Low-Lying Singapore

LOW-LYING SINGAPORE Reimaging coastal landscape for sea-level rise adaptation LA4702 Master of Landscape Architecture Studio : City 11 Jan to 20 Apr 2021

Tutors: Evi Syariffudin | Hwang Yun Hye Students: Fang Ting | Feng Kangtai | Ge Wenxi | Hao Jun | He Xiaowei Hong Mengyi | Huang Xi | Lam Ching Hang, Adam | Li Jiaying | Li Wanying Li Xi | Liu Kaiyan | Long Di | Ou Yeyao | Rui Xue | Tan Shuyue | Wang Xiaomeng | Xiang Wenqin | Xie Wanying | Yin Yi Zhang Kairui | Zhang Liao | Zhang Liping | Zheng Qiaoyu | Zhu Wen

NUS School of Design and Environment Department of Architecture

As a studio product which is not censored, it may contain mistakes or deficiencies, and proposed ideas may not represent the position of NUS.

Published by CASA Centre of Advanced Studies in Architecture Department of Architecture School of Design and Environment National University of Singapore 4 Architecture Drive Singapore 117566 TEL: +65-6516-3452 FAX: +65-6779-3078 Copyright © 2021 Syariffudin, Evi and Hwang, Yun Hye (ed.)

ISBN: 978-981-18-1130-2

PREFACE SEA-LEVEL RISE: THE CHALLENGE AT HAND On 18 August 2019, Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong, in his National Day Rally speech, announced that “around $100 billion or more may be needed over the long term to protect Singapore against rising sea levels, one of the many threats posed by climate change and one which the country is especially vulnerable to.”

While signaling the magnitude of the challenge at hand, this simultaneously sanctioned the environmental design and development community at large to zealously charge ahead in its combined effort of acquiring expertise, test- bedding innovations and applying acutely appropriate strategies to secure the future of our coasts.

This studio is a hearty response to that call to arms.

THE STUDIO PROCESS 25 graduate students from the Landscape Architecture Department at the National University of Singapore were tasked to, firstly, understand the complexities of the issues related to sea-level rise in the specific context of Singapore. Analyses were made, exploring the interrelations of seemingly disparate and independent factors.

The outcome of these studies are shown in Chapter 2.

Thereafter, students were divided into 7 groups. The entire coastal perimeter was also divided into 7 stretches, with each group examining each stretch of similar or related land-use conditions. At this middle scale, they were able to delve into the finer considerations of developmental opportunities and constraints on a more strategic level.

Each student were then asked to identify the desired site of roughly 10 hectares to test out new ideas or showcase how coastal adaptation strategies can be applied robustly to their site.

Refer to Chapter 3 for these individual projects.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Special thanks to the following for collaborating with us in various capacities, including guest lecturing, guest-critiquing, as well as giving practical and valuable advice to our analysis and design approaches: Audrey Huang (PUB Coastal Protection Team) Ervine Lin (NUS) Jahson Berhane Alemu (NUS Geography) Jessica Diehl (NUS) Jonathan Tan (NParks, National Biodiversity Center) Juliana Tang (URA) Kenya Endo (NUS, DOA) Lyn Liu (PUB Coastal Protection Team) Mina Zhan (URA, Coastal Planning Policies) Naomi C. Hanakata (NUS architecture) Pavel Tkalich (NUS Tropical Marine Science) Puay Yok Tan (NUS) Ria Tan (WildSingapore) Ryan Subin (LA) Shawn Lum (NTU ASE) Stéphanie Groen (Aurecon Asia, Coastal & Climate Change) Yit Chuan Tan (NParks)

(In alphabetical order)

CONTENT 1

STUDIO INTRODUCTION

4

CHRONOLOGY

16

SITE ANALYSIS

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DESIGN DEVELOPMENT From Tuas Second Link to West Coast Park From West Coast Park to Marina South Pier From Marina Barrage to Tanah Merah Ferry Terminal From Tanah Merah Ferry Terminal to Pasir Ris Park From Pasir Ris Park to Sembawang Park From Sembawang Park to Sungei Buloh Nature Reserve

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REFLECTIONS

STUDIO INTRODUCTION CONTEXT Singapore, as a coastal city-state, is especially susceptible to the effects of climate change and, in particular, rising sea levels. The National Climate Change Secretariat has projected the mean sea level to rise by up to 1 meter by 2100. Any additional increase in sea level caused by heavier and more frequent rains would be an immediate threat for a third of the city sitting less than 5m above sea level.

Almost 25 percent of the mainland sits on reclaimed land and an additional 7 to 8% of land will be reclaimed by 2030. Singapore’s 2030 Master Plan has gazetted coastal areas to become more intensively utilized as dense mixed-use developments in the future. It is also expected to have more hard-engineered infrastructures that might increase coastal erosion and environmental hazard.

In parallel with its rapid urbanization, Singapore’s coastal ecosystem has been drastically altered over the past few decades with a significant loss of natural coastal habitats. 83% of the total shoreline has been transformed from mangrove forests, natural sandy shores, and mudflats into seawalls or artificial beaches.

Man-made infrastructures are expected to be increasingly utilized for coastal protection, estimated to cover up to 86% of the shoreline by 2030. This trend towards a mono-functional, static and disconnected sea-land interface has to be reversed.

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ONGOING EFFORT Adaptation to the rising sea level becomes a vital agenda for Singapore’s existence.

The government’s plans include: Port Relocation Projects Most existing port operations are incrementally moved to a new location in Tuas.

Aimed to be completed by 2040, this effort will facilitate the gradual removal of existing coastal structures and infrastructures, while freeing up land for future coastal development. For example, Tanjong Pagar Terminal is expected to free up 80 hectares of land by 2027.

Flood Mitigation Efforts PUB guidelines encourage the implementation of flood-mitigation structures and strategies, including flood-proof buildings, elevated buildings, elevated roads, flood gates, and water-sensitive urban design (WSUD). Modifications to existing developments are also suggested to decrease hazard risk.

Coastal Development Projects Many ongoing and future district scaled projects along Singapore’s coastal lines (such as the Greater Southern Waterfront, Northern agri-tech and food corridor, and Greater Rustic Coast) also contain design potentials to accommodate sealevel rise adaptation strategies. The following is one such project that addresses sea-level rise more directly.

Coastal Protection along the Eastern Coastline The use of polders and dykes, in conjunction with land reclamation, is planned as a way of protecting low-lying areas against inundation. The series of reclaimed islands from Marina East to Changi will also be connected with barrages to create a reservoir.

STUDIO QUESTIONS What existing coastal landscape typologies and developments are vulnerable to sea-level rise? How can they be retrofitted to not only ensure sufficient coastal protection but also uncover creative and unexpected land development methods that would otherwise be eclipsed by conventional planning processes? How can these new design approaches facilitate multi-functional land-use and cohabitation of man and ecology? How does this all fit back into the context of climate change?

The studio aims to answer these questions.

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3

CHAPTER 1

CHRONOLOGY

The studio timeline from 11 Jan to 20 Apr 2021

Chronology

4

The studio started with a studio orientation by Ms.Yun Hye Hwang and Ms. Evi Syariffudin.

Three guest lecturers were invited to give lectures about the coast. Ms. Ria Tan from WildSingapore provided intellectual input on the coastal habitat and biodiversity. Jahson Berhane Alemu from NUS geography department gave lectures about nature-based coastal management. Ms. Lyn Liu from PUB explained coastal protection and urban hydrology.

In the afternoon, most of the students went to visit Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA) Singapore City Gallery.

11 Jan

Studio Overview

14 Jan

Mapping Exercise

Students were divided into 7 groups, which were assigned to 7 different stretches throughout the entire coast of Singapore. Each individual were told to then pick a site of roughly 200m x 500m within their group boundaries.

Group consultation about assignments was conducted later.

5

Each group was asked to do a relevant project case study analysis.

After presentations, there was a mapping practice for each group to discuss their site visits and potential areas within their sites.

The studio ended with Evi’s brief lecture about PUB’s ABC Waters program and a design competition in Pindingshan, Henan Province, China.

18 Jan

A2 Case Study Presentation

21 Jan

Guest Lecture and Basic Site Analysis

The studio began with a lecture about climate change and sea-level rise conducted by Dr. Pavel Tkallch from NUS’s Tropical Marine Science Institute, who also covered topics of climate and ocean change, ocean parameters, ocean dynamics, ENSO, and Asian monsoon system.

After the lecture, each group presented 10 different coastal sections from their site.

Chronology

6

The studio began with land-use study presentations by seven groups. Land use includes fisheries/agriculture/food safety, oil refinery, drinking water/reservoir creation, residential and commercial property, recreation/health/pollution management, nature conservation, and shipping and naval/military defense that are highly associated with Singapore’s geographical history, future development plans, and government policies, especially in coastal areas.

25 Jan

A3 Land-Use Study Presentation

28 Jan

Interim Check of Basic Site Analysis

Group consultations on fine-tuning site analysis.

7

The studio began with presentations of site analysis, land use, open space and infrastructure, historical land transformation, water flows map, sea-level rise vulnerability analysis, deep and detail sectional drawings, etc.

1 Feb

Basic Site Analysis Group Presentation

4 Feb

Individual Site Selection Discussion

Consultation with tutors on individual site selection, based on findings from group site analysis.

Chronology

8

The studio began with group discussions of individual project sites with tutors. This followed with group presentations of sea level rise strategies which include seven considerations (coastal development and hazards, public access and recreation, coastal habitats and wetlands, agricultural resources, water quality, archeological and historical resources, and scenic and visual resources) in relation to individual sites.

8 Feb

A1 SLR Strategies Presentation

11 Feb

A1 Revised Works Pin-Ups

Pin-up of revised sea-level rise strategy. Discussion about sharing of data amongst everyone. Workshop on making physical models.

9

Presentation of physical models and individual consultation of potential design strategies for each site.

15 Feb

Physical Model Presentation

18 Feb

Individual Site Visit

Each student met with the tutors on-site. Tutors drove around the island to give 15-20 minutes consultation to each individual. Students did on-site analysis, including collecting water and soil samples.

Chronology

10

Preparation for interim review.

1 Mar

Interim Presentation Trial Session

4 Mar

Interim Presentation of Planning Strategies

Interim Review. Guest critics include Dr. Pavel Tkallch from NUS Engineering, Ms. Lyn Liu from PUB Coastal Protection Team, Dr. Naomi C. Hanakata from NUS Architecture, Dr.Jahson Berhane Alemu from NUS Marine Ecology, and Dr. Shawn Lum from NTU Asian School of the Environment. Each group had twenty minutes to talk about their site analysis and individual projects.

11

Students were redistributed into new groups in order to stimulate fresh approaches and perspectives. Instead of grouping by site proximity, they are now grouped according to site characteristics, land-use and similar typologies.

8 Mar - 22 Mar

Continuation of Individual Projects

25 Mar

Interim 2 Presentation

Today is the second interim presentation. Students were presented in their new groups based on their site typologies. Invited critics include Mr. Ryan Shubin and Mr. Kenya Endo from NUS MLA, Ms. Stéphanie Groen from Aurecon Asia, Coastal & Climate Change, Ms. Mina Zhan from URA (Coastal Planning Policies), and Mr. Jonathan Tan from NParks.

Chronology

12

This month’s studio was about finalizing individual projects. Tutors held individual consultations with students to help them improve and finalize their designs and SLR strategies.

29 Mar - 15 Apr

Finalizing Individual Projects

20 Apr

Final Presentation

Seven groups were divided into morning and afternoon sessions. For the morning session, invited critics were Dr. Pavel Tkallch from NUS Engineering, Ms. Juliana Tang from URA, Dr. Ervine Lin from NUS MLA, and Mr. Jonathan Tan from NParks. For the afternoon session, invited critics were Ms. Audrey Huang and Ms. Lyn Liu from PUB Coastal Protection Team, Dr. Puay Yok Tan and Dr. Jessica Diehl from NUS MLA, and Dr. Yit Chuan Tan from NParks.

13

Chronology

14

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CHAPTER 2

SITE ANALYSIS

Seven groups of students were asked to do different sets of analyses , including competing land-use, land-reclamation, ecology, sea-to-land-transportation and water quality.

LANDUSE • Ecological preservation • Fisheries & Agriculture • Industries and Oil Refineries • Recreation and open space • Residential, Commercial and institutional properties • Shipping and Naval / Military Defence • Water management and reservoirs OTHER RELEVANT FACTORS • Accessibility and Scenic / Visual Resources • Cultural and Ecological Heritage • Drainage, Water Quality and Pollution • Land Reclamation • Sea and Land Transportation New typologies of coastal protection methods as well as conservation of coastal habitats were given particular attention The best outcome of these analyses are included in this chapter.

Group analysis

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SEA LEVEL TREND & VARIABILITY OF SINGAPORE Asymmetric Tidal Flows

Overview The Singapore Strait connects the South China Sea (diurnal tides dominantly) to the Indian Ocean (semidiurnal tides dominantly). At this transition, the tidal water level oscillations are observed to be semidiurnal while the tidal current oscillations are mixed, diurnal to fully diurnal. Due to the interaction of the diurnal constituents with the principal lunar semi-diurnal (M2 tide), the tides are strongly asymmetric.

Hydrodynamics of Singapore Strait · Tides: Singapore is located in an exceptionally sharp transition zone where the dominantly diurnal tides (in-between Sumatra and Borneo) change into semidiurnal tides (in-between Sumatra and Malaysia) within a distance of only 400 km. The sharp transition in tidal regimes is expected to generate strong tidal currents in the Singapore Strait. Near Singapore, the tides are mixed, mainly semidiurnal, and water level oscillations are semidiurnal while flow velocity oscillations are diurnal.

Tidal regimes in the South China Sea.

Adopted by: Long Di References: https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2011JC007615

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· Monsoon Driven Currents: Nov. to Apr. is dominated by the NE Monsoon (north of the equator) and the NW Monsoon (0° to 10° S). May. to Oct. is dominated by the SE Monsoon (south of the equator) or the SW Monsoon (0° to 10° N). The sea level near Singapore fluctuates over 40 cm annually, with the lowest levels in Jun.–Jul. and a peak in Nov. The water flow in the Singapore Strait is generally westward throughout most of the year, with velocities of 10–15 cm/s, but flows eastward during the peak of the SW Monsoon, from Jun. to Aug.

Monsoonal and seasonal influence on sea level variations (monthly sea level anomalies).

· Human Influence: Various causeways constructed to connect Singapore with Malaysia and its islands have in some areas led to a transition from dominantly diurnal flow (as part of large-scale flow patterns) to dominantly semidiurnal flow (driven by local water level variations).

Redrew by: Long Di References: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236010829_Sea_level_trend_and_variability_in_the_Singapore_Strait

Sea Level Trend & Variability Of Singapore

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SINGAPORE COASTLINE TYPOLOGY AND INFRASTRUCTURE

Existing Coastal Infrastructure Hard Engineered seawall

Mapping of Singapo Natural Infrastructure coastal vegetation

high tide

high tide

low tide

low tide

grouted breakwater

high tide

mangrove

high tide low tide

low tide

concrete block

marsh

high tide high tide

low tide low tide

gabion

mudflat

high tide high tide

low tide

geobag

high tide low tide

The tidal difference is 3.2 m.

Coastal vulnerability degree to erosion: High Medium Low

low tide

rocky shore

high tide low tide

References: Ng, Zhao Ying, 2019, Cre Technological University

Potential Coastal In

Bio-engineering Infra beach

eco-enhancement unit

high tide low tide

high tide low tide

Created by: Tan Shuyue(coastline types and vulnerability degree)& Liu Kaiyan(infrastructures) References: 1. Lim, Elsa Rui Jia. “Hybrid Solutions for a multi-functional coastal landscape in Singapore.”

2. Lai, Samantha, et al. “The Effects of Urbanisation on Coastal Habitats and the Potential for Ecological Engineering: A Singapore Case Study.” Ocean & Coastal Management, Elsevier, 22 Nov. 2014, 3. https://seagrant.sunysb.edu/glcoastal/pdfs/CoastalLandforms.pdf

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ore Coastline Types (2018)

eating a national shoreline typology map and identifying ecosystem services found in Singapore’s shoreline habitats, Nanyang

nfrastructure

astructure artificial tidal pool

low-sloping stepped seawall

planting of coastal vegetation

high tide

high tide

high tide

low tide

low tide

low tide

artificial reef

high tide low tide

oyster reef bag

high tide low tide

Singapore Coastline Typology And Infrastructure

20

COASTAL DEVELOPMENT AND HAZARDS Singapore Coastal Hazards Analysis

Vulnerable Land Types and Development Demand

Estuary - Commercia Medium/high require hazards Require higher social ecological services

Estuary - Industry High requirement for defence against hazards Require low other services

Reclaimation Industry+Infrastructure High requirement for defence against hazards Require low other services

Created by: Li Wanying References: 1 URA Masterplan 2019 2 Effectiveness of Runoff Control Legislation and Active, Beautiful, Clean (ABC) Waters Design Features in Singapore 3 Shoreline erosion degree, Oil Refinery land use study group, Tan Shuyue 4 Reservior in Singapore, Drinking Water / Reservoir Creation / Water Flow land use study group, Huang Xi & Yin Yi 5 Ng, Zhao Ying, 2019, Creating a national shoreline typology map and identifying ecosystem services found in Singapore’s shoreline habitats, Nanyang Technological University

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Estuary - Commercial + Medium/high requireme Require higher social se

Natural Shoreline - Residential + Open Space Medium/high requirement for defence against hazards Require higher social and ecological services

al ement for defence against

l services and medium

Flooding Vulnerability - Peak Runoff Coefficient High (0.86-1) Ports / Airports Business / Industry Medium (0.66-0.85) Commercial Residential Low (0-0.65) Open Spaces

Erision Vulnerability - Shoreline Erosion Degree High Mudflats Sand

Natural Shoreline - Commercial + Residential Medium/high requirement for defence against hazards Require higher social and ecological services

Medium Vegetation Rocky Shore Mangrove Vertical Seawall Bridge/Dock/Piling/ Pier/Jetty Dam Low Breakwater

Salinization Vulnerability - Coastal Reservoir Estuary - Residential + Open Space Medium/high requirement for defence against hazards Require higher social services and medium ecological services

+ Open Space ent for defence against hazards ervices and medium ecological services

High Reservoir directly connected to the coast Medium Reservoir connected to the coast by waterbody Low Reservoir close to coast but disconnected to the coast - Farmland Farmland at risk of soil salinization

0

5km

N

Coastal Development And Hazards

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COASTAL DEVELOPMENT AND HAZARD Shore Line Strategy Typologies

WA

SEAWALL

Grouted Wall

Stepped Seawall

Gabion Wall

Verticle Concrete Wall

TETRAPODS

Riprap Rubber

Concrete Wall

GABION WALL

GEOBAG

TACTIC

SETBACK BUILDINGS

ROAD ELEVATION

DIKE

TIDE BREAKWATER

Created by: Li Jiaying, Karry and Dreamy References: 1 Hill, Kristina. “Coastal infrastructure: a typology for the next century of adaptation to sea level rise” 2 Lim, Elsa Rui Jia. “Hybrid Solutions for a multi-functional coastal landscape in Singapore.”

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MOUND

LANDF

ALL

Soil Flooding Salinization Ecological service Social service Commercial benefit

VERTICAL POOL

MOVABLE BARRIER

ELEVATION FLOOR

ADAPTIVE FACILITIES

ECO-ENHANCEMENT UNIT

COALSTAL BANK

DYNAMIC

ARTIFICIAL REEF

OYSTER REEF BAGS

SUNDY BEACH

PLANTING OF COSTAL VEGETATION

MANGROVE

BARRIER ISLAND

SHRUB VEGETATION

OYSTER REEF BAG DUNE

MARSH LAND

FORM Coastal Development And Hazards

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COASTAL DEVELOPMENT AND HAZARD Vulnerable Land Types And Strategy

Residential

SHRUB VEGETATION

COASTAL BANK

SANDY BEACH

BARRIER ISLAND

ELEVATION FLOOR

PLANTING OF COASTAL VEGETATION

TIDE BREAKWATER

MARSH LAND

TIDE BREAKWATER

SETBACK BUILDINGS

MOUND

ELEVATION FLOOR

SOFT INTERVENTION

Commercial

Created by: Li Jiaying, Dreamy

25

ECO-ENHANCEMENT UNIT

PLANTING OF COASTAL VEGETATION

COASTAL BANK

Open space

MOUND

BARRIER ISLAND

SANDY BEACH

BARRIER ISLAND

Estuary

Industrial

MOUND

Ocean

Open space

ELEVATION ROAD

ECO-ENHANCEMENT UNIT

Industrial

PLANTING OF COASTAL VEGETATION

TIDE BREAKWATER

SANDY BEACH

ECO-ENHANCEMENT UNIT

Ocean

SOFT INTERVENTION

ELEVATION FLOOR

ADAPTIVE FACILITIES

PLANTING OF COASTAL VEGETATION

Commercial

Commercial

Residential

Industrial

ECO-ENHANCEMENT UNIT

COASTAL BANK

BARRIER ISLAND

SANDY BEACH

Estuary

SOFT INTERVENTION

TIDE BREAKWATER

ELEVATION FLOOR

MOUND

MOVABLE BARRIER

Commercial

ARTIFICIAL REEF

MANGROVE

MOVABLE BARRIER

SANDY BEACH

Nature Shore

Residential

SOFT INTERVENTION

DUNE

ECO-ENHANCEMENT UNIT

OYSTER REEF BAGS

MOUND

TIDE BREAKWATER

MARSH LAND

TETRAPODS

Nature Shore

Open space

SETBACK BUILDINGS

GABION WALL

ELEVATION ROAD

BARRIER ISLAND

GEOBAG

DIKE

SEAWALL

VERTICAL POOL

Infrustructure (Ports)

Coastal Development And Hazards

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RECREATIONAL SPACE IN COASTAL AREA Recreational Spaces In Coastal Area

Current and Future Development Singapore now has 350ha of nature parks and Nparks is aiming to add another 200ha of nature parks by 2030. Four new parks along the coast will open in the next 5 years.

PCN will be extended from the current 340km to 500km and nature ways will be extended from the current 115km to 300km by 2030.

The Rail Corridor is a former railway line that stretches 24km north to south of Singapore. It will spur the development of surrounding lands and rejuvenation of older districts by 2021.

The Coast-to-Coast Trail is a 36 km trail that spans across Singapore, linking up nature areas, parks, and park connectors from Jurong Lake Gardens in the west, the new Lornie Nature Corridor near the center, and to Coney Island Park in the northeast.

Greater Rustic Coast is a 50km continuous belt of rustic green and recreational spaces for all with rich significance to Singapore’s heritage and biodiversity.

The Greater Southern Waterfront, which extends from Pasir Panjang to Marina East, will be transformed into a new major gateway and location for urban living along Singapore’s southern coast.

The Round Island Route (RIR) is a continuous 150 km park connector that goes around Singapore. It will provide opportunities for recreational activities.

Created by: Li Xi Emily References: https://www.nparks.gov.sg/ https://www.ura.gov.sg/Corporate

27

Recreational Space In Coastal Area

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RECREATIONAL SPACES IN COASTAL AREA Distribution Of Recreational Spaces In Coastal Area

Created by: Zhang Liao, He Xiaowei References: https://www.ura.gov.sg/Corporate

29

Recreational Space In Coastal Area

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RECREATIONAL SPACES IN COASTAL AREA Typology

Matrix of Typology Eighteen recreational space typologies have been identified in the study and classified into four groups.

Accessibil

Hi

Hard

Promenade Steps Seating

Fishing Village

Public Pier

Promenade Platform

Water Activities Centre

Promenade Walkway

Water Dem

Breakwater Structures

Historical Heritage

White Space

Playground

Park Connector

Types of Landscape

Created by: HE Xiaowei Ceama, LAM Ching Hang Adam, Li Xi Emily, Zhang Liao Judy

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Lo

lity to Water

igh

ow

Beach

Reservoir Park

Naturalized Promenade

Soft

Nature Reserve

Camp Site

Golf Course

Recreational Space In Coastal Area

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SINGAPORE COASTAL ACCESSIBILITY Coastal Access Area

More coastal areas in the East and northeast of Singapore are open to the public, mainly in the form of coastal parks. And in the same area, residential areas has greater proximity and immediate accessibility to the coast.

Created by Xiang Wenqin Information from Google Map, local websites and field trips

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Complete access Public access in daytime Access by consumers/members only Access by staff only Military No access Water area Residential area

Singapore Coastal Accessibility

34

SINGAPORE COASTAL ACCESSIBILITY Transportation & Public Preference

Factors influencing public preference The map shows the accessibility of public transport along the coast of Singapore, as well as the nearest MRT station of each coastal park and the time required to arrive (min). In addition to the convenience of transportation, the following factors also affect the public's choice of open green space.

Cleanliness and Maintenance Richness in plant species Existence water bodies Sufficient benches Tranquility Existence of playground Richness in animal species Opportunities for sport activities Good facilities Existence of car parking Large size of the park Existence of quiet and privacy areas High frequency of visitors

Created by Zhu Wen, Xiang Wenqin Reference:Helena Madureira,Preferences for Urban Green Space Characteristics: A Comparative Study in Three Portuguese Cities, 1 February 2018

35

SEA LEVEL RISE 5M

Singapore Coastal Accessibility

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SINGAPORE COASTAL ACCESSIBILITY Transportation & Impact

Impact on access Road networks, particularly in low-lying areas, are susceptible to flooding. Left uncheched, this will cause mahor disruptions to urban logistics.

1.Erosion and subsidence of road bases

2.Flooding of underground tunnels and low-lying infrastructures

3.Inundation of roads and rail lines

4.Traffic congestion

5.Infrastructure damage due to increased storm intensity

Created by Zhu Wen, Xiang Wenqin Reference: Npark

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SEA LEVEL RISE 5M

Singapore Coastal Accessibility

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SINGAPORE HABITATS Distribution

Habitat Map

Reference: https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/A_high-resolution_map_of_Singapore_s_terrestrial_ecosystems/8267510

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Singapore Habitats

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FAUNA MAP There are more biodiversity and abundance in the northeast, South, and Sungei Buloh of Singapore coastal animals. When overlapping with the habitat map, we can see that it is closely related to the distribution of mangroves, seagrass and coral reef.

Created by Xiang Wenqin, Ge Wenxi References: 1.iNatruralist 2.eBird 3.Nparks

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East asian migratory bird flyways

SINGAPORE

Fauna Map

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REPRESENTATIVE COASTAL HABITATS Habitats Typology

Natural Coastal Habitats

Coral Reef Coral reefs in Singapore can generally be divided into two types: fringing and patch reefs. The fringing reefs present in the offshore islands south of Singapore island are generally narrow but can be divided spatially into two main areas, the reef flat and the reef slope.

Mangrove Mangroves comprised about 13% (about 75 km2) of the total land area of Singapore Island when it was first established as a British trading post in the early 19th century. By 1978 this was reduced to some 24 km2 (Khoo, 1980) and today, less than 1.5 km2 of the original mangrove remains recent study has estimated the total mangrove area is now about 6 km2.

Sea Grass There are no extensive seagrass beds in Singapore. Most are patches less than 15 ha in the vicinity of coral reefs, sandy shores, and rocky shores. Seagrass occurring on the floor of mangrove forests of Singapore may have been overlooked, but a loss of seagrass habitats in Singapore has been attributed mainly to land reclamation.

Subtidal Benthic The soft bottom subtidal benthos comprises the largest contiguous marine ecosystem in Singapore. The seafloor off the Singapore coastline is generally flat or gently sloping, with depths ranging between 5 and 50 m, although in the Singapore Strait towards the southern port limits there are several areas where depths exceed 100 m.

Mudflat

Sandy Shore

Intertidal mudflats in Singapore are generally located adjacent and beyond the seaward edges of mangrove forests. These are best developed in the sheltered waters of the Johor Straits, although significant expanses of mud are also found on a number of larger islands in the Singapore Strait. Floral and faunal studies of mudflats have been fairly limited in scope due to their inaccessibility.

In Singapore, many of the natural sandy shores that were present along the southeastern coast from Tanjung Rhu to Changi, and also along the southwestern coast from Teluk Ayer to Pasir Panjang, have been reclaimed extensively. A small stretch of beach is preserved in the Labrador Nature Reserve and other short lengths of sandy areas remain along the estuarine northern shores of Singapore

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Reference: https://www.nparks.gov.sg/biodiversity/our-ecosystems/coastal-and-marine

Artificial Coastal Habitats

Rocky Shore

Sea Wall

Only a small proportion of original rocky shores are left in Singapore, and most have largely been either reclaimed or replaced by seawalls and breakwaters. The only natural rocky shore left on Singapore island is at Labrador Beach but short stretches remain on St John’s Island, Pulau Tekukor, Pulau Semakau, and Pulau Pawai.

