A Methodology for Reuse : Embracing a Circular Economy in a Carbon-Conscious Construction Sector

Aisling Mulligan Design Thesis Report : Volume 02 : 2020 A Methodology for Reuse Embracing a Circular Economy in a Carbon Conscious Construction Sector

CONTENTS

01. INTRODUCTION Abstract

10

02. THE THESIS Net Zero Construction

14

Greenwashing in Architecture

16

A New Methodology

18

Kintsukuroi

20

Untapped Resources

22

Low Embodied Energy Materials

24

03. METHODOLOGY Creating an Inventory for Dublin

34

Implementation

46

Precedents

52

Prototype Design

58

04. DESIGN AS A MEANS FOR TESTING HYPOTHESES Choosing a Site

68

The Brief

80

Systematic Layering

84

Functional Layering

94

Connections

104

A Responsive Facade

116

Adaptability & Flexibility

120

05. CONCLUSIONS The Final Result

124

The Economy of Reuse

128

Conclusion

130

06. APPENDICES

6.

Appendix 01 - Embodied Energy Figures

134

Appendix 02 - Final Review Board

136

Endnotes

138

List of Abbreviations

140

Bibliography

142

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8.

01.

Introduction

ABSTRACT

This thesis aims to question current concepts of sustainable construction through the development of a new methodology for design which embraces the key aspects of a circular economy.

While volume 01 addressed, in detail, research into specific low embodied energy materials; volume 02 looks to integrate these findings into a new approach to design where waste is valued as a resource.

Through the development of this new methodology this thesis looks to contest current concepts of net zero construction - where there is a missed opportunity to address soaring levels of embodied carbon associated with conventional and traditional construction methods. In this methodology demolition and construction waste will become the primary source of materials for new constructions. The first port-of-call in the design process being a curated inventory of materials which have been salvaged from condemned structures across the city. These elements, combined and supplemented by low embodied energy materials would create a new visual language for construction in the city, whilst aiming to reduce levels of associated emissions through the tackling of the source - the design.

This methodology will then be tested through the design of numerous small-scale proposals as a means to develop a coherent approach for the dissemination of the research into a final design project. The development of the ensuing design project aims to act as a vehicle for the examination and verification of hypotheses presented to date, as well as acting as a means to visually and methodically express this work.

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02.

The Thesis

NET ZERO CONSTRUCTION

The World Green Building Council defines the term Net Zero in relation to construction as: “a building that is hugely energy efficient and is fully powered from on-site and/or offsite renewable energy sources.”

This approach to the development of more

look closely at how these accreditation bodies

sustainable building practices has become prolific

go about presenting awards. This does not

throughout the world’s construction sector; but

only include the disregard for a building’s

its merit has been dampened by the rapacious

embodied energy but also brings into question

nature of developers in their pursuit to achieve

the methodology behind the allocation of these

this standard by any means in order to be

accolades. This is evident when looking at the

seen as moving with the times. This is usually

process for applying for LEED accreditation; in this

achieved through the masking of overly exhausted

process the design team submits all necessary

unsustainable elements through the exaggerated

information about the structure and its related

highlighting of exemplar components of the

levels of energy use to the governing body - rather

building’s sustainability. This overshadowing of the

than the body themselves visiting and determining

building sector’s less environmentally conscious

the value of the building on their own terms2. This

elements is afforded due to the omission of the

process leaves room for potential exaggeration

measuring of any form of a building’s embodied

or omittance of crucial numbers by the design

energy during its Net Zero calculations.

team in order to ensure the building’s future accreditation.

This begs the question: in a society where we are dealing more and more with the effects of the climate emergency, and in a sector which accounts for 40% of global carbon emissions, can we afford to continually overlook the importance of the consideration of embodied carbon? If we choose to ignore this we are making the decision to disregard nearly half of a building’s overall carbon emissions1.

Directives such as LEED, BREEAM and Passivhaus have certainly led to a positive shift in the way in which the structures of today are designed and used, but there comes a time when policies need to be revisited and amended. A number of questionable elements arise when you

14.

Photograph of Bloomberg Building by Norman Foster (theGuardian.com)

A much contested example of this phenomenon

operating large scale buildings sustainably, it

lies in the construction of the recent Bloomberg

fails to take into account the huge impact the

Headquarters in London. Designed by Norman

building’s constituent materials have had on its

Foster and opened in 2017 the building won

overall levels of carbon emissions. The immense

the Sterling Prize and subsequently was named

levels of sandstone which had to be transported

‘the worlds most sustainable office building’.

to site hold high levels of embodied energy, as

The building was awarded the highest possible

does the huge amount of imported copper used

accolade by BREEAM - ‘outstanding’. The

as brise soleil - their inherent energy potentially

building’s merits are widely contested because

outweighing the positive effect they have on the

although it addresses well the complexities of

building’s operational energy.

15.

GREENWASHING IN ARCHITECTURE

Greenwashing: Vb: To make people believe that your company is doing more to protect the environment than it really is. Disinformation disseminated by an organisation so as to present an environmentally responsible public image.

The disregard for the importance of reducing

which is now known world over as the ‘Toxic

the embodied energy of our structures is closely

Lake’, as it is continuously filled with effluent

linked with the design methodologies that are

and sludge from the factory’s manufacturing

employed by architects from the offset. These

waste3. This creates a direct link between so-

practices often mean that ease of construction,

called green buildings in the west and detrimental

cost and aesthetics take precedent over

environmental disasters.

environmental concerns. Too often precedent is taken to ensure structures will be perceived

When comparing this phenomenon to other

to be doing their duty when it comes to the

sectors it could easily be likened to the idea of

environment, rather than ensuring the building

‘greenwashing’. Greenwashing has come to the

is actually sustainable from conception to end of

fore in recent years as companies the world over

life. This, in conjunction with the drive to achieve

attempt to rectify their image in the public eye by

LEED or BREEAM status, is somewhat down to

superficially addressing the climate crisis through

public perception. It is believed that if a structure

the use of specific terminology or the altering of

possesses elements which society deems to be

certain processes in order to be perceived as

sustainable, such as solar panels and brise soleil,

‘green’. Examples of this include McDonalds’

it will be accepted as an environmentally friendly

introduction of paper straws - which can not

building, regardless of the actual positive or

be recycled and H&M’s introduction of clothes

neutralising impact these components have on the

recycling options and their ‘conscious’ clothing

development’s overall carbon emissions.

collection4. This collection claims to be made only from sustainability sourced materials such

An interesting example lies in the use and

as 100% organic cotton or recycled polyester - a

implementation of solar panels on domestic or

statement which has been deemed misleading

commercial buildings. Although they perform

by Norway’s consumer watchdog due to the

positively with regards to reducing overall reliance

lack of sufficient information regarding the true

on fossil fuels - this has been seen to be negated

sustainability status of the collection5.

by the high levels of energy needed to produce

16.

the photovoltaics in the first place. Tellurium is an

This highlights the fact that public perception is

element used in the production of inexpensive

more highly regarded than the actual preservation

solar panels, its leading manufacturer and

of the environment - is there an instance where

supplier, Baogang Steel and Rare Earth Complex

these two things could exist simultaneously,

is located on the Baotou Lake in Inner Mongolia,

where structures are both perceived as being

Photograph of Baotou Lake (BBC.com)

Graphic Explaining H&M’s Conscious Collection (hm.com)

Photograph of Tellurium (cen.acs.org)

environmentally friendly as well as actually playing their part in reducing both embodied and operational energy usage?

