620m³/d Water Retention Time: 2.28days Service Radius: 300m Service Population: 3800 people Service Households: 950

Perspective Section SITE Subsurface Flow Wetlands Septic Tank

Fish Pond

Anaerobic Pond

Farm

Influent Pond

Settlement Monitor

167

Holding Tank Outflow

SITE SECTION AND RENDERING Detail Aquatic Plant Wet Well

Inlet

Effluent Outlet

Slope1% Small Gravel Wateright Membrane or Clay

After

35m

Before

Rendering-Farm

168

200m

Location A Wetland

Boardwalk

Filtration Typical Landscape Fabric Pin Slopetame

Sedimentation

Plant Uptake

50m

Rendering-Pond

169

NEIGHBORHOOD SCALE Residential Plan in 2030

Medium House Zone Low Kdb Vertical Housing Zone Flat House Zone Green Space New Residential

Original 2030 Green Open Space Plan 1 2 3

5 4

8 7

9 11

13 14

17 18

19 21 26

25 24

23 27 28

170

NEIGHBORHOOD SCALE Design Intervention in Green Space Planning

1&2&4 3&6

9&10&11&12 5 8

14&15

16&17

20 29

18&19&22&24 &25&26&27

Wetlands Service Scope in Neighborhood

Green Space for Wastewater Treatment Other Green Space Residentials Service Scope Roads

171

CITY SCALE--BASED ON EXSITING CONDITION Jakarta Adminsitrative Districts

Existing Jakarta Green Open Space

Green Space

Sources: OCHA, BNPB, BPS

Area of Constructed Wetlands Required for Treatment of Sewage Generated by the Population in Each District of Jakarta City Sewage Flow

Area of required

Area of the

Proportion in the

(10，000 m³/d)

Wetlands (km²)

district (km²)

district

2164070

35.5

2.29

141.27

1.62%

East Jakarta

2817994

46.2

2.99

188.03

1.59%

Central Jakarta

910381

14.9

0.97

48.13

West Jakarta

2430410

39.9 City/ regency

1729444

South Jakarta

2164070

East Jakarta

City/ regency

Population

South Jakarta

North Jakarta

Area of the

(10，000 m³/d)

Wetlands (km²)

district (km²)

35.5

2.29

1.35%

141.27

2817994

46.2

2.99

188.03

Central Jakarta

910381

14.9

West Jakarta

2430410

39.9

North Jakarta

1729444

28.3

164.8

Required Wetlands Area Proportion

1.83

10.66

129.54

1.99%

146.66

653.63

1.63%

DifferentAmount Types of Green Public 164.8 Open Space

0.97

48.13

2.58

129.54

1.83

146.66

10.66

653.63

图表标题

No.

25% 35%

75%

65%

2 Required1 Wetlands Area The Rest of Existing

Green Space Area

172

Area of required

28.3

Amount

Sewage Flow

2.58 Population

Area(km²)

Percentage(%)

Park

14.08

2.13

2 3 4

Green line Cemetery City Forest Amount

7.86 6.31 2.54 30.81

1.19 0.95 0.38 4.65

Required Wetlands Area The Rest of Existing Park Area

Type

Sources: Forestry Agency

CITY SCALE IN 2030 Jakarta Green Open Space in 2030 Plan

Sources: JAKARTA, CAPITAL CITY GOVERNMENT

Area of Constructed Wetlands Required in 2030 Sewage Flow

Area of required

Area of the

Proportion in the

(10，000 m³/d)

Wetlands (km²)

district (km²)

district

2825299

46.3

2.99

141.27

2.12%

City/ regency

Population

South Jakarta East Jakarta

3012500

49.4

3.19

188.03

1.69%

Central Jakarta

1150181

18.9

1.84

48.13

3.82%

West Jakarta

3162500

51.9

3.35

129.54

2.58%

North Jakarta

2325000

38.1

2.46

146.66

1.67%

204.6

13.83

653.63

Amount

2.11%

图表标题 7%

The Green Open Space in Jakarta 2030 plan targeted at 30% of the Province area. It's 196km² The Required Wetlands Area is 13.83km² It only account for 7% to GOS 2030. There is great potential for this Natural-based approach to treat wastewater in 2030 Jakarta!!! Population Prediction Source: SP 2000, SP 2010 (BPS DKI Jakarta) –www.jakarta.bps.go.id