Seawalls are a dominant feature of the much-reclaimed Singapore coastline, and have a surprisingly diverse flora and fauna associated with this artificial habitat, with some 30 autotrophic and 66 invertebrate taxa observed in a study carried out on two islets in the Singapore Strait.

Estuarine Reefs

Tidal Canal

Estuarine reefs at Beting Bronok and Tanjung Chek Jawa at the mouth of Sungei Johor in the East Johor Strait are characterized by a high diversity of echinoderms, including starfish (Protoreaster), sea urchins (Salmacis) and sea cucumbers.

While much of the original landscape of Singapore have given way to buildings, bridges, roads and flyovers, many of the original waterways still remain, although in nearly all cases, they have been canalized and rerouted in one way or another.

Water Column

Artificial Lagoon

The seas surrounding Singapore that is within its port limits occupy an area of about 600 km2 that is mostly shallow (<50 m) with waters that are generally turbid and eutrophic. The water column is the largest living habitat in Singapore, and is shared by a range of organisms ranging from viruses and prokaryotic microorganisms.

Numerous artificial swimming lagoons for recreation were constructed in the early and late 1970s on many of the islands south of Singapore island. These included Sentosa (formerly Pulau Blakang Mati), Kusu, St John’s, Sisters’ Islands, Pulau Hantu, Sultan Shoal, Pulau Sudong, and Pulau Satumu.

Representative Coastal Habitats

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REPRESENTATIVE COASTAL HABITATS Relationship Between Coastal Habitats

Created by: Xiang Wenqin

45

Representative Coastal Habitats

46

REPRESENTATIVE COASTAL HABITATS Distribution & Key Species

Seagrass

Created by: Xiang Wenqin

Animal:

Vegetation:

Diodora singaporensis Diogenes sp Chelonia mydas Eretmochelys Imbricata Acreichthys tomentosus Sirenia(Dugong)

Halophila ovalis H.spinulosa Syringodum isoetifolium Cymodocea rotundata Thalassia hemprichii

Coral reef

Created by: Xiang Wenqin

References: 1.Wild shores of Singapore 2.Nparks 3.Reef ecology lab

47

Animal:

Vegetation:

Pavona frondifera Heliofungia Lobophytum Sarcophyton Neopomacentrus bankieri Chelmon rostratus

Neomeris annulata Cymodocea Avrainvillea erecta Corallina officinalis

Sandy shore

Created by: Xiang Wenqin

Animal:

Vegetation:

Stichodactyla haddoni Clibanarius infraspinatus Astropecten sp.

Archaster typicus Scopimera Diogenes sp

Neomeris annulata Cymodocea Avrainvillea erecta Corallina officinalis

Rocky shore

Created by: Ge Wenxi

Animal:

Vegetation:

Onchidiidae Periwinkles Porcellanidae Anthopleura Ligia

Pemphis acidula Portulaca pilosa Pelir musang Xylocarpus rumphii Pouteria linggensts

References: 1.Wild shores of Singapore 2.Nparks 3. Reef ecology lab

Representative Coastal Habitats

48

REPRESENTATIVE COASTAL HABITATS Distribution & Key Species

Seawall

Animal:

Vegetation:

Patelloida saccharina Siphonaria guamensis Trochus maculatus Littoraria strigata Schizophrys

Penaeid prawns Alpheidae Juvenile mullet Shadow goby Aquilonastra coronata

Animal:

Vegetation:

Dendrocygna javanica Egretta eulophotes Cichla ocellaris Duttaphrynus melanostictus Lutrinae

Alpinia aquatic Nymphaeaceae Nelumbo Peltandra

Freshwater

Created by: Ge Wenxi References: http://www.wildsingapore.com/

49

Mudflat

Animal:

Vegetation:

Mudskipper Tree climbing Crab Pacific Golden Plovers Common Whimbrel Curlew Sandpipers

Rhizophora.

Xylocarpus.

Avicennia rumphiana Bruguiera gymnorrhiza

Animal:

Vegetation:

Mudskipper Otter Malysia Monitor Tree climbing Crab Telescope snails

Rhizophora.

Xylocarpus.

Avicennia rumphiana Bruguiera gymnorrhiza

Mangrove

Created by: Feng Kangtai References: http://www.wildsingapore.com/

Representative Coastal Habitats

50

NATURE CONSERVATION HISTORY History

Nature history timeline

1985: Significant baseline of marine biology database was established in Singapore.

1990: Bukit Timah and Central Catchment were declared as Nature Reserves.

1990: The Nature Society published Masterplan for the conservation of nature in Singapore, marking the first systemic effort to catalogue significant nature areas in Singapore.

2002: Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve and Labrador Nature Reserve were gazetted.

2002: The Singapore green plan 2012 was published.

Created by: Ge Wenxi` References: https://www.nparks.gov.sg/biodiversity/national-biodiversity-centre/history-of-biod-conservation

51

1994: The Singapore red data book was first published.

2009: The Singapore Blue Plan was published.

Habitat historical change

Mangrove forest

1953

1993

1975

2010

1997

2015

Coral reef 1953

Nature conservation related regulation 1. The National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) To outline five strategies and respective action plans that work towards achieving the three CBD objectives 2. The National Parks Board Act (Chapter 198A) To establish the National Parks Board and to provide for its functions and powers, and for matters connected therewith.

3. The Parks and Trees Act (Chapter 216) To provide for planting, maintenance and conservation of trees and plants within nature conservation areas.

4. Animals and Birds Act (Chapter 7) To measure pertaining to the general welfare and improvement of animals, birds, or fish in Singapore.

5. Wildlife Act (Chapter 351) About wildlife Management, and regulates the import, sale, and export of wildlife.

6. Control of Plants Act (Chapter 57A) About the development and improvement of the plant industry in Singapore, and for purposes connected therewith.

7. Planning Act (Chapter 232) To provide for the planning and improvement of Singapore and for the imposition of development charges.

Created by: Ge Wenxi References: 1. Tse Lynn Loh, Preliminary study of community development and scleractinian recruitment on fibreglass artificial reef units in the sedimented waters of Singapore, 2005 2. Samantha Lai, The effects of urbanisation on coastal habitats and the potential for ecological engineering: A Singapore case study, 2015 3. Hilton, M.J., Manning, S.S., 1995. Conversion of coastal habitats in Singapore: indications of unsustainable development. Environ. Conserv.

4. Npark, Singapore 4th national report to the conservation on biological diversity, 2010

Natural Conservation History

52

ARCHEOLOGICAL & HISTORICAL RESOURCE Reclaimed Land

Reclaimed land distribution map

Tuas: reclamation began in 1988

Marina bay: reclamation began during the late 1960s and early 1970s

Reclaimed land method history Dry method: It is the simplest and oldest method that involves filling the required area with large and heavy rocks and/or cement, then building up to the required height level using clay or other soil in a process called ‘infilling’.

Hydraulic reclamation method: It is used when fill material is obtained from an offshore borrow source, but is only suitable for granular soil which has good drainage characteristics.

Hydraulic filling method: This method is suitable for granular fill and is generally used when filling is carried out from an offshore source. It is not suitable when the seabed is too shallow or the seabed soil is too soft.

Sand spreading method: This method is used when there is a shallow seabed or the seabed soil is too soft for hydraulic filling.

Created by: Ge Wenxi Reference: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/reclamation https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Land_reclamation

53

Coney island: reclamation period is from 1975 to the 1990s.

1973 1989 2009 2013

Changi: reclamation began in 1975

Old reclaimed land method---Dry method

Contemporary reclaimed land section

Created by: Ge Wenxi Reference: 1. Reclamation outside Victoria Harbour, https://www.cedd.gov.hk/filemanager/eng/content_954/Info_Sheet5.pdf 2. https://nussammy.wordpress.com/2018/01/28/land-reclamation-in-singapore/

Archeological & Historical Resource

54

DRINKING WATER SUPPLY IN SINGAPORE Existing Condition In Drinking Water System

Weaknesses Strengths • Abundant rainfall

• Limited national territorial area 728 km2

Average Annual Rainfall 2165.9 mm / yr

• Lack of groundwater resources

Under the premise of insufficient groundwater resources, rainfall provides a sufficient water source for the water network.

Threats • Rising population 5,850,342 people Annual annual rainfall in Singapore

• Water reticulation network

With an area of about 710 km2 and growing urban areas, Singapore lacks the space to collect and store all the rain that falls on it. Through a network of rivers, canals and drains, rain that falls on 2/3 of Singapore’s land area is channeled to our 17 reservoirs.

Singapore population (1950-2020)

• Increasing water demand

Major waterways and catchment in Singapore

By 2060, Singapore’s water use is expected to double from about 430 million gallons a day (mgd) now.

Opportunities • Diversifying water supply —— “Four National Taps”

NOW 150L per person Demand now domestic sector 45%

Water from local catchment

Created by: Huang Xi References: https://www.pub.gov.sg

55

Imported water

Desalinated water

New water

Non-domestic sector 55%

Flood risk area

S Sc ea e le Sc nar vel en io C a Lo rio w D ris k

• Impact from sea level rise + 2.8mm/ yr

Storm surge Water logging

2060 140L per person

Vulnerable hydraulic system

Demand in 2060 domestic sector 30% Non-domestic sector 70%

Drinking Water Supply In Singapore

56

SINGAPORE WATER STORY Time line of Singapore Water History

Upper Seletar(1920)

Kranji(1975) Storage Capacity: 15,850,000km3 Kranji Reservoir was created by damming up the river mouth and is rich in birdlife biodiversity. Rainwater that falls in Choa Chu Kang and Bukit Panjang towns flows to the Kranji Reservoir through drains and canals.

Surface Area: 450ha Upper Seletar Reservoirs is Singapore's third impounding reservoir, after MacRitchie and Peirce Reservoirs. Rainwater falling in Woodlands towns flows to the Upper Seletar Reservoir through drains and canals.

Sarimbun, Murai, Poyan and Tengeh(1981) Surface Area Sarimbun: 82ha Murai: 215ha Poyan: 370ha Tengeh: 145ha These four reservoirs are located in generally uninhabited areas in the west.

Jurong Lake(2006) Surface Area: 70ha Jurong Lake is a man-made freshwater lake.

Rainwater that falls in the Jurong West and Jurong East towns is channelled to the lake through drains and canals.

Pandan(1975) Surface Area: 180ha Constructed over swamp land and the original Pandan river, Pandan Reservoir receives its water through drains and canals from areas such as Clementi and Bukit Batok towns.

Created by: Yin Yi Anna Reference: PUB

57

MacRitchie(1868), Upper and Lower Peirce(1975) Storage Capacity MacRitchie: 4,200,000 km3 Upper and Lower Peirce: 3060000 km3 The first of Singapore's reservoirs, these are located within the nature reserves. The reservoir waters are pristine as they are left in their natural states.

Lower Seletar(1986) Storage Capacity: 9,400,000 km3 Lower Seletar Reservoir was constructed by building a dam accross Sungei Seletar. Rainwater that falls in parts of Yishun and Ang Mo Kio towns is conveyed to the Lower Seletar Reservoirs through drains and canals.

Punggol and Serangoon(2011) Surface Area Punggol: 135ha Serangoon: 132ha Punggol and Serangoon Reservoir are Singapore's 16th and 17th reservoirs. They were formed damming major river. Rainwater from Sengkang, Punggol, and Hougang towns will be channelled to them.

Tekong(1979) Surface Area: 67ha The reservoir currently provides potable water supply for all military installations within the island.

Access to the island and hence the reservoir is restricted.

Bedok(1986) Storage Capacity: 12,800,000km3 The first to tap water from an urban catchment, Bedok Reservoir was converted from a former sand quarry. Nine stormwater collection stationstap the rainwater from surrounding urbanised catchment like Bedok and Tampines town.

Legend: Marina(2010) Surface Area: 240ha Marina Reservoir, Singapore's 15th reservoirs and the first reservoir in the city, has the largest and most urbanised catchment at 10,000 hectares. Rainwater is collected from as far as Queenstown, Geylang East, Ang Mo Kio and Toa Payoh areas.

Reservoir Disconnected with Ocean Reservoir Connected to Ocean through Waterbody Reservoir Connected to Ocean Directly Inland Reservoir Water Network Unprotected Catchment Protected Catchment Watershed Partition

Singapore Water Story

58

STROM MANAGEMENT Diversifying Methods Of Strom Management

Function of Coastal Reservoir Collection 1. Catchment Water catchment means that the water in a reservoir comes from natural rivers in the city, artificial channels and surface water flow around the reservoir. Unlike what we normally call "local catchment", this category does not include direct precipitation.

a. Natural Waterway

b. Canal and Ditch

c. Surface Water flow

2. Rainfall In the reservoir not directly connected to the coast, a large part of the freshwater collected is rainwater, so rainwater is one of the important components of fresh water in the reservoir.

Rainfall

Separation 1. Dam Some older reservoirs, or where topographic conditions permit, are built of earthen dams. For example, in pandan reservoirs, the base of the dam is a man-made structure.

Prevention 1. Secondary Barrier

a. Rigid Foundation Dam

b. Earthen Dam

2. Floodgate Floodgate can not only effectively separate salt water from freshwater, but also is extremely important for the control of reservoir water level. There are many types of floodgate globally, but there are roughly two types of floodgate in Singapore.

a. Crest Gate Created by: Huang Xi & Yin Yi Anna Reference: PUB

59

b. Vertical Lift Gate

Secondary Barrier 2. Dyke

a. Rigid Foundation Dyke

Distribution of Coastal Reservoir

Legend:

Reservoir Disconnected with Ocean Floodgate

Watershed

Reservoir Connected to Ocean through Waterbody

Secondary Boundary

Waterflow

Reservoir Connected to Ocean Directly

Dam

Water Network

Inland Reservoir

3. Hydraulic Gate

The secondary barrier is a floating barrier that has a skirt suspended from it. The skirt can extend to the floor of the reservoir and can be weighted with ballast to fix it. It can also be moved with an anchor and chain system.

a. Lifting Hydraulic Gate

b. Crest Hydraulic Gate

b. Earthen Dyke

Strom Management

60

WATER TREATMENT Water Treatment Facilities Distribution

Water Treatment Overview 2 separate systems are used to collect rainwater and used water. Rainwater is collected through the drainage network and reservoirs before being treated. Used water is channeled through sewers and pumping stations to the water reclamation plants.

Desalination is another weather-resilient water source, PUB turns seawater into drinking water using advanced membrane technology and continues to find more efficient ways to desalinate seawater.

Facilities Distribution Map Desalination Plant: Singapore currently uses reverse osmosis for its desalination and now it has three desalination plants with two more desalination plants in the near future.

Rainwater Treatment

Used Water Treatment Tuas WRP

Jurong W

To Be Dec

When DTSS is completed, Singapore will only have 3 WRPs. The existing intermediate used water pumping stations and conventional WRPs will be dismantled and used for other higher value development.

Created by: Long Di References: https://www.pub.gov.sg

61

Deep Tunnel Sewerage System(DTSS): DTSS uses deep tunnel sewers to convey used water by gravity to centralised WRPs located at the coastal areas.

The treated used water is further purified into NEWater or discharged to the sea.

Waterworks: Raw water is conveyed by pipelines to the waterworks where it is chemically treated, filtered, and disinfected. Treatment frees the water of harmful bacteria and suspended particulate matters, makes it safe for consumption.

Kranji WRP

Service Reservoir: There are currently 9 service reservoirs operating in Singapore which are used to store potable water.

Changi WRP

Water Reclamation Plant

commissioned

Ulu Pandan Water Reclamation Plant

N

To Be Decommissioned

0

5

10km

Legend: Desalination Plant

NEWater Plant

Reservior

PUB Waterworks

WRP & NEWater Plant

Water Catchment

Service Reservior

Water Reclamation Plant(WRP)

DTSS

Water Treatment

62

WATER POLLUTION Singapore Water Pollution Distribution Map

Credit to: Long Di, Redrawn by Hao Jun References: Hu, G. P., Balasubramanian, R. and Wu, C. D. (2003) ‘Chemical characterization of rainwater at Singapore’, Chemosphere, 51(8), pp. 747–755. doi: 10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00028-6.

Song, H. et al. (2019) ‘Characteristics of Stormwater Quality in Singapore Catchments in 9 Different Types of Land Use’, Water, 11(5), p. 1089. doi: 10.3390/w11051089.

Yuen, J. Q. et al. (2012) ‘Accumulation of potentially toxic elements in road deposited sediments in residential and light industrial neighborhoods of Singapore’, Journal of Environmental Manage ment, 101, pp. 151–163. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.11.017.

63

Water Pollution

64

SINGAPORE WATER QUALITY IN COASTAL ZONE Water Quality Indicators Higher concentrations of oxygen, lower concentrations of salinity and nitrogen(within the range shown in the figures below) contribute to better water quality

Salinity Concentrations Salinity (g/kg) in layer 1 12-Dec-2013

Oxygen Concentrations in Top Layer Dissolved Oxygen (g/m³) in layer 1 20-Dec-2013 Top Layer

Redrwn by: Tan Shuyue References: X. Wanga,c, J. Zhangb,c,d, V. Babovicc, K.Y.H. Ginc, A comprehensive integrated catchment-scale monitoring and modelling approach for facilitating management of water quality,2019

65

Nitrogen Concentrations in Top Layer total nitrogen (including algae) (gN/m³) in layer 1 12-Aug-2013

Oxygen Concentrations in Bottom Layer Dissolved Oxygen (g/m³) in layer 10 20-Dec-2013 Bottom Layer

Singapore Water Quality Coastal Zone

66

SHIPPING AND PORTS Shipping Routes And Ports In Singapore

SHIPPING ROUTES AND PORTS IN SINGAPORE

Singapore Worldwide Shipping Routes 02

1,000

,000

4,000 Miles

Senoko Fishery

Modern style fishing port Acreage: 0.3 ha

Keppal Shipyard

Manufactural industrial port Berths: 6 Docks: 3

Pasir Panjang Ferry Terminal

Passengers port for workers Acreage: 0.3 ha

Keppel Bay

Recreation port for cruise Acreage: 1.2 ha

Created by:Karry Zhang, Li Wanying References:https://www.maersk.com/local-information/asia-pacific/singapore/routes

67

TYPES OF PORTS TYPES OF PORTS COASTAL GUARD

LEGEND: LEGEND:

COMMERCIAL TYPES OF PORTS SG PORT LIMITED

FISHERY

OUTSIDE PORT

COMMERCIAL - INDUSTRIAL TYPES OF PORTS RECREATIONAL ROUTE COASTAL GUARD

INDUSTRIAL

RECREATIONAL ROUTE SHIPPING PROHIBITED

SG SHORELINE PORT LEGEND:

SPECIAL ROUTE PURPOSE ROUTE SHIPPING SG PORT LIMITED

PASSENGERS FISHERY COMMERCIAL - INDUSTRIAL SG ROAD

SHIPPING PROHIBITED SG SHORELINE OUTSIDE PORT PORT SHIPPING ROUTE ANCHOR OUTSIDE PROHIBITED PORT

FREIGHT ROUTE RECREATIONAL ROUTE SG PORT LIMITED

PASSENGERS - RECREATIONAL FISHERY INDUSTRIAL

SG ROAD SPECIAL PURPOSE ROUTE RECREATIONAL ROUTE

RECREATIONAL INDUSTRIAL PASSENGERS

OUTSIDE PORT LEGEND: ANCHOR PROHIBITED

COMMERCIAL - INDUSTRIAL

SG SHORELINE PORT

FISHERY COMMERCIAL SPECIAL PURPOSE ROUTE COASTAL GUARD INDUSTRIAL COMMERCIAL COMMERCIAL FREIGHT ROUTE - INDUSTRIAL

SG SHORELINE PORT

COASTAL GUARD COMMERCIAL

SG PORTPROHIBITED LIMITED ANCHOR

SHIPPING PROHIBITED ANCHOR PROHIBITED

SPECIAL PURPOSE FREIGHT ROUTE ROUTE

PASSENGERS PASSENGERS - RECREATIONAL

SHIPPING ROUTE PROHIBITED SHIPPING

SG ROAD ROUTE FREIGHT

RECREATIONAL PASSENGERS - RECREATIONAL

SHIPPING ROUTE

SG ROAD

RECREATIONAL

PASSENGERS PASSENGERS - RECREATIONAL RECREATIONAL

Singapore Last Fishing Village

Traditional style fishing port Acreage: 0.4ha

Changi Point Ferry Terminal

Small passengers and recreational port Acreage: 0.7 ha

Marina Bay Cruise

Large scale passengers and recreational port Acreage: 3 ha

Keppel Terminal

Transportation industrial and commercial port Acreage: 102.5 ha Container berths: 14

Shipping And Ports

68

SHIPPING AND PORTS Ports Typology

Classification

Typologies of Different Purposes

Classified by Purpose

bussiness types

Industrial

Industrial Ports

Classified by...

Industria

Manufacture Crane Transportation

Import & export

Commercial

Passengers Transport

For tourists

users groups

For special use Cruise

uses

Recreational

Sports Traditional

styles

Fishery

Mordern

Temporary Parking

Passengers Transport Ports

Recreational Ports Passengers Station Parking Lots

Jetty

Reinforced Concrete Temporary Parking

Created by: Li Wanying, Dreamy Hong Reference: http://www.singaporeshipping.com.sg/

69

Relate Floating Jetty

Reinforced Concrete

Long-term Parking

Concre

Commercial Ports

al Facility Warehouse

Related Industry

Container

Piling

Reinforced Concrete

Temporary Parking

Reinforced Concrete

g

Other Recreational Space

Fishery Ports

Seafood Market

e Facility

Reinforced Concrete Reinforced Concrete

ete+Floating Material

Concrete/Wood+Floating Material Temporary Parking

Shipping And Ports

70

SHIPPING AND PORTS Ports Typology

Ports Related Land-use

4

8

7

6

1 2

5

Created by: Li Wanying References: URA marster plan 2019

71

3

Section of ports typologies

1 Industrial & Commercial Keppal Terminal

2 Industrial & Commercial Keppal Tamasek Dock

3 Passengers & Recreational Marina Bay Cruise

4 Passengers & Recreational Changi Point Ferry Terminal

5 Recreational Keppal Bay Yatch Club

6 Recreational Changi Sailing Club

7 Fishery Senoko Fishery Ports

7 Fishery Singapore Last Fishing Village

Created by: Dreamy Hong, Li Wanying

Shipping And Ports

72

NAVAL/MILITARY DEFENSE 1979: Malaysia publishes a map depicting the territorial waters it claims.

1980: Singapore lodges a diplomatic protest with Malaysia over the 1979 map.

1987: Malaysia publishes its Johor Bahru port limits, which tracks the territorial sea limits claimed in its 1979 map.

1997: Singapore’s port limits to the west of Raffles Lighthouse are extended slightly for better regulation of shipping traffic in the vicinity.

Oct 25, 2018:The altered port limits extend significantly eastward beyond the territorial sea claim in the area made in Malaysia’s 1979 map. Nov 5: Singapore lodges a “strong protest “ with the Malaysian government.

Johor Causeway Bridge

Police Coast Guard Lim Chu Kang Base

Laluan Kedua Malaysia-Singapura

Tuas Naval Base

Created by: Li Jiaying References: Fender Application Design Manual

73

Police Coast Guard - Loyang Region

Changi Naval Base

Legend Present Naval Base Costal Guard Past Naval Base Customs Boundry Bridge between Malaysia and Sinagpore Disputed Maritime Border Area

Naval/Military Defense

74

PULLUTION OIL SPILL Singapore Oil Refinery Industry

Global Oil Shipping Routes Map

Singapore is locted in the Malacca Strait, which is the second busy chokepoint to Hormu. It is vital to the shipping routes to get oil from the Persian Gul

Map of Singapore’s Crude Oil Imports,2018

Singapore does not have any natural oil resources, so the oil refinery industry relies on importing crude oil mainly shipping from the Middle East.

Created by: Fang Ting References: 1.Resource Trade Earth 2.EIA3 .AIS,Marine Traffic

75

lf to the South China Sea

Map of Singapore’s Refined Oil Exports,2018

The associated oil industries together form a key pillar of Singapore’s economy, accounting for 34% of the country’s total manufacturing output in 2014 worth over S$100 billion.

Pollution Oil Spill

76

RESIDENTIAL AND COMMERCIAL PROPERTY Status

Distribution of residential and commercial property

This mapping illustrates the urban structure of seashore, from mixed commercial center, to residential area, to industrial cluster.

Created by: Zhang Liping, Zhu Wen References: https://libmaps.nus.edu.sg

77

2.5

5

10KM

Residential And Commercial Property

78

RESIDENTIAL AND COMMERICAL PROPOERTY Commercial Building Typology

Commercial Building Type Shop house by road

Shop house by the river

Shop houses usually have mixed elements from a different country. It often appears in the form of 2-3 stories high with a shop on the ground floor. At the same time, the vestibule is also a common element. Generally, the main drainage type is road drainage.

Distribution of Commercial Area

The business buildings, like office and shopping malls, are centered in Marina CBD area, and some are in town center area.

Created by: Zhang Liping, Zhu Wen, Zheng Qiaoyu References: https://libmaps.nus.edu.sg

79

Shopping mall-by the river

Shopping mall-by the sea

Shopping mall usually has less than seven stories. Some of them have their own green space. As shopping mall always has a large area of hard scape and underground floors, the main drainage way is evacuating rainwater to nearby road catchment and waterbody.

High-rise building-by the sea

High-rise building-by road

Office buildings are likely to in the form of the high rise, some of which have office garden, sports facilities, and underground parking lot. Surrounding the structure there will be some liner greenery. So rainwater in the office and business area is usually evacuated into road catchments and surrounding soft space, like parks and water bodies.

Residential & commercial building-by the river

Mixed-use building usually contains not only residential use but also commercial areas. The lower stories are mainly used as commercials. Rainwater mainly flows into surrounding roads

Residential And Commercial Property

80

RESIDENTIAL AND COMMERCIAL PROPERTY Residential Building Typology

Residential Building Type Landed house-by road

Landed house-by river

Landed house is commonly coordinated with a swimming pool and private garden. The drainage way is collecting the rainwater to nearby road catchment and water body through the surface drainage and private garden.

Distribution of Residential Area

Industrial clusters are mainly located in Tuas and partially in the north region. The seashore park is integrated with the existing network.

Created by: Zhang Liping, Zhu Wen,Zheng Qiaoyu References: https://libmaps.nus.edu.sg

81

HDB-by the river

PROTOTYPE

HDB-by road

The hdb constructed by different years has different water drainage types. At present, the drainage way is divided into three phases: source-pathway-receptor.

Condo-by the sea

Condo-by the river

Condo-by road

The condo is a private house,it is commonly coordinated with the community garden and swimming pool. The water drainage way is also divided into three phases, same as hdb. The community rain garden collects the rain water to the canal

Residential And Commercial Property

82

THE DEVELOPMENT OF FISHERY AND AGRICULTURE History and Technology

History & Method of Fishery and Agriculture

Fishery/Agriculture/Port Area in 1965

Kelong sea based fish farm: - Need licence - at least 0.2 k㎡ - Fish Net

Floating fish farm: - Need licence - Fish Net/ Fish Tank

High-tech fish farm: - Ferrry - 1.4 k㎡ Created by: Rui Xue, Wang Xiaomeng, Xie Wanying References: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Land-Use-Agriculture-Imports-1965-ISD-Panel-Food-Group-2017_fig2_331639279

83

Recent Method of Fishery and Agriculture

Human cultivation

Using Animals

Farm Truck

Fishery/Agriculture/Port Area in 2015

Greenhouse: - Temperature control, Light, Watering - Plants that easy to start: Tomatoes Mushroom Potatoes Onions Carrots

Greenhouse

Automated agriculture Vertical farm: - Scale can be very small (Using in the home) - Environment is important (like green house)

Vertical Farm Aquaponics: - Scale can be very small (using in the home) - suitable size fish tank and media bed

Main method of modern fish farm and agriculture

Aquaponics

The Development Of Fishery And Agriculture

84

SINGAPORE AGRICULTURE AND FISHERY RESOURCES Geographic Information And Distribution Of Agriculture And Fishery Resources

Created by: Rui Xue, Wang Xiaomeng, Xie Wanying References: https://coldstorage.com.sg/storelocations https://khaisengfishfarm.com/2016/01/07/sustainable-fish-farming/ https://www.arowanafishtalk.com/forums/showthread.php?2318-Visit-to-Singapore-Arowana-Breeding-Farm-(Arowana-Farm-in-Singapore) https://finbyboat.com.sg/our-technology

85

Singapore Agriculture And Fishery Resources

86

SINGAPORE AGRICULTURE AND FISHERY RESOURCES Seafood Species In Singapore

Created by: Rui Xue, Xie Wanying Reference: https://www.nhb.gov.sg/ https://www.roots.gov.sg/places/building-and-sites

87

Singapore Agriculture And Fishery Resources

88

SINGAPORE HERITAGE DISTRIBUTION

Reference: https://www.nhb.gov.sg/ https://www.roots.gov.sg/places/building-and-sites

89

Singapore Heritage Distribution

90

HISTORY OF SINGAPORE Key Districts

Marina Bay Changes of Coastal Line

1898

1942

1958

1971

1992

2003

2014

Historical Photos

Before 1950s

1970s

1960s

Indevelopment

Commercial/ Residential/ Park

1980s

Mixed-use Developments

2020

1977 Land Reclamation

The land in Marina Bay is mainly from land reclamation.