This raises a question of how this systematic problem could be addressed in the future, would it become legislation driven, on an EU or national basis? Would it be spurred on by incentives or could it thrive by educating the public and those involved in the design and construction process on methodologies which address environmental impacts from material conception through the useful life of the structure?

Photograph of H&M’s Conscious Label (hm.com) 17.

A NEW METHODOLOGY FOR DESIGN

A change in the methodology employed during

it is from this inventory that architects would

the design process could see a shift in the

gather essential elements for their proposed

overall levels of carbon emissions released by

programme and these elements would then act as

the construction sector. By moving to a model

a premise around which the rest of the structure

which values waste as a usable resource we

would be designed.

can shift to a methodology of reuse whereby individual elements, as well as existing structures

Taking into account the fact that with every

are respected - their value noted, maintained and

continued use of a building element, its strength

recommissioned. This would ideally lead to an

may change and thus its usability may shift,

approach where buildings are seldom demolished,

meaning elements, whilst being reused may

but instead continually reconstituted to suit

not be used in the same purpose again, such

demand at the time.

as facade panels becoming flooring. This is an idea which is tracked by ‘material passports’, a

After much research into the design

concept set up by BAMB [building as material

methodologies of architecture practices such as

banks] based in Brussels. In this instance all

ROTOR, Lendager Group and RedHouse, I began

elements in a structure are associated with a

to piece together a methodology for reuse that

passport kept on BIM software, this means once

takes into account valuable construction waste, as

the building reaches the end of its useful life, all

well as available low embodied energy materials;

the information about each material and how it

which, when used together can hopefully create a

can be reused is easily accessible, streamlining

new standard for net zero construction.

the process. This downgrading of materials as

The methodology begins with the appointment

they are reused means that it can be difficult to

of an architect who, when the site is chosen

find structural elements which have the remaining

performs a detailed analysis where all existing

strength to be repurposed. It is in this case that

structures and all useful elements are mapped

new materials would need to be brought in to

and considered for reuse, this is called resource

supplement those which have been salvaged.

mapping and is done on a project to project basis.

In order to maintain low levels of associated

In conjunction with this, a regional inventory of

emissions, low embodied energy materials should

materials should be established with links to

be used as supplements, these can include,

local councils. Here construction waste could

dowel laminated timber, mycelium composites,

be collected and sorted and viable elements

hempcrete, rammed earth or recycled aggregate

inventorised for reuse. This method could also

concrete.

happen where buildings have no choice but to be demolished, the careful disassembly and separating of materials would ensure their easy addition to the inventory and thus their continued reuse.

18.

3 4

5 6

If these new elements are then designed for

impact on the environment but also means that

disassembly, the completed structure becomes

due to the inherent low embodied nature of the

part of a circular economy, closing the loop and

structures, production and manufacturing remains

C o n t e x t M aallowing p 1 : 1 0 , 0for 0 0 the

continued reuse of all components

involved.

S i t e P l ajobs n 1 :being 5 , 0 0 0 made in the locality with additional

through the disassembly of parts and the creation of material inventories.

Designing in this way not only ensures a positive

A METHODOLOGY FOR REUSE A METHODOLOGY FOR REUSE

01 A R C H I T E C T A P P O I N T E D 02 S I T E C H O S E N 03 S I T E A N A L Y S I S RESOURCE MAPPING

existing structures mapped and useful elements inventorised

M O R E E L E M E N T S R E A D I LY AVAILABLE FOR REUSE

M AT E R I A L P A S S P O R T S

KEPT LOCAL - LESS NEED FOR TRANSPORT

04 C O U N C I L

05 S U P P L E M E N T

INVENTORY

WITH LOW/NO E M B O D I E D E N E R GY M AT E R I A L S

choose useful elements for the desired programme from this catalogue of materials

D LT Mycelium Composites Cellulose Insulation Timber Hempcrete

construction waste & viable elements/materials after deconstruction are collected and inventorised

06

D E S I G N F O R D I S A S S E M B LY

C R E AT I O N O F M O R E LOCAL JOBS

Graphic explaining Methodology for Reuse and how this might be implemented

19.

KINTSUKUROI Golden Repair

金繕い

There is an old Japanese art of repair which is

In a rush to always be seen as the up-to-date, up

called, Kintsukuroi - meaning ‘golden repair’. In

and coming and progressive there is continuously

this art-form pottery which has been broken or

a desire throughout society to have the next

damaged is reformed using gold joinery - this is a

best thing, this comes to the fore particularly in

very good example of how we can begin to think

construction where the appeal of older structures

about the older, possibly run down and forgotten

is very low. This results in depreciating monetary

about structures in our localities. Rather than

value which does not necessarily correlate with

deeming them useless we can supplement the

the inherent value of the structure’s individual

structures with new and innovative materials,

parts. This has led to a huge rise in the demolition

ensuring their value is not lost and resulting in a

of perfectly viable buildings throughout the

final product which is stronger and more resilient

country in order to make way for newer, more

than the previous.

lucrative structures whose construction inevitably adds to the detrimental impact of the climate crisis.

Collage depicting the idea of golden repair 20.

Collage depicting the idea of golden repair

21.

U N TA P P E D R E S O U R C E S Vacant and Derelict Sites

As a means of documenting untapped resources

difficult to track down the owner of the land and

in Dublin, derelict and vacant sites were mapped

thus, this incentive to activate the spaces is lost in

and photographed. This brought up the idea of

a bubble of bureaucracy.

the value which is lost each time a site or building is left unoccupied, the material value, the social

Throughout the city we already have a high

value, the monetary value and the cultural value -

standard of materials which are ready for reuse,

along with many more. The more sites that were

the element which we are lacking is the recording

studied the more there seemed to be. In a country

of these materials in order to make an easily

which is dealing with such a catastrophic housing

accessible inventory for people to use.

crisis, the unopposed casting aside of these sites

With this in place, the concept of reuse

seems to be even more wasteful than ever.

becomes much more accessible to the everyday

The Irish government imposes taxes on derelict

architectural practice and thus has the potential to

structures such as these but often times it is

become a key element in design methodology.