173

93% 1 2 Required Wetlands Area

The Rest of Green Space Area in 2030

174

FROM RISK TO UTILIZATION ZHOU Xianfeng

Located in west Jakarta, Kampung Kedaung Kali Angke suffers from serious water pollution and scarcity of clean water. According to the investigation, the current stormwater system is a “one-way flow” system where stormwater runoff goes straight into canals. There is no system to clean, to harvest and to store for heavy storms, which results in water pollution and scarcity of clean water. This project aims to create a new ecological and sustainable stormwater “circular flow” system to filter, harvest and recycle rainwater in Kendaung Kali Angke. The proposal selects three open sites of different sizes focusing at the south-western corner of Kampung Kedaung Kali Angke for design interventions. The three sites are chosen from three perspectives: public, community and household, with different new stormwater treatment systems. Site 1: Public habitat (Total open space area: 9ha; Water storage capacity: 48000m3) A new wetland water treatment system is established in this area to increase diversity, improve water quality and provide wildlife habitats. The treatment wetland will perform its ecological function differently in each season. For dry season, wetlands store clean water filtered by complex systems for agricultural irrigation. For rainy season, wetlands provide space for stormwater runoff to gather and mitigate the effects of pollution. Site 2: Community mixed-use (Total open space area: 2ha; Water storage capacity: 6750m3) The rainwater collected from the roof of the factories is filtered through a complex stormwater treatment system to obtain clean water. Clean water is then pumped to the households and factories. In the meanwhile, stormwater runoff from the roads will be collected and diverted to a newly designed terraced raingarden, with the treated water being harvested for storage, irrigation and community-use. Site 3: Local household (Total open space area: 0.3ha; Water storage capacity: 840m3) A model of shared water shop is proposed in this site. The rainwater is collected from individual households through the water pipe, and it is filtered and treated in the shared water shop to access clean water for household-use. The small raingarden is used to clean and filter stormwater runoff from roads naturally. Additionally, a green corridor is built to connect the three sites and the surrounding communities so that people can interact with nature and enjoy recreation spaces. Depending on the size of the sites, the project can be applied to other parts of Kendaung Kali Angke as a model to address the issue of water pollution and provide clean water.

175

BACKGROUND Location

water quality monitoring station

water

29.9℃ 24.2℃

Jan

30.3℃ 24.3℃

Feb

Water & Green System water flow industry greenery river main pipe river garbage filtering blue pipe pump station water gate

N 0m

176

150m

300m

32.5℃

25.2℃

25.1℃

25.4℃

Mar

Apr

May

31.5℃

32.3℃

32.0℃

33.0℃

32.7℃

24.8℃

25.1℃

24.9℃

25.5℃

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

31.4℃

31.3℃

32.0℃

24.9℃

Nov

Dec

precipitation(mm) rainy days max temp(℃ ) min temp(℃ )

Average rainy days

Average precipitation(mm)

Annual Climate

ISSUE | POORLY MANAGED STORMWATER RUNOFF Water pollution

water quality monitoring station main drainage drainage-water flow river-water flow industry greenery river main pipe

N 0m

100m

200m

blue pipe pump station water gate

What caused pollution ? Stormwater running over roofs, driveways, roads and lawns will pick up pollutants such as oil, fertilizers, pesticides, dirt/sediment, trash, and animal waste. These pollutants â&#x20AC;&#x153;hitch a rideâ&#x20AC;? with the stormwater and flow untreated into local streams, polluting the waters(surface water, groundwater). Stagnant water + Scarcity of clean water topography

N 0m

125m

250m

countor-1m stagnant water

Water Supply Groundwater pumps Water tank

Stormwater runs off roofs, driveways and lawns, large volumes quickly gather in the impermeable pavement, resulting in stagnant water and flooding. 177

80% of groundwater in shallow wells is contaminated with pathogens

ISSUE | LACK OF URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE Land use

train station train track residence industry commerce government river greenery agriculture

N 0m

125m

250m

Activity dry season

rainy season

Poorly managed stormwater runoff

limited toilet/ parking area

water pollution stagnant water

Issues

lack of leisure space broken recreation facilities

178

scarcity of clean water

Lack of urban infrastructure

ISSUE CONCLUSION According to the investigation, the current stormwater system is a â&#x20AC;&#x153;one-way flowâ&#x20AC;? system where stormwater runoff goes straight into canals. There is no system to clean, to harvest and to store for heavy storms, which results in water pollution and scarcity of clean water.

STORMWATER MANAGEMENT STRATEGY Water system main drainage new main drainage water flow new water flow industry water storage river main pipe new main pipe pump station water gate

N 0m

100m

200m

Water harvesting main drainage new main drainage water flow new water flow industry water storage river roof harvesting system main pipe new main pipe pump station water gate

N 0m

100m

200m

The strategy is to add drainage and pipes to better connect the water from the site to the river, and to design a reasonable flow direction according to the topography so that the water can flow naturally into the rain gardens and wetlands. The roof can be well used to collect rainwater and filter it to get clean water.