The early 1800s: Waterfront area.

1971: Singapore embarked land reclamation project.

The late 1990s: The Marina Bay area covers a total of 360 hectares of prime land for development.

The 2000s: Mixed-use developments.

Chinatown

Historical Photos

1824

1870s

1900s

1942

Residential/ Park/ Industry

1970s

Residential/ Commercial/ Park/ Industry

1996

2010

Residential/ Commercial/ Park

Heritage Trail (27 points) 5 Districts in Chinatown: Kreta Ayer, Ann Siang/ Club Street, Telok Ayer, Tanjong Pagar/ Duxton, Bukit Pasoh 1843: Chinatown’s physical landscape development began.

1918: Much overcrowding and congestion in Chinatown.

Mid-1960s: Urban renewal schemes started, and residents were re-housed in resettlement estates.

1983: Major upgrading of shophouses and new developments took place.

2002: The Chinatown Heritage Centre is opened which introduces Chinatown’s history.

Created by: Zhang Liao References: https://www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/photographs/ https://libmaps.nus.edu.sg https://www.ura.gov.sg/ https://www.roots.gov.sg/

91

2020

Bedok Historical Photos

1640

1930s

Indevelopment

1966 Residential/ Park/ Industry/ White Space

1940s Residential/ Park/ Indevelopment

1963

1970

2020

Residential/ Park/ Commercial

The coastal area is made from land reclamation. Seaside and water activities were part of the area’s recreational highlights.

1604: The map referring to Sungei Bedok (Bedok River) as Sunebodo.

1960s: The extensive land reclamation project began.

1963: Early plans to develop Bedok into a HDB town.

1966: Modern development of Bedok began.

1970s: Began to make way for modern flats and industrial parks.

1980: Pan-Island Expressway (PIE) was completed.

Coastline&South Ridge Changes

1958

1980

2003

2008

2014

Mount Faber Park Historical Photos

1890

1900

1946

1958

1964 1965 1974 2010 1845: Telok Blangah Hill was renamed to Mount Faber. And a road to the top of the hill was built cut through the thick undergrowth in order to build a signal station.

1857: After the Indian Mutiny, the government decided to convert Mount Faber into a fort.

1965: Mount Faber Park was opened as one of the oldest parks in Singapore.

1974: the Singapore Cable Car stations is built, connecting the park with Sentosa, which was part of efforts to convert the island from its history as a naval base to an island getaway for both tourists and locals.

Created by: Zhang Liao, He Xiaowei References: https://libmaps.nus.edu.sg https://www.ura.gov.sg/ https://www.roots.gov.sg/

History Of Singapore

92

HISTORY HERITAGE OF SINGAPORE Zoom in Pasir Ris

Coastline Changes

1945

1966

1978

1993

2005 Created by:He Xiaowei References: https://libmaps.nus.edu.sg/ https://www.ura.gov.sg/ https://www.roots.gov.sg/

93

Landscape Changes 1945

1966

1978

1993

2005 Sandy Area Beach

Pasir Ris Heritage Trail

Beach Park

Created by: Fang Ting

History Heritage Of Singapore

94

95

CHAPTER 3

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

Reserach Based Design proposal for specific site

Design Development

96

CATALOG OF PROJECTS From Tuas Second Link to West Coast Park Amphibious Sports Park Hao Jun Alternative Industrial Landscape Driven by Ocean Resource Tan Shuyue Super Coastal Hub Yin Yi Revitalizing Food District via Sea Level Rise Adaptation Zhang Kairui From West Coast Park to Marina South Pier In-between Landscape Li Wanying Revival: Coastal Nature Hong MengYi Living with Mangroves Zhu Wen Triple Life Line Zheng Qiaoyu From Marina Barrage to Tanah Merah Ferry Terminal Rebuild seawalls: Waiting for Sea Level Rise Liu Kaiyan Learning in Nature - Waterfront He Xiaowei Turning Risk into Opportunity Xiang Wenqin Guardian of the City Zhang Liao From Tanah Merah Ferry Terminal to Pasir Ris Park Bike on the Dyke Li Jiaying Dockscape: Keep the Coastal Memory Fang Ting Landform Adaptation Resort Rui Xue Life in Green and Blue Wang Xiaomeng

97

From Pasir Ris Park to Sembawang Park Redefining Coastal Barrier Lam Ching Hang (Adam) Riparian Urbanism: Nature Oriented Development on Business Park Ge Wenxi From Sembawang Park to Sungei Buloh Nature Reserve Retreat forward: Reclaim for the Next Mangroves Long Di Collecting, Catching, Cultivating-Productive Coastal Park Li Xi Self-Sufficient Water Recycling System Ou Yeyao Futuristic is Past Huang Xi From Tuas Second Link to Kranji Dam Regeneration Hub in Kranji Feng Kangtai AGRI Park Xie Wanying Wild Adventure Zhang Liping

Design Development

98

FROM TUAS SECOND LINK UNTIL WEST COAST PARK INDIVIDUAL PROJECT

Amphibious Sports Park Hao Jun

This project aims to create an “amphibious” sports park among the vast industrial zone.

Terraced spaces are remodelled responding to ocean flows over time to provide full-service sports fields from supratidal, intertidal to subtidal zone that promote physical health for workers including heavy vehicle drivers in the industrial estates. The park leverages sea level rise as an opportunity to grow water adaptability for human and diverse marine habitats by remodelling the terrain of submerged land into triple-level terraced buffer.

Adaptative Coastal Hub: Conversion from Industrial Area Yin Yi

With the development of the technology, the future of the industrial coast has many possibilities, and the purpose of this design is to build this site into a multi-functional coastal center after phased construction. There three main zones in the site: building area, landscape, and water retention lake. The building area can undertake different urban functions over time, including working as a worker center. Meanwhile, the landscape works as a resilient filter to treat the leftover pollution and adapt to the changing water level. The lake can take the function of water supply and generating hydroelectric power. Together with introducing several kinds of renewable energy, the designer wants to shape the future of coast industrial area.

Revitalizing Food District via Sea Level Rise Adaptation Zhang Kairui

Sea level rise threatens to food portion of an existing food packing district. In refurbishing the site to adapt and protect, opportunities can be found in an innovative redeveloping costal edges that allow new commerical, F&B, social, recreational space to occur along connections, as well as revitalize space between existing structure.

Alternative Industrial Landscape Driven by Ocean Resource Tan Shuyue

With decreasing demand for oil, the existing oil plants along the coastal line of Sungei Pandan has a great potential to be transformed into an alternative industrial landscape that could be more innovative and energy efficient with the sea level rise adaption. Taking advantage from the existing landform (bathtub-like bay) and adjacent reservoir as a water storage, I propose solar powered desalination system and water dependent industry/workshop spaces. The project includes pretreated seawater storage with bio-engineering filtration; floating solar panels that connected with the existing oil pipelines; renovated oil tanks; retrofitted road networks; and extended green corridors for recreation and mangrove habitat enhancement.

99

Site 1 Hao Jun Site 3 Zhang Kairui

Site 2 Yin Yi

Site 4 Shu Yue

Hao Jun

Yin Yi

Zhang Kairui

Shu Yue

Site 1: Amphibious Sports Park

Site 2: Adaptative Coastal Hub: Conversion from Industrial Area

Site 3: Revitalizing Food District via Sea Level Rise Adaptation

Site 4: Alternative Industrial Landscape Driven by Ocean Resource

From Tuas Second Link until West Coast Park

100

101

AMPHIBIOUS SPORTS PARK Remodel the Future for Industry Hao Jun

This project aims to create an “amphibious” sports park among the vast industrial zone. Terraced spaces are remodeled responding to ocean flows over time to provide full-service sports fields from supratidal, intertidal to the subtidal zone that promotes physical health for workers including heavy vehicle drivers in the industrial estates. The park leverages sea level rise as an opportunity to grow water adaptability for human and diverse marine habitats by remodeling the terrain of submerged land into the triple-level terraced buffer.

Amphibious Sports Park

102

SITE ANALYSIS PANORAMA OF LAND & LIFE ng

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Site

Noon urs

labo Napping

Napping

rider

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Bir dp

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Sp

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No recreational space for industrial workers within 8km. No point of interest to attracting citizens and near workers. No recreational landmark as Malaysia has.

As measured & estimated by myself, the average daily ridership is only 35% of the designed capacity.

Hardened Surface Lawn / Weed Vegetation with canopy Seagrass habitat

SIMPLE LAND-USE Transportation Hub Public Services Industry Site Boundary Major Routes Key Nodes Topological Relations

LOSS OF HABITAT Only 3 species with scarce quantities are found here, which is nursed toward extinction due to reclamation works.

The relatively whole forest with about 20 species occupies 1ha area in the middle of the site. But this forest is lack connection to urban ecology.

Esri Community Maps Contributors, SLA, Esri, HERE, Garmin, METI/NASA, USGS

103

REMODEL THE TERRAIN AGAINST SEA-LEVEL RISE Strategy: Topographic Level

LAND REMODELING PHASES

LAND REMODELING STRATEGIES

Twin-layer CanalModular Fields

Current Condition Broaden canal by four times Embed pipes under swimming layer Reform flow patterns Treat estuarine ecosystem Install bridge & terraced seats

Utilize Canal

Mangrove Belt

Dredge Submerged Zone Introduce mangrove Place fine sediment Vegetated foreshore Create salt marshes Revitalize seagrass meadow

Rehabilitate Diverse Habitat

Shell Reef New Sand Beach

Reclaim & Raise Land Build shell reef Dredge submerged land Raise potential site Create sedimentation basin

New Terrain

Littoral Habitat

New Terrain & Defence Against Sea LEGEND

Sea-level in 2020s Sea-level risen by 3-metre Original soil Excavated soil Reclaimed soil

Cultivate littoral habitat Landscape for seabed Land grading for sports Create dynamic dune Install hanging structure

Water Sports Zone Amphibious Sports Park

104

DIVERS FIELD SPORTS EXPERIENCE Strategy: Social Level

AMPHIBIOUS SPORTS AREA

Activity-adaptation multi-use modular sports field Tempo-adaptation multi-use flowing path

FUTURE MODULAR SPORTS FIELDS Skidproof, waterproof surface

Enclosed multi-use canal for water sports & bath Sand beach & waterside platform for coastwise sports

Screen to display lineation

Intertidal sports zone

Neritic sports zone

200

Footsteps power generator - 50

0m

m

m

0m

50 0-

20

Normal activities

To meet the needs of industrial workers who are suffering from mental & physical problems, the spaces can provide comprehensive sports fields throughout terrestrial, intertidal & littoral areas.

FLEXIBLE ACCOMMODATION FOR FUTURE-ORIENTED TRANSPORTATION HUB

CO

EC

EX

AL

RN

TE

NN

Besides fields

TIO

N

PARK-CENTERED TRANSPORTATION HUB

INT

ER

L VE RA

T EE

FR

105

NA

L

Can also control water

Automatic jacking system

SELF-ADAPTATION SOFT SCAPE

Parking one-man aircraft & future vehicle Multi-use sports lawn Playing at subspace Lying on undulant lawn separated by undulant lawn

Usually

Shuttling in marsh Camping on higher knolls

Shifting people to higher hardscape Temporary water sports lawn Drain stormwater as detention swale

In storm, or water-level rises further

MULTI-USE FLOWING EXPERIENCE The modules can form different sports fields as required, the lineations can be displayed by the screen.

Fast-tempo path Vehicle accessible

Medium-tempo path Vehicle unaccessible skating

Utilizing spare spaces to form jogging paths automatically, and bleachers for spectators

Slow-tempo path Pedestrian only

Raised bridge Crossing forest

Downpour will no longer annoy users as the site can automatically drain water by lifting modules to form a slope. Further sea level rising can also be resisted.

Promenade Comprehensive

Amphibious Sports Park

106

AMPHIBIOUS HABITATS CONSERVATION Strategy: Ecological Level

HABITAT INTERVENTION ACTIONS

1 Stone Revetment

Bivalve Reef Breakwaters Removing coastal plants and stone revetment, remodeling the soil into breakwater with installing oyster reefs and planting seagrass Canopy

2 Natural Shore

Coral Reef Basin Excavating the soil and planting coral reef and seagrass, for water sports recreation and sedimentation basin

3 Hardened Sandy Soil

Sand Beach Softening the sandy soil and turning it into recreational sand beach, planting palms

4 Crusty Soil

Arable Soil

Softening the sandy soil and turning it into arable soil to cultivate lawn and secondary forest

2m 6m

NORTH PART

HABITAT MAP & HUMAN-NATURE RELATIONS

Gateway

Transportation hub

Slow down ocean flow

perching birds

Pollutant source

Soil and water conservation

Seabed landscape

Firm coastline

Fishing Sand beach plants

107

Jogging

Seagrass

Secondary forest Coral reef

Self-adaptation sediment

Jungle experience

Green slope Seagrass

Urban greenland

Mangrove

Lawn Salt marsh

Camping

1 Seagrass Habitat

Removing coastal plants and stone revetment, remodeling the soil into breakwater with installing oyster reefs and planting seagrass Canopy

2 Salt Marsh

On the basis of rising sendiment, turning shore into salt marsh by planting essential pioneer plants

3 Mangrove

Bringing in mangrove forest prior to submerging, with cutting down a part of forest

4 Secondary Forest

Maintaining the majority of forest, by fine treatment and installing essential facilities

5 Lawn

Softening crusty soil and plant grasses.

SOUTH PART

REVITALIZE ECOLOGY AMONG INDUSTRIAL ZONE

To protect the last seagrass habitat along Tuas and secondary forest from sea level rise, secondary mangrove forest will be planted and multiple strategies are building coherent intertidal habitat.

Amphibious Sports Park

108

MASTERPLAN

Such multi-pronged approaches to be applied in face of sea-level rise could set an example for those sites which try to turn danger to bargain and revitalize the environment for both human and nature and enlighten people to imagine future lifestyle.

109

Amphibious Sports Park

110

MASTER PLAN

CREATE A SHRINE TO THE WATER SPORTS ENTHUSIAST

By remodeling the landform and restoring the littoral environment, a series of water sports spaces and facilities are welcoming sports lovers with open arms.

111

CANAL CHANNEL OF HEALTH.

The canal will be expanded to create a recreational water sports channel with integrating futureoriented terrestrial and beach sports, to heal the mental and physical health of people.

Amphibious Sports Park

112

113

ALTERNATIVE INDUSTRIAL LANDSCAPE DRIVEN BY OCEAN RESOURCES Birth of a Water Industry Tan Shuyue

With decreasing demand for oil, the existing oil plants along the coastal line of Sungei Pandan have a great potential to be transformed into an alternative industrial landscape that could be more innovative and energy-efficient with the sea level rise adaption.

Taking advantage of the existing landform (bathtub-like bay) and adjacent reservoir as water storage, I propose solar-powered desalination system and water-dependent industry/workshop spaces. The project includes bay landform changes to terraces for pretreated seawater storage with bio-engineering filtration gravitationally; floating solar panels that connected with the existing oil pipelines for energy support; renovated oil tanks; retrofitted road networks for human flow connection; secondary forest restoration and extended green corridors for recreation and mangrove habitat enhancement.

Alternative Industrial Landscape Driven by Ocean Resources

114

SITE ANALYSIS AND OVERALL VISION GREAT POTENTIAL TO BE TRANSFORMED INTO AN ALTERNATIVE INDUSTRIAL LANDSCAPE AND RELATED TO CITIZENS’ DAILY LIFE

INDUSTRY VISION IN 30 YEARS: LESS RELY ON PETROLEUM BUT MORE ON CLEAN ENERGY

115

ISSUES AND POTENTIAL C Water Issues (bay catches calm water, surface water flow, junction between sea water and fresh water)

HABITAT LOSS, FRAGMENTATION AND DISCONNECTION

LACK OF HABITAT CONNECTION

Pandan Reservoir

Manufacturing Industry

Oil Refinery

Bay

Alternative Industrial Landscape Driven by Ocean Resources

116

DESIGN CONCEPT AND WORKING FLOW Sea Water Pretreatment (driven by ocean resources), Habitat and Human Connection

Human Connection Habitat Reconnection Water Treatment Water Activity Coastal Habitat

Energy Support

Bio- engineering Dam (Filtration)

Chemical Treatment

Sight-viewing

Off-land

DESIGN STRATEGY 1 Reorganize Site Resources

Shape the Land form Enlarge water catchment capacity Change the contour to terraces topography New Revetment Edge Land Shape Change Direction

Utilizing Ocean Resources Tidal Force Solar Energy

Reorganize Site Infrastructure Function Water Production Water Consumption Recreation Renovation Demolition

117

San

nd Filters

Canopy Walk Water-demanding Industry

Desalination (Reverse osmosis)

Recreation

Reservoir

Water Storage

Habitat Water-demanding Industry

Recreation Renovation

2 Connect Water, Habitat and Human

Water Connection

Desalination (fresh water production) Water Distribution

Habitat Connection

Habitat Connection

Human Connection

Habitat Connection

Alternative Industrial Landscape Driven by Ocean Resources

118

DESIGN PROCESS 1_ ENERGY EFFICIENT DESALINATION PROCESS BEFORE

Intertidal Zone

AFTER

Intertidal Zone

Bio-filtration

Sea Water Catchment

Pretreatment 1

Pre-treatment 2

(air flotation)

Energy Efficient Solar Energy

Tidal Force

215 MWh/day

2 Times/day

(35ha) 119

Gravity Force

1 Meter

(Elevation Difference)

(filtration)

Oil Refinery Plant

Car way

Pandan Reservoir

Sand Crushed Gravel Pebble

Desalination Plant

Pandan Reservoir

(reverse osmosis)

Energy Consumption Desalination Energy Consumption

204MWh/day

≈Tuas Desalination Plant

Freshwater Production

136,000/m³/day Alternative Industrial Landscape Driven by Ocean Resources

120

121

DESIGN PROCESS 2 _ CONNECTION

Water Connection

Habitat Connection

Human Connection

Desalination process and water distribution

Mangrove Secondary Forest Regeneration Mangrove Corridor Common Trees Lawn

Sea Water Pre-tretment Reservoir Desalination Plant Water-demanding Industry

Walking Pathway Carway Recreation Oil Tank Floating Solar Panel

HABITAT RESTORATION PHASING Mudflat Extension and Mangrove Restoration

1Year

3 Year

5 Year

Secondary Forest Regeneration Species for regeneration: Amomum villosum Lour. /Streblus asper Lour /Hopea odorata Roxb. /Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels /Dipterocarpus alatus z

3 Year

10 Year

30 Year

Alternative Industrial Landscape Driven by Ocean Resources

122

Water-demanding Industry

Oil Tank Recreation

Beverag

Secondary Forest Regeneration

Bio-engineering Dam Floating Solar Panel

123

Mangrove Restoration

Sea Water Storage an

ge Manufacturing

TANKS RENOVATION Forest Canopy walk

Have fun at the top of the remaining tanks and take a view of the secondary forest canopy layer. Don’t forget to taste the freshest juice, beer, or any beverage just produced and delivered from the factory on-site directly!

BIO-ENGINEERING DAM

nd Pretreatment Habitat Corridor

Mangrove continues to the foot of the dam from the reservoir, the secondary forest combining with the renovation tanks and industries make the dam become an ecological, productive, and leisure connection point.

Alternative Industrial Landscape Driven by Ocean Resources

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125

ADAPTIVE COASTAL HUB Conversion from Industrial Area Yin Yi Anna

With the relocation of the maritime industry and the development of technology, the future of the industrial coastline has many possibilities, and the purpose of this design is to build the site into a multi-functional coastal hub after phased construction, which includes a worker community center phase.

There three main zones on the site: building area, landscape, and water retention lake. The building area can undertake different urban functions over time, including working as a worker center. Meanwhile, the landscape works as a resilient filter to treat the leftover pollution and adapt to the changing water level. The lake can take the function of water supply and generating hydroelectric power.

Together with remolding the landform, carrying out brownfield treatment, transferring the infrastructure space, introducing renewable energy, and enhancing the ecosystem service, the designer wants to enhance the participation of citizens in the industrial area and develop the energy potential of coastal areas for self-sufficiency, hoping it could be the paradigm of Singapore future redevelopment.

Adaptive Coastal Hub

126

SITE ANALYSIS Oil Refinery

Seawater

Water Treatment Plant Shipyard Ship Dock

Heavy Metals Detected in Singapore Southern Maritime Industrial Zone Zn> Cu> Pb> Cr> As> Cd> Hg Runoff goes into the ocean with pollutant Vulnerable to sea level rise

Accumulated pollutant & Harmful to organism

Topo & Waterflow Map

Landuse Map

Police Station Shipyard Shipping Zone Oil Refinery 9m

Underutilized Area Logistics

0m

Water Treatment Plant -9m

Container Storage Zone

3m SLR Vulnerable Zone

Existing barriers stop the accessibility Coastal edges are not adaptive to SLR Map of Site Edges

Types of Site Edge

Inflitration is not enough Permeability Map

The infiltration amount in the site compared to total runoff: 12.9%

Asphalt Concrete Drainage Ditch Steel Plate Board Grass

127

PHASING & GENERAL STRATEGY 3 Meters Sea-Level Rise

General Strategy - PHASE 1

2021 Existing Condition : Shipyard, Maritime Industry

1. Plan the site into 3 zones

Shipyard Factory

① Building Area

Police Station

① Adaptive Landscape

Oil Refinery Shipyard Factory ① Water Retention Lake

2. Remould the landform to adapt to the waterlevel change

Leftover Maritime Industrial Area

Existing Massing / m2

Existing Condition

Direct Jobs

184,139

340 Capitalized Value

Landuse Breakdown / m2 Maritime Industrial : 66,463

$ 115,058,000

Institutional : 2,080

After Remoulding

Green Space : 51,140 Water : 64,456

2040 Phase 1: Worker Community Center 3. Carry out brown field treatment

MRT Station

① In-situ Remediation

Education Center Hawker Center Worker Dormitory

① Sediment Purification

Police Station

① Tolerance Species

Lake Dam Oil Refinery (being converted)

General Strategy - PHASE 2 1. Transfer infrastructure to underground

Restorative Green Space

Total development / m

① Car Parking

Accommodation

2

206,369

1440

Electricity Facility

Recreation

Landuse Breakdown / m2 Residential : 6,030

590~780

Institutional : 10,950 Commercial : 3,360

Water Storage Tank

Recreational : 4,693 Green Space : 117,480 Retention Lake : 63,856

2070 Phase 2: Super Coastal Hub 2. Introduce renewable energy resource

Sunken Plaza

Solar Energy

Hotel Sports Center

Renewable Energy Station

Wind Energy

Outdoor Sports Area

Hydro-electricity

Lake Oasis

Hydroelectric Dam Office Commercial

3. Enhance the ecosystem service

Renewable Energy Museum

Total Development / m

496,629 Landuse Breakdown / m2 Office : 26,952 Institutional : 18,999 Commercial : 194,592 Recreational : 20,251 Infrastructural : 76,144 Green Space : 70,214

2

Increase iInfiltration

Direct Jobs

1780

Lower Temperature

Generated Energy

10,025,920 kw·h Capitalized Value

Improve Soil Quality

$ 6,185,543,000

Retention Lake : 62,447

Adaptive Coastal Hub

128

PHASE 1 SCENARIO - WORKER COMMUNITY CENTER

Phytometabolism

Phytovolatilization

Phytodegradation Phytoextraction

Phytostabilization

Rhizodegradation

Phytohydraulics

Worker Community Center ①In-situ Remediation

Chrysopogon zizanioides

129

Cymbopogon citratus

Restorative Landscape ②Tolerance Species

Ficus microcarpa

③Sediment Purification

Ipomoea pes-caprae

Nerium oleander

Ophiopogon jaburan

Osmoxy lineare

ylon e

Water Retention Lake (Under Construction)

A. Demolish Existing Barrier B. Elevate The Topography of Building Area C. Build Retention Dam

Pennisetum alopecuroides

Pennisetum x advena

Arundo donax

Bulbine frutescens

Complaya trilobata

Leucophyllum frutescens

Adaptive Coastal Hub

130

PHASE 2 SENARIO - SUPER COASTAL HUB

Wind Energy Hydro-electricity

Underwater Gallery

Underwater Gallery

Electricity Facility

131

Water Retention Lake

①Increase iInfiltration

③Improve Soil

a. Plant trees over shrubs b. Use bio-char / compost to increase the earth content c. Pay attention to high-clay soil

a. Forest and with shrubs b. Increase th and structura c. Remain the d. Add bio-ch to increase th

Solar Energy

Organic Soil Pumping Station

Adaptive Landscape

Quality

d managed vegetation

he understorey density al complexity e leaf litter har / mulch / compost he soil organic content

Water Storage Tank

Urban Complex

②Lower Temperature

Car Parking

a. Develop highrise greenery b. Form larger canopy c. Not obstruct the airflow

Adaptive Coastal Hub

132

MRT Station Exit A

MRT Station Exit B

Sunken Lawn

Lake Oasis

Boating Club Open Sport Area

Boating Deck

Hydro-Dam

133

N 0 10

50

100m

Underwater Gallery Retention Lake

m/Tidal Energy Station

Adaptive Coastal Hub

134

Renewable Energy Center

Hotel

Commericial Complex

MRT Station

L

Logistic Area

Road

135

Road

Square

Coffee House

Urban Complex

Marsh

Public Lawn

Lake Oasis

Marsh

0 5 10 20

50m

0 5 10 20

50m

Lake Oasis

Deep End

Hydro-dam

Sea

Office

Educational Institution

Energy Museum Hydro-dam Tidal Energy Station

Lake Oasis

Adaptive Coastal Hub

136

137

REVITALIZING FOOD DISTRICT VIA SEA LEVEL RISE ADAPTATION Interactive Food-and-water Experience Kairui ZHANG (Karry)

The food packing district involves a variety of food packaging and trading businesses, including seafood, pork, dairy, and soy sauce. It takes the responsibility of food supply to whole Singapore, currently contributing 20% of Singapore’s pork supply. Potential sea-level rise threatens the food portion of the food packing district, exaggerates heavy lack of accessibility, and leads to rarely recreational and relaxing urban space for workers in such a highly rigid district. In refurbishing the site to adapt and protect, opportunities can be found in innovative redeveloping coastal edges that allow new commercial, F&B, social, recreational space to occur along with connections, as well as revitalize space between existing structure.

By replanning, the food business into a more interactive form and introducing a food recycling system, food showcasing space occurs on-site. By-products are reused and recycled, contributing to the development of other related commercial and social spaces for visitors experiencing from farm to fork.

Under such redevelopment of food district, water is welcomed to the site by revising landform for better water storage and utilization of natural water, as well as enhancing the interaction between visitors and water. Freshwater detention pond and tidal swamp are found shifting in turns via the effect of tide and sea-level rise. Building code is also changed correspondently based on their different value and function. Accessibility throughout the whole food district is improved by creating various spatial relationships between humans, water, building structure, and vegetation, as well as a more fluent logistic flow.

To sum up, the vision of this project is to fulfill interactive food process and production on site, and enrich the food-related experience for humans under sea level rise scenario, making food production and process visible to visitors and let them fully participate and enjoy the site during different water level periods.

Revitalizing Food District via Sea Level Rise Adaptation

138

SITE ANALYSIS SITE SELECTION & SITE CONDITION UNDER SLR EFFECT

In a such highly industrial zone, the site becomes a place that workers must pass through based on their daily needs. Future PCN provides the opportunity of development in an energetic way by bringing the public to the industrial zone.

SITE INDUSTRY STRUCTURE & ACCESSIBILITY ANALYSIS

139

Analysis of building structure and parking lots provides clues of future industry development need for logistic routes and food storage, as well as trading.

VISION AND MACRO PLANNING COMPARISON BETWEEN CURRETN AND FUTURE VISION

Existing Condition

The current site is a rigid food packing district, involving various food productions. The site is limited within the packing and production function, which does not provide any social, relax, human-related function.