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Photographs depicting vacant and derelict sites and buildings depicted on map 22.

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Map showing vacant and derelict sites and buildings in Dublin City

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UNIVERSIT

5 6

LO W E M B O D I E D E N E R GY M AT E R I A L S

Low materials are those which cause little to no C o nembodied t e x t M a p 1 : 1 0 ,energy 000 S i t e harm P l a n 1 : 5to , 0 0 the 0 environment during their production. The processes they go through from cradle to gate must be extremely low in emissions. This is measured in kilograms of carbon dioxide equivalent, all emissions are converted to CO2 for ease of comparison. [kgCO2e] A METHODOLOGY FOR REUSE

R E S O

A METHODOLOGY FOR REUSE

L E N D

01 A R C H I T E C T A P P O I N T E D 02 S I T E C H O S E N 03 S I T E A N A L Y S I S RESOURCE MAPPING

existing structures mapped and useful elements inventorised

R E C Y

M O R E E L E M E N T S R E A D I LY AVAILABLE FOR REUSE

M AT E R I A L P A S S P O R T S

KEPT LOCAL - LESS NEED FOR TRANSPORT

04 C O U N C I L

05 S U P P L E M E N T

INVENTORY

WITH LOW/NO E M B O D I E D E N E R GY M AT E R I A L S

choose useful elements for the desired programme from this catalogue of materials

D LT Mycelium Composites Cellulose Insulation Timber Hempcrete

construction waste & viable elements/materials after deconstruction are collected and inventorised

06

D E S I G N F O R D I S A S S E M B LY

C R E AT I O N O F M O R E LOCAL JOBS

Methodology for Reuse - supplementation with low embodied energy materials highlighted

Wa l l A s s e m

The focus of this thesis in volume 1 rested on the

small family dwelling, the amount related to

research of materials which are low in embodied

high-rise multi-use structures would inevitably be

energy and could be easily implemented on a

exponentially higher.

broad scale in Ireland in order to play a part in readjusting the current trajectory of the

Innovative materials such as mycelium composites

construction industry. This interest stemmed

and dowel laminated timber became the main

from the realisation that the embodied energy

focus of interest in volume 1.

associated with a typical semi detached house was 28,000kgCO2e per dwelling, that is the equivalent of 24 economy flights from London to Hong Kong6. If this was the case for just one 24.

Aisling Mulligan

Dowel Laminated Timber - Brettstaple

Thesis Idea

Process of fabrication 1:50

Dowel Laminated Timber - Brettstaple

Aisling Mulligan

Thesis Idea

Profiles 1:20

Acoustic Profile

Reveal Edge

Fluted Profile

Dowel Laminated Timber construction methods and profiles

Chamfered Edge

Squared Edge

Dowel Laminated Timber Build Ups DLT’s 1:20

lack of reliance on adhesives means that

wood for its mass elements, use in Ireland has

it embraces a circular economy in a much more

the potential to be prolific. The idea of using

direct manner; this is because the elements can

readily available raw materials such as Ireland’s

be easily disassembled and reused, returning the

soft wood reinforces hugely the aspiration

timber back toExterior the beginning of the cycle. wall with

behind following a methodology for design which Exterior wall with

rendered facade

Intermediate floor construction

timber cladding

follows the principles of a circular economy. This

Ireland boasts huge numbers of soft wood tree

is because the closer to the site that the raw

species which thrive in our specific climate. In

material originates the less carbon is emitted in

previous times soft wood was deemed as being

its transportation - highlighting the importance

too week to use as structural grade elements

of locality in the drive for a true form of net zero

but as dowel laminated timber relies on soft

construction.

25.

LO W E M B O D I E D E N E R GY M AT E R I A L S Mycelium Composites

Mycelium composites are a currently under

be completed on a small scale in a kitchen or

researched commodity but are ones which

on a large industrial scale where numerous

hold a huge amount of potential for the future

end products are needed. This process can be

of sustainable construction. The bulk of these

utalised to make a myriad of different products.

composites are made using agricultural waste,

It was first employed as an environmentally

a by product of farming which is abundant on

friendly alternative to styrofoam packaging by the

the island of Ireland and would otherwise be

innovative company Ecovative but has since been

wasted. The process for making these composites

used for much more adventurous endeavors. Its

is simple and relies on only two elements, the

thermal properties mean it is a great insulator

substrate (agricultural waste) and the mycelium

and could be used as a substitute to conventional

itself. Mycelium are the root fibres of the

insulative materials which have proven to have

mushroom plant which, when mixed with the

detrimental effects on the environment, it could

substrate in a mold, can make any number of

even be possible for the insulation to be ‘grown’ in

items in a very short time frame, without the need

the cavity of walls after construction or as a stage

for the immense heat that is needed to produce

in the prefabrication of mass timber wall panels

bricks or cement.

- although this idea is still in the development stages.

The process of production is simple and can

Internal and external elevations of prototype mycelium composite block structure - from vol. 01.

26.

INTERIOR ELEVATION 1:20 INTERIOR ELEVATION 1:20

EXTERIOR ELEVATION 1:20 EXTERIOR ELEVATION 1:20

SECTION 1:20

SECTION 1:20

MULTISTORY STRUCTURE GLULAM COLUMNS 300x100mm GLULAM BEAMS 300x100mm DOWEL LAMINATED TIMBER FLOOR PANEL 200x50mm WINDOW FRAMES FIXED TO GLULAM STRUCTURE

SUB-STRUCTURE MYCELIUM COMPOUND BLOCKS 500x250mm Molded to allow easy assembly Thermally Insulative 0.078W/(mk) Mass construction removes need for insulation, cladding, barriers, battens etc. thus reducing embodied carbon TIMBER INLAYS TO DIVERT WATER FROM SURFACE

GROUND FLOOR BUILDUP TIMBER FLOORING WOOD FIBRE INSULATION 150mm RECYCLED AGGREGATE CONCRETE SLAB & FOUNDATION SECTION 1:20

30% Coarse Recycled Aggregate (RCA) RECYCLED AGGREGATE CONCRETE UPSTAND To prevent structural elements from touching the ground

Section through prototype mycelium composite block structure - from vol. 01.

27.

LO W E M B O D I E D E N E R GY M AT E R I A L S Prototype Structural Language

ELEVATION 1:20

External elevation of prototype structure - from vol. 01.

28.