Year 0

Year 5 farmland

polluted water barren farmland

179

Year 10 wetland

wetlands gradually formed

wetland

wetland treatment system to filter, harvest and recycle rainwater

Site1 | Public Habitat

MASTERPLAN The project is to reframe the conventional wastewater treatment of rainwater instead as a new stormwater â&#x20AC;&#x153;circular flowâ&#x20AC;? system to filter, harvest and recycle rainwater.

wetland treatment sys

N 0m

180

75m

150m

Site2 | Community Mixed-use

Site3 | Local Household

factory-household rainwater system + terraced raingarden

stem

A green corridor is built to connect the three sites and the surrounding communities so that people can interact with nature and enjoy recreation spaces.

181

shared water shop rainwater system + raingarden

SYSTEM ANALYSIS

Road System

Land Use

Greenery & Water System

Topography

Road System

182

Land Use

Greenery & Water System

Topography

SITE 1 | PUBLIC HABITAT

B A C'

B' water storage pond

Total open space area: 9ha Wetland treatment area: 12000m2

Water storage pond area: 16000m2 depth: 3m capacity: 48000m3

1. Wetland water treatment system: Increases diversity, improve water quality and provide wildlife habitats 2. The treatment wetland will perform its ecological function differently in each seasons. Dry season: Wetlands store clean water filtered by complex systems for agricultural irrigation. Rainy season: Wetlands provide space for stormwater runoff to gather and mitigate the effects of flooding and pollution.

Section A-A'

Wetland treatment system

Section B-B'

Section C-C' 0m 5m

183

PERSPECTIVE 1

Farmland

184

Playground

Corridor + Viewing platform

185

Wetland

SITE 2 | COMMUNITY MIXED-USE B'

A' B

Total open space area: 2ha Raingarden area: 3600m2 Water storage pond area: 2700m2 depth: 2.5m capacity: 6750m3

roof rainwater harvesting system water storage pond

The rainwater collected from the roof of the factories is filtered through a complex stormwater treatment system to obtain clean water. Clean water is then pumped to the households and factories. Then, stormwater runoff from the roads will be collected and diverted to a newly designed terraced raingarden, with the treated water being harvested for storage, irrigation and community-use.

PERSPECTIVE 2

Water storage pond

Terraced raingarden

186

Factory-Household Rainwater System

Section A-A'

0m 5m

Section B-B'

0m 5m

20 litres minimum requirement litres for drinking, eating, basic sanitation 50 litres minimum requirement litres for drinking, cooking, basic sanitation, laundry, bathing

Calculation of Potential Rainwater Supply (Roof rainwater harvesting)

Harvested Water (L) = Catchment Area (m 2 ) X Rainfall Depth (mm) X 0.623 Conversion Factor 27334000L/year = 25000m2 X 1755mm X 0.623 27334000L/year = 17114000L/year (for factory) + 560 persons X 50 litres/capita/day X 365 (for household) Estimate 140 households Average 4 persons pre household - 560 persons 187

SITE 3 | LOCAL HOUSEHOLD B'

A' A

Total open space area: 0.3ha Raingarden area: 255m2 Water storage pond area: 420m2 depth: 2m capacity:840m3

roof rainwater harvesting system water storage pond

The small raingarden is used to clean and filter stormwater runoff from roads naturally.

PERSPECTIVE 3

Shared water shop

Raingarden

188

1. Shared Water Shop Rainwater System

2. Individual Household Rainwater System

Section A-A' The rainwater is collected from individual households through the water pipes, and it is filtered and treated in the shared water shop to access clean water for household-use. 0m 5m

Section B-B'

0m 5m

20 litres minimum requirement litres for drinking, eating, basic sanitation 50 litres minimum requirement litres for drinking, cooking, basic sanitation, laundry, bathing

Calculation of Potential Rainwater Supply (Roof rainwater harvesting) Estimate 135 households Average 4 persons pre household 540 persons

Playground

Harvested Water (L) = Catchment Area (m 2 ) X Rainfall Depth (mm) X 0.623 Conversion Factor 7106800L/year = 6500m 2 X 1755mm X 0.623

36 litres/capita/day 189

APPLICATION Depending on the size of the sites, the project can be applied to other parts of Kendaung Kali Angke as a model to address the issue of water pollution and provide clean water.