Project Vision

Project vision aims to make the food district more energetic under SLR scenario with multi-function meanwhile improve the efficiency of the food industry development. It would possess both economic and social functions.

MACRO PLANNING

Macro planning is based on the new introduction of the versatile food recycling system. According to different food businesses, multi-function would generate correspondently.

Revitalizing Food District via Sea Level Rise Adaptation

140

STRATEGY INTERVENTION FLOODING STRATEGY INTERVENTION

ECOLOGICAL STRATEGY INTERVENTION

141

WATER FLOW AND SEA-LEVEL RISE SCENARIOS CONNECTIVE STRATEGY INTERVENTION

ACCESSIBILITY TYPOLOGIES ILLUSTRATION

Revitalizing Food District via Sea Level Rise Adaptation

142

143

INTERACTIVE CONNECTION BETWEEN FOOD AND HUMAN

Visitors who come to the food district now could participate in a variety of food production activities in a water featured landscape. People could seed themselves, harvest themselves, even process food by themselves. Besides, there are also other social activities generated along the process of food production under such a versatile food recycling system. The human builds their own connection with food and water in food district.

Revitalizing Food District via Sea Level Rise Adaptation

144

PHASING PROCESS PHASE 1: UNDER 1M SEA LEVEL RISE SCENARIO

A freshwater detention pond could be found in the inner part, meanwhile the beach is in front of the coastal boardwalk. Human activities are intensively in the outdoor space.

PHASE 2: UNDER 3M SEA LEVEL RISE SCENARIO

Freshwater detention turns into tidal retention, meanwhile, a big distance of lagoon could be found behind the coastal boardwalk. Human activities are partly shifting into semi-open space.

145

WATER FRONT PERSPECTIVES Office Waterfront & Seafood Market Waterfront

The veggie garden could be found in the entrance of wetland, as well as multifunction layered deck provides opportunities for fishing, and other social activities.

People are dining outside the seafood market in front of the coast. And multi-layered deck offers visitors various views to the coast, as well as interactions with water and plants.

Revitalizing Food District via Sea Level Rise Adaptation

146

OVERALL FOOD OPERATION & QUANTIFICATION IN FOOD DISTRICT

147

Revitalizing Food District via Sea Level Rise Adaptation

148

FROM WEST COAST PARK TO MARINA SOUTH PIER INDIVIDUAL PROJECT

In-between landscape Li Wanying

Located in the urban estuary, the project site has a dynamic hydrological condition and complexity in land use. The project hence aims to redevelop water infrastructure as in-between new open spaces in industry zone and urban park to better adapt to SLR and optimize the land use. The canal and drainage system will be re-designed as a distributed watershed and open spaces will be interwoven among the waterways, recreational and commercial areas, industrial test fields, and coastal habitats patches.

Such hybrid forms of water infrastructure will help land-water Interface to be multifunctional and habitable for both nature and human.

Revival: Coastal Nature, Coastal Culture Dreamy Hong

As the core of the southern coastal line that is vulnerable to sea level rise, the project attempts to retrofit outdated post-industrial facilities into coastal adaptive cultural landscapes including the art performance center. Semi-enclosed sea becomes two tiered stages – underwater and on the water.

The factory buildings are renovated as workshop space for theatre design, a museum and educational facilities for performing arts. Open spaces include terrace types structure gardens that are multifunctional - for sitting towards the ocean stages, for defending sea level rise, and for coastal biodiversity.

Living with mangroves Zhu Wen

The site, 9.5hc falt grass patch that is waiting for future residential development, lies between two high mountains, Labrador Nature Reserve and Kepple club golf course, making it a vulnerable place if sea level rise. By retrofitting existing mangrove creek and unsealed sea walls, the project attemps to propose a blue green infrastructure that is resilient against sea level rise and increase closeness to nature for future residents.The new waterway will work for stormwater management and the raised coastal terrian by sediment from marine current contribute to defend sea level rise by there meters.

PCN, jogging tack, cycle way, water playground, restaurants and community center will be interwoven with mangrove creek and coastline as a part of everyday life.

Triple lifeline Zheng Qiaoyu

With the Keppel terminal relocation, the site opposite the Sentosa island would be in commercial and residential use to accelerate tourism development. However, currently used as the shipping terminal, the concrete site also faces serval hard barrier for future development such as weak accessibility, sea level rise issue, low rain water harvesting and green habitat fragmentation etc. In this project, high-end condominium and reservoir park would be built on the flooded area to explore a kind of new metropolitan hydrophilic lifestyle. By integrating current transport system, shaping water system and connecting surrounding habitat, the human water and wildlife triple lifeline would be enhanced in the site.

149

Site 1 Li Wanying

Site 2 Dreamy Hong Site 4 Zheng Qiaoyu Site 3 Zhu Wen

Li Wanying

Dreamy Hong

Zhu Wen

Zheng Qiaoyu

Site 1: In-between landscape

Site 2: Revival: Coastal Nature, Coastal Culture

Site 3: Living with mangroves

Site 4: Triple lifeline

From West Coast Park to Marina South Pier

150

151

IN-BETWEEN LANDSCAPE Redefine urban water infrastructure LI Wanying

Located in the junction of industry zone, urban park, and residential area at the urban estuary, the project site has complexity in land use and dynamic hydrological condition. However, these characteristics also cause 3 key issues, including loss of land, loss, and disconnection of habitats, and industrial pollution issues.

Hence, the project aims to redevelop water infrastructure as in-between new open spaces in industry zone and urban park to better adapt to SLR and optimize the land use. The canal and drainage system will be re-designed as a distributed watershed and open spaces will be interwoven among the waterways, which includes recreational and commercial areas, industrial test fields, and coastal habitats patches.

Three strategies will be implemented. Firstly, to create a new land-use typology between industry and park. By reshaping the landform, re-arranging the building layout, and re-naturalizing the water network, the new industry & park land use form will be generated. Secondly, to form the purification system between polluted surface runoff and purified water. Industry runoff will be filtrated through the treatment field or buffer before draining to the sea, the purification system is a part of the new land use.

Thirdly, diverse habitats will be created in the new land-use type.

Such hybrid forms of water infrastructure will help land-water Interfaces to be multi-functional and habitable for both nature and humans.

In-between Landscape

152

SITE ANALYSIS

Canal Drainage Surface water flow Sea water Mangrove swamp 0

50m

N

Pandan Reservoir

Industry

Residential

Sungei Pandan Kechill

Urban Park

Pasir Panjang Terminal

DYNAMIC HYDROLOGY AND LAND-USE COMPLEXITY The site is located at the urban estuary, at the junction of the industry zone, west coast park, and residential area. The Sungei Pandan Kechill is the main drainage in the area, through which the surface runoff around drain away to the sea.

Existing Scenario

3M SLR Scenario

1.9Ha Industry land submerged

KEY ISSUE 1 _ VULNERABILITY AND LOSS OF LAND The site is one of the most vulnerable areas in SLR 3m scenario, especially for the industry zone. Almost half of industrial land will be submerged.

153

SITE ANALYSIS

912m³/hrs

in extreme flooding event

7114m³/d in daily situation pollutant: Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, N, P, S

336m³/hrs

in extreme flooding event

2620m³/d in daily situation pollutant: N, P, S

Pollution Degree High

Low

KEY ISSUE 2 _ POLLUTED SURFACE RUNOFF Due to the grey infrastructure and impermeable surface, the large amount of polluted industrial surface runoff will be drained to the Sungei Pandan Kechill.

Managed Turf

1.8Ha Mangrove habitats lost

Managed Tree

Coastal Forest

Brackish Mangrove

Tidal Canal

Granite Seawall

Rocky Seawall

KEY ISSUE 3 _ DISCONNECTION AND LOSS OF HABITATS The industry zone lack of habitat connection between the sea and urban green.

In SLR 3m scenario, mangroves along the canal have no inland to move inwards.

In-between Landscape

154

Industrial buffer

Rain garden

Accessible void deck

Activity void deck

Semi-open co

Adaptive void deck Multi-mechanism buffer

Coastal mangrove

Broadwalk

Coastal mangrove

Relocated exercise ga

Waste water Fresh water

Brackish water

N

High-tide pathway 0

155

10

50

Low-tide pathway

Treatment field - Sedimentation Water treatment industry Linear greenspace + rain garden

Treatment field - Heavy metal removal

Light industry

Treatment field - Pathogen removal

Treatment field - Nutirents removal Tidal marsh Sports field

Activity plaza Treatment field - Stablization pond Cleansing biotope

ommercial area

arden

Broadwalk

Biodetention field

Tidal marsh - brackish pond

Vegetated swale

Carpark Sports field

Light industry Activity lawn

In-between Landscape

156

STRATEGY 1 Between industry and park - New land-use typology

Industry

Industry

Park

Park

Industry & Park Industry Park

LAND-USE TYPOLOGY TRANSITION New lad-use types will be created between park and industry, which can not only serve residents but also workers, not only have recreational value but also economic value.

Mangrove can grow

1 Mangrove next to the canal has no spaces to move inwards.

2 Low-lying industry zone will be submerged.

Buffering

Tactic 1 Re-shaping Landform Arranged building at highland

Elevated Industry field and building in low-lying area will be submerged.

Tactic 2 Re-arranging Buildings

Treatment pond Tidal Marsh Rain garden 1 Polluted surface runoff directly run sinto the sea.

2 The site has dynamic hydrology c o n d i t i o n s b u t s i n g l e - f u n c t i o n g rey infrastructure.

3 Park is resilient while the industry zone is vulnerable in flooding event.

Cleansing biotope Tidal Mangrove Bioswale Multifunction blue-green infrastructure

Tactic 3 Re-softening Water network

OPTIMIZATION TACTIC After optimization, the water network will be more dynamic, working spaces will be safer, new landuse types offer multi-functional spaces for both industry and park.

157

STRATEGY 2 Between urban and nature environment - Habitats improvement

waterbody Managed turf Managed vegetation Tidal marsh Coastal forest Coastal mangrove Rocky embankment + tidal marsh Freshwater wetland

20.54% 11.1% 2.85%

4.54% 2.59%

2.63% 14.49%

Tactic1 Provide diverse habitats birds

birds

connected water network

multi-layer vegetation intertidal aquatic

8m

intertidal aquatic

integrated with urban structure

Tactic2 Improve connectivity

IMPROVEMENT TACTICS By analyzing slope and hydrology, different coastal habitats can be added to the site.

By connecting the water network, plant multi-layer vegetation, and integrating with structure, connectivity can be improved.

PROPOSED HABITATS MAP The design aims to create more diverse patches and connective habitats.

In-between Landscape

158

STRATEGY 3 Between polluted and purified - Purification system

Sedimentation Pond 1500 m2 * 1 m

Juncus effusus

Typha orientalis Presl

Lemna minor

Nutrients Removal Wetland 290m2 * 0.5 m

Pathegon Removal Wetland 700m2 * 1 m

Heavy Metal Removal Wetland 1100 m2 * 1 m

Eichhornia crassipes

Phragmites australis

Typha orientalis Presl

Canna indica L.

Myriophyllum verticillatum L.

Stabilization Pond 280m2 * 0.5 m

Typha orientalis Presl

Juncus effusus

Thalia dealbata Fraser

Juncus effusus

INDUSTRY ZONE SURFACE RUNOFF TREATMENT Treatment amount: Extreme event: 912m³/hrs Daily situation: 7114m³/day

1 1' 4

4' 2

2'

5'

5

3 3'

Industry zone surface runoff drainage Residential area surface runoff drainage Treatment water flow contaminated

LIGHT INDUSTRY&PARK SURFACE RUNOFF MANAGEMENT

clean

Treatment amount: Extreme event: 592m3/hrs Daily situation: 4620m3/day Multi-mechanism Buffer Average width > 7 meters

Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.

Hibiscus tiliaceus

Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea

Pandanus tectorius Sol.

Site area surface runoff Tidal marsh

Rain garden (original drainage)

Cyperus rotundus L.

Canna indica L.

Vegetated swale Average width > 3 meters

Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.

Cyperus rotundus L.

Juncus effusus

Cleansing biotope 1500 m2 * 1 m

Thalia dealbata Fraser

Canna indica L.

Juncus effusus

PARK AREA RUNOFF TREATMENT PROCESS Surrounding surface runoff Culvet

Biotope1 Sedimentation

Overflow Biotope2 Nutrients removal Nature&Artificial aeration

Landscape Detention pond

Vegetated swale

Tidal marsh

INDUSTRY ZONE RUNOFF TREATMENT PROCESS Culvet

Sedimentation pond

Overflow Heavy metal removal Subsurface wetland Artificial aeration

Pathegon removal subsurface&surface wetland Nature&artificial aeration

Tidal marsh

Nutrient removal Stabilization pond Irrigation use Surface wetland S u r f a c e W e t l a n d Artificial aeration Artificial aeration Water storage tank (underground)

PURIFICATION SYSTEM The purification system has enough capacity for treating the polluted surface runoff from the surrounding urban environment, and of managing the storm water in the site.

159

STRATEGY 3 Between polluted and purified - Purification system

Industry zone surface runoff

Urban road (industry)

Surface wetland

Industry buffer zone

Sedimentation pond

Learning platform

Subsurface wetland

Heavy metal removal wetland

Pathogen removal wetland

Section 1-1'

Surface wetland

Activity plaza

Buffer zone

Stabilization pond

Pathway

Tidal marsh

Section 2-2'

Surface runoff

Light industry

Activity zone

Multi-mechanism buffer

Sea

Section 3-3'

Surface runoff

Surface runoff

Subsurface wetland

Light industry

Activity zone

Biodetention swale

Vegetated swale

Rain garden

Light industry

Section 4-4'

Residential area surface runoff

Urban road (residential)

Subsurface wetland

Road greening

Sedimentation pond

Subsurface wetland

Nutrients removal wetland

Vegetated detention pond

Section 5-5'

KEY SECTION The key section showcases that the purification system not only management storm water but also provide different function space.

In-between Landscape

160

+0.8ha coastal mangrove +580m natural shoreline

+92800m2

light industry office

+48+species

+1600m2 multi-mechanism buffer

THE NEW INDUSTRY ZONE

In the future, the water capacity and biodiversity in the original industry zone will be largely increased. More activity spaces will be designed for both workers and residents around.

+0.4ha +640m

coastal mangrove

+13+ species

natural shoreline

THE NEW URBAN PARK

The water capacity and biodiversity in the original urban park will be increased. What’s more, the park can provide a safe working area for the light industry.

161

+600m +600m

+1.25ha tidal marsh

m2 rain garden m3 water capacity

+0.8ha

activity spaces

+150m2 industry treatment field / wetland 7114m3 /d industry surface runoff treated

+0.7ha tidal marsh

+13000m2 light industry (office)

+550m vegetated swale

+1400m2 cleansing biotope/wetland 2620m3/d surface runoff treated

+1400m3

water capacity

+7+ species

In-between Landscape

162

163

REVIVAL Coastal Nature, Coastal Culture Dreamy Hong

Pasir Panjang power station is the core of the southern coastal line that is vulnerable to SLR. What`s more, the post-industrial infrastructure and related equipment are fully underutilized.

Therefore, the project attempts to retrofit outdated post-industrial facilities into coastal adaptive cultural landscapes.

This project will employ three strategies. Firstly, reorganize and redefine the function of existing infrastructure by renovating the post-industrial infrastructure and adding new structures both inland and in the ocean. The existing infrastructures such as power stations, post-industrial components are renovated as workshop space for theatre design, a museum, and educational facilities for performing arts. Secondly, to better adapt to SLR by hard and soft measures. Soft measures include vegetation purification to deal with the high city run-off and the natural coastal barriers: coral/seagrass to protect the inland from the SLR. Hard defense measures include underwater structures change the direction of the tide flow and terrace types structure gardens that are multi-functional - for sitting towards the ocean stages, defending sea level rise and coastal biodiversity. Lastly, create diverse habitats in the post-industrial area to build a bio-relationship from the coast to inland.

The outdated power station will become a new natural and cultural heritage for recreation and learning in the future. Simultaneously, the revitalized coastal natural resources will also become an essential part of the historical and cultural center for research and exhibition.

Revival: Coastal Nature, Coastal Culture

164

SITE ANALYSIS

N

Viva Vista Shopping Mall

Condo

Mapletree Business CIty

LG Service Center

0

300

Flooding area of sea level rise to 3m Site Boundary PARCLE AT RISK

MOE Labrador Outdoor Adventure Centre

Caribbean Residences

Power Statio Mangrove Pasir Panjang Ferry Terminal Laborador Nature Reserve Pasir Panjang Terminal

Pasir Panjang Ferry Terminal Car Park

SECTION 1-1

0

5.00

3.00

0.00

SCC Pasir Panjang

10m

Disused pumphouse with lawn

0.00

5.00

3.00

SECTION 2-2

0

10m

Seawall

Disused warehouse with hard open space

0.00

SECTION 3-3 0 10m

3.00

5.00

Seawall with mudflat

Laborador rocky shore

Laborador jetty along the beatch 0.00

5.00 3.00

SECTION 4-4

0

10m

Intertidal zone Seagrass

VULNERABLE ANALYSIS Pasir Panjang power station area is an important node of Pasir pangeng nowadays, this power station area has not to glory as before.

165

SITE ANALYSIS

2.00

1

2.00

2.50

2 1 4.00

2.00

2.50 8.00 10.00

4 11.00

3

2 2.50

11.00

13.00

12.00

3.00

2.80

10.00

3.00 3.00

8.00

3.00

2.50

3.00 2.50

2.00

3.00

2.00

2.50

2.50

2.50

3

25.00

36.00 3.00 2.00

26.00

2.00

4

N 0

50m

+

+ + + + + +

+ + + +

+

+ +

PB

+

+

CO

+

+

ZN

CU

+

FE

PB

+

NI

CR

PB

+

CU

+

CU

+

CR

FE

+

CR

+

CU

+

NI

CR NI

+

PB ZN

+

ZN

+

AI

CD

+

CU

FE

+

SI FE

+

CD

+

WATER FLOW ANALYSIS

Pavement Road Related

Seawall Cement Pavement Permeable asphalt Pavement

Power station Warehouse Port

Cilff

N 0

50m

POLUTION ANALYSIS

Revival: Coastal Nature, Coastal Culture

166

SITE ANALYSIS Original Land use Typology

N SE

S

ES

RT

SIN

PO

BU

OU

EH

R WA

K

OIL

K

N TA

R

CA

N

TIO

Port + Business + Warehouse + Supporting facility

PORT AREA

167

EN

E GR EN OP ACE SP

G

IN

ITU

OT

SIT

RP

SU

IN

Typology1:Port area

R PA

Typology2:Disused power station area

Typology3:Natural reserve

Business + Warehouse + Oil tank +Supporting facility

Open Greenspace + Jetty

POWER STATION AREA

Revival: Coastal Nature, Coastal Culture

168

STRATEGY 1 Reorganize and redefine the function by shaping the coastal line and renovating post-industrial component

SITE TRANSITION Operation in Site

Before

169

After

STRUCTURE RENOVATING Core Buildings - Historical Power station

Reuse the basement

Open the part of the wall

Connect buildings

STRUCTURE RENOVATING Industrial Component - Oil tank

STRUCTURE RENOVATING Above Water Structure

ADDING

Underwater Structure

Underwater Gallery

Underwater Museum

Underwater Theater

Revival: Coastal Nature, Coastal Culture

170

STRATEGY 2Defense the sea-level rise by soft/ hard infrastructue A

A

SOFT INFRASTRUCTURE

1.City run-off / pollutants purification by Vegetation

Multi- Mechanism Buffer

Stormwater Filter

Multi- Mechanism Mat

Stabilization Mat

Surface- Flow Wetland

Upper Canopy

Aquatic

Lower Canopy

Understory

Wood Buffer

Falcataria moluccana (Miq.) Barnaby & J.W.Grimes

Typha latifolia

Ficus fistulosa

Leea guineensis ‘Burgundy’

Ficus microcarpa L.f.

Adinandra dumosa

Syzygium cumini(L.)

Chrysopogon zizanioides

Crinum asiaticum L.

Cinnamomum iners

Pandanaceae

Chrysopogon zizanioides

Understory

Lower Canopy

Typha latifolia

Leea guineensis ‘Burgundy’

Syzygium cumini(L.)

Adinandra dumosa

Ficus fistulosa

Chrysopogon zizanioides

Crinum asiaticum L.

Cenchrus × cupreus ‘Rubrum’

Aquatic

Cenchrus × cupreus ‘Rubrum’

Ficus fistulosa

Cinnamomum iners

Understory

Leea guineensis ‘Burgundy’

Chrysopogon zizanioides

Typha latifolia

Typha latifolia

Lemna minor

Leea guineensis

‘Burgundy’

Section A-A

Runoff purify vloum:

1,310.71 m3/h

WATER FLOW MAP

SOFT INFRASTRUCTURE 2.Natural barrier for coastal defense: coral/ seagrass

HARD INFRASTRUCTURE 1. Underwater Structure Water Simulation With the underwater structure

20m

2. Terrence Structure

20m

171

STRATEGY3 Connect diverse habitats with landscape component

HABITAT AND LANDSCAPE COMPONENT

Buildings

Landscape Structure

Revival: Coastal Nature, Coastal Culture

172

POWER STATION VISION Section B-B

UNERWATER VISION Section C-C

173

Soft infrustructure

CENTER STAGE VISION Section D-D

B D

C

B D C

Revival: Coastal Nature, Coastal Culture

174

References : Mangrove Reflection, photoed by Dirk Seifert

175

LIVING WITH MANGROVES From land to water : Mangroves as infrastructure Zhu Wen

The site, a 9.5hc flat grass patch that is waiting for future residential development, lies between two high mountains, Labrador Nature Reserve and Keppel club golf course, making it a vulnerable place if sea level rises by 3 meters. Poor accessibility and habitat degradation are the other two issues of the site.

Hence, this project attempts to create blue-green infrastructures to integrate the residential area with the natural ecology, making it more resilient against sea-level rise.

For sea-level rise, the main strategy is to retrofit the Berlayer Creek and coastal seawalls. Mangrove creek will be naturalized and expanded against seawater. Delta from the estuary and silt clay from mangrove creek will be utilized to create a coastal green dike. Meanwhile, the winding creek will create more habitats for flora and fauna and provide varied public spaces for residents.

For poor accessibility, the corresponding strategy is to increase different layers of connectivity. Cycleway would be introduced to connect surrounding areas to the coast. Based on the residential design, secondary roads are designed to increase the connection between the residential areas and mangroves’ habitat.

The third strategy is to create a multi-functional community.

Various open spaces will be connected and interwoven with mangrove creek to increase closeness to nature for residents.

Living With Mangroves

176

Legend Main Road Vulnerable Point 3M Flooding Area Residential Area Site

177

BACKGROUND INTRODUCTION Habitat Degradation

History

Shoreline Type

Habitat

History

Shoreline Type

Habitat

HISTORY MAP The site was surrounded by a coral reef, sandy beach and seagrass habitats. With the development of industry and urban greenery, shorelines became seawalls and habitats disappeared in this site.

0

250

500

1000M

N

LEGEND Habitat Map Coral Water body Secondary Forest Sea grass Grass land Mangroves Surrounding park High densely vegetated area

Shoreline Type Mangroves Unsealed sea wall Rocky shore Sealed sea wall Board walk

Mangroves

Plants

Marine species

Animials

HABITAT MAP Recently, the site only has grassland and mangrove habitat. The main shoreline type is mangrove and unsealed sea wall.

Living With Mangroves 178

SITE ANALYSIS Existing Condition 0

250

500

N

1000M

Telok Blangah Hill Park

Mountain Faber Terminal

LAND USE MAP

Golf course

La Na rbra tur do eR r es erv

Terminal e

Park Reserve land Bussiness

Alexandra Road

HUMAN FLOW MAP Be

rla

Pa

ye

sir

rC

re

ek

Bukit Chermin Boardwalk

Pa

Main road

nja

ng

Hig

hw

ay

MRT line Foot path Cycle way Bus stops MRT station

Be

rla

ye

rC

WATER FLOW MAP

re

ek

Main canal De

lta

Drainage Surface water Ocean currents

Site Analysis In Bigger Scale The surrounding land use is mainly business, public park, and industry. The site itself is locked, making the surrounding areas have poor accessibility.

Meanwhile, the berlayer creek catches surrounding surface flow and drainage.

179

SITE ANALYSIS

Legend

Flooding Vulnerability-Peak Runoff Coefficient Low (0-0.65) 0 Water Body 0.1 Greeny_High densely vegetated area 0.25 Greeny_Medium densely vegetated area 0.45 Greeny_Low densely vegetated area 0.46-0.65 Open field, managed turfs Medium (0.66-0.85) 0.66-0.85 Non-vegetated previous surface High (0.86-1) 0.86-0.95 Impervious surface 0.96-1 Buildings

Detailed Human Flow Map The site is mainly covered with hardscape make the site less vulnerable if the sea level rise by 3 meters high. The drainage system carries the rain water and drains into the belayer creek, making the creek has higher sediment concentration.

Accessibility Analysis Building Private Parking Lot Public Parking Lot

Human Flow Fence Vehicular circulation routes Pedestrian routes Secondary pedestrian routes

Shore Line Type: sealed revetment Landscape form:Cliff + Sandpit + Heritage Structure + Footway Activity: Sight viewing + Culture tour + Children’s activity+ Cycling

Shore Line Type: sealed revetment + pier Landscape form:Cliff + Pavillion + Footway Activity: Sight viewing + Transportation + Rest + Cycling

Shore Line Type: Unsealed revetment

Shore Line Type: Unsealed revetment

Landscape form:Under-utilized Structure + Footway

Landscape form: Ununsed space + Footway

Activity: Sight viewing + Cycling

Activity: Sight viewing + Cycling

Shore Line Type: Unsealed revetment + Footbridge

Shore Line Type: Mangroves

Landscape form: Ununsed space + Footway

Landscape form: Ununsed space + Footway + Creek

Activity: Sight viewing + Cycling + Rest

Activity: Sight viewing + Rest + Birdwatching

Detailed Human Flow Map & Landscape Typology The site has a small part of the labrador nature reserve. The liner park area is blocked by the reserve land which is surrounded by the fence. The activity of the site is simple. The visitor has no access to the sea.

Living With Mangroves 180

STRATEGY Current Situation

Operation

Waterway design

After

Before

Naturalize current waterway

Topo line

Connect surrounding water resource

Reshaping

Current Situation lf

Go u co e rs

Surrounding Ponds

el nn

ha

lc

da

Ti

Make room for the river

Site

Water flow

fla

ud

M

Distributed Channels

Deepen

e ur

at

De

N

lta

or

ad br

ts

La

Expand

er

s Re ve

Strong ebb-tide flows out with the river current gives asymmetric ripples at right angles to the current.

Reuse sediment from creek and marine current

Return to sandy beach

dike as cycle way

Strategy1 : Site Cleaning & Terran Shaping Through cleaning and expanding the waterway, the natural creek will reemerge with more habitat coming with it. The sediment from the waterway can be utilized to rise the shoreline against sea-level rise.

Road System 4

1

Main Road Secondary Road

2

Cycle way

2

Building types

3

3

4 MRT Station Residential Blocks Under-layering Facilities (cafe, retail, gallery, gym, community center)

5

Other Facilities (supermarket, restaurant, hotel)

1

Open Space

Community Front Yard

5

Activity space for community Sport space (lawn, basketball court, swimming pool)

Open space (underground playground, plaza, sandy beach)

Strategy2 : Walkway Installation & Urban Occupation Different layers of connection can help increase the accessibility of the site to surrounding areas. Various building typologies can increase closeness to nature for residents.

181

N 0

50

100

200M

1 2 3

4

6 5 1

1

4

7 12 8 9

13

1. Entrance 2. Larbrador MRT Station 3. Cycle Way 4. Plaza 5. Foot path in mangrove forest 6. Wetland Habitat 7. Floating platform 8. Community center 9. Water playground 10. Supermarket 11. Visitor center 12. Gym 13. Basketball court 14. Hotel 15. Education center 16. Sandy Beach

14

10

11 4

Mangrove habitat

15 16

Labrador

Wetland habitat

Community center

Lawn

Mainroad

Supermarket

Cycle way

Plaza

Floating platform

Visitor center

Cycle way

Creek plaza

Mangrove habitat

Keppel club golf course

Sandy Beach

Living With Mangroves 182

Vision1 ：Residential block & Plaza & Floating platform

Cooridor

S

Cooler activity space

Co

Floating Plantform Relax and watch

Connections

paths give pedestrains different costal scennery

Greenery

Community front yard

Vision2 ：Visitor center & Cycle way & Sandy beach

Visitor Center Sit, relax, watch, shower

Shaded Grove Cool and calm for hot days

Cycle Way

Sandy Beach

183

Multi-functional community is created with various open space which is connected and interwoven with mangrove creek to increase closeness to nature for residents.