SECTION 1:20

MYCELIUM BASED PARTITION WALLS CONVENTIONAL TIMBER FRAME STRUCTURE MYCELIUM COMPOSITE INFILL PANELS Thermally Insulative 0.078W/(mk) Acoustically Insulative 75% @ 1000Hz

INTERFLOOR BUILDUP TIMBER FLOORING WOOD FIBRE INSULATION 60mm DOWEL LAMINATED TIMBER 200X50mm

EXTERIOR WALL BUILDUP DOWEL LAMINATED TIMBER 150X50mm MYCELIUM COMPOSITE INSULATION BLOCKS 200mm Thermally Insulative 0.078W/(mk) Acoustically Insulative 75% @ 1000Hz Makes use of local agricultural waste Grown in blocks/panels and assembled on site -or-

Grown as part of a prefabricated structural wall, binding itself to structural DLT

WOOD FIBRE BOARD 12mm

THATCH CLADDING WOVEN INTO TIMBER CASSETTE FRAME

VERTICAL BATTENS HORIZONTAL BATTENS VERTICAL TIMBER CLADDING Kebony Treated - Biobased Weatherproofing

GROUND FLOOR BUILDUP TIMBER FLOORING WOOD FIBRE INSULATION 150mm RECYCLED AGGREGATE CONCRETE SLAB & FOUNDATION SECTION 1:20

30% Coarse Recycled Aggregate (RCA)

Section through prototype structure of dlt w/ mycelium composite insulation - from vol. 01.

29.

LO W E M B O D I E D E N E R GY M AT E R I A L S Exploration of Material Properties

Embodied Carbon (kg/Co2e)

Fire Resistance

COMMENT

Insufficient Research

Assumed to be neutral or negative due to use of agricultural waste

SOU

Benjami (Interview: David the M

Rice hull & wheat grain based comBBC 4 Documen posites w/ 50 wt% glass fines have Story of Stuff: Mate Scorches doesn’t catch fire longest times to flashover.

Ag Carbnise without flame Produce less smoke than synthetic Jones, Mitchell et construction materials. low-cost mycelium Very low CO and CO2 production. struc

Elsacker, Elise e physical and chem tion of mycelium-b with different types subst

Flax: 0.0578 Hemp: 0.0404 Straw: 0.0419

Comparable to conventional insulations

Acoustic Insulation

70-75%

Even the lowest performing combination 100% cotton bur fibre yields better than 70-75% absorbency at 1000Hz

Water Absorption Rate (M(mm/s12)

Flax: 0.0113 Hemp: 0.0073 Straw: 0.0147

Compressive Strength (MPa) Load Capacity (KN/m)

14 MPa

Comparable to agglomerated cork (used in the cork house) which has a MPa of 10-20

Greensulate by ec composite

Ability for Reuse?

Demountable & Decompostable

Creates a truly circular economy; agricultural waste is made into bricks and returned to the earth at the end of its useful life.

Grinwald, Mikhail: Mushr

Effect on Air Quality

Safer and Cheaper than synthetic construction materials

During fire it produces less smoke than synthetic construction materials Very low CO and CO2 production Mycelium is no longer alive when once brick is fabricated and thus poses no risk to air quality.

Jones, Mitchell et low-cost mycelium struc

Cost

AU$40/m3 - 81/m3

as opposed to extruded polystyrene AU$491/m3 and particleboard AU$630/m3

Jones, Mitchell et low-cost mycelium struc

Negitave Elements

Difficult to source mycelium Need for sterile environment, incubation and baking (but at low temperature)

Thermal Conductivity W(mk)

30.

MYCELIUM

Pelletier, M.G. et study of mycelium absorbers grown by-product

Elsacker, Elise e physical and chem tion of mycelium-b with different types subst

DOWEL LAMINATED TIMBER

COMMENT

SOURCE

-1.2

Sequesters carbon if mass timber replaced steel on a global scale, it would cut carbon dioxide emissions by up to 20%.-Mass Timber Code Coalition

OneClick Life Cycle Analysis

2 Hours

can with hold flames of 9001000*c for 150minutes REI 120min F90

“This Is Wood100 - Thoma Holz”. Thoma Holz, 2020. https://www.thoma.at/ wood100/?lang=en.

et al. Mechanical, mical charachterisabased composites s of lignocellulosic trates

0.13

if buildup of wall is thick enough it can eliminate the need for additional insulation

“This Is Wood100 - Thoma Holz”. Thoma Holz, 2020. https://www.thoma.at/ wood100/?lang=en.

al. An evaluation m based acoustic n on agricultural t substrates

nrc of 0.70 w/

due to mass buildup

et al. Mechanical, mical charachterisabased composites s of lignocellulosic trates

Hygroscopic and thus can reduce indoor humidity levels by 35% RH

The timber allows for moisture to pass through the layers without condensing between them keeping humidity down and preventing condensation

“DLT | Dowel Laminated Timber | All Wood, Produced By Structurecraft”.

Structurecraft Builders, 2019. https://structurecraft. com/materials/mass-timber/ dlt-dowel-laminated-timber.

covative - mycelium e insulation

170mm = 195KN/m 250mm = 384KN/m

URCE

in, David Benjamin Breaks Mold)

ntary - The Secret erials of the Modern ge al. Waste derived m composite conction.

Figures for vertical elements!

Horizontal elements such as floors and roofs have slightly lower values

Simonson, Carey. Past and Future Research on Whole Building Heat, Air and Moisture Transfer “This Is Wood100 - Thoma Holz”. Thoma Holz, 2020. https://www.thoma.at/ wood100/?lang=en.

A Conversation on rooms

Demountable & Reusable

The elements can be taken apart and reused through the removal of the dowels at positions where there are joints

al. Waste derived m composite conction.

Absorbs VCO’s Hygroscopic

Healthier Indoor Environment Reduced Indoor Humidity

“Longin”. Longin.At. Accessed 10 January 2020. https://www.longin.at/.

€51-€42per single element

more expensive than timber frame but makes use of weaker timber and can be used to build much higher

Henderson, James. Brettstapel: An Investigation into the Properties and Merits of Brettstapel Construction

al. Waste derived m composite conction.

Inherent from the lack of use of adhesives or nails etc

Thicker wall buildup Less freedom of layout due to rigidity of placement of load bearing walls 31.

32.

03.

Methodology

C R E AT I N G A N I N V E N TO R Y F O R D U B L I N A Tara Street Case Study

Demolition in Ireland is not as prevalent as that

3) College Gate Apartments & Markievicz

noted in countries such as Japan, Germany,

Leisure Centre: 150 dwellings on Townsend

The United States or France. Ireland generally

Street housing scores of people, some who have

generates 2.54 million tonnes of construction

lived in the area for generations. The ground floor

and demolition waste each year whilst Germany

consists of a leisure centre and gym including

generates 72.4 million tonnes and France 85.65

pool, one of few in the city centre, used by

million tonnes7. A figure of 2.54 million tonnes may

numerous schools, families and individuals alike.

seem small beside that of other countries but if we

Its existence is a huge asset to the community

had the means to ensure the continued reuse of

and its demolition is highly contested by those

these materials rather than their systematic move

who live in and frequent the building.

to landfill, we would be in a position to hugely reduce our collective carbon emissions.