N 0m

125m

250m

Type 1 | Public Habitat

Type 2 | Community Mixed-use

Type 3 | Local Household

wetland treatment system

factory-household rainwater system + terraced raingarden

shared water shop rainwater system + raingarden

Step1 classification

Step2 application Type 1

Type 2

Type 3

190

191

192

GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE FOR SRORMWATER MANAGEMENT Han Cong Frequent and severe flooding disaster has plagued Jakarta, Indonesia, for years. This site which called Kampung Keduang Kali Angke is a dense community of West Jakarta, the condition of a large number of impervious hardscape area resulted in that the infiltration rate is low, shabby unsound drainage system fail to discharge stormwater timely, these problems have made it had frequent flooding in the site. This project design is divided into three main strategies of green infrastructure management to delay and reduce the peak runoff to alleviate even solve flooding problems in the site. The first strategy is to redesign the drainage system and waterflow direction to collect and convey stormwater and discharge it to two main canals in the site, deducing the concentrated catchment area as the proposal water storage spaces. Than connect the existing drainage facilities along the streets with the water storage spaces to complete overall drainage system including primary drainage network, secondary drainage network, tertiary drainage network and new confluence point. The aim is to slow down the speed of waterflow discharged into the canals in the site. The second strategy is to design rainwater harvesting facilities, with rainwater collecting barrels to collect rainwater from rooftop and building surface, and use the rainwater filter barrels to filter it for water reuse, such as daily housing use and garden irrigation. And the rainwater harvesting facilities will be placed around the buildings within the radius of the catchment area. Lastely, the third strategy is to improve the water storage capacity by selecting the concentrated catchment area in the site according to the catchment analysis. Six different nodes will be designed as the potential water storage spaces that contain detailed bio-retention and detention facilities, such as community rain gardens and ecological detention ponds. The average area of these nodes is 466m2. The goal is to improve the storage capacity of the whole site through these shared pocket spaces. It also can be a pleasant feature that makes space for nature in an urban environment. Through these kinds of measurements, the aim is to create a proper site with thorough waterflow system and strong water capacity, so that it can make the site be flood-resistent, minimize the potential environmental impacts on stormwater runoff and provides a safe, resilient and comfortable living environment for local Kampung residents to promote social interaction among community members.

193

Location

12km

Central Jakarta

Kampung Kedaung Kali Angke 0

100

200m

Cengkareng West Jakarta City Jakarta Province City District Kampung

Division of region under village. One RW consists of several RT.

RW RT

194

Division of region under RT. One RT consists of several households.

BACKGROUND Major Floods Events in Jakarta's History

Flood in 1996

2002

2007

2020

2013

Cause: The capacity of river is smaller than the incoming water's runoff, caused by the

Cause: Beside the poor

Cause:

high conversion of area around

drainage system, flood was

Climate change

the waterbodies into settlement Cause: Vast buildings and preceded by heavy rain. function, sedimentation, and illegal settlements has led to the Inundation Area: 400km2 Inundation Point: 70 waste disposal. decresing of land absorption Rainfall Intensity: 401.5mm Inundation Area: n/a ability as well as narrowing Evacuee: 398,000 Inundation Point: 90 the canal in downstream area. Rainfall Intensity: 288.7 mm Inundation Area: 330km2 Evacuee: 544,000

rain and waterways clogged Evacuee: 36,000 with garbage and other kinds of debris. Inundation Area: >400km2 Inundation Point: 109

Inundation Point: 160

Rainfall Intensity: 1230.7mm

Rainfall Intensity: 361.7mm

400

Rainfall Intensity: Cause: Because of the heavy 400mm2

Evacuee: >100,000

Evacuee: 380,000

350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 1996

2002

2007

2008

2013

2015

2016 2019 Rainfall intensity(mm / day)

Average Rainfall Intensity during Major Floods Temporal and Spatial Variations of Land Subsidence

mean sea level

subsidence Flooded area (without subsidence)

Flooded area (with subsidence)

subsidence Coastal flooded area (without subsidence)

Coastal flooded area (with subsidence)

subsidence Water flow (without subsidence)

Water flow (with subsidence)

Flooded Area deeper than 1.0m

2000

2050

2025

SLR

SLR+

2050 SLR+

Subsidence Souece: <The ecolution of risk and vulnerability in Greater Jakarta: contesting government policy in dealing with a megacity's exposure to flooding> by Jonatan A. Lassa, Saut Sagala AHK, BMKG <Study on the risk and impacts of land subsidence in Jakarta> by Irwan Gumilar

195

ISSUE BEING TACKLED Interview With Local Residents "The height of flood can be 0.4m in our house."

KAMPUNG RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

"The canal has been widen several times from 2m to 9m." "We go upstairs when it is flooding."

WATERLOGGING

GARBAGE FLOATING ON THE CANAL

FREQUENT FLOODING

"We throw waste directly, no recycled garbage bins here." Sometimes the sewer has been stuck with the garbage.