Mangove Habitat

Shaded Grove

ool and calm for hot days

Sandy Beach will be rebuilt so that visitors can have more access to the water body and enjoy Singapore’s unique tropical scenery.

Broad Walk

Enjoy the open ocean view

Living With Mangroves 184

185

TRIPLE LIFELINE Landscape design in Keppel area under the sea level rise Zheng Qiaoyu

With the Keppel terminal relocation, the side opposite the Sentosa island would be in commercial and residential use to accelerate tourism development. However, currently used as the shipping terminal, the concrete site also faces several hard barriers for future development such as weak accessibility, sea-level rise issue, low rainwater harvesting and green habitat fragmentation, etc. In this project, a high-end condominium and reservoir park would be built on the flooded area to explore a kind of new metropolitan hydrophilic lifestyle. By integrating the current transport system, shaping the water system, and connecting the surrounding habitat, the human water and wildlife triple lifeline would be enhanced in the site.

TRIPLE LIFELINE

186

SITE ANALYSIS

Sea level rise 3m

CORAL HABITAT DEGRADATION Flow Map Coral habitat Reclaim land

Water flow map

1978

Permeability Map

1983

1998

PROBLEM & DEVELOPING ISSUE

187

Inadequate drainage infrastructure for sea-level rise

Future condominium issue

Weak accessibility with surrounding environment

Coral conservation issue

SCHEMATIC PLAN

CONCEPT-TRIPLE LIFE LINE The water line (connecting the Marina Reservoir and the Keppel Bay ), human line ( connecting the central area, Vivo City, and Sentosa Island), green line (connecting the Faber park, new urban park, and Sentosa Island) would be integrated together in the kepple site.

STRATEGY

2.Expand the interactive space around the water

3.Reuse current infrastructure to enrich biodiversity

Increase the sea wall

Overhead the road

Artificial land to nature land

water infrastructure construction

Underwater corridor

Add artificial structure

1.Flooding introduction & containment

TRIPLE LIFELINE

188

OPEN THEATER

CORAL RECREATION Coral sightseeing & Sightsee

SKY WALK connect Viovo city and the site

SKY PASS Green corrior & touris

BR

189

EXPLODED AXON MATRIX

eing cycling

st path

RANI ISLAND

EXPLODED AXON MATRIX Elevating the ground for the flooding barrier, and then construct the canal from the Marina reservoir to the Keppel Bay on the elevated ground. The elevated road from elevated ground is build in the water. And the floating platform locates at the end of the road.

TRIPLE LIFELINE

190

WATER SYSTEM CONSTRUCTION Canal , reservoir and high end condominium

HIGH END CONDOMINIUM A-A'

ADAPTIVE MULTIFUNCTIONAL RESERVOIR

CONDOMINIUM

B-B'

sea level rise

191

M WATER COLLETION

TRIPLE LIFELINE

192

HABITAT RESTORATION AND ACCESSIBILITY ENHANCEMENT Coral habitat ,green corridor construction and underground space reuse

RECLAMATION LAND REUSE FOR CORAL RESTORATION

HUMAN LINE

C-C'

193

Before

GREEN CORRIDOR

After

TRIPLE LIFELINE 194

FROM MARINA BARRAGE UNTIL TANAH MERAH FERRY TERMINAL INDIVIDUAL PROJECT

Rebuild Seawalls: Waiting for Sea Level Rise Liu Kaiyan

To expand land and adapt to the sea-level rise issue, Singapore has done many land reclamation projects in the past decades, and over 70% of shorelines are hardscape. The vertical sea walls, rocky shores, concrete blocks are non-eco-beneficial, and obstructing people from getting close to the sea.

This project aims at redesigning the hard shorelines, thus connecting the inland area and the sea, rebuilding natural habitat and protecting marine life, as well as providing more opportunities for people to enjoy the water

Learning in nature——Waterfront classroom He Xiaowei Ceama

The most unique feature of this site is the schools located along the canal. However, due to space limitation, schools lack outdoor activities and teaching space. The main purpose is to connect fragmented and underutilized waterfront open spaces as a part of school fields and adapt sea level rise by shaping the topography along the coastal area. The newly created school fields are linked by a running route connecting the campus and the park, along which distributed outdoor educational facilities and sports fields, hoping to stimulate students’ curiosity, improve their physical fitness and cultivate the spirit of scientific exploration.

Turning risk into opportunity Xiang Wenqin

The east coast is directly exposed to the Singapore Strait and is at risk from both sea level rising and extreme weather flooding. The aim of the project is to turn the risks into opportunities to protect coastal infrastructure and residential areas with physical multi-layered protection, while creating new reservoirs to meet the demand for drinking water from the increasing number of residents, and create more possibilities for activities..

Guardian of the City Zhang Liao Judy

Situated at the edge of the east coast district, the project site is one of the most vulnerable to sea level rise in Singapore. Adapted from the government plan to have an additional reclaimed land to protect the district, the project proposes to extend the edge area that has undulated terrains for golf courses as a coastal defence. Together with the extended coastal edge, open canal vertically crossing the existing and new golf courses is reshaped to reuse drained water for irrigation, recreational purposes, and diverse coastal habitats promoting human and wildlife interaction.

195

Site 4 Judy Site 3 Wenqin Site 2 Ceama

Site 1 Kaiyan

Kaiyan

Ceama

Wenqin

Judy

Site 1: Marina South Pier

Site 2: Gocycling East Coast Park

Site 3: Singapore Wake Park

Site 4: Tanah Merah Country Club Garden

From Marina Barrage to Tanah Merah Ferry Terminal

196

197

REBUILD THE SEAWALLS Waiting for the sea-level rise Kaiyan Liu

To expand land and adapt to the sea level rise issue, Singapore has done many land reclamation projects in the past decades, and over 50% of shorelines are hardscape. The vertical sea walls, rocky shores, concrete blocks are non-eco-beneficial, and obstructing people from getting close to the sea.

This project aims at redesigning the hard shorelines, thus connecting the inland area and the sea, protecting marine life, rebuilding natural habitat, and also providing more opportunities for people to enjoy the sea.

This aim will be achieved by three steps: Step 1: mitigate pollution and wave energy.

The giant cruise ships and fishing boats cause the hard water wave and produce an oil spill, which hardly disturbing marine life. Also, the cargo terminal is polluting the soil along the shoreline. To mitigate pollution and wave energy, the tactics include plant purification, floating filters, building breakwaters, and prolonging the docks.

Step 2: design multipurpose seawalls.

The previous vertical and rocky seawalls negatively separate the land and the sea, but there are more potentials than these.

The seawalls can act as green space, tidal pool, fishing farm, and waterfront buildings, which provide more chances to both protect the marine life and provide places to get close to the water.

Step 3: facilitate land-sea interaction.

The height difference between the land and the sea varies from 5 to 8meters. By designing stepping slopes and beaches, people can easily enjoy the water. The functions of both sides will remain the same or at least related. The green roof and paths under the docks will make sure circulation.

Rebuild The Seawalls

198

SINGAPORE COASTLINE DEVELOPMENT Mapping of Coastline Types (2018)

Original Coastlines

Natural Infrastructure

Seawall

1953

2011

History of Singapore Coastline Development

1924 Hard Engineered vertical seawall

199

grouted breakwater

concrete block

gabion

geobag

References: Ng, Zhao Ying, 2019, Creating a national shoreline typology map and identifying ecosystem services found in Singapore’s shoreline habitats, Nanyang Technological University

ls

2030 Plan

2030 Natural Infrastructure coastal vegetation

mangrove

marsh

mudflat

beach

rocky shore

Rebuild The Seawalls

200

SITE ANALYSIS Basic Information Base Map

Traffic|Human Flow|Activity Traffic

201

Transportation Map

Activity

SITE ANALYSIS Soil&Water Quality Water Sample

Distribution

Soil Sample

The first three samples are at normal level pH(8.0-8.3).

Water close to the cargo terminal has higher pH. Higher acid may be due to the higher water temperature and some chemical leaks.

Detailed Flow Map|Permeability Calculation Traffic

Drainage Facility

Rebuild The Seawalls

202

STRATEGY&TACTIC WHERE? Step1: mitigate

Step2: multipurpose

HOW? Step1: mitigate pollution and wave energy.

The giant cruise ships and fishing boats cause the hard water wave and produce an oil spill, which hardly disturbing marine life.

Also, the cargo terminal is polluting the soil along the shoreline. To mitigate pollution and wave energy, the tactics include plant purification, floating filters, building breakwaters, and prolonging the docks.

Green Space The stepping green space allows people to get close to the sea.

Plant Purification Selected coastal plants can eliminate soil pollution caused by the cargo terminal.

Marine Habitat Make full use of the space under the docks to build artificial tidal pools.

Step3: facilitate land-sea interaction.

The height difference between the land and the sea varies from 5 to 8meters. By designing stepping slopes and beaches, people can easily enjoy the water.

The functions of both sides will remain the same or at least related. The green roof and paths under the docks will make sure circulation.

203

H The gentle slope the stepping green the height differen

Step3: interaction

Prolong Dock By prolonging the docks, the ships can be moored in the far sea area, so as not to affect the marine life along coastlines.

Breakwater Floating Surface Create floating foundations for emergence of oyster and corals.

The rocky breakwaters will be built under the sea level, reducing wave energy and accumulate sediment.

Step2: design seawalls.

Fishing Experience The space under the fishing platforms can act as fish farms.

Height Difference es interspersed in n space can solve nce of 5-8 meters.

Building Buidlings can also become part of the seawalls

Landuse&Function The landuse and functions of both sides will remain the same or at least related.

multipurpose

The previous vertical and rocky seawalls negatively separate the land and the sea, but there are more potentials than these. The seawalls can act as green space, tidal pool, fishing farm and waterfront buildings, which provide more chances to both protect the marine life and provide places to get close to the water.

Circulation The green roof and paths under the docks will make sure the circulation.

Rebuild The Seawalls

204

MASTERPLAN

205

Landuse

Circulation

Human Activity

Rebuild The Seawalls

206

SCENARIOS: SEA LEVEL RISES BY 3 M 1.Urban beach changing room plant purification

tidal pool

breakwater

sediment

green roof

2.Waterfront amusement reserved area

tidal p

green space

3.Commercial zone

floating surface

shopping street

floating building changing room

swimming pool—> tidal pool

207

floating surface

pool

PHASING PLAN

3.commercial zone fishing pool

A

tidal pool

1.urban beach B

2.waterfront amusement

1m 3m floating surface breakwater

fishing platform fish farming

When sea level rises by 1 meter, part of the green space will be submerged into artificial tidal pools; when sea level rises by 3 meters, more green space and some buildings will be underwater or half-submerged. People can experience the marine ecosystem along with these tidal pools, enjoy the sea on the beach, and observing the fish groups in the underwater architecture.

Perspective A

Perspective B breakwater

Rebuild The Seawalls

208

209

Learning in Nature Waterfront Classroom He Xiaowei

The project is located along East Coast Park, around the siglap canal. The most unique feature of the project is different schools that locate on the site, Ngee Ann Primary School, CHIJ Katong Convent Secondary School, and Victoria Junior College. The schools have a wide age range of students from 6 to 18 years old, with a variety of outdoor activities and learning needs, but due to the limitation of space inside the schools, the children lack opportunities for outdoor learning and practice around the campus and need to travel far away for outdoor activities. Therefore, this project aims to provide children with an outdoor activity site close to the school to meet their needs for physical development, scientific knowledge exploration, and getting close to nature.

What’s more, the site is very vulnerable to sea-level rise due to its flat topography. Therefore, the project responded to sea-level rise by changing the topography of the coastal areas and modifying the riverbeds, using resilient areas to adapt to sea-level rise, and using artificial structures in some vulnerable areas to resist the waves. After solving the problem of sea-level rise, comes different functions for different areas according to the new topography. In the current site, the presence of the ECP separated the connectivity between the school area and the parking area, so a bridge is built to connect the two parts and the entrances are extended inside the campus and the surrounding community to facilitate the nearby residents and school students to pass through. The new transportation system connects the various functional nodes of the site. In the river area near the school, outdoor classrooms are dedicated to scientific research and sports activities for the school students, while the coastal area becomes a large nature theme park for all citizens. Children can do sports, learn outdoor skills, organize volunteer activities in this playful educational park. In addition, because of the introduction of seawater into the site by changing the topography and the ecological design of the shoreline to create new habitats, children can also experience the rich flora and fauna brought by the tidal flows, which can help them get closer to nature and learn about nature in a subtle way.

Learning in Nature

210

SITE ANALYSIS

1. Site Information

The site is along the central part of east coast park, around siglap canal. The most unique feature of this site is that there are three schools, from primary school to junior high, which means there is a group of children of a wide range of ages. And they have different demands of outdoor activities.

2. Problem Statement A. LACK OF OUTDOOR LEARNING AREAS DEMANDS OF STUDENTS

After checking the social media and the official websites of these schools, it shows that they indeed have a lot of demands of outdoor learning.

211

SITE ANALYSIS EXISTING OUTDOOR ACTIVITY AREA

The existing situation is that this area has very few types of outdoor activity——jogging, exercising with fitness facilities, barbequing and resting, which doesn’t meet the exact needs of the students nearby. Kids have to travel far away to take outdoor classes.

B. LOW ACCESSIBILITY

School and coastal areas are separated by the ECP. The footpath has been highlighted in the picture that people pass through most frequently and the only overhead bridge. It’s quite a long walk if students and nearby residents want to go to east coast park.

C. VULNERABILITY AGAINST SEA LEVEL RISE Almost all the area will be submerged when the sea level rises to 3m.

3 main reasons that cause this problem: 1. Flat terrain 2. A hard scape plaza at the place where the canal meets the sea, which kind of block the water flow 3. Lack of resilient areas in the site which cause the low adaptation of seawater Learning in Nature

212

SITE ANALYSIS D. SIMPLE HABITAT

2. Strategy A. REZONING

B. CREATING LINKAGE

U s i n g f ra g m e n t e d s p a c e s along the canal to build outdoor classrooms for school students. East Coast Park will be divided into two parts, using for science popularization and nature play&education.

C. IMPROVED ADAPTABILITY

③

④

② Using an overhead bridge——EDU-LINK to link up school & residential areas and coastal areas.

D. BUILDING HABITAT

①

1.Open the entrance of the sea and change the topography.

2.Widen the canal and use different methods to build a stronger riverbed.

A more ecological environment will be 3.Adding resilient areas. created, providing more diverse habitats 4.Using hardscape along the shoreline to make a strong to attract different animals. defense.

213

MASTER PLAN

Learning in Nature

214

DESIGN DETAILS

1. Zoning

1.Horticulture&Agriculture 2.Planting Experiment 3.Eco-swimming Pool 4.Sensory Garden(emphasis on planting) 5.Waterfront Fitness Facilities 6.Fitness Facilities 7.Ocean Science Lab 8.Nature Playground&Inclusive Playing Area 9.Exercise Lawn 10.Outdoor Living Skill&Educational Tree Houses 11.Outward Bound&Camping Site 12.Hardscape Plaza 13.Multiple Water Play 14.Tree House Water Splash 15.Waterfront Planting 16.Forest Theatre 17.Mini Farm 18.Outdoor Classroom&Hands-on Activity 19.Event Lawn 20.Sports Tidal Pool 21.Sensory Garden(emphasis on experiencing

215

DESIGN DETAILS

2. Linkage EDU-LINK is built with its entrances go directly into the campus site, community, and coastal park areas to create a closer connection between the inland and the coastal area. EDU-LINK together with the main footpath can also form a circular coastal educational route, linking the outdoor learning areas around the schools and the various educational nodes in the coastal park, and taking on the function of a jogging route for students at the same time.

3. Sea Level Rise Adaptation ⑥ ⑥

Coastline Typology Riverbed Typology

⑤ A

④ ③ ③ ② ②

①

② B

①① A C

4. Rebuilding Habitat

B

D

E

③

C ④

D

E

⑤

⑥ Learning in Nature

216

DESIGN DETAILS

5. Perspectives A. Using artificial structure to adapt sea-level rise

B. Using topography to defense sea-level rise

SECTION 1-1'

A 217

DESIGN DETAILS C. Using topography to adapt sea-level rise

D. Using artificial structure to defense sea-level rise

C D B Learning in Nature

218

219

TURNING RISK INTO OPPORTUNITY Responding to SLR in East Coast XIANG Wenqin

The east coast, because of its low altitude, is the most vulnerable area in Singapore to sea level rising and extreme weather flooding. It is also the area where large residential areas and urban infrastructure are most directly exposed to this problem. As the number of residents increases year by year, Singapore, which is already short of land and freshwater resources, will face greater pressure.

Based on the Government’s future land reclamation plan, the project aims to transform the risks into opportunities by proposing a plan to shift the coastline with physical multi-layer protection, protect and promote the development of coastal infrastructure and residential areas. Combined with newly reclaimed land, the new planned offshore bike path will be the plan’s first line of defense against rising sea levels, creating a new reservoir along the east coast that will meet the growing demand for drinking water while keeping seawater out. The calm and stable waters of the reservoir allow for more activity and restoration of the natural habitat.

The protected former east coast park will no longer need to fulfill the function of green space responsibility of coastal protection and can have more development possibilities. One possibility proposed by the project is to invite residential areas into the Park, transform the land use and integrate water management measures to achieve a pioneering living design with water.

TURNING RISK INTO OPPORTUNITY

220 01

LAYERED PROTECTION & PHASING

1 CYCLE WAY+RECLAIMED LAND

2 RESERVOIR

3 RAIN GARDEN SYSTEM

4 BERM 221

EXISTING SITUATION Apart from SLR, the east coast also facing the pressure of rising population.

Government future land reclamation plan

AFTER 30 YEARS Based on the government’s future land reclamation plan, this project hopes to reasonably plan part of the area, guide the water system.

AFTER 100 YEARS Use the four-layer protection to shift the coastline, protect and promote the development of coastal infrastructure and residential areas, so as to turn the risks into opportunities.

TURNING RISK INTO OPPORTUNITY

222

BASIC ANALYSIS LAND USE

beach area business civic institution commercial education health care park place of worship

PERMEABILITY MAP

0 0.01-0.55 0.56-0.65 0.66-0.75 0.76-0.85 0.86-0.95 0.96-1

reserve site residential residential (1st floor commercial) road sports&recreation transportation facility water body

WATER FLOW

HABITAT MAP & HIGH RISK AREA

surface water drainage canal current tidal zone storm surge

Habitat types

This area has a high degree of development. The park mainly serves the surrounding residential areas and bears the needs of simple daily activities. The water in the site flows directly into the sea through the drainage system or unutilized surface runoff. Based on the topography, most areas will be threatened by a flooding event, except that area where the BERM already exists.

Sandy shore Managed turf Scrubland Managed Trees Impervious surface Buildings Underconstruction area Marine Stormwater drain Pond Chlorinated Water Bodies

Tree species Samanea saman Terminalia catappa Barringtonia asiatica Casuarina equisetifoia Coconut Alstonia scholaris Planchonella obovata Alstonia angustiloba Talipariti tiliaceum Calophyllum inophyllum Eugenia grandis

jogging cycling

BBQ leisuring

sailing training SECTION A-A'

223

sailing

LARGER SCALE PLANNING 1.bedok reservoir

5.the beach

1

2.the hill

6.east coast 2

3

3.the wind valley

4 5

4.the fishing village

node play corridor new cycling path existing PCN future PCN future MRT station new bicycle crossing new bicycle wheeling ramp

6

Bedok town is planning to create a liveable and pleasant housing environment, with a plan of a 13 km bicycle network.

Outdoor play corridor is a completed project connecting Bedok Reservoir Park and East Coast Park. It has four nodes on the way for residents to enjoy a connected network to access recreational facilities.

PATH ANALYSIS & HUMAN FLOW 1. UNDERPASS

2. FLYOVER

There is a planned PCN on the site, allowing cycle riders to pass through, and the pedestrian flow is concentrated near the food center.

1

2

Attraction human flow footway

However, there is only one bicycle/ pedestrian shared underpass with a width of 2.5m and a flyover with a width of 1m between the park and the residential area.

cycle way

TURNING RISK INTO OPPORTUNITY

224

14

11 4

13

10

12 5 4 7 8 12

15 9 21

3

1

6

16 10

4

2 5 19

BEFORE

AFTER

225

The first layer as physical protection, the Seawater will not have access to the reservoir, to create peaceful and stable waters, then the protected original east coast park will no longer need to carry out the functions of the coastal protection green Land responsibility, It can have more development potential.

What I propose is to invite residential areas into the park, changing the pure park land use, combine water management measures, and achieve the pioneering residential design of co-living with water.

20 18 17

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

pedesrian overhead bridge parking lot viewing platform residential building commercial building natural swimming pool Stepped waterfront plaza waterfront stone play area sunbath deck forest playground kids swimming pool purification wetland activity lawn sand beach wetland trail tidal pool service station Sea-viewing corridor rest pavillion mangrove freshwater forest

TURNING RISK INTO OPPORTUNITY

226

LAYER 1 + 4 Strategy : USING LANDFORM FOR PROTECTION

LAYER 1: CYCLE WAY + RECLAIMED LAND - SLR BARRIER - STORM SURGE DENFENSE - COSATAL HABITAT RESTORATION

- FACILITATING WATER RECYCLING SYSTEM - ENRICHING HABITAT TYPES

227

Tree Rain Tree

LAYER 4: BERM PROTECTION

Layer1 and 4 are to achieve the purpose of protection by transforming the landform. .The land reclamation plan is not limited to form the high-density construction area.

In this site, I hope to achieve a more natural ecological environment, rationally allocate soil filling, form a tidal pool adapting to tide changes, rationally select and introduce mangroves, to support many creatures living in the tidal zone.

It also forms a buffer area against the storm Surge.

species

Atrracted animals

Fagraea auriculata Garcinia hombroniana Germain's Swiftlet Acalypha wilkeiana Acacia confusa Bougainvillea Pong Pong Trumpet Tree Coconut tree Tembusu Senegal Mahogany Yellow Flame Angsana

Little Tern Common Sandpiper Germain's Swiftlet Asian Koel Long-tailed Parakeet Spotted Dove Rock Pigeon Red-wattled lapwing Cattle Egret Brahimy kite Asian openbill Grey heron Pacific reef heron Little egret

There is an elevation difference in the existing site, so I try to transform the sailing pool into a natural swimming pool with ecological benefits, as well as an area for water storage in the site.

The soil dig from the pool can be added to the Berm to Facilitate Water Recycling System. Through the re-selection and mixing of tree species, more fruit tree species will be added to the freshwater wetland area to attract more animals into the habitats on the site.

TURNING RISK INTO OPPORTUNITY

228

LAYER 2 + 3 Strategy : MULTI-PURPOSE RESERVOIR SEPARATED CYCLING PATH - ENRICHING CYCLING EXPERIENCE - ENSURING THE SAFETY OF DIFFERENT USERS

<10km/h

① +b erm

③ + la wn

② +s trea m

and

bea

ch

10-25km/h

① +c oas tal hab it

② +vie w

ing

at

pla

③ + dam tfor

m

WATER RECYCLE - Adjust the flow direction to fully collect the surface runoff and - Use natural and artificial filtration systems to purify water - Recycling water to achieve different activities to improve residents' living experience

229

④ +

attraction point human flow cycling path bus stop bicycle service station F&B view pavillion

belo

ww

ate

r lev el

RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES - ESTABLISHING A CLOSE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RESIDENTS AND NATURE

With the introduction of residential buildings, there will be two different sources of water, Greywater, and Rainwater. Rainwater is collected primarily by altering topography to redirect surface runoff and is collected through a solid separator then pass to bio-filtration, which can be used for irrigation or for water recreation. Greywater mainly enters the storage tank through the drainage system, is treated, and then discharged into the purification wetland for reuse.

Another initiative is to replan the cycle lanes according to the cycling speed, keeping the original PCN in the site to be a slower path because it interacts more with the activity area, to prevent hazards between pedestrians and cyclists. In combination with land reclamation, a new Lane is planned to create a more exciting cycling experience with more interaction with water, It will allow users many different scenes.

Under the premise of reasonable arrangement of water management, residents’ life will be closely related to water and their activities will be more closely related to nature and water.

TURNING RISK INTO OPPORTUNITY

230

231

GUARDIAN OF THE CITY Future Flooding Landscape Zhang Liao Judy

Situated on the edge of the east coast, the project site is not only one of the most vulnerable to sea-level rise, but also lacks connections to surrounding sites and has potential for further development. Future government plans to reclaim land on the east coast district offer an opportunity to face rising sea levels. Adapted government’s land plan, the project proposes to extend the edge area that has undulated terrains for golf courses as a coastal defense.

Topographical modifications to extend the coastal edge outwards and to open the linear canal and waterfront area to increase the tolerance of the site to sea-level rise.

Replan the functional zones and add open public space to the site while retaining the original functions.

The new golf course utilizes a circular water system for irrigation, creating diverse habitats and creating continuous open public space to enhance the connection between the site and its surroundings. A more open ecological golf course that promotes human and wildlife interaction while meeting people’s recreational sporting purposes.

This approach which is a strong defense towards sea-level rise could be applied more widely across the country, to upgrade existing coastal golf courses, or to future reclaimed land areas.

Guardian of the City

232

SITE ANALYSIS

UNITARY FUNCTION & POOR CONNECTION The main function of the east coast district is Sports & Recreation. In this site, the 8 categories of open space are relatively independent and lack spatial and functional connections between them. At the same time, only one narrow access on the site. Accessibility is poor both for pedestrians and public transportation.

Government Reclamation Plan

Sea-level Rise Analysis

Site Section

Land Reclamation Method

VULNERABLE AREA The East coast district has a flat terrain. In this site, except for the golf course, the elevation of the most area is below 3m, which would be seriously threatened when sea level rise happened.

Government plans to do further land reclamation with a new method along the east coastline to protect the inside residential and commercial areas.

233

STRATEGY

TERRAIN MODIFICATION Reorganization of space to make more efficient use of it. Reducing the impact of flooding or sea-level rise on the surrounding area. And use it to form the site’s water system.

ZONE RELOCATION & MULTI-LAND USE Re-location of the zones.

Addition of new functional areas.

Enhance connectivity within the site and around the site.

SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT & HABITAT ENHANCEMENT Increase wildlife habitats and form nutrient circulation.

Less manual intervention and less negative impact on the environment.

Guardian of the City

234

TACTICS Terrain Modification

RESHAPE THE TOPOGRAPHY The current site can be divided into a reserved area, golf course, and MOE outdoor center. The area is not fully utilized and the terrain is relatively flat. The river is straight and the speed of the flow is quite fast. What’s more, the coastal area is at a lower elevation, will be flooded when the sea level rises.

235

Reshape the canal to slow down the river or tidal flow. Add ‘polder’ & ‘bio-islands’ to increase the inland water capacity and sea-level rise tolerance. Like the bio-islands, not only can store the water, but also play functions as purifying the water quality and providing wildlife habitats.

Lastly, further land reclamation to create more space. At the same time, it can keep the seawater out and become a powerful way to protect the inland area and combat sea-level rise.

Guardian of the City

236

TACTICS Terrain Modification & Multi-Land Use

WATER FLOW SYSTEM

Water flow inside the site can form a system to maximize the recycling of water.

MULTI-LAND USE

Land Use Analysis

Relocate the MOE area and create a series of open spaces to enhance the connectivity.

237

TACTICS Master Plan

Master Plan

Guardian of the City

238

TACTICS Zone Relocation & Multi-Land Use

ADVENTURE PARK (1) Adventure Centre Adventure Zone + Infrastructure Zone + Building Zone Re-locate MOE Outdoor Adventure Learning Centre to the northern part of the site. Retain the original functions and add more outdoor areas, integrate humans with nature.

(2) Therapeutic Garden Active Zone + Passive Zone Therapeutic garden with simple and clear layout aims to create a self-contained space which has a series of activities to promote both physical and mental health. * Aim 1) provide an enriching experience with nature 2) promote social interaction and physical activity 3) stimulate the senses through interaction with nature 4) enhance physical and mental well-being

Perspective 239

TACTICS Sustainable Landscape Management & Habitat Enhancement

ECOLOGICAL GOLF COURSE Provided that golfing conditions are met, minimize the use of artificial irrigation systems and chemical fertilizers to manage the turf. At the same time, increase the number of wildlife habitats and enhance biodiversity.

(1) Water The water circulation in the golf course is based on the water system of the whole site.