4) 2 Georgian Apartment Blocks: 4 storey red brick derelict blocks on Townsend Street, they are

Throughout research into impending demolition

a huge part of the historical fabric of the city, one

in Dublin, the fate of a number of buildings in the

which should be protected.

south inner city began to crop up again and again.

These buildings are all in the vicinity of the Tara

5) 4 duplex apartments: Townsend street,

Street DART station and their future is at risk due

housing for up to 8 families.

to the proposed development of a centralised hub for Metro North. Numerous feasibility studies

6) Former ESB headquarters: 5 storey office

have been completed by the council; none of

block

which have been successful in designing a way to incorporate the new travel hub without the demolition of these particular structures.

The buildings vary in terms of use, size, age and materiality and their demolition would see the loss of the rich cultural character they exude. The buildings earmarked for demolition include: 1) The Tara Building: A three storey structure on Tara Street housing art and culture spaces where community events of all sorts take place on a daily basis. Also includes coworking spaces.

2)A derelict site containing a three storey rundown concrete office block.

34.

Vectorworks Educational Version Each of these structures has a story and a

Vectorworks Educational Version reason to be saved; although if their demolition is inevitable - what can we do to ensure the history of those buildings is represented and their inherent material value is not lost. The wide range of building types, programmes, construction methods and ages of the buildings in this sample area allows it to act as a snapshot of what a citywide inventory might look like.

Through the mapping of their resources these buildings were used to create a small scale example of what an inventory of materials could be. Highlighting the huge variety of materials, fixtures and fittings which have the potential for reuse.

Vectorworks Educational Version Context map showing location of structures for demolition

1 TA R A

BUILDINGS

1

2 DERELICT

S I T E TA R A S T.

2

1

3 COLLEGE

2

G AT E A P A R T M E N T S

3

3 4

5

4

DERELICT APARTMENTS

5

DUPLEX APARTMENTS

6

FORMER ESB HQ

4

6 5

6 Context map showing location of structures for demolition

35.

C R E AT I N G A N I N V E N TO R Y F O R D U B L I N College Gate Apartments

Vectorwo

College Gate Apartments lie on the corner of Townsend Street and Luke Street, adjacent to the Tara Street station. The building consists of 150 apartments of different sizes as well as a ground floor leisure centre. The structure is one of the newest buildings to be earmarked for demolition in the area and therefore its constituent parts hold high material value which would be lost if traditional forms of demolition were to take place.

In order to quantify what might be lost, the process began with the breaking down of the facade into its various components such as windows, doors and cladding panels. The embodied energy of all visible facade elements was then calculated using figures available in the I.C.E. Database, curated by Bath University8, in order to create a snapshot of what the total embodied energy of the structure might be.

This was accomplished by calculating the area present of each material and multiplying it by that specific material’s embodied energy co-efficient in kgco2e/m2. This would then reach a figure such as 1,190kgco2e which is the embodied energy associated with one of the living room windows present in the building. This figure can then be multiplied out through all present cases of that

embodied energy of that structure.

The total embodied energy of this facade alone comes to 31,467 kgco2e, only a fraction of the building’s total associated embodied energy, quantifying the potential energy loss should this building be demolished - and the value of its components wasted.

36.

31,467 kgco2e

X17

for, ultimately reaching a figure for the total

Curtain Walling Panels

component until the whole building is accounted

1,860

kgco2e

*Sample calculations included in appendix*

kgco2e

Vectorworks Educational Ver Vectorworks Educational Version orks Educational Version

Vectorworks Vectorworks Educational Educational Version Version Vectorworks Educational Version nnVectorworks Vectorworks Educational Version Vectorworks Educational Version Educational Version Vectorworks Educational VersionV Vectorworks Educational

kgco2e

kgco2e

X292sqm

X5

Brick Cladding

2,375 158

kgco2e

Bathroom Window

717

kgco2e

X30

1,190

X8

Bedroom Window

1,174

X9

Projected Bay Window

X4

Wrap-Around Window

751

kgco2e

Bedroom Window

3,572

kgco2e kgco2e

X5

X22

Sliding Balcony Door

Glass Front Door

150

Living Room Window

kgco2e

X1

1,701

kgco2e

X1

Metal Side Door

7,455

X1

Garage Door

e

Elevation of College Gate Apartments - East

10,315

kgco2e kgco2e

Elemental depiction of facade components & associated levels of embodied energy

37.

Vectorworks Educational Version Vectorworks Educational Educational Version Version Vectorworks C R E AT I N G A N I N V E N T O R Y FEducational O R D U B Version LIN Vectorworks Red Brick Georgian Apartments Vectorworks Educational Version Vectorworks Educational Version

Roof Slates

This process was then completed for each of the

X20sqm

buildings earmarked for demolition at the Tara Street site. An building which is the antithesis

280

kgco2e

of the College Gate Apartments is that of the Georgian Apartments which face them; therefore

Brick Cladding

X142sqm

this building is a good example to give a well rounded view of the materials on offer. The

5,011

kgco2e

Georgian Apartment buildings are currently unoccupied but make up part of the historical fabric of the city, they are unlisted and therefore there is no preventative measures in place to

Brick Door Surround

preserve them. Through the careful dismantling of the structure and reuse of its components we are

X1

42

kgco2e

not only saving on increased carbon emissions but also conserving their associated historical and

Main Door

X1

cultural value.

41

kgco2e

The total embodied energy associated with the building’s main facade elements alone was calculated to be 5,946kgco2e, which if multiplied throughout the building would be significantly higher. By introducing these elements into the

Small Window

X3

18

kgco2e

inventory of materials for their subsequent reuse we are saving on the re-production of those components and therefore any multiplication of

Window Sill

X3

their associated embodied energy.

Large Window

X8

Window Sill

X8

Vectorworks Educational Version Vectorworks Educational Version

Vectorworks Educational Version Elemental depiction of facade componentsVectorworks & associated levels of embodied energy Educational Version *Sample calculations included in appendix* 38.

Vectorworks Educational Version

0

kgco2e

554

kgco2e

0

kgco2e

5,946

kgco2e

Vectorworks Educational Version

Elevation of Georgian Apartments - South

Vectorworks Educational Version 39.

C R E AT I N G A N I N V E N TO R Y F O R D U B L I N A Visual Representation

After determining the embodied energy of the

These include windows, doors (internal, fire and

main facade of the buildings, the whole structure

external), kitchen cabinets, bathroom fixtures

was then broken down into its constituent parts

and fittings, bricks, cladding elements, slates and

in order to visually represent all elements which

much more. This collection of materials is a small

have a potential to be reused. In this instance

scale example of what the makeup of a regional

the buildings are acting as a material bank, a

inventory might look like and thus would later act

temporary store of each of the components

as a reference point for the selection of materials

depicted in the graphics on the following pages.

during the design stage of the thesis.