196

ISSUE BEING TACKLED Land Subsidence

Flood Area

Flood Evolution

1977

1997

2007

2017

2020

Subsidence (metres) 0

-5 Shallow

197

Deeper

Souece: ABC news<Sinking towards disaster> by Mark Doman, David Lipson and Ari Wu Bandung Institute of Technology OCHA<Jaakarta Floods: Inundated Area Periodic Overview>

ANALYSIS RELATING TO THE ISSUE Typology Analysis

0m Shops Mixed-use building School Mosque Office Water&gas bar Home factory Residencial Open area Pumping station Food bar

198

Primary Road Secondary Teritiary Alley

25m

50m

100m

ANALYSIS RELATING TO THE ISSUE Road Typology Analysis Category 01 Primary

Vhicle Lanes Greenery Double Two-way Greenery Canal Pedestrain Pedestrain Residential

Category 02 Secondary

Vhicle Lanes Residential Comercial Double Two-way Building Pedestrain Pedestrain

Category 03 Secondary

Greenery Canal

Greenery Parking Vhicle Lane Mixed Single Two-way Residential

Residential Vhicle Lane Property Residential Building Single Two-way Wall Building Front Yard Pedestrain Garden D

Residential Pedestrain Street Property Residential Building Vendor Wall Vhicle Lane Greenery Single Two-way

Property Vhicle Lane Property Wall Single Two-way Wall Residential Pedestrain Pedestrain Residential Building Building

Alley Drainage Drainage Residential Residential Building Building

199

Category 04

Category 05 Teritiary

Category 06

Category 07 Alley

Category 08 Alley

Residential Building

Alley

Residential Building

ANALYSIS RELATING TO THE ISSUE Topography Analysis

0.0m 1.0m 2.0m 3.0m 4.0m 5.0m 6.0m 7.0m 8.0m Flat area

High

Low Flooding High

200

25m

50m

100m

Higher elevation around the site, and the center of the site is sunken, which is one of the main reasons why it is frequently flooded in the Kampung area.

ANALYSIS RELATING TO THE ISSUE Waterflow Analysis

Main Canal Flow Drainage Flow Surface Flow Confluence Point

25m

50m

100m

The fragmentized drainage pattern (caused by the vertical spontaneous building developments) can not supprt the natural stormwater cycle. Aged utilities for drainage are not adequate for the current usage.

201

ANALYSIS RELATING TO THE ISSUE Pavement Analysis

Mud and Gravel Cement Asphalt

Mud and Gravel

202

Cement

Asphalt

25m

50m

100m

ANALYSIS RELATING TO THE ISSUE Hardscape and Softscape Analysis

Softscape Public green space Private green space Front door planting

Natural Ground Cover 40% evapotranspiration

10% runoff 25% shallow infiltration

25% deep infiltration

Hardscape Mud and Gravel Cement Asphalt

10%-20% Impervious Surface 38% evapotranspiration 20% runoff 21% shallow infiltration

21% deep infiltration

25m

50m

35%-50% Impervious 75%-100% Impervious Surface 35% Surface 30% evapotranspiration

evapotranspiration

30% runoff

55% runoff

20% shallow infiltration

15% deep infiltration

10% shallow infiltration

The more impervious the surface, the more runoff there will be. The impervious paving percentage of the Kampung Kedaung Kali Angke is very high. 203

100m

5% deep infiltration

MASTER PLAN 05

204

STRATEGY 01 RESEDIGN THE DRAINAGE SYSTEM Calculation S=0.439562hm2

S=0.2598283hm2

Ψ=0.50

Ψ=0.95

Calculate the stormwater runoff according to the formula, than select the concentrated catchment area in the site as the water storage space according to the water catchment analysis, so as to improve the storage capacity. of the site. Calculation Progress

Mud and Gravel Pavers S=0.383881hm2 Ψ=0.40

Asphalt Pavers

According to the Stormwater Runoff Formula: Qs=ΨqF Qs----Stormwater Runoff (L/S) Ψ----Runoff Coefficient q----Rainfall Intensity (L/(s*hm2)) F---- Catchment Area (hm2)

Building Surface, Rooftop and Cement pavers S=0.636402hm2

Take the peak rainfall(377mm) in recent years, 377mm=37.7dm 1L=1dm3 1m3 =1000dm3 1hm2=1x104m2 1hm2=1000dmx1000dm=1x106dm3 Then 1hm2 site with runoff coefficient of 1, the stormwater runoff of 1s is, Qs=37.7x106dm3=3.77x104m3