(2) Fertilizer Golf courses require a high degree of manual maintenance and a large amount of fertilizer to ensure that the turf grows properly. In the ecological one, minimizing chemical fertilizer use, linking to the surrounding site, and efficient circulation of energy within the site.

(3) Wildlife Habitat

CIRCULATION SYSTEMS

Guardian of the City

240

TACTICS Sustainable Landscape Management & Habitat Enhancement

HABITAT MAP

Inland golf courses and coastal golf courses have different habitats. Inland habitat refers to layered and complex woods space including diverse creatures. While coastal one contains mangroves and marine creatures.

Perspective_ Inland Golf Course

Perspective_ Coastal Golf Course

241

VISION FUTURE COASTAL DEFENCE

Government Land Reclamation Plan

Golf Course_ Distribution in Singapore

Project Land Reclamation Plan (East Coast District)

Golf Course_ Future Development

The Government’s plans for the East Coast are to continue to reclaim land, and in addition to the outward extension along with the land, a long island is planned to be reclaimed to protect the corresponding residential area. However, the site is homogeneous and has not been given sufficient value.

In this project, re-plan the land reclamation along the east coast and propose to extend the edge area that has undulated terrains for golf courses as a coastal defense.

From the perspective of the country, the use of existing golf courses and government reclamation schemes to modify their topography is an effective strategy against sea-level rise. Adopting a new typology of a golf course as a coastal defense will not only prevent a range of threats from the sea but will also enrich the site and increase the natural habitat.

Guardian of the City

242

FROM TANAH MERAH FERRY TERMINAL TO PASIR RIS PARK INDIVIDUAL PROJECT

Bike on the Dyke Li Jiaying

Situated in the Changi shoreline where a massive land extension is planned, the project utilizes a dyke of the reclaimed land as a landscape infrastructure for cyclists and new developments. At the first phase, the infrastructure on the dyke connects to the existing cycling trails along the Changi coast and East Coast Park for recreational purpose, where users will appreciate scenic views formed by six dynamic coastal habitats. In the next phase, inner blue and green infrastructure crossing the reclaimed land (formed by dredging the bay for crustaceans, sand, and gravel) guide the future development as a key spine of landscape networks.

Dockscape: keep the coastal memory Fang Ting

The Changi point is an open beach area land which has a unique landform naturally shaped like a “gate”. As a landing area of the eastern coastal line that is vulnerable to sea level rise.

The main objective of the project is to create a new landing platform that emerge a new order of docking system for different functions. Uplifted areas are remodelled to resilient against sea level rise and encourage human direct contact to water. By utilizing the potentials of accessibility from the Changi inland area to the Straits of Johor, the newly design remain the traditional activities and it can be a mark as history keeping.

Landform Adaptation Resort Rui Xui

Changi village has been seen as a place to escape from city life for decades with recreation and sports usage. This project provides a new possibility for the seaside resorts by creating sea-level rise adaptation land forming. With alternative energy resources like hydro-powered and solar-powered systems, the self-sufficient eco-hotel could consume less energy with a rainwater harvesting system. The agricultural design within the site brings food-to-table opportunities for the eco-hotel. The historical buildings will be protected by a new dike and drainage system.

Life in green and blue Wang Xiaomeng

Pasir Ris Park is a recognized park with high-quality residential areas around it. Meanwhile, the government plans to convert few parts of the park into residential areas in 20 years.

The project aims to comply with policy and solve future social issues and environmental challenges, including decreased living quality and sea-level rise. The site will be planned in different stages, and a new residential area will be created by improving the land structure, HDB form, and transportation methods.

243

Site 3 Rui Xue

Site 2 Fang Ting

Site 4 Wang Xiaomeng

Site 1 Li Jiaying

Li Jiaying

Fang Ting

Rui Xue

Wang Xiaomeng

Site 1: Bike on the Dyke

Site 2: Dockscape: keep the coastal memory

Site 3: Landform Adaptation Resort

Site 4: Life in green and blue

From Tanah Merah Ferry Terminal to Pasir Ris Park

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BIKE ON THE DYKE AN COASTAL CYCLING PARK Li Jiaying

My site is a reclamation land on the east coast of Singapore.

It is a massive and low-lying land which is disconnected with other scenic spot and faced with habitat destruction. However, it has a great potential to propose a new type of infrastructure by utilizing the structure of coastal protection such as dyke.

This project aims to utilize a dyke of the reclaimed land as a landscape infrastructure for cyclists and new developments.

This project will apply three strategies. Firstly, using a polar system to build the reclamation land. With a polder system for 442 hectares of reclaimed land, the dyke is not only to protect the reclaimed land from sea-level rise issue, but also to insert key infrastructure such as drainage, water supplies, distribution, and electric power lines to prepare for future development on the newly reclaimed land. By utilizing spaces on the dyke, the dyke can connect the existing cycling trails along the Changi coast and east coast park. Secondly, conserving habitat to make users appreciate scenic views formed by dynamic coastal habitat-seagrass, mudflat, coral reef, mangrove, sandy beach, rocky shore, and forest. Last, insert multi-functional activity areas to make the site has a recreation function so that people can do leisure activities here, and also make the site has an educational function.

The site will be designed as a cyclist park and will become open space and residential area that serves Changi airport in the future.

Bike on the Dyke

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SITE ANALYSIS SITE CONTEXT Changi Sailing Club

Turnhouse Club Changi Beach Park

Pasir Ris Park

Legend

P

Marine Bay Golf Course

Residence

High Point of Bicycle Way

Reserve Area

Bicycle Renting

Special Use

Bus Station

Business

MRT Station

Airport

Pavilion

Water Body

Entrance

School

Cycle Way

Parking Lot

PNC Way Greater Rustic Coast

My site is a reclamation area on the east coast of Singapore, which land use is a reserved area, with Changi Airport nearby. There are long PNC Way and Greater Rustic Way cross my site, which connects to Changi Beach Club and East Coast Park. There are a few bus stations and MRT stations near my site, the only way to get to my site is by taking a car or riding a bike, so the site is with low pedestrian volume.

SITE SCENARIOS

Entrance

Forest Mudflat

Pond

Port

Rocky Shore and Sandy Shore

The site is full of disordered plants, which look very messy, and has a few bus stations and MRT stations nearby, which traffic is not convenient, making the site is disconnected from another scenic spot.

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HABITAT MAP AND WATER FLOW HABITAT MAP

The shoreline typologies mainly consist of sandy shore and rocky shore, which vulnerability is high. And the habitat is faced with extinction.

WATER FLOW

Current

2050

Government planning Current Area Government Plan Area: 720hec Need Sand: 5040000T

The site is low-lying, when facing three meters of sea-level rise issue, most of the site will be submerged.

Bike on the Dyke

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STRATEGY 1—— USING DYKE AS KEY INFRUSTRUCTURE

Storm Water Pond Drainage Pumping Station Central Pumping Station Stream

Polder Dike

POLDER SYSTEM The Polder system is to do land reclaimed from a body of water, such as from a lake or the sea bed, through the construction of a dyke and a network of drains, water pumping systems, and canals.

MASTER PLAN Event Lawn Lawn Steps Ascending lawn Dyke Waterfront Stair Cycle Way Rocky Shrore Walkway

Elevated Waterfront Walkway

Central Plaza Elevated Central Plaza

Waterfront Stair

Micro Forest Forest Cycle Way Interactive Area

Playground Waterfront Platform Wetland Floating Wetland

Sandy Beach

Inter Tidal Mudflat Super Tidal Mudflat

Barrier Island

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rs

BEFORE AND AFTER SECTION

Path Way Cycle Way Cycle Way Woody Land Road 15m 23m 2m 31m 2m

Woody Land 100m

Pond

Forest

150m

110m

Woody Land 80m

Sandy Beach Woody Land 30m 23m

Road 20m

Elevated Stairs Drainage Dyke Floodable Lawn and Forest 10m

120m

Sandy Beach Path Way Cycle Way Woody Land Woody Land Rocky Shore Road 32m 15m 23m 2m 42m 8m 12m

Forest 60m

Woody Land 32m

Platform Drainage Playground 15m 5m 50m

Mudflat 100m

30m

Ocean 110m

Sea 120m

Dyke

Sand and Mudflat

30m

70m

Pond 120m

Woody Land 46m

Pond

Forest

200m

110m

Commercial Port 117m

5m

Sea 120m

Drainage Dyke

60m

5m 30m

Woody Land 30m

Drainage Mangrove, Sea Grass Dyke and Coral Reef 5m 30m 110m

Sea 25m

Platform 71m

Forest

Sand 16m

Rocky Shore 60m

Bike on the Dyke

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STRATEGY 2—— CONSERVE HABITAT

Cycle

Lawn and Micro Forest

Rocky Shore

Sandy Shore and Mudflat

Wetland

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e Way Drain Dam Floodable Lawn Waterfront Platform Lawn Steps Rocky Shore Elevated Walkway Walk Way The mangrove, seagrass, and coral reef can co-exist, sandy beach and rocky shore can coexist to be put in the sedimentation area. The rocky shore is hard which can be put in the erosion area.

Ascending lawn Central Plaza Elevated Central Plaza Waterfront Stairs

Pond

HABITAT DETAIL SECTION Forest and Lawn

Elevated Stairs

Floodable Lawn and Forest

9m

Beach Sand

Drainage

Dyke

Ocean

5m

30m

110m

120m

Rocky Shore

Supratidal Mudflat Micro-Forest Forest Cycle Way Intertidal Mudflat

Forest

Dyke

Rocky Shore

40m

30m

15m

Elevated Walkway and Stairs 30m

Mangrove

Mangrove Seagrass Coral Reef Skateboard Area Interactive Plantform

Stream

Forest

Dyke

Mangrove, Seagrass and Coral Reef

35m

85m

30m

30m

Wetland Sports Area

Sand and Mudfls

Playground Tidal Zone Sand and Mudflat 35m

Cycle Rest Area

Playground

Dyke

85m

30m

Board Walk 44m

Bike on the Dike

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STRATEGY 3——INSERT RECREATIONAL AND EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITY

Viewing Rocky Shore and Rest at Waterfront Stairs

Leisure in Central Plaza

People can appreciate scenic views formed by dynamic coastal habitats——Seagrass, mudflat, coral reef, sandy beach, rocky shore, forest, and do a variety of activities along the shoreline as well as on the water surface, such as children can play in the interactive platform, skateboard area, and playground.

A

VIEWING DYNAMIC HABITAT AND PLAYING ON THE BEACH 253

Viewing on Floodable Lawn

Rest and Learning in Wetland

Residents can do exercise on the sports area, and tourists can do water sports on the water exploration area. They can also rest on the floodable lawn, waterfront platform, and waterfront plaza.

B

CHILDREN HAVING LEISURE ACTIVITIES ON THE INTERACTIVE AREA Bike on the Dyke

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VISION

Residentila Area

Stream

Forest

Drainage

Dyke

Man

SECTIO

Forest

Platrofm

Dyke

Skateboard Area

Sand

SECTIO PHASE

Phase 1

Phase 2

Phase 3

In the second phase, the infrastructure on the dyke connects to the existing cycling trails along the Changi Coast and East Coast Park for recreational purposes, where users will appreciate scenic views formed by six dynamic coastal habitats.

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A

ngrove

Seagrass

Coral Reef

A'

Ocean

ON A-A' B B'

Supertidal Mudflat

Intertidal Mudflat

Barrier Island

Ocean

ON B-B'

Floodable Lawn

Rocky Shore Central Plaza

Residential Area

Elevated Walkway

Cycle Way Stream Cycle Way

Forest Cycle Path

Pond

Pond

Cycle Area

Residential Area

Stream

Sandy Beach and Mudflat Mangrove, Sea Grass and Coral Reef

Cycle Way

Forest

Shoreline Open

Space

Sea

Residential Area

In the next phase, inner blue and green infrastructure crossing the reclaimed land (formed by dredging the bay for crustaceans, sand, and gravel) guides the future development as a key spine of landscape networks. In the future, the land use of the site will be open space and residential area.

Bike on the Dyke

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DOCKSCAPE Keep the Coastal Memory Fang Ting

The edge of the Changi Point was once influenced by natural processes, resulting in a unique landscape shaped like a “gate”.

As a landing area, it allows direct access to the broad ocean and was created historically as a hub for the vibrant shipping industry. However, over the past century, it is no longer economically, ecologically, or socially relevant, although open beaches still existed, the water edge has become a more static, constructed edge. These problems will be aggravated by SLR issue because in the long term, sea-level rise will take away a large part of the waterfront and weaken the shoreline. There will be three major challenges: sinking dock, water pollution and vanishing beach.

This project proposes a new framework to arm the edge of the site and weaves the climate-resilient programs and public spaces together. Three main strategies will be implemented.

Firstly, create a new dock system. To address the degraded site edge, conserve the dock function — change the location of dock and make the platform function as a new landing platform with a new order of docking system for different functions. Secondly, soften the creek revetment to adapt to rising water level. to activate the static edge, create a soft edge — which facilitates the accretion of ecologically rich wetland habitat for mangroves, seagrass and coral to purify the water in the creek. Meanwhile, it will be a water park to keep the unique shape. Thirdly, conserve the beach. The structure will be introduced to construct the perched beach to keep and strengthen this existing original beach.

The design integrates Changi Point to a vibrant and active place both in short and long time span, which adapt to the anticipated effects of global climate change and people’s need for safe and stable waterfront space.

Dockscape

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SITE ANALYSIS

3 METER SEA-LEVEL RISE Considered the sea level rise issue, there will be three major challenges: sinking dock, vanishing beach and water pollution. As the sections show, most areas will be submerged, the most vulnerable part is the ferry terminal.

It was created historically as a hub for vibrant shipping industry coz the edge of this area allowed direct access to the broad ocean. However, over the past century, it is no longer economically, and socially relevant. And these problems will be aggravated by SLR issue coz It will sink.

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PROBLEM STATEMENT Sinking and forsaken land & pollution

SINKING DOCK According to the 3-meter sea-level rise, the most area here will be submerged.

The Changi Point Ferry Terminal and docks will sink which are the carrier of the history and regional culture. So, the sinking problem means the activities what take place here will disappear together.

POLLUTION As a busy hub, there are many shipping routes, the pollution can not be ignored.

In 2017 the oil spill in johor straits had an impact on seagrass meadows and mangrove habitat in Changi creek. However, recreational beach needs high water quality.

Dockscape

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MASTERPLAN

DOCKING INFRASTRUCTURE The Changi point is an open beach area land that has a unique landform naturally shaped like a “gate”.

As a landing area of the eastern coastal line that is vulnerable to sea-level rise. The main objective of the project is to create a new landing platform that emerges a new order of docking system for different functions. Uplifted areas are remodeled to resilient against sea-level rise and encourage human direct contact to water. By utilizing the potentials of accessibility from the Changi inland area to the Straits of Johor, the newly design remain the traditional activities and it can be a mark as history keeping.

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Phase 01

Phase 02

Phase 03 Dockscape

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NEW DOCK SYSTEM A new landing platform in good accessibility

LANDING PLATFORM AND VISITOR CENTER To address the degraded site edge and maintain the dock function, change the location of the dock, which before is at the narrow creek. By facilitating the good accessibility from the land to the ocean, to make the platform function as a new landing platform. The form of the dock changes from the dots to the line, different dock areas are connected by various small spaces.

For those long journey boats, the plaza for distribution is designed for people to go on board, and the floating docks are adaptive to SLR. And for short ones, waterfront space is suitable and resilient to water, it’s convenient to drag the boats. And it can be submerged, when the sea level rise, people still can go sailing and boating.

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ECOLOGICAL WATER PURIFICATION SYSTEM Soften the hard creek revetment to be a water park

Current situation

After SLR

Adaptive to SLR

SINKING DOCK AND WATER PARK

Soften the hard creek revetment to be a water park. It’s a way to activate the static edge and adapt to the sea level rise issue.

ECOLOGICAL WATER PURIFICATION SYSTEM

Meanwhile, it provides rich wetland habitat for mangroves, seagrass and coral to purify the water in the creek. People can go For those long journey boats, the plaza for distribution is designed for people to go on diving and boating.

Dockscape

264

① ③ ②

① Ocean Traffic ② Restored Beach ③ Tourist Trail ④ Water Venture 265

⑤ Wetland Habitat ⑥ Boating Trail ⑦ Diving Area

④

⑥ ⑤ ⑦

The design shows the comparison of hard edge and soft edge. It forms a buffer that responds to the land and water adjacencies. And it also integrates Changi Point into a vibrant and active place both in the short and long term.

Dockscape

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LANDFORM ADAPTATION RESORT Sea Level Rise Adaptable Hotel Rui Xue

Changi village has been seen as a place to escape from city life for decades with recreation and sports usage. This project provides a new possibility for the seaside resorts by creating sea-level rise adaptation land forming. By changing the original topography in the site, new islands are formed while allowing sea water to enter the lawn. Through the design of different forms of water edges to ensure the normal operation of the resort activities. The site can continue to maintain its original function even when facing sea-level rise. With alternative energy resources like hydro-powered and solar-powered systems, the self-sufficient eco-hotel could consume less energy with a rainwater harvesting system. It provides new ideas for coastal resorts when facing sea-level rise issues.

Landform Adaptation Resort

268

SITE ANALYSIS

HISTORIC BUILDINGS AND CURRENT LANDUSE In history, the land use of the changi area has been changed from residential to military use to the sports and recreation use in nowadays. The building which we can see right now is mostly built in the last century by the army. Those bungalows with history and political meaning in the history of Singapore are now mostly used as hotels and restaurants. Others are for meetings, weddings, and nursing house.

With the thriving of the tourism industry in Singapore in the recent decade, both international and local tourists are more willing to come to the resort to get closer to nature.

History of Changi

Sections of 3 Meter Sea Level Rise

269

SITE ANALYSIS

3 METER SEA-LEVEL RISE For the habitat of the site, there are five types: lawn, street trees, secondary forest, rocky shore, and sandy shore. There are also many heritage trees which are native species with long history inside the site.

Although most of the sites are covering with green, the habits are highly vulnerable when comes to the 3-meter sea-level rise, especially the shoreline area and the big lawn at the center of the site.

The Changes of Site Coastline

Existing Condition

The green vegetation coverage rate of the landscape site is relatively high. But it is vulnerable in most areas when facing 3m sea level rise. Especially for some Heritage tree species on the site.

Landform Adaptation Resort

270

MASTERPLAN

271 04

Landform Adaptation Resort

272

20-50 YEAR VISION Recreational Activities

KAYAK DOCK

POND

SWIMMING ZONE

SEASIDE OBSERVATION DECK

DIFFERENT COASTAL HABITATS WITH RECREATIONAL SPACES With the opportunities of the tourist industry and the threat from habitat loss, creating different types of water edges without sacrifice the activities of the resort area is crucial. Let the water in instead of block it outside. The change of the topology and the water could be an opportunity to have more activities.

HOTEL ZONE

273

20-50 YEAR VISION Sustainable Energy System

ENERGY SAVING RESORT

To create an environmentally friendly resort, a sustainable energy circulation system will be added.

The first is electrical energy. The temperature of the seawater helps to cool down the floating solar panel’s system that build on the sea. By utilizing strong wind energy, a wind power generation system is suitable to put on the islands facing the sea. In addition, the solar panels installed on the roof of the buildings can also meet the daily use of the bungalows.

The second is the water cycle. The terrain in the site has a large elevation difference. A unique lake view is formed in the bungalow area. It can be used to irrigate crops in the planting area and the lawn in the mini-golf area.

Landform Adaptation Resort

274

The Section of Sustainable Energy System

275

Landform Adaptation Resort

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277

LIFE IN GREEN AND BLUE HDB+ Park Wang Xiaomeng

Pasir Ris Park is a beloved coastal park, where nearby residents and many locals like to relax on weekends.

LIFE IN GREEN With the housing pressure of population growth, the government plans to convert part of the green space into residential areas. To meet the needs of a growing population, more green space will be occupied by houses in the future. However, do residential areas and parks have to conflict? Perhaps a better result would be achieved by merging the two.

By dividing the whole function area and optimizing the transportation system, the park function is integrated into the residential area under the condition of satisfying the residents’ basic needs. Simultaneously, the use of spatial planning methods should be diversified in the space to meet the different needs of residents and tourists.

LIFE IN BLUE The site is located in low-lying coastal areas; the large area will face flooding problem in the future. However, the water will make the land more interesting if it been taken advantage of.

The project uses phasing to solve the problem of rising sea levels gradually. The first step is to transform the land, protect the land we need, and plan the future land. The second step is to build a residential area on the reclaimed land and use the structure to build a second layer of green space, increasing the available land area while making a rough distinction between open and private areas. When the sea level rises 3m, the third step submerges the ample land, uses the water surface to increase a series of water activities, enriches the resident and the visitor’s life.

Life in Green and Blue

278

SITE ANALYSIS CURRENT LAND USE AND FUTURE PLAN

The site is Part 2 of Pasir Ris Park, in the middle of the Park. It has connected to its surroundings. Residential areas dominate the surrounding land, and most park visitors are families.

Public transport is less convenient, but the government plans to add more subway and bus routes to solve the problem. Furthermore, the government will also add more residential areas here.

SEA LEVEL RISE MAP

The site is in the low land, and most of the area is below 3M. After the sea level rises 2 meters, the high tide will submerge to 3 meters above sea level. At this time, part of the coastline would generally be flooded, while large areas would be flooded at high tide.

279

DESIGN CONCEPT

As the population will continue to expand in the future, the occupation of green space to establish residential areas is a trend. Nevertheless, the lack of green space and parks not only do harm to ecology but also reduce the quality of human life. So in order to comply with the government plan and meet the needs of the community, the design will explore HDB park and the integration of the subject. The most crucial issue to note at this point is connection.

BASIC DATA ANALYSIS

Life in Green and Blue

280

281

FIRST STEP EXCAVATE AND FILL - PROTECT THE LAND

DESIGN ANALYSIS

FUNCTION According to the planned HDB area, the spare space is assigned to different empty energy zones. On the whole, the south is densely populated, and the public spaces are repurposed to serve the residents, while the north and the coastal areas are more geared to serve the tourists.

TRANSPORTATION The flooded area was so large that it was difficult to get around, so it changed the original road and added many other modes of transportation (water taxi, boardwalks, bicycle lanes, etc.). Different modes of transportation will solve the transportation problem and guide people’s behaviour to create different private spaces.

As a result of the above two plans, the private density of space is higher in the south, while the connection between the north and the middle is open. Nevertheless, people are free to move around the entire area, although functional zoning can induce different people to prefer places.

Life in Green and Blue

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SHORE LINE PROTECTION Coastal Defense and Recreational Space

GREEN DIKE-1 STEEP SLOPE

During the first stage of filling, the soil was used to raise part of the ground and build GREEN DIKE to protect large areas of low-lying land. Moreover, the DIKE and the afforestation union create the scenery simultaneously forms a hydrophilic belt park.

GREEN DIKE-2 GENTLE SLOPE

SEA WALL

NATURAL SHORELINE

SNADY SHORELINE

In other areas, the shore is dominated by nature, but SEA WALL dominates the shore to preserve the soil in hard surface areas.

283

DETAIL DESIGN Children Playground

USING DETAIL DESIGN TO UNDERSTAND THE CONNECTION Life in Green and Blue

284

VISION

In this project, the connection of the community, the connection of the park and the connection of the park and the residential area is a major issue.

This problem can be solved by creating different spaces within this diverse site using functional zoning and transportation systems. At the same time, let us also get a more exciting and more efficient land.

285

Life in Green and Blue

286

FROM PASIR RIS PARK TO SEMBAWANG PARK INDIVIDUAL PROJECT

Redefining Coastal Barrier Lam Chinghang Adam

This project envisions Yishun Dam as a living infrastructure to protect the Lower Seletar Reservoir from the hazard of sea-level rise by the full utilization of onsite natural resources.

A new terrain will be built to reinforce the dam through the accumulation of coastal sediments formed by tide and currents and green waste from the reservoir and nearby golf courses. The extended terrain has a multilayer – the ground surface is used for generating energy, diverse community recreational functions, and coastal habitat enhancement, while the engineering function such as a heavy traffic road and a tidal barrier is maintained under the ground.

Riparian Urbanism: Nature Oriented Development on Business Park Ge Wenxi

The newly reclaimed island, Punggol Timor island, faces several long-term environmental challenges, including sea-level rise, storm surge risk, low biodiversity, and pollution. The project aims to propose a repeatable mixed development mode and triple-tiered defenses that can keep pace with sea-level rise for the business park. By reshaping the water system and ecosystem, reconnecting habitats, injecting regional vitality, the project integrates nature into the business area and creates a new sustainable coastal lifestyle.

287

Site 1 Lam Chinghang Site 2 Ge Wenxi

Lam Chinghang Adam

Ge Wenxi

Site 1: Yishun Dam

Site 2: Punggol Timor island

From Pasir Ris Park to Sembawang Park

288

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REDEFINING COASTAL BARRIER Building and Inhabiting With Nature Lam Ching Hang, Adam

Singapore is one of the most water-stressed countries in the world. The country is heavily dependent on reservoirs to collect and store storm runoffs from the local catchment. Besides, 9 of the 17 reservoirs in Singapore are estuarine reservoirs situated in the coastal area, consequently setting them vulnerable to rising sea levels.

This project envisions Yishun Dam as a living infrastructure – A coastal barrier built by nature and humans, moreover, inhabited by the community. A new terrain will be built to reinforce the dam through the accretion of coastal sediments formed by tide and currents and green waste from the reservoir and nearby golf courses. The extended terrain has a multilayer – the ground surface is used for generating energy, diverse community recreational functions, and coastal habitat enhancement, while the engineering function such as a heavy traffic road and a tidal barrier is maintained under the ground.

In short, this project attempts to redefine the civic function of a tidal barrier, from a conventional dike to a coastal barrier that serves the community in multiple aspects.

Redefining Coastal Barrier

290

SITE ANALYSIS The Lower Seletar Reservoir and Yishun Dam

The Lower Seletar Reservoir collects storm run-off from the surrounding urbanized area and serves as a major recreational space for the nearby residential area

1984 Before Damming

1985 After Damming

Current to Future

FOR WATER SUPPLY AND AS A MAJOR RECREATIONAL DESTINATION The reservoir was created in 1985 by the construction of Yishun Dam at the river mouth of Seletar River. It is a major reservoir in the North-East region of Singapore with a capacity of 9.5 million m³. A PCN loop around the reservoir is planned for the future which including the Yishun Dam. 291

WATER FLOW AND SEA-LEVEL RISE SCENARIOS The Threat of 3 Meters Sea-Level Rise

Current from the Johor Strait brought sediment and mud. Tidal wave affects the nearby mangrove and drafts along the Yishun Dam. The dam blocks the current from Johor Strait, while the tidal gate controls the overflow from the reservoir.

Existing Condition

2M SLR Scenario

3M SLR Scenario

3 METER SEA-LEVEL RISE In this scenario, the existing design of Yishun Dam is not adequate to protect the reservoir from seawater instruction. The water in the reservoir will be polluted and salinized. Also, the recreational space around the reservoir will be affected.

Redefining Coastal Barrier

292

Utilizing Local Resource for Coastal Reinforcement

CURRENT CONDITION Three wastes of resource in the site. The green is collected from the reservoir, and the sediment is brought by tide and currents. Lastly is the marine clay located in the river mouth area.

HYDRILLA VERTICILLATA It is an invasive species in the local reservoir which causes algae bloom and affects water quality.

293

PROPOSED CHANGE The concept is to redesign the energy and resources flow in the local context, hence, to utilize the resource for the purpose of coastal reinforcement and creation of new open space.

Redefining Coastal Barrier

294

MASTER PLAN

Proposed Energy and Resources Flow in a Local System

INHABITING INFRASTRUCTURE A series of new terrain will be formed from phasing construction. A series of permeable structures will be placed to collect sediment and facilitate mangrove recovery. Afterward, the excessive sediment and green waste will be placed on top of the highway tunnel to form the new terrain. The newly formed terrain can be used for different functions, such as hiking trails, observation decks, etc. Furthermore, different kinds of visitor centers are proposed to facilitate outdoor recreation activities, such as kayaking and bird watching. It is not only a coastal defensive structure but a multi-functional open space at the same time.

295

PHASING CONSTRUCTION

Diagram 1

Diagram 2

Diagram 3 Diagram 4 Redefining Coastal Barrier 296

VISION Coastal Defense and Recreational Space

NEW FORMED TERRAIN ON EXISTING DAM STRUCTURE Collected green waste and sediment will be used on the construction of the proposed terrain. The newly formed landscape will reinforce the dam to against the threat of rising sea level. At the same time, it will be a new public space to smoothen the transition from the reservoir to the sea.