College Gate Apartments

Vectorworks Educational Version

01. Sliding Balcony Door x31 02. Aluminum Garage Door x2 03. Curtain Wall Section x1 04. Curtain Wall Section x1 05. Exterior Security Door x2 06. Curtain Wall Section x1 07. Door Overhang x1 08. Curtain Wall Vectorworks Educational Version

Section with Door x1 09. Door Overhang x1 10. Lift Cubicles x2 11. Living Room Window x47 12. Apartment Front Door x70 13. Bedroom Window x52 14. Double Fire Door x11 15. Single Fire Door x23 16. Small Bedroom Window x30 17. Bathroom Window x9 18. Interior Door x213 19. Kitchen 1 Bed x31 20. Kitchen 2 Bed x36 21.

Kitchen 3 Bed x3 22. Ventilation Grate x12 23. Large Granite Cladding x80sqm 24. Sink & Toilet x70 25. Small Granite Cladding x128sqm 26. Brick x500sqm Breakdown of all reusable components from College Gate Apartments 40.

Visualisation of all reusable material components from College Gate Apartments 41.

C R E AT I N G A N I N V E N TO R Y F O R D U B L I N A Visual Representation

Georgian Apartments

Vectorworks Educational Version

Vectorworks Educational Version

01. Triple Bay Single Glazed Timber Framed Windows with Arched Top x12 [1575x1916mm] 02. Blue Painted Timber Front Door with Arched Top and Glass Panels x2 [2527x1441mm]

03. Natural Black Roof Slates

x160sqm 04. Granite Window Cill x12 [1773x127] 05. Granite Window Cill x48 [1129x127] 06. White UPVC Sash Windows with Arched Top x54 [1532x931] 07. Red Brick in Combined Bond x335sqm // Light Brick in Combined Bond x335sqm 08. Arched Brick Door Surround x2 [2046x303] 09. Timber Floor Joists x67 [200x75] 10. Timber Floor Boards x276 [150x20] 11. Partition Wall Studs x212 [100x50] 12.Angled Roof Rafters x52 [200x50] 13. Timber Ridge Beam x1 [500x100] Breakdown of all reusable components from Georgian Apartments

42.

Visualisation of all reusable material components from Georgian Apartments

43.

C R E AT I N G A N I N V E N TO R Y F O R D U B L I N A Visual Representation

Tara House

Vectorworks Educational Version Elevation of Tara House - West

Tara Building

Vectorworks Educational Version

Elevation of Tara Building - East

44.

Visualisation of all reusable material components from Tara Building

45.

I M P L E M E N TAT I O N The Stance of Dublin City Council

“To promote sustainable design and construction to help reduce emissions from the demolition and construction of buildings.9” - Dublin City Council Development Plan 2016-2022 (SIO20) In order to understand how a new methodology

amount of construction waste going to landfill, and

for design and construction might actually be

by how much might we reduce levels of embodied

adopted into regular use it is important to have

energy country-wide, if material management

a knowledge of current policies, and how they

plans were rolled out. It is possible that the

have been received and implemented. Dublin City

activation of this policy could act as a stepping

Council, in their development plan for 2016-2022

stone towards the introduction of a feasible and

outline numerous acts which address the current

usable methodology for reuse.

climate crisis, the most relevant is found in waste management section 9.5.5. Here it is stated that it is an objective of the council to ‘promote the reuse of building materials, recycling of demolition material and the use of material from renewable sources’. It is interesting that demolition waste is specifically included here, the reuse of demolition material in Ireland is not something which is widely practiced and therefore to see it highlighted in council policy is a promising sign for the welcome introduction of a new methodology for reuse in design.

The policy goes on to state that, in large developments ‘a material source and management plan showing type of materials/ proportion of reuse/recycled materials to be used shall be implemented by the developer.’ this is a measure which is rarely enacted, if ever, and is certainly not a prevalent step in the work of most practices in the country. This highlights a large gap which has opened between intention and activation. If this policy was to be enforced on a day to day basis what effect would it have on the

46.

“To promote the re-use of building materials,

recycling

of

demolition

material and the use of materials from

renewable

sources.

In

all

developments in excess of 10 housing units and commercial developments in excess of 1000 sq.m, a materials source and management plan showing type of materials/proportion of re-use/ recycled materials to be used shall be implemented by the developer.”

Dublin City Council Development Plan 2016-2022 (SIO17)

47.

I M P L E M E N TAT I O N Engaging the Community

Render showing intervention in-situ in Tara Street Station

An important element in securing the successful

Before committing to a full scale design project it

implementation of a new methodology for reuse

was decided to use awareness raising within the

is to ensure the public are well informed about,

community as a means to test the ideas raised

and supportive of the initiative. The public have

by the thesis thus far on a small scale. This small

tremendous sway in who makes the decisions and

scale project was intended as a means to involve

why they are made and therefore it is important to

the public so that they are aware of the changing

keep the public well informed on possible changes

fabric of their surroundings and how this is being

to policy, particularly if they are stakeholders or

dealt with on an administrative level.

are directly or indirectly affected by the process.

48.

Townsend Street

Plan of Tara Street Southern Concourse showing location of intervention

The concept for this project was an intervention

the ideas of circularity through media hung

which could be placed in the concourse of Tara

throughout it but also through the physicality of

Street station. This intervention would act as an

the intervention itself. The exhibition space would

exhibition space, informing the community of the

be constructed solely out of demolition waste

demolition which is due to occur on their door step

materials, in this instance it consists of elements

with this if a new methodology is not enacted

visually act as an example of the possibilities of a

which values the components of these buildings

circular approach to production.

Vectorworks Version and the potential wasteEducational that will be associated taken from the inventory of materials, in order to as a useful resource. The exhibition would explain

49.

I M P L E M E N TAT I O N Engaging the Community

TA R A S T R E E T S TAT I O N E X H I B I T

Framework College Gate Apartments Aluminimum garage door cut to use as framework Window 01 College Gate Apartments Living Room Window Window 02 Red Brick Georgian Large Window Window 03 Red Brick Georgian Small Window Window 04 Red Brick Georgian Small Window TA R A S T R E E T S TAT I O N E X H I B I T

Section BSection

B

1:25

Section C

1:25

Section D

1:25

Window 05 College Gate Apartments Balcony Door Window 06 College Gate Apartments Bathroom Window Window 07 College Gate Apartments 1/2 Balcony Door Window 08 College Gate Apartments Small Bedroom Window Bench College Gate Apartments Red Brick Georgian Assorted Sections of Brick Cladding

Section1:25 C

Section C

50.

Section D

1:25

Flooring Structure & Finish Red Brick Georgian Timbers from Partitions

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

Vectorworks Educational Version

Section A

B

A C

1

2.5 51.