Ψ=0.65

Cement Pavers

Existing Index

Proposal Water Storage Space Area: 4397.21m2 Retention Rate: 90% Runoff: 14919.73L/S Rooftop Area: 2251.28m2 Building Number: 2 Floor-area Ratio: 51%

Area: 3761.05m2 Retention Rate: 90% Runoff: 12761.24L/S Rooftop Area: 2711.58m2 Building Number: 21 Floor-area Ratio: 36%

Area: 4857.29m2 Retention Rate: 90% Runoff: 11761.12L/S Rooftop Area: 2711.58m2 Building Number: 33 Floor-area Ratio: 72%

Area: 3466.29m2 Retention Rate: 90% Runoff: 15169.63L/S Rooftop Area: 1442.99m2 Building Number: 34 Floor-area Ratio: 43% Area: 7808.8m2 Retention Rate: 90% Runoff: 26495.25L/S Rooftop Area: 4483.26m2 Building Number: 55 Floor-area Ratio: 56%

Area: 3125.96m2 Retention Rate: 90% Runoff: 8209.97L/S Rooftop Area: 1342.82m2 Building Number: 5 Floor-area Ratio: 51%

Area: 4426.54m2 Retention Rate: 90% Runoff: 15019.25L/S Rooftop Area: 2062.88m2 Building Number: 18 Floor-area Ratio: 63%

Area: 6188.89m2 Retention Rate: 90% Runoff: 26495.25L/S Rooftop Area: 2893.45m2 Building Number: 33 Floor-area Ratio: 43%

Area: 7846.99m2 Retention Rate: 90% Runoff: 26624.84L/S Rooftop Area: 4234.76m2 Building Number: 40

Proposal Water Storage Space

Proposal Index Hardscpe Retention Rate: 50% Softscape Retention Rate: 40% Runoff: 2834.26L/S Building Number: 2 Proposal Softscape Area: 233.68m2 Water Retention Volume:1402.08m3

Hardscpe Retention Rate: 50% Softscape Retention Rate: 40% Runoff: 4835.21L/S Building Number: 21 Proposal Softscape Area: 183.06m2 Water Retention Volume:1098.36m3

Hardscpe Retention Rate: 50% Softscape Retention Rate: 40% Runoff: 1272.49L/S Building Number: 33 Proposal Softscape Area: 398.25m2 Water Retention Volume: 2389.5m3

Hardscpe Retention Rate: 50% Softscape Retention Rate: 40% Runoff: 3089.04L/S Building Number: 5 Proposal Softscape Area: 514.84m2 Water Retention Volume: 3089.04m3 Hardscpe Retention Rate: 50% Softscape Retention Rate: 40% Runoff: 4351.66L/S Building Number: 18 Proposal Softscape Area: 275.44m2 Water Retention Volume: 1652.64m3

205

Node Area: 233.68m2 Water Storage Volume: 1402.08m³

Node Area: 1318.45m2 Hardscpe Retention Rate: 50% Softscape Retention Rate: 40% Runoff: 5102.47L/S Building Number: 21 Proposal Softscape Area: 1604.95m2 Water Retention Volume:5102.47m3

Water Storage Volume: 7910.67m³

Node Area: 285.47m2 Water Storage Volume: 1427.48m³ Hardscpe Retention Rate: 50% Softscape Retention Rate: 40% Runoff: 2624.28L/S Building Number: 55 Proposal Softscape Area: 437.38m2 Water Retention Volume: 2624.28m3

Node Area: 409.04m2

Node Area: 286.53m2

Water Storage Volume: 2351.49m³

Water Storage Volume: 1719.53 m³

Hardscpe Retention Rate: 50% Softscape Retention Rate: 40% Runoff: 1867.54L/S Building Number: 33 Proposal Softscape Area: 151.16m2 Water Retention Volume: 906.96m3

Hardscpe Retention Rate: 50% Softscape Retention Rate: 40% Runoff: 6668.31L/S Building Number: 40 Proposal Softscape Area: 373.32m2 Water Retention Volume: 2239.92m3

Node Area: 263.72m2 Water Storage Volume: 1685.09m³

STRATEGY 01 RESEDIGN THE DRAINAGE SYSTEM A

Priamry Road Next To The Main Canal Sextion A-A'

Treated water and overflow leading to waterway

Primary Canal

Porous Pavers Pedestrain Space

Porous Concrete Vehicular Space

Rain Garden

Povous Pavers Entrance Space Bioretention Swale

B B'