INITIAL VISION

297

VISITOR CENTER AND TERRACED PROMENADE The architectural structure is proposed to act as a new sea wall and visitor center at the same time. The visitor center provides service at different scenarios of rising sea levels. It could be a recreational hub initially, but be an observation hut or museum after sea-level rise.

VISION IN 3M SEA-LEVEL

Redefining Coastal Barrier

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299

RIPARIAN URBANISM Nature Oriented Development on Business Park Ge Wenxi

Punggol Timor, a newly relatively recently reclaimed island, is now used as a temporary site for storing construction material. While land reclamation facilitates new land development, it poses an environmental threat in the long-term. The three major challenges are: sea-level rise and storm surge, low biodiversity and habitat loss, as well as disconnection with the surrounding environment.

The project proposes a repeatable, mixed, nature-oriented mode of development for business parks. In response to the three challenges, three strategies are raised: triple-layered defense against sea-level rise and its secondary disasters; habitat stepping stones and migratory bird destination; a park for people. Unlike conventional construction process, this project proposes the reuse of the material resources found on-site, namely the remaining soil left behind from previous earthworks, to recover the ecosystem first. Buildings are proposed to only be introduced after habitats have reached an appropriate level of maturity. By reshaping the water system, reconnecting habitats and injecting regional vitality, the project integrates nature into the business park. It also rejuvenates coastal biodiversity in a reclaimed area, while creating a new coastal lifestyle for citizens. It challenges the traditional expectations of the business park and sets a precedent for equitable and sustainable coastal development in the rapidly growing region.

RIPARIAN URBANISM

300

SITE ANALYSIS SITE CONTEXT

SITE PHOTO

301

SITE ANALYSIS PROBLEM STATEMENT PROBLEM 01 Sea-level Rise & Flood Vulnerability Hydrological response regime (Peak C values)

Sea-level rise map

PROBLEM 02 Low Biodiversity Animal observation map

Macrobenthos amount change

A B

PROBLEM 03 Surrounding Environment Disconnection Shoreline comparation

Punggol Barat Island

Punggol Timor Island

RIPARIAN URBANISM

302

D F

B

E

C H

A. Beach

G. Roof garden

B. Barrier island

H. Parking lot

C. Marine eco-link

I. Fishing pot

D. Tidal flat

J. Wharf

E. Ephemeral river

K. Skywalk

F. Green roof

L. Floating structure

303

I L J

A

G K

H

N

0

50

150

300 M

RIPARIAN URBANISM

304

STRATEGY 01 TRIPLE-LAYERED DEFENSES HYDROLOGY MAP Modified waterflow

PROTECTION LAYER 1st protection layer——Wave energy reduction & conversion Artificial marine shelter+ Breakwater + Floating structures + Wave energy converters

2nd protection layer ——Sea-level rise & Storm surge defense Barrier island + Sand beach + Mudflat + Mangrove + Seawall

3rd protection layer——Waterlogging prevention Ephemeral river + Topography

305

STRATEGY 01 TRIPLE-LAYERED DEFENSES DETAIL DESIGN Protection layer 01 Floating structure

RIPARIAN URBANISM

306

STRATEGY 02 RECONNECT URBAN HABITAT STRATEGY 02 Habitat stepping stone + Migratory bird destination Greenbelt

Marine eco-link

Habitat Typology & Biodiversity Habitat map

307

STRATEGY 03 CREATE PARK FOR PEOPLE STRATEGY 03 Program Encourage park utilization

Walking trail Extend Singapore Round Island Route

Building footprint Connect office with nature

Vehicle lane Increase accessibility

PROJECT CONSTRUCTION PHASING 1. Current condition Used to store constructure material

2. Earthwork balance 0-2 years Reuse site left material to create overall topography, seawall, and breakwater

3. Recovering 3-5 years Add road, introduce vegetaion and develop habitat first

4. Mature biomatrix 6-30 years Introduce building and new facility after habitat is built

Cut Fill Sand

RIPARIAN URBANISM

308

VISION 01

02

309

PERSPECTIVE 01 Beach + Fishing point + Elevated walkway + Seawall + Commercial building

PERSPECTIVE 02 Slope + Green belt + Pedestrian path + Office building

PERSPECTIVE 03 Beach + Seawall + Seating stairs + Green buffer + Office building

03

RIPARIAN URBANISM

310

FROM SEMBAWANG PARK TO SUNGEI BULOH NATURE RESERVE INDIVIDUAL PROJECT

Retreat forward: Reclaim for the Next Mangroves Long Di

As one of the few remaining mangrove habitats in Singapore, the site has high biodiversity and carries historical significance but now faces the double threat of sea-level rise and degradation of ecology if traditional land reclamation methods were to be employed. Urban development limits the existing mangrove habitats from retreating inland when sea level rises. Exploring new ecologically-sensitive methods of land reclamation, this project aims to first expand the mangrove habitats seaward in anticipation of rising sea-level.This entails phased land-use and sedimentation processes that also includes the development of a freshwater swamp that improves the uality of water being discharged from the estuary into the sea.

Collecting, Catching, Cultivating-Productive Coastal Park Li Xi

Facing with recreational spaces loss of the Woodland Waterfront Park due to SLR, the proposal introduces a new park typology that is more interactive, collective, and coastal adaptive. Waterways and landforms are manipulated for creating diverse a uatic habitats and stormwater management purpose. The newly designed waterways and open spaces promote productive recreational activities including catching, growing and harvesting marine animals such as fishes and oysters as well as edible plants. Park users would also enjoy seafood restaurants and the marketplace with the excellent sea view of Malaysia.

Self-Sufficient Water Recycling System Ou Yeyao

This scheme analyzes the current situation of the site and users’ needs, designs SLR solutions, and uses strategies to design a self-sufficient system to meet workers’ needs for living space and activity space. Meanwhile, the setting of the farm can enrich workers’ eating habits.In the event of a 3m rise in sea level, salt marshes would become mangroves, cricket pitches and farmland would be flooded, and fish, shrimp and seaweed would naturally move in, enriching the ecology.

Futuristic is Past Huang Xi

This scheme analyzes the current situation of the site and users’ needs, designs SLR solutions, and uses strategies to design a self-sufficient system to meet workers’ needs for living space and activity space. Meanwhile, the setting of the farm can enrich workers’ eating habits.In the event of a 3m rise in sea level, salt marshes would become mangroves, cricket pitches and farmland would be flooded, and fish, shrimp and seaweed would naturally move in, enriching the ecology.

311

Site 3 u eyao

Site 4 Huang Xi

Site 2 Li Xi

Site 1 Long Di

Long Di

Li Xi

Site 1: Mandai Mangrove & Mudflat

Site 2: Woodland Waterfront Park

u eyao Site 3: Sembawang Shipyard

Huang Xi Site 4: Sembawang Park

From Sembawang Park to Sungei Buloh ature Reserve

312

313

RETREAT FORWARD Reclaim for the next mangroves Long Di

Retreat means to relocate or remove existing development out of hazard areas and limit the construction of new development in vulnerable areas. As one of the few remaining mangrove habitats in Singapore, the site has high biodiversity and carries historical significance but now faces the double threat of sea-level rise and degradation of ecology if traditional land reclamation methods were to be employed.

Even worse, urban development also limits the existing mangrove habitats from retreating inland when the sea level rises.

Exploring new ecologically sensitive methods of land reclamation, this project aims to first expand the mangrove habitats seaward in anticipation of the rising sea level. This entails phased land-use and sedimentation processes that also include the development of a freshwater swamp that improves the quality of water being discharged from the estuary into the sea.

This project has a long period with the vision that mangroves will retreat to the newly formed land through natural succession, and the original position can be changed to provide more space for urban development. The strategies adopted in this project are also applicable to other sites with high ecological value but in conflict with urban development.

Retreat Forward

314

SITE ANALYSIS SITE CONTEXT Legend:

SEDIMENT DEPOSITIO 50m

80

0m

11

00

m

5m

4m

N

ZoneⅠ: The Basin (Non ZoneⅡ: Back Mangrove ZoneⅢ: Central Mangro ZoneⅣ: The Fringe

0m

7m

Mangrove Future Reclamation Park Connect Network MRT Rail Corridor

7m

Marsiling Park

5m Marsiling

Kranji Water Reclamation Plant

6m

Surface runoff discharge point N

4m 250m

Kranji

WEAKNESS

Existing mangrove habitat High biodiversity Historical heritage

Wave & current erosion Narrow ecological corridor Conflict with urban expansion

OPPORTUNITY

THREAT

New PCN planning Rail Corridor planning Ecological reclamation

3m sea level rise Surface runoff from industry Lack of ecological connection

Negative

Positive

Internal / Local Scale STRENGTH

External / Macro Scale STAKEHOLDER URA Construction

Visitor Habitat

Worker

Landmark

Organic Matter [%] 10.58%

PUB No access

Silt / Clay Fraction < 63 μm [ 62.94%

Reclamation

Nature

Buffer

City Mudflat

315

ON

MANGROVE CHANGES

ne Mangrove) e ove

2003

3m 1m 2m 2008

2013

Deposition Difference (kg / m2 ) 0.01 0.05

[%]

15.21%

0.1 kg / m2

2018

15.74%

Legend:

2.94%

Mangrove 64.94%

Basin

70.42% 10.97%

Mangrove Gain Mangrove Loss

Fringe

Central Mangrove

Back Mangrove

2020

Industrial Building Retreat Forward

316

PROBLEM STATEMENT & STRATEGY

CURRENT SITUATION

MANGROVE HABITAT

RAIL CORRIDOR & NEW PCN

Threat from sea level rise Ecological disconnection Sediment reduction Long Term Conservation

Abandoned heritage Not accessible Near Term Construction

M

Single water Surface runoff collection in Near Ter

STRATEGY 50-100 Years

0-5 Years

Prototype for ecological coastal reclamation by fishpond

Physical & functional connection through PCN & Rail Corridor

Mandai Riv

Attraction Migratory birds route

Pioneer seedling Rail Corridor

Fishpond

Soil filtration

Bio-purifi Sediment

317

Site

PCN

Wat Habitat

CONSTRUCTION PROCESS Before 2025

MANDAI RIVER

URBAN EXPANSION

Hard revetment rfront landscape n industrial area rm Construction

Habitat destruction Abrupt change of terrain Medium/Long Term Reclamation

After 2030

Reclamation & Recreation Artificial islands construction Fish pond construction After 3m SLR

0-5 Years

5-15 Years

ver bio-purification

Artificial tidal creek created by reclamation

New PCN

Tidal creek 3m SLR 0m SLR

fication

ter flow

Cleansing & Connection PCN & Rail Corridor construction Mandai River purification

Sand filter 3m SLR barrier

Reclamation

Sedimentation & Construction Sediment forms new land Mangroves move forward New business park construction

Retreat Forward

318

2025 VISION Cleansing & connection

N

BIO-PURIFICATION

50m Cycling Path Netwalk(＜25km/h) Along the Mandai River

Walking Path

Subsurface Filtration Heavy Metal Removal Pathogen Removal Nutrient Removal Aeration

RAIL CORRIDOR Cycling Path(＜10km/h)

Cycling Path Netwalk(＜25km/h) Around the Rail Corridor

PCN Terrestrial Plant Back Mangrove Rail Corridor Central Mangrove Mangrove Fringe

Walking Path Boardwalk

NEW PCN Cycling Path Netwalk(＜25km/h)

Along the shoreline Timmac @ Kranji

Business 2 Area

Walking Path 319

Bioswale PCN - SLR Barrier Existing Mangroves

m ③

①

②

⑨

② ① ⑧

③ ④

①

⑤

⑥ ⑦

① Surface wetland system ④ Rail park ⑦ Park connect network ② Cleansing biotope ⑤ Sports park ⑧ Mangrove reserve ③ Bus stop & entrance ⑥ Parking lot ⑨ Mudflat

Retreat Forward

320

N 50m

③

①

② ⑨

⑧

② ①

③ ④

⑧

①

⑩

⑤

⑥ ⑦

321

⑦ Tidal Creek ⑩ Artificial Island ① Surface wetland system ④ Rail park ② Cleansing biotope ⑤ Sports park ⑧ Mangrove boardwalk ③ Bus stop & entrance ⑥ Parking lot ⑨ Fishpond

2030 VISION Reclamation & recreation

ARTIFICIAL ISLAND & TIDAL CREEK

FISHPOND Watergate

Boardwalk

③

Ar

tifi

ca

l Is

lan

d

Bioswale PCN - SLR Barrier Existing Mangroves Artificial Mangrove Planting PCN

Sedimentation Pioneer Seedlings

③

SAFER OPEN SPACE According to different types of transportation, speed, and scale of activities, pedestrians and cyclists will be separated to create a safer experience.

NEW MANGROVE HABITAT Building fishponds to catch sediment. Sediment cleared from the port areas can be transferred to promote sedimentation. The newly reclaimed land provides a retreat for mangroves, and succession will take place at back.

Retreat Forward

322

3M SLR VISION Sedimentation & construction

N

50m

BUSINESS PARK The new building divides the site into different areas, and the cycling and walking paths connect them through the ground floor of the building. So The ground level of the business park is still open to the public.

FRESHWATER SWAMP The original intertidal zone gradually turns into a freshwater swamp as the seawater is blocked, and the surface runoff of the business park is collected here after bio-purification.

323

m ③ ④ ①

② ⑨

⑥

⑦

④

④

⑧

② ③

①

④

①

⑤

⑩

⑥

⑦ New mangrove reserve ⑩ New business 2 area ① Surface wetland system ④ Rail park ② Cleansing biotope ⑤ Sports park ⑧ Freshwater swamp ③ Bus stop & entrance ⑥ Parking lot ⑨ Seedling nursery

Retreat Forward

324

325

COLLECTING. CATCHING. CULTIVATING Productive Coastal Park Li Xi Emily

Located in the Northern Singapore, Woodland Waterfront Park is facing the issues of isolated habitat patches, loss of recreational spaces due to sea-level rise, and the lack of interactive activities. It has a potential for food production.

The proposal focuses on three aspects: sea-level rise adaption, habitat improvement, and productive recreation. The aim of the proposal is to envision an innovative park typology that is more ecologically connective, interactive, and coastal adaptive.

The proposal highlights three movements.

Sea level rise and storm-water strategy: Mangroves will be extended from adjacent Admiralty Park to connect with existing isolated mudflats and contribute to sedimentation. Oysters will be introduced in the form of reef balls, floating farming structures and breakwater to attenuate wave energy. The shell of the oyster will be reused in gabion walls and mesh bags for revetment stabilization. A new canal with bio-retention ponds will be created for water filtration and collection from the hill.

Habitat Improvement: Mangrove forest provides a habitat with a soft muddy floor for fishes, shrimps, and crabs. Oyster reef balls and breakwater can function as shelter for tiny marine animals. Seagrass can be restored in shallow and undisturbed water areas behind mangroves or oyster breakwaters. The pond creates stone-based habitat with logs for freshwater aquatic animals.

Productive Recreation: Productive recreational activities such as catching, collecting, and consuming aquatic animals and edible plants are promoted based on different natural habitats. Visitors can participate in recycling oyster shells and placing the shell bags along the shoreline.

New open spaces and paths are designed for events and community engagement.

Responding to the future agri-tech food corridor and recreational routes development in Northern Singapore, the new productive coastal park encourages a healthy lifestyle with environmental and economic benefits.

COLLECTING. CATCHING. CULTIVATING

326

SITE ANALYSIS PROBLEM STATEMENT Woodland Waterfront Park is located in Northern Singapore facing the loss of recreational spaces due to 3m sea-level rise. Besides, there are four areas with specific problems and opportunities. A new residential project of Woodland North Coast will be developed near the edge of the park. Currently, this area lack programs for the new community but it is suitable to develop storm-water management. The waterfront area is mostly blocked by existing waterfront vegetation which is not accessible and interactive. The jetty with a restaurant on it is a tourist attraction and has the potential for food production. However, it has little connection with another part of the park. The mudflat habitat is beneficial to local fauna but it is isolated.

CONCEPT Based on the analysis, the proposal will focus on four themes: recreation, food production, habitat, and sea-level rise. The aim of the proposal is to create a new coastal park that is more connective, adaptive, and interactive.

Problem Statement

327

Concept

VISION MAIN STRATEGY The main strategy of the proposal is to introduce specific triggers to each of the areas. For the residential area, the existing sloping landform will be utilized for stormwater management and fruit tree planting. For the waterfront area, more accessible and recreational boardwalks will be provided so that people can get closer to the water with a broader view. For the jetty with restaurant, the oyster will be introduced for food production, habitat improvement, and attenuation of a wave. For the mudflat, another mangrove creek will be extended from Admiralty Park to connect with the mudflat and create more diversified habitats.

Triggers

COLLECTING. CATCHING. CULTIVATING

328

MASTER PLAN

SEA LEVEL RISE/STORMWATER MANAGEMENT STRATEGY

In the off-shore area, oyster farming floating structure and oyster breakwaters will be applied to reduce wave energy. Oyster reef balls will be attached to the piers of the jetty so that the jetty itself can be seen as a large breakwater. At the shoreline, an oyster shell gabion wall and oyster shell mesh bag will be placed for shoreline stabilization. Mangrove will be planted both in off-shore are and shoreline areas for the same purpose. A new canal will be created from the residential area. Water from the canal will get filtered through bio-retention swales along the terrace and collected in the freshwater pond.

329

PHASE & CHANGE After applying these strategies, the water flow and direction of this area will be changed. Wave energy will also be attenuated near the shoreline. In the 3m sea-level rise scenario, most recreational spaces will not be influenced. The freshwater pond will be turned into a brackish pond with a more diversified habitat.

Recreational areas will retreat to the higher ground. Oyster bags will be accumulated along the shoreline while Mangrove will keep contributing to sedimentation.

Phase

Change

COLLECTING. CATCHING. CULTIVATING

330

HABITAT IMPROVEMENT Distribution & Typologies After introducing the triggers to each area, the habitats of the park have been improved. There are three types of habitats: saline aquatic habitat, freshwater/brackish aquatic habitat and upland habitat

Saline Aquatic Habitat Saline aquatic habitats include: mangrove & mudflat (muddy floor), oyster habitat and seagrass habitat.

Freshwater/Brackish Aquatic Habitat Freshwater/brackish aquatic habitats include: mangrove creek, bio-retention swale and freshwater/brackish pond (rocky floor)

Upland Habitat Upland habitats include secondary forest, managed forest, fruit trees, shrubs for butterflies, edible groundcovers, and lawn.

331

HABITAT IMPROVEMENT Flora, Fauna & Food Production Different habitats serve as food resources and shelters for different animals. For example, aquatic habitats with muddy floors and rocky floors might attract different kinds of fishes and other aquatic animals. Fruit trees with low maintenance needs such as lime and pomegranate are planted on the terrace. For edible ground covers, common herbs like lemon grass, mint, and basil are cultivated so that they can be used by the restaurant.

COLLECTING. CATCHING. CULTIVATING

332

PRODUCTIVE RECREATION Productivity The oyster farming area is 1800 sqm which can cultivate 28000 oysters in the mesh box suspended on the floating structure. There are 66 fruit trees in the park and the productivity is estimated to be 2600kg per year.

Distribution & Typologies Based on the improved habitats, there will be five types of productive recreation including catching, collecting, cultivating, consuming and recycling.

Cycle of Oyster The diagram shows how the restaurant relates to another part of the park. Oysters are cultivated in the floating structure managed by the restaurant and then consumed in the restaurant as food by consumers. The waste shells can be recycled and collected in gabions or mesh bags and later be placed along the shoreline for stabilization.

Community and other visitors can participate in this activity.

333

PRODUCTIVE RECREATION Recreation Scenario People can go fishing in different natural habitats or open spaces as they want. They can also pick or collect fruits, herbs and oyster that are naturally grown or manually cultivated in specified areas. Besides, visitors would also enjoy seafood with an excellent sea view of Malaysia on the jetty, waterfront plaza, or the lawn. After eating and drinking, they can engage in the activity of recycling oyster shells.

COLLECTING. CATCHING. CULTIVATING

334

PERSPECTIVE Sea Level Rise Strategy

335

Habitats

s

Recreational Routes

The new coastal adaptive park promotes productive recreation based on enhanced habitats and encourages a healthy lifestyle with environmental and economic benefits.

From this perspective, we can see that the productive recreational routes, habitats, and sea-level rise strategies are connected and interwoven with each other. This innovative park is also a response to the future development of Northern Agri-Tech and Food Corridor and multiple upgraded recreational spaces like Round Island Routes and The Greater Rustic Coast.

COLLECTING. CATCHING. CULTIVATING

336

337

SELF-SUFFICIENT WATER RECYCLING SYSTEM Sembawang shipyard redevelopment Ou Yeyao

Under the broad topic of Sea Level Rise, the water. shortage cannot be ignored. The project analyzes the current situation of the site and the needs of users, designs three strategies to reduce the erosion of coastal area caused by sea-level rise, ABC strategies are used to collect and recycle rainwater for the daily water use in the dormitory which allows the design to become self-sufficient water recycle system to meet workers’ needs for living space and activity space.

Meanwhile, the setting of the farm can enrich workers’ eating habits. In the event of a 3m rise in sea level, would become the mangroves, half of the cricket pitch and farmland would be flooded, fish, shrimp, and seaweed would naturally move in, thus enriching the ecology. The remaining half of the cricket pitch would allow the plant to have a natural succession and becomes a secondary forest.

Self-sufficient water recycling system

338

SITE ANALYSIS AND METHODOLOGY SHIPYARD INFLUENCE TO HABITAT

339

INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION

POLLUTION ANALYSIS AND WATER SAVING METHOD WATER USAGE

WATER SAVING METHOD AND POLLUTION PURIFICATION

Self-sufficient water recycling system 340

MASTER PLAN ENHANCE HEALTH AND PROVIDE ECOLOGICAL VALUE

cricket field jogging trail ecological island agricultural field front square outdoor kitchen basketball field rain garden theater open grassland dormitory parking lot water purification building water purification pond edible garden 341

The cricket field and agricultural field would enhance the activity experience and increase the health of workers.

Each dormitory area accommodates a square, rain garden, sports field, parking lot.

DRAINAGE FLOW

HABITAT MAP

cricket field

ACTIVITY MAP

ecological island

ROAD ANALYSIS

BASE MAP

agriculture field

WATER PURIFICATION SYSTEM

outdoor kitchen and square

outdoor theater Self-sufficient water recycling system 342

SECTION Plant Palette and Scenario

SECTION1-1’

SECTION2-2’

SECTION3-3’

SECTION4-4’

SCENARIO 1 CRICKET FIELD

SCENARIO 2 ECOLOGICAL ISLAND

SCENARIO 3 DORMITORY

SCENARIO 4 PURIFICATION POND

343 06

PERSPECTIVE Ecological, Healthy

DORMITORY FRONT SQUARE Provide various types of activity space for workers to relax. Different elements like a corridor, plantation box, lamb with plants can be introduced to the site to make it a more eco-friendly space.

VISITOR CENTER AND TERRACED PROMENADE

The eco-friendly phenomenon is created for the health of workers. People can make the best use of riverside walk, jogging trail, agricultural field to increase their life.

Self-sufficient water recycling system

344

PHASE DEVELOPMENT PHASE 1: CURRENT SITUATION

SALT MARSH

Succession happens and create a secondary forest

Mangrove habitat will increase, the island would be covered by mangrove species. The ability to address the sea level rise effect will increase.

SECTION 1-1’

345

PHASE 2: 30 YEARS AFTER The Cricket field would be flooded create a habitat for marine life

MANGROVE HABITAT EXPANDS

Agricultural field would be flooded create a habitat for marine life

Reduce ocean wave and increase sediment

SECTION 2-2’

Self-sufficient water recycling system

346

347

FUTURISTIC IS PAST What does 22nd-century Kampung look like？ Huang Xi

As one of the rare natural sandy beach resources in Singapore, Sembawang Beach serves as a crucial coastal buffer and carries the forgotten Kampung culture. However, it is currently facing three main problems: rising sea level, habitat loss, and poor accessibility. Fortunately, the future land reclamation plan provides an opportunity to deal with those issues.

Therefore, the goal is to revitalize the Kampung lifestyle by reshaping Sembawang Beach so that the development of coastal residential areas can be reintegrated into the natural process of the coast, enhancing the resilience of the coastal zone in the face of climate change while providing a new pattern for the construction of coastal settlements.

This project will propose a new approach to land reclamation that preserves beach resources while integrating old and new land into a sustainable whole and enhances its ecological and human value. Four strategies will be applied. Firstly, construct the disaster prevention infrastructure to promote the beach’s expansion and the formation of offshore tidal flats. Secondly, develop a water management and pollution control system to reduce the impact of extreme weather on inland areas while providing suitable conditions for habitat succession. Thirdly, create more abundant habitat types to stabilize the ecosystem of the transitional zone. Finally, improve the accessibility to encourage various coastal public activities that bring people closer to each other and nature.

With all these methods, the future coastal residential area can become a human inhabitation community that coexists harmoniously with the sea like the past’s Kampung.

Futuristic Is Past

348

SITE ANALYSIS 1 SANDY BEACH & RISING SEA LEVEL Beach resources of Mainland Singapore are disappearing under threat from rising sea levels and urban land expansion plans. As a rare natural beach resource, Sembawang beach serves as a buffer zone to protect the residential area, parkland, and shipyard onshore.

2 THREATENED HABITATS In addition to the beach ecosystem, the diverse plant community on land also provides habitat for various animals and plants. However, due to the high proportion of buildings and impervious surfaces, the biodiversity of residential areas is extremely low.

349

3 IRRATIONAL WATER MANAGEMENT All the water directly flows into the sea and lacks purification and reuse processes, leading to seawater pollution and a low utilization rate of rainwater resources. At the same time, because of the flatness of the landform, the residential area is vulnerable to flooding during extreme weather processes.

4 LOW ACCESSIBILITY Barriers and unreasonable road systems prevent people from conveniently accessing coastal recreational resources and reducing the communication between residents and the public. At the same time, the coastal activities are relatively single than the inland.

5 CONCEPT GENERATION：FUTURISTIC IS PAST The goal is to revitalize the Kampung lifestyle by reshaping Sembawang Beach so that the development of coastal residential areas can be reintegrated into the natural process of the coast, enhancing the resilience of the coastal zone in the face of climate change while providing a new pattern for the construction of coastal settlements.

Futuristic Is Past

350

SLR +1M

351

Futuristic Is Past

352

SLR +3M

353

Futuristic Is Past

354

RESTORE SUSTAINABLE LIVING AND RECREATIONAL ENVIRONMENT

355

Futuristic Is Past

356

ENCOURAGE COASTAL ACTIVITIES AND REVITALIZE THE KAMPUNG SPIRIT

357

Futuristic Is Past

358

FROM SUNGEI BULOH NATURE RESERVE TO TUAS SHIPYARD INDIVIDUAL PROJECT

Regenerative Facility Feng Kangtai

The site locates in a transport node of Kranji area, which is next to Sungei Buloh wetland reserve, farming area and the gate of Kranji Dam. Facing the ongoing transformation of whole area, including upgrading of agriculture, sea level rise and succession of secondary forest, my site can play a role as regeneration hub to reuse and allocate the natural resources in Kuanji area. By helping the natural resources to be reallocated efficiently, Kranji area can be more resilient to the potential changes. Methods consist of recycling waste concrete and wood, compost of forest and agricultural litter, helping mangrove to retreat and seed storage.

Agri Park Xie Wanying

The Lim Chu Kang Jetty area has a long history of farming and fishery, which needs agrifood development to meet the future food vision. This site also features mangrove and mudflat habitats, and secondary forest patches which are vulnerable to sea-level rise.

This project is aiming to design an integrated and interactive agriculture park featuring a productive and diversified agri-food approach, while also capturing the socio-economic benefits of agriculture, including food tourism. Therefore, various agricultural practices, a foodto-table restaurant, and a farmer market can be seen in this agri-park.

Wild Adventure Zhang Liping

The project aims to create a more diverse habitat through the transformation of the coastal and nearshore land topography, while also cleverly taking advantage of the changes in the habitat brought about by sea-level rise. Meanwhile, three relatively fragmented individuals, the camping site(Camp Christine), the adventure centre(MOE Jalan Bahtera), and the two kelongs near the shoreline, were combined and changed into a complete and unified wild adventure center, providing a variety of land, water, and underwater activities.

359

Site 2 Xie Wanying

Site 1 Feng Kangtai Site 3 Zhang Liping

Feng Kangtai

Xie Wanying

Zhang Liping

Site 1: Kranji Dam

Site 2: Lim Chu Kang Jetty

Site 3: MOE Jalan Bahtera Adventure Center

From Sembawang Park to Sungei Buloh Nature Reserve

360

361

REGENERATION HUB IN KRANJI Material Regeneration For Resilient Shoreline Feng Kangtai

In addition to our common theme——sea level rise, Kranji area is also facing other two transformations, secondary forest succession and transition of farm. I see the opportunities behind those changes even though they bring threats at the same time. A transformation could be turned into a chance to overcome the crisis of other transformations. Through the development of farm, abandoned materials will be generated.