PRECEDENTS The Lendager Group & ROTOR

The Lendager Group is an architectural practice

reduce emissions.

based in Denmark. Their design philosophies revolve around sustainability and the reuse of

More recently they continued this idea through

materials and therefore they have completed

the creation of Upcycle Studios, a collection

numerous buildings and projects which have

of terraced homes which incorporate recycled

provided great insight for the development of this

concrete, windows, glazing and timber; in order

thesis.

to create modern homes in a growing city which respond to the current climate crisis, whilst turning

The first of which being Resource Row, a complex

their backs on traditional forms of construction.

of apartments in Orestad, Denmark completed in 2019. Its innovative use of reused bricks for

ROTOR, a Belgian architecture practice who

the facade became an influential resource while

diversified during the recession when design

researching. work was limited. They began an initiative to Vectorworks Educational Version carefully dismantle structures which were due Upcycle House was one of the group’s first

to be demolished, salvaging the found material

completed projects in 2013. The material

and selling for low-cost on their website. The

components of the structure are carefully broken

model proved to work and is now an extremely

down, and each major element is second hand,

successful company dealing with reused materials

right down to the foundations. The building acts

on a daily basis.

as a beacon, an educational tool expressing what architecture could be, and can be in order to

Elevation of Resource Row - Lendager Group 52.

Vectorworks Educational Version

Panels of brick cladding cut from buildings during demolition. These panels are attached to a frame which is then supported by brackets and fixed back to the new building's structure.

Removes the need Educational for fabrication of Vectorworks Version new cladding systems and allows for the realisation of a brick exterior without adding to carbon emissions

Plan of Resource Row - Lendager Group

01

02

03

04

Axo of facade concept - Lendager Group 53.

PRECEDENTS The Lendager Group

Upcycle House aims to act as a benchmark for

conventional residential house. Not only does the

the use of recycled and upcycled materials in

house demonstrate the principles of a circular

construction as a means to reduce the structure’s

economy with regards to materials, it also employs

resultant carbon emissions. In this case the

a number of passive properties which reduce

architects succeeded in creating a building whose

the amount of operational energy required by the

carbon emissions were 86% less than that of a

structure.

Axo of Upcycle House - Lendeger Group

The CO2 emission from Upcycle House is 0,7 KG

a reduction of 5590 tons of CO2 per year if this

CO2/M2/YR compared to 5,0 KG CO2/M2/YR

form of construction were to be adopted country

for a benchmark house. 10,000 new homes are

wide10.

built in Denmark each year this would add up to

54.

Corrugated panels of recycled aluminum

Paper-wool insulation from old newspapers

45x195mm beams from recycled wood

Cladding panels from recycled paper Reused steel beams Recycled plastic/wood granulate patio flooring Stern of recycled paper Recycled windows Insulation chips from recycled glass Paper-wool insulation from old newspapers Recycled brick Table from repurposed floor boards Reused kitchen cabinets Recovered gypsum Glueless OSB from recycled timber Recycled 40x50mm timber studs Recycled 40x95mm timber joists 12m shipping container Insulation from granulated styrofoam fruit boxes Reused screw poles as point foundations

Exploded Axo of Upcycle House showing level of reused elements - Lendager Group

55.

On site mycelium brick production process using demolition and construction waste from site - Redhouse Architecture

56.

S U B S T R AT E S T E R A L I S AT I O N

CONSTRUCTION WASTE FROM DEMOLITION

B R E A K I N G D O W N O F M AT E R I A L S

PRECEDENTS Redhouse - On site mycelium brick fabrication

C O M B I N I N G S U B S T R AT E AND MYCELIUM IN MOLDS

REMOVAL FROM MOLD

M AT E R I A L I N C U B AT I O N

R E S U LTA N T B I O FA B R I C AT E D MYCELIUM COMPOSITES

57.

PROTOT YPE FOR INTERIM REVIEW Addressing the Limitations of Dowel Laminated Timber

Dowel laminated timber has negative levels of embodied energy due to timber’s ability to sequester carbon. In this regard it performs even better than other mass or laminate timber products as it does not rely on chemical adhesives or nails which produce VOC’s and have a lot of associated embodied carbon.

Its resulting ability to be easily fabricated and dismantled make DLT a prime example of a

Overall positives » Mass timber means no embodied energy. » Makes use of softwood abundant in Ireland, reducing emissions from transport. » Aesthetic properties mean no need for internal finishes, paint, plasterboard etc thus further reducing emissions.

material which is part of a circular economy.

» Thermal mass/insulative properties

But what are its limitations with regards to

» Good fire resistant properties.

multistorey structures and use in conjunction

» Easy to disassemble. - Circular economy

with repurposed materials? How might it be integrated into a methodology for reuse?

» Prefabricated, less time on site, ideal for Ireland (weather).

STEP Analysing site for usable elements

01

STEP

02

Consulting local inventory to determine primary materials and elements which are available for use

STEP

03

Supplementing with materials which have low/no embodied carbon

Structural Limitations Length - 18.4m Width - 3.7m Thickness - 100mm, 150mm, 200mm, 230mm, 300mm, 310mm Span roof - 18.2m Span floor - 9.8m

Functional Limitations » Load bearing walls means less adaptability

58.

Precedent

of space, both in original design and for

CF Moller, Tallest Timber Building in Sweden

future changes in use.

Demountable CLT - produces 550tonnes less

» Rigid floor plans

of CO2 in its lifetime as against concrete11

» Less scope for openings/glazing

Exploded Axo showing dlt construction

59.

Vectorworks Educational Version

PROTOT YPE FOR INTERIM REVIEW Embracing Flexibility whilst maintaining low levels of embodied carbon

Exploded Axo showing dlt construction with glulam

Use of glulam elements in locations where greater flexibility is sought

60.

Educational Version

Exploded Axo showing glulam construction with dlt slabs

Use of glulam vertical elements throughout with dlt floor plates

61.

PROTOT YPE FOR INTERIM REVIEW Testing Research in Design

A prototype for the development of live/work

low embodied energy materials such as the

apartments was created In order to test the

previously proposed system for construction

ideas and research accumulated to date

using dowel laminated timber. It acted as an

for interim review. This prototype took into

initial testing ground to trial ideas prior to

account the concepts of circularity through

working on the final concept.

the integration of reused components and

Vectorworks Educational Version Plan - first floor of prototype design

Vectorworks Educational Version

Plan - ground floor of prototype design

62.

Vectorworks Educational Version

Vectorworks Educational Version

Vectorworks Educational Version

Vectorworks Educational Version

Vectorworks Educational Version

Vectorworks Educational Version Axo of prototype design

63.

PROTOT YPE FOR INTERIM REVIEW Testing Research in Design

Vectorworks Educational Version

M YC E L I U M C O M P O S I T E I N S U L AT I O N

made using sawdust from substandard reclaimed timber elements.