Teriary Road next to the RW Building Sextion B-B' RW Office

Drainage Rain Barrel

206

Porous Asphalt Vehicular Space Porous Pavers Pedestrain Space

Porous Pavers Pedestrain Space Grasscrete Car parking Space

Children Wood Play Terrace Rain Garden

STRATEGY 01 RESEDIGN THE DRAINAGE SYSTEM

C' C

Street between the Residential Buildings Sextion C-C'

Rain Barrel

Grasscrete Carparking Space

Bioretention Swale

Planting Tanks

Drainage

Rain Barrel

Porous Pavers Pedestrain Space

Porous Asphalt Vehicular Space

D D'

Narrow Alley Space Sextion D-D'

Rain Barrel

Drainage

Porous Pavers Pedestrain & Motorbike Mixed

207

Rain Barrel

Bioretention Swale

STRATEGY 02 RAINWATER HARVESTING FACILITY Rainwater Harvesting Facilities Distribution Diagram

The second strategy is to design rainwater harvesting facilities, with rainwater collecting barrels to collect rainwater from rooftop and building surface, and use the rainwater filter barrels to filter it for water reuse, such as daily housing use and garden irrigation. And the rainwater harvesting facilities will be placed around the buildings within the radius of the catchment area. Rainwater Harvesting and Recycling Diagram Rainwater Common water tank

Bath

Downspout Rainwater filter: retain the particles and impurities

Toilet

Water pump Laundry

Kitchen

Spigot Specialized water Water sourese: barrel: government water for rainwater storage or groundwater

Pipe for common water tank Pipe for rainwater facility Waerflow direction

Rainwater harvesting facility to community groups and house-owners. 208

The filtered water can be used for daily usage, toilet flushing, garden irrigation, emergency drinking water and fire fighting.

Pea gravel (12.5cm) Coarse gravel (6cm) Fine sand (2cm) Coarse gravel (3cm) Charcoal (3cm) Coarse gravel (12.5cm) Pea gravel (25cm) Large rock (25cm)

Rainwater Filter Barrel Section

STRATEGY 03 IMPROVE WATER STORAGE CAPACITY

Due to the need for nodes design at the catchment area, it is necessary to demolish the buildings at A and B and increase the height of the buildings at C to accommodate the former residents living at A and B.

Existing Building Distribution

Existing Drainage System

1-storey Building 2-storey Building 3-storey Building Unknown

Proposal Building Distribution

Proposal Drainage System

1-storey Building 2-storey Building 3-storey Building 6-storey Building Unknown

209

Covered Drainage Network Partial Drainage Network Coinfluence Point

Primary Drainage Network Secondary Drainage Network Partial Drainage Direction Coinfluence Point Bioretention Nodes

STRATEGY 01 IMPROVE WATER STORAGE CAPACITY

A' 7

5 10

1 6 4

2 3

B' 1 2 3 4 5

Floating Green Isand Ecological Detention Pond Wonderful Wetlands Marsh Lands Rain Garden

6 7 8 9 10

Exploration Potoon Advanture Platform Riverbank Biorentation Swale Carparking Grassconcret Secondary Canal

Section A-A'

Vehicle Drainage Porous Floating Porous Lanes Gravel Path Green Isand Gravel Path Detention Marsh Lands Detention

Secondary Canal Riverbank

Vehicle Lane

Exploration Potoon

Section B-B'

Vehicle Lanes

210

Advanture Platform Rain Garden

Porous Gravel Path

Floating Green Isand Detention Pond

Exploration Potoon

Marsh Lands Detention Pond with

Porous Pavers

Drainage

STRATEGY 03 IMPROVE WATER STORAGE CAPACITY D

3 2

1 5

1 2 3 4 5

Porous Gravel Path Ecological Creek Vegetated Swale Children Wood Play Hedgerow

7 6 8

D' 1 2 3 4 5

Section C-C'

Porous Gravel Entrance Central Wetland Ecological Dentation Pond Crosswalk Pier Picnic Dock

6 7 8 9 10 11

Vehicle Lanes Drainage Porous Gravel Path

Multiple-use Sand Filter Vegetated Swale Porous Gravel Path Riverbank Biorentation Swale Carparking Grassconcret Secondary Canal

Lawn Vegetated Porous Area Swale Gravel Path Porous Ecological Porous Pavers Gravel Path Creek

Section D-D'

Porous Gravel Ecological Central Wetland Entrance Detention Pond Crosswalk

211

Central Wetland

Ecological Dentation Pond

Porous Gravel Entrance Drainage

Multiple-use Sand Filter

Picnic Dock

Vegetated Swale

Porous Gravel Path

STRATEGY 03 IMPROVE WATER STORAGE CAPACITY 8 10 4

2 F

9 12

11 13

14 E'

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Rain Garden Perching Logs Hopping Stems Wood Slide Colorful Plastic Sand Filter Flower Bed