Natural resources like litter and mud are produced by nature in all time. Therefore, those resources can be regenerated and recycled to new tools for the sea level rise and succession of forest. Besides, my site can play a role of educational and recreational gateway of Sungei Buloh and Kranji because of its location and convenient transportation condition. It is the case we transform crisis to chance.

Regeneration Hub in Kranji

362

TRANSFORMATION OF KRANJI Sea level rise trend

Kranji Area 2.5 Extreme

2.0

High

Intermediate-high

1.5

Tide-gauge Observations

1.0

Singapore

Satellite Observations

Intermediate

Intermediate-Low 0.5

Low

0

-0.5

1800

1850

1900

1950

2000

2050

2100

The Centre for Climate Research Singapore has projected that Singapore could experience an increase in daily mean temperature of 1.4C to 4.6C towards end of this century, more intense and frequent heavy rainfall events, and mean sea level rise of up to 1 metre by 2100.

Transition of Traditional Farms

Secondary Forest Succession Stagnation

Sea Level Rise

In Singapore, sea-level rise is becoming a potential serious problem as the large area will be flooded. The Centre for Climate Research Singapore has projected that Singapore could experience an increase in daily mean temperature of 1.4C to 4.6C towards the end of this century, more intense and frequent heavy rainfall events, and mean sea level rise of up to 1 meter by 2100. Under that issue, there is 2 other main transformation in Kranji area—— Transition of types of farm and succession of secondary forest. Singapore Food Agency (SFA) will be embarking on a holistic exercise to master plan the Lim Chu Kang (LCK) area to create a high-tech, highly productive and resource-efficient agri food cluster. The master plan is spanning about 390ha of land. And secondary will stop developing as it’s far away from primary forest, which offers long-life trees’ seeds.

RICH NATURAL RESOURCE IN KRANJI More than 75 percent of Singapore’s mangrove flora in Sungei Buloh wetland reserve locating in Kranji, with a 130-hectare wetland of mangroves, mudflats, ponds, and supporting secondary forest.

more than 60 percent of Singapore’s bird species ( over100 species) and more than 2,000 Arctic migratory birds from more than 30 species make "winter holiday visits" to Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve

Sungei Buloh Wetland reserve offers shelter for lots of reptiles and mammals. SBWR is the home of otters, crocodiles, monitor lizards, crab and fish. It's one of the most important habitats in Singapore with high biodiversity.

363

HABITATS MAP AND LAND USE MAP OF KRANJI Habitat Map

Industrial area Marsh Mangrove Wood Farmland Wasteland Bush Grassland Building area Golf Fresh water Seawater

Landuse Map

Marsh Utility Industry Open space Current building Park Sport & recreation Farm Military protective area Reserved area

There ’re various natural habitats in Kranji area——Mangrove, forest, grassland, etc. On one hand, they’re vulnerable to the changing climate. On the other hand, lots of natural resource generated from those areas. And in the process of the farm’s transition, much wasted material will be generated.

Regeneration Hub in Kranji

364

EXISTING AGRICULTURE MAP, HABITAT MAP, AND SEA LEVEL RISE VULNERABILITY MAP Existing agricultural map

Secondary forest&

Bus Route Farms open to the public Empty land Building Abandoned farms Ponds Outdoor Aquaculture Horticulture nursery Indoor Aquaculture Equine quarantine station

Existing Farm Typology

Short life of trees in secondary forest Life (year)

Area (ha) 20

50

18

45

16

40

14

35

12

30

10

25

8

20

6

15

4

10 5

2 0

0

Fish farm

Indoor Aquaculture

Abandoned Farm

Horticulture Nursery

Equine Quarantine Station

Acacia auriculiformis

Falcataria moluccana

Cecropia pachystachya

Leu leuco

Relationship between mangrove and Fo

Transformation Direction in 2024 The Singapore Food Agency (SFA) will be embarking on a holistic exercise to master plan the Lim Chu Kang (LCK) area to create a high-tech, highly productive and resource-efficient agri-food cluster. The master plan is spanning about 390ha of land.

Withstanding

Waste Generated by the Transformation to High-tech Farm

R Solutions to develop secondary forest

Concrete

365

Vegetation Litter

Wood

Genes from primary forest

& Mangrove location

Vulnerability for Sea Level Rise Farm field

Mangrove

Grassland

Grassland

Building

Stone embankment

Wasteland

Wood

Marsh

Sparse forest

Stone embankment

5m sea level

Constructed area

3m sea level

Wood Sparse forest Mangrove

Threats from sea level rise

ucaena ocephala

Ardisia elliptica

Syzygium grande

Syzygium polyanthum

Stone embankment

orest Ecological flow

Mangrove

Retreatment space

Nutrient supply

Stone embankment

Regeneration Hub in Kranji

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BASE MAP OF SITE Gradient and Elevation Analysis

CURRENT TYPOGRAPHY By analysis, the current topology is not suitable for mangrove retreatment and material processing. Reshaping the landform would be the first step.

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AVAILABLE RESOURCE IN KRANJI Mangrove, Farm, Mudflat and Secondary Forest

Mangrove 130 ha

Abandon Farm 143 ha

Mudflat 12000 ㎡

Secondary Vegetation 96 ha

POTENTIAL USE OF AVAILABLE RESOURCE Propagules from mangroves can provide the genetic source of new mangrove habitats. Waste concrete and wood would be generated from abandoned farms. The secondary forest can generate litter.

Source

Material

Processing Methods

Use

Abandoned Farm

Litter

Transferring

Permeable Dam

Mangrove

Twig & Rod

Seed Cultivation

Eco-shoreline

Mudfalt

Concrete

Regeneration

Secondary forest supply

Secondary Vgetation

Mud

Weaving

Mudflat Supplement

Primary Forest in CCNR

Seed

Combination

Education Playground

MATERIAL PROCESSING Through the regeneration processing, the waster materials become the new materials that can be used as tools to strengthen the shoreline. The regeneration hub will locate at my site.

Regeneration Hub in Kranji

368

MATERIAL REGENERATION MAP This map shows the detail of the regeneration process. Those materials are muti-functional for various uses.

PROCESSING PHASES

Firstly, remold the landform to make space for industrial use, leaving a place for material settlement.

Conduct the original pond water to provide new space for the mangrove to retreat.

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N

5. Visitor center

20m

50m

1. SBWR visitor center

2. Nursery

3. Viewing deck

4. Seed bank

6. Regeneration playground

7. Coastal learning forest

8. Existing pond

9. Car park

10. Mud storage

11. Litter dumping 12. Litter dumping

13. Grinding

14. Composting

15. Delivery

16. Concrete tipping

17. Concrete processing

17. Concrete storage

COMBINATION OF EDUCATION AND REGENERATION Finally, this site will be a combination of resource regeneration and learning coastal forests for the public.

The traveling part and industrial part will be separated. This site is designed to be a museum for people to learn the coastal ecology and material regeneration.

Regeneration Hub in Kranji

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AGRI PARK Future Food in Lim Chu Kang Agri Hub XIE Wanying

The Lim Chu Kang Jetty area has a long history of farming and fishery, which needs agri-food development to meet the future food vision. This site also features mangrove and mudflat habitats, and secondary forest patches which are vulnerable to sea-level rise.

This project is aiming to design an integrated and interactive agriculture park featuring a productive and diversified agri-food approach, while also capturing the socio-economic benefits of agriculture, including food tourism. Therefore, various agricultural practices, a food-to-table restaurant, and a farmer market can be seen in this agri-park.

Three main strategies will be implemented to meet the design goal. The first approach is to enhance the water flow on-site, introducing two streams running from inland to the ocean to create a brackish-water habitat, while also bringing sediments downstream for the gradual mangrove regeneration. The mangrove habitat here not only serves as a nursery for juvenile fishes, but also as a natural barrier when facing sea-level rise.

The second strategy is to increase food production to meet future food development. With the second strategy being introduced, the third strategy will come as well which is about diversify the habitat. Different agricultural production methods not only increase the output but also enhance the overall food resilience since more flora and fauna have been invited to come as well. This agri-park will feature several types of habitat/ land use, including sea, mudflat, mangrove, coastal vegetation, brackish-water, terraced fields, aquaponics, and agroforestry.

In conclusion, with these design strategies, food production and tourism, and natural habitat protection can be well balanced in this agri-park.

AGRI PARK

372

SITE ANALYSIS LIM CHU KANG JETTY

The Lim Chu Kang Jetty area has a long history of farming and fishery, which needs agri-food development to meet the future food vision.

This site also features mangrove and mudflat habitats, and secondary forest patches which are vulnerable to sea-level rise.

Satellite Image of Lim Chu Kang Jetty Area

Source: Google Earth

Historical Changes

(by Kangtai, modified by myself) Sources: https://libmaps.nus.edu.sg/ https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/new-lim-chu-kang-nature-park-to-be-part-of-400ha-nature-park-network-along-the-northern https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/environment/lim-chu-kang-set-to-be-redeveloped-into-high-tech-agri-food-cluster-sfa

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WATER FLOW AND SEA-LEVEL RISE SCENARIOS 3 Meters Sea-Level Rise 1-1

3m SLR --> mangrove retreat 1-3

section 1-3

1-2

Model of Existing Site Condition

Existing Habitats Sections (Before Changes):

Before

3 METER SEA-LEVEL RISE 1. Sea level will lead to mangrove retreat 2. Inland water flow and sea area are separated

Existing Condition

3M SLR Scenario

The coastal area is vulnerable to SLR, therefore mangrove regeneration is necessary to protect the site. Besides mangrove regeneration, other soft protections like introducing streams for coastal sediment accumulation can be helpful as well.

Problem Statement: • Highly natural but relatively mono habitat --> diversify habitats • Sea level rise leads to mangrove retreat --> increase sedimentation for mangrove regeneration • Agriculture productivity and resilience needs enhancement --> future food development AGRI PARK

374

VISION Visionary Perspective

AGRI PARK

Design vision is about creating an integrated and interactive agriculture park featuring a productive and diversified agri-food approach, while also capturing the socio-economic benefits of agriculture, including food tourism. Therefore, various agricultural practices, a food-to-table restaurant, and a farmer market can be seen in this agri-park.

Design Strategies: 1. enhance water flow 2. strengthen agriculture production 3. diversify habitats

Human Flow & Activity Diagram

STRATEGIES: 1. ENHANCE WATER FLOW

• • • • 375

Enhance the water flow Introduce two streams Create a brackish-water habitat Sedimentation for gradual mangrove regeneration

STRATEGIES 2. STRENGTHEN AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION

• • •

Increase food production Introduce different agricultural production methods Enhance food resilience

Aquaponics Perspective AGRI PARK

376

STRATEGIES 3. DIVERSIFY HABITATS

377

• • •

Introduce different agriculture activities Diversify the habitats Invite more flora and fauna

AGRI PARK

378

AGRI PARK 379

Fishing Weir Perspective

Terraced Fields Perspective

Perspective Key Map

In conclusion, with these design strategies, food production and tourism, and natural habitat protection can be well balanced in this agri-park.

Farmers’ Market Visionary Perspective AGRI PARK

380

381

WILD ADVENTURE Habitat change and activities adaption Zhang Liping

The project aims to create a more diverse habitat through the transformation of the coastal and nearshore land topography, while also cleverly taking advantage of the changes in the habitat brought about by sea-level rise.

Meanwhile, three relatively fragmented individuals, the camping site(Camp Christine), the adventure center (MOE Jalan Bahtera), and the two kelongs near the shoreline, were combined and changed into a complete and unified wild adventure center, providing a variety of land, water, and underwater activities.

One of the most obvious problems for the site is the loss of mangrove habitat due to rising sea levels. Thus, Strategy One was to reshape the shoreline to protect the mangrove habitat and create a habitat for benthos and seagrass (As the sea-level rise, the previous mangrove habitat becomes a habitat for corals, sea urchins, and other benthos). It also provides an excellent water depth condition for diverse surface and underwater activities.

The second obvious problem of the base is that the boundary between land and sea is so closed that the accessibility is almost zero. Strategy Two is to open the coastline to the public as much as possible. Meanwhile, three relatively fragmented individuals, the camping site, the adventure center, and the two kelongs near the shoreline, were integrated into a whole and replanned. It is planned to be a wild adventure center that integrates the functions of land field adventure, land field training, water activities, water living, and underwater activities. This will increase the accessibility, fun, and experience of the coastline, weaken the impact of sea-level rise, and even use it to show the ecological environment of the shallows and invert more interesting activities. + In order to increase the abundance of wild adventures, different types of terrain environments such as hillsides, valleys, dry streams, and wetlands have been created in the coastal land. Coupled with the planting density, types of plants, the choice of soil types, and the difference between fresh water and saltwater, ten different natural environments can be created. And then different natural habitats can be connected through a mainstream line. In addition, a climbing and suspended crossing route was added as part of the field training.

The plan places most of the living space on the water. Using the technology that kelong can stably float on the water, and the introduction of the floating bridges, the existing kelongs and created new floating camps are connected with the water activity spaces on the shoreline.

Wild Adventure

382

SITE ANALYSIS

Geographical context

Problem Statement one_Forbidden to shoreline

Problem Statement One_Forbidden to shoreline &Underutilization

First_Limited observation of shoreline

Second_Limited management of mangroves

Third_Forbidden to entry shoreline

Fourth_Underutilization of camp site BASE MAP

383

The first obvious problem of the base is that the boundary between land and sea is so closed that the accessibility is almost zero.

SITE ANALYSIS

Problem Statement Two_Threat to mangrove

Habitat map

Solid model

Current flooded area

Lawn Intervention Limited Intervention Mangroves

Future flooded area

Current mangroves habitat

Shoreline 3m rise Building

Future mangroves habitat

Fence

One of the most obvious problems for the site is the loss of mangrove habitat due to rising sea levels.

STRATEGIES Three Integrated system First_Reshaping water flows

Second_Enhancing coastal and marine habitat Fence

Third_Retrofitting recreational activities Camp christine

Mangroves Experience Area

Benthic observation area

MOE Adventure centre

Shoreline senior accommodation area

Water activities centre

Bridges Tidal flow

Surface flow

Open space

Mangroves habitat

Road

Deck promenade

Wild Adventure

384 03

STRATEGIES Strategie one_Reshaping water flows

Previous shoreline

Secondary phase sh

Fence Kelong

100M

Mangroves

SKY Outward Bound

Bridge Canoe Port

Government Property

Floating Bridge

Kelong

Mangroves

Fishing

100M

Fence Mangroves

Government Property

Water Activities Rental Centre Floating Hotel and Fishery

385

Observation Deck

Sunbath

STRATEGIES B A

horeline B'

A'

B\B'

A\A'

Fence Lawn

g Deck

hing Area

House

Section A-A

Square Pedestrian Road

Camp House

Section A'-A'

Road Camp House

Section B-B

Freshwater Fishing Visitor Centre

Camp House

Section B'-B' Wild Adventure

386

STRATEGIES

Second_Enhancing coastal and marine habitat

5-YEAR-VISION

50-YEAR-VISION Strategy One was to reshape the shoreline to protect the mangrove habitat and create a habitat for benthos and seagrass (As the sea level rise, the previous mangrove habitat becomes a habitat for corals, sea urchins, and other benthos).

387

Viewing point C

Viewing point E

Viewing

g point B

STRATEGIES

Third_Retrofitting recreational activities Residential building Entertainment Building

Service building Sunbathing

Observation

Commercial building

Canoe

reception Picnic Fishing Sunbathing

Swimming

Physical training Outward bound

Diving

Flying fox

D E

F

B

C

It is planned to be a wild adventure center that integrates the functions of land field adventure, land field training, water activities, water living, and underwater activities. This will increase the accessibility, fun, and experience of the coastline, weaken the impact of sea-level rise, and even use it to show the ecological environment of the shallows and invert more interesting activities.

Viewing point D

Viewing point F Wild Adventure

388

PLAN_PHASE ONE

or c Visit

r ente

Port

Ca m

enter Visitor c

ph ou s

ing

5-YEAR-VISION

Housing

Marine canteen

Ma hourisne camp ing ce nter

ivity r act ter Wartveice cen se

t nu co co

t ho

el

Port

tel ho nd a l t We

N 0 389

25

50

100

PLAN_PHASE TWO 50-YEAR-VISION

0

25

50 Wild Adventure

100 390

VISION

Water activity service center

Coconut hotel

391

Water activity center

Marine camp housing center

marine canteen

The plan places most of the living space on the water. Using the technology that kelong can stably float on the water, and the introduction of the floating bridges, the existing kelongs and created new floating camps are connected with the water activity spaces on the shoreline.

Wild Adventure

392

393

CHAPTER 4

REFLECTIONS

Students’ Reflection and Feedback After the Studio

Reflections

394

Low Lying Singapore is an exciting project. and our studio aims to reimagine coastal landscape to sea level rise adaption. It is interesting to learning the relationship between ocean and human, as nowadays the contradiction between the urban sprawl and rising sea level is getting serious. And I have learned about how to design my project more logically and reasonably step by step, by understanding the site and exploring various design strategies approaches. Water is a complicated topic, so I have encountered many challenges in this design process, but they prompted me to think more deeply. I hope that I can do more related projects in the future, coz I was overwhelmed by the charm of the ocean during this semester.

Fang Ting

The process of this studio was tortuous before I come through and realize how tremendous the harvest that I gain it is. In this semester, the most fantastic but exhausting thing is that we are repeatedly wandering between actuality and imaginative future, and I am certain this nuance has dramatically extended my comprehension of the capability and role that a landscape architect should own in face of the future challenges.

Several group works with different teammates are also laudable as we can freely share ideas to germinate diverse and wonderful solutions. After all, it is exciting that the first half of the graduate career is conquered.

Hao Jun

Although the topic of sea-level rise is often heard, this semester is the first time that I try to solve this problem in my design. The tense and stressful course arrangement makes me try to understand the site and landscape design from multiple perspectives and interdisciplinary fields.

I have learned a lot both in and out of class, integrating the knowledge of ecology and engineering into the design. I strengthened the ability to analyze the site, and also the ability of time management.

Long Di

395

The second semester’s studio is a fruitful experience for me since this is my first face-to-face studio in Singapore during this pandemic period.

During several assignments and site analysis, I learned more about the Singapore context. It is also my first time dealing with a project related to the sea. Therefore, I understand more about water and sustainable design, which will be very helpful for my future landscape projects. Although I encountered many difficulties throughout the design process, my logic became more explicit, and my time management ability improved.

Ge Wenxi

Nowadays, climate change and sea-level rise are highly relevant concerns in Singapore and many other coastal cities. I learned how to systematically analyze and get inspiration from the current site conditions to come up with suitable and applicable designs for my site. The general land-use analyses which we did for the first half of the semester are useful which helps me to know my site’s surrounding context better.

The process of designing not only for human needs’ accommodation but also for natural habitat protection and regeneration is necessary when thinking about climate change in coastal areas. Such a biophilic approach is important to landscape architects who trying to achieve the goal of designing for the wellness of all species.

Xie Wanying

Reflections

396

Li Xi

This semester is challenging for me because the theme of sea level rise is unfamiliar to me who was born inland. The studio is quite productive and effective which improves my ability in site analysis, concept development and presentation. There are two main points that I have learned from the studio. Firstly, the design should be based on credible information and complete site analysis. Then you will understand the most interesting and unique characteristic of the site and develop the design from it. Secondly, communication with others is of great importance in graduate study. In this semester we have met many guest reviewers from various backgrounds and give us advices of different perspectives, which is helpful and impressive. The first semester in Singapore makes me enrich myself and I am looking forward to the next stage of learning.

The second semester has been inspiring for me. Nowadays, SLR is a global problem that we must face. As landscape architect, we should think from ecological and structural perspectives and put forward practical and feasible solutions. And this studio is undoubtedly focused on the SLR and push me to think scientifically. From the SLR related assignments to the group site survey, I have learned more about the context of Singapore. When I came to the stage of personal design, I had a new understanding of design thinking. All in all, this is a great studio.

Hong Mengyi

The most important things I learned from this studio are how to design based on the landform and hydrology condition, and how to generate bold ideas but act practically. Besides, I practiced my storytelling skill a lot, which helps me improve my logical thinking ability. It’s been a hard but very productive semester. I am so grateful that the professors helped me to form and challenge my idea, and I enjoyed consulting with them very much.

Li Wanying

397

In this studio, I have learned that it is crucial to design with the natural flow and utilize on-site context in our design. Hence, we can build with nature and see nature as a partner but not a threat, especially on the topic of sea-level rise. Lastly, I sincerely appreciate the guidance from YunHye and Evi. I had challenged myself in this project, and thank you so much for your patience and support.

Lam Ching Hang

This is our first semester of face-to-face classes and there are more gains and feelings. It brings me a more realistic and in-depth learning experience. The research visits on the ground gave me a better sense of the characteristics of the site, which laid the foundation for the further design. Also, it is my first time got in touch with golf course. A new sport and landscape gave me enough freshness and excitement to explore the components. This studio has taught me that there are many aspects to consider in a design. When we start a project, we need to analyse it thoroughly before we can come up with meaningful and practical solutions and ideas. It is really a worthwhile semester for me and I really appreciate the help from tutors and my classmates Zhang Liao

Reflections

398

Wang Xiaomeng

The overall attitude towards life has changed a lot this semester. When I first arrived, I was really stressed and tired every day. But after I got used to it, I learned to live a more optimistic life, and I really liked my projects later, which made me feel very happy. It is difficult to explore what will happen in the future, especially 100 years from now. But I think this is important to us, because we need to plan ahead, and we need a general direction for district planning. This semester, we experienced this future design project and it was very fun. The tutors also allowed us to think about designing boldly and creative. I feel this experience be a more unique period in my life. I also found a lot of problems, the biggest of which is confusion and thinking too much, leading to frequent deviations.

This bad way of thinking really needs to be changed.

Through this semester, I pay more attention to the topic of sea level rise and how will landscape help to reduce the impact of damage. One thing that I find the most important is how people can interact with this kind of landscape and try to learn about the climate change. Thus, it may help to provide the first-hand information to remind the importance of protecting our planet.

Ou Yeyao

I recognize the importance for landscape architects to create a new urban typology via this studio. When we are facing natural disturbance or human-induced disaster, it is worth to think about the function of the landscape typology we generated with human activities. It is not in a simple way to introduce human into the site, but a combination that could be widely used in the country scale. Also, I realize the importance of focusing point of a project. Don’t include too much in a project, which may disperse the highlight.

Zhang Kairui

399

In this studio, the topic of sea-level rise is a brand-new topic for me. At the first of the semester, sea-level-rise-related semesters were given by professional individuals from PUB and perspectives of view in engineering and ecology. Compared with traditional hard solutions in engineer construction, as landscape architects①our solutions to this question are greener and softer. I learned how to quickly learn knowledge in a certain field and apply the elements in the later design. In the final presentation, everyone was very creative about the landscape design of different land uses, and I learned how to keep it open-minded.

Rui Xue

Xiang Wenqin

This studio was an unforgettable time in my MLA program. First of all, it is because the topic of sea level rise, which is a planning and forward-looking topic, is also more challenging.This design pays great attention to logic and reasonable feasibility.It requires us not only to consider the current environmental problems, but also to break away from the imprisonment of the present time. It requires us to consider the longterm problems brought about by the changes of landscape in the time dimension.Through a detailed analysis of the site and problems, I hope to put forward a persuasive response strategy, and finally decide to include the government’s future land reclamation plan on the east coast into the logical evolution of the design. Finally, I am very grateful to Tutors and my classmates for their inspiration and help.

Reflections

400

Sea Level Rise is a complicated topic, and it is hard to come out with good ideas, but I am sincerely happy to be with Yunhye and Evi. I have received useful feedback from my professors and my classmates. Although my project can not be perfect, I learned a lot about marine animals, mangroves, and urban problems. More importantly, I started to think about the development of Singapore. Singapore has done a much better job in urban development compared to most of the cities in this world, but when we are standing on the shoulder of this country, we are thinking ahead of most people. This studio is forward-looking and inspiring to a great extent.

Liu Kaiyan

I benefited a lot from this studio as I learned a lot about the design discipline of shaping landform to achieve the design vision which I never thought of in my previous study life. This profound theory unveiled one of the charming aspects of landscape architecture to me and I think when I face new projects in the future, I could come up with another way to look at and solve problems. I feel very grateful to my tutors as they kindly, patiently helped me a lot through the whole semester especially in my struggle moment. However, I have to think more independently and participate in my design process more actively. I will try to find the thing I am fascinated with in my future academic and career life and firmly delve deeper into it.

Tan Shuyue

This topic of our studio this semester is sea level rise. When we begin our design, we do a lot of preliminary research which I think is very helpful for our design. And my professor always encouraged us to be creative, which inspired me a lot to push myself to open my mind. And this is the first time I do the concept about infrastructure, which is also a new field for me. Overall, I really learned a lot this semester and also very grateful for my efforts this semester.

Li Jiaying

401

The studio is about the sea level rise issue, asking the student to think about how to intervene in the extreme climate and create a better living environment in landscape methods. During the design process, the most important part is about the future plan in large scale and this is also the most difficult step, because my site is the shipping land which is totally covered by concrete, and there is no trace of previous human development or activity. I have to establish a considerate schematic plan in large scale for residential and commercial development and under the plan to start to design my site. In this way, most of the design decision seems to make scene, and this also indicates the close relationship between planning and design: the planning instructs the design process and the design details make plan practical.

Zheng Qiaoyu

This time, the studio involved areas I had never known before, because my hometown was inland, and sea level rise was a problem I had never thought about carefully. Through the process of the course learning and design, I gained a lot of skills and ideas with a way of thinking. During the course, I am very happy to hear guests from different fields bring views and opinions which are new and exciting. I have benefited a lot.

Yin YI

Reflections

402

We met lots of difficulties in the beginning of this semester, lack of data, limitation of activity area, and vague direction of research. However, with the help of Yun Hye and Evi, I found an interesting direction to make use of the resource of site. And it’s a new thing for me to think about how to regenerate the waste to respond sea level rise. In conclusion, tough process and nice ending!

Feng Kangtai

The studio project of this semester is very unforgettable to me. I learned a lot during the semester that I had not focused on before. What impressed me the most was the understanding and analysis of the basic information about the site. The collection and in-depth analysis of this information is the foundation of a project, not a judgment through one’s own common sense. In addition, since the topic of this project is sea level rise, which is a very long-term issue, it also made me look more into the long term and make some predictions about the future. I am very grateful for the help I received from my teachers and classmates and I hope to get better and further in the next steps.

He Xiaowei

This semester passed much faster than I thought, and it challenged many fields that I had never touched before. For example, outdoor expansion venues and wild adventures. I used to think that this was only satisfied by various devices and flat grassland. But it was later discovered that interaction with the wild environment can make such activities more interesting and diverse. Not only that, but the once-unfamiliar vocabulary of mangroves has made my design more professional and authentic because of the opportunity of on-site visits.

Zhang Liping

403

This semester in Singapore is very fruitful and rewarding. Sea level rise is a topic I’ve touched on before. Exploring similar issues in a new country and with a different mentor has given me a deeper understanding of it.

The field trips every week allowed me to interact with my site and helped me understand Singapore’s local conditions and customs to explore its unique potential for future improvement. Moreover, through the tight study schedule, I am able to promote the project more efficiently than before and found my shortcomings during the weekly consultation. Hopes I can make up my shortboard in the next semester, find more flexible design approaches and develop a more convincing and exciting project.

Huang Xi

Zhu Wen

I have learned a lot in the studio this semester. First of all, I have a deeper understanding of the topic of sea level rise and a systematic study of strategies to deal with it. At the same time, with the help of two profs, my design logic has been improved. Although It is difficult to make a creative project that is in line with the current situation, profs continue to encourage me to diverge my thinking and give me new opinions, so that I can gradually understand and develop my design. At the same time, I also gained a lot in the process of group cooperation in the research of Singapore. How to analyze and how to use analysis to make our design strong and convincing are important parts i learnt from group work. Finally, I appreciate the help from two profs. It was the encouragement and guidance of the two profs that made me progress.

Reflections

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Student Editorial Team: Leader: Long Di Text-proofing: Ou Yeyao Layout & Format: Lam Ching Hang Chapter 1: Huang Xi, Li Xi, Xie Wanying Chapter 2: Zhu Wen Chapter 3: Zhang Liping, Zheng Qiaoyu Chapter 4: Hong Mengyi

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