8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Porous Leisure Platform Adventure Playground Biorentation Swale Educational Creek Children Wood Play Terrace Rain Garden Hedgerow

Vehicle Lane Hedgerow Drainage

Primary School

Terrace Rain Garden

Hedgerow Porous Pavers

212

Porous Educational Educational Drainage Gravel Path Creek Creek Children Porous Bioretention Wood Play Gravel Path Swale

Fine Sand Perching Rain Garden Logs

Colorful Plastic

Wood Slide

Hedgerow Drainage

Bioretention

Advanture Platform

STRATEGY 03 IMPROVE WATER STORAGE CAPACITY Biorentation swales for narrow spaces

Rain Garden for wide spaces Overflow inlet

Curb beyond Curb cut

Extended detention zone

Functional vegetation supports

Paving Gravel base Soil mixture 50% Sand, 30% Topsoil,

Extended detention

Reinforced concrete Perforated pipe connecting Gravel pipe bed

Filter layer (sandy loam) Transition layer Drainage layer (fine Perforated subsoil Geotexile layer

Gravel base Treated water and overflow

Biorentation Swales Cross Section

Curb cut Concrete curb Overflow catchment

Detention Element

Soil mixture 50% Sand, 30% Topsoil, Gravel pipe bed Perforated pipe connecting

Sedimentation

Filtration

Biological Uptake

Reinforced concrete Gravel base

Biorentation Swales Long Section

Conveyance Element

Detention Element

Sedimentation

Filtration

Biological Uptake

200-300mm

Outer or Higher Zone

Middle Zone Normal soil

Lowest Zone Filter Media

Middle Zone

Middle Zone Plants (A little drier but still tolerates fluctuating water levels)

Lowest Zone Plants ďź&#x2C6;Specious adapted to standing and fluctuating water levelsďź&#x2030;

Costus woodsonii Maas (Red Button Ginger) Ilex cymosa Blume (Marsh Holly) Neolitsea cassia (L.) Kosterm (Shore Laurel) Cenchrus purpurascens Thunb. (Swamp Foxtail) Crytosperma merkusii (Hassk.) Schott (Swamp Taro) Vaccinium corymbosum 'Bluecrop' (Highbush Blueberry) Physostegia virginiana 'Alba' (Obedient Plant) Lithocarpus lucidus (Roxb.) Rehd. (Shining Oak)

Crinum 'Menehune' (Red Swanp Lily) Centratherum punctatum (Brazil Button Flower) Ipomoea aquatica Forssk (Water Convolvulus) Cephalanthus occidentalis (Buttonbush) Chrysopogen zizanioiders (L.) Roberty (Vetivergrass) Thalia geniculata L. (Swamp Lily) Eupatorium spp. (Joe-pye Weed) Asclepias incarnata (Swamp Milkweed)

Outer or Higher Zone Outer or Higher Zone Plants (Species adapted to drier conditions)

Galphimia glauca Lav. (Shower of Gold) Ipomoea pes-caprae (Beach morning glory) Acrostichum aureum L. (Leather Fern) Pinus merkusii (Two-needled Pine) Barringtonia acutangula (L.) Gaetn. (Wild Almond) Barringtonia racemosa (Freshwater Mangrove) Avicennia alba (Api Api) Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich. (Swamp Cypress)

Plant are essential for facilitating the effective removal of nutrients and stormwater pollutants, removing water through evapotransipration, creating pathways for infiltration and helping to stavilize soil. 213

VISION Vision 01

Exploration Potoon Marsh Land

Secondary Canal

Porous Gravel Path

Ecological Detention Pond

Floating Green Island

Wetland

Advanture Platform

Rain Garden

Vision 02

Porous Gravel Path Riverbank Bioretention Swale

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Multiple-use Sand Filter Picnic Dock

Porous Gravel Entrance Secondary Canal

Crosswalk Pier Ecological Detention Pond

Wetland

VISION Vision 03

Ecological Hodgerow

Educational Creek Terrace Rain Garden

Bioretention Swale

Children Wood Play

Bird View

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SITE IMAGES OR YOUR PERSPECTIVE IMAGES

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LIVE WITH WATER XIAO Xinyan

Jakarta has become increasingly vulnerable due to various conflicts, and recent heavy rains have even caused major disruptions. Therefore, this plan will assess that where are the most vulnerable points, and then relieve the pressure caused by the storm water through a series of landscape strategies, such securing green space for water absorption, and redesign evacuation system. The goal is allowing people to have safer choices when facing heavy rains or floods based on the truth that they have already gotten used to water.

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