D LT S T R U C T U R E

RECLAIMED WINDOWS

doubled up to comply with regulations college gate apartments R E P U R P O S E D B AT H R O O M ELEMENTS

college gate apartments RECLAIMED BRICK PANELS

georgian apartments

D LT S TA I R C A S E

S H E LT E R E D O V E R H A N G AT S T R E E T

W I N D O W S E AT

georgian apartment floor boards RECLAIMED FLOOR BOARDS

georgian apartment facade

Vectorworks Educational Version

Axo of prototype design - ground floor layout

64.

Vectorworks Educational Version

M YC E L I U M C O M P O S I T E I N S U L AT I O N

made using sawdust from substandard reclaimed timber elements.

D LT S T R U C T U R E

RECLAIMED WINDOWS

doubled up to comply with regulations college gate apartments GR ANITE FACADE PANELS

REPURPOSED KITCHEN CABINETS

college gate apartments

D LT S TA I R C A S E

WINTER GARDEN

used as extra room providing thermal properties or balcony with windows open

W I N D O W S E AT

georgian apartment floor boards RECLAIMED BRICK PANELS

georgian apartment facade college gate apartment facade

Vectorworks Educational Version

Axo of prototype design - first floor layout

65.

66.

04.

Design as a Vehicle for Testing Hypotheses

CHOOSING A SITE Feasibility Study

2 5

11

4 6

3

1

Image of Dublin showing potential sites for consideration

68.

8

9 10 7

69.

CHOOSING A SITE Feasibility Study

01 D O L P H I N ’ S

B A R N S T.

02

CORK ST

0

Site Condition

Site Condition

S

Boundary

Boundary

B

3no. derelict 2 storey flat roofed buildings to south of site

5 storey building to north 2 storey building to west south/east - unobstructed

Large L-shaped industrial building 3 storeys

4 storey residential building to south & east New development to west North - unobstructed

North

P Primarily residential

Surrounding Building Scale

Immediate neighbours do not exceed 4 storeys. Close - 7

Access

2no. primary roads to south and east

Access

1no. primary roads to north 1no. lane way to west

1.9km

70.

A

3 n

D

A

L Amenities

Weaver Park/Gym/Polonez

P

B

P u b l i c Tr a n s p o r t

Bus

A C

Distance to O’Connell Bridge

Amenities

Spar / Take-Aways

S

2

Distance to O’Connell Bridge

2.61km

S

Surrounding Building Use

Surrounding Building Scale

Adjacent to multistorey apartment complexes - <12 storeys

O

Orientation

Surrounding Building Use

Primarily residential

H s

S

Orientation

South

9 s

P u b l i c Tr a n s p o r t

Bus

h

d

03

MONTPELIER HILL

Site Condition

9no, dilapidated buildings throughout site inc. large Georgian residence.

Boundary

Housing estate to east south/west/north - unobstructed Orientation

South/west

Surrounding Building Use

Primarily residential

Surrounding Building Scale

Adjacent to housing estates-2 storeys Criminal courts-8 storeys/Phoenix Pk Access

3no. primary roads to south, west & north Distance to O’Connell Bridge

2.42km

Amenities

Londis/Take-Aways/Hotel P u b l i c Tr a n s p o r t

Bus

04

BRIDGEFOOT ST

Site Condition

Completely clear Boundary

4 st. Mixed use Georgian to south 4 st. Residential apartments to west Orientation

North/east

Surrounding Building Use

Mixed use & residential

Surrounding Building Scale

Adjacent to 7 storey residential Adjacent to 5 storey mixed use Access

1no. primary road to east 1no. secondary road to north Distance to O’Connell Bridge

1.52km

Amenities

Short walk to all amenities P u b l i c Tr a n s p o r t

Bus/luas

71.

CHOOSING A SITE Feasibility Study

07

WERBURGH ST

Site Condition

Completely clear

08

NORTH CIRCULAR RD

Site Condition

2no. 3 storey georgian buildings to east of site

Boundary

Carparks to both east and north Orientation

Unobstructed to east/north/west Surrounding Building Use

Residential/ecclesiastical

Surrounding Building Scale

Adjacent to 5-6 storey residential buildings

Boundary

6 storey new residential to north 4 storey georgian residential to west Orientation

South/south-east Surrounding Building Use

Residential

Surrounding Building Scale Access

1no. primary road to west 1no. secondary road to south

Adjacent to 6 storey residential buildings/flats Access

Distance to O’Connell Bridge

906.27m

Amenities

Short walk to all amenities P u b l i c Tr a n s p o r t

Bus/Luas

2no. primary roads to east and south Distance to O’Connell Bridge

1.3km

Amenities

Spar/Pharmacy/Mt. Joy Sq Park P u b l i c Tr a n s p o r t

72.

Bus

05 05

BBEENNBBUURRBB SSTT

SSi it tee CCoonnddi itti ioonn

1no, dilapidated dilapidated building building to to north north of of 1no, site site

06

0

M MO O LLY YN NE EU X YA R D

C oo nn dd ii tt ii oo nn SSii ttee C

S

6no. 1 1 storey storey outbuildings outbuildings & sheds 6no. throughout site site throughout

C

B BBoouunnddaarryy

Mixed Mixed Mixed Mixed

use use use use

Georgian fabric fabric to to east east Georgian 4 st. new to west 4 st. new to west

OOrri ieennt taatti ioonn

South/north South/north

SSuurrrroouunnddi inngg BBuui il lddi inngg UUssee

Commercial/mixed use use Commercial/mixed

SSuurrrroouunnddi inngg BBuui il lddi inngg SSccaallee

Adjacent to to 5-6 5-6 storey storey residential residential Adjacent buildings buildings AAcccceessss

1no. secondary secondary road road to to south south 1no.

Luas/pedestrian road to north Luas/pedestrian road to north DDi isst taannccee ttoo OO’ ’CCoonnnneel ll l BBrriiddggee

395.28m 395.28m

AAmmeenni it ti ieess

Short walk walk to to all all amenities amenities Short PPuubbl li icc TTrraannssppoorrtt

Bus/Luas Bus/Luas

BBoo uu nn dd aa rr yy

Church & & Church Mixed use Mixed use

C grounds to to grounds residential residential

north north to to west

O

U

O rr ii ee nn tt aa tt ii oo nn O

S

East/South East/South

R

B uu ii ll dd ii nn gg U U ss ee SSuu rr rr oo uu nn dd ii nn gg B

S S

Residential/mixed use use Residential/mixed

A A b b

B uu ii ll dd ii nn gg S S cc aa ll ee SSuu rr rr oo uu nn dd ii nn gg B

Adjacent to to 4 4 storey storey residential residential Adjacent buildings/flats buildings/flats

A A

1 1 1 1

AAcc cc ee ss ss

1no. secondary secondary road road to to south south 1no.

1no. lane way to east 1no. lane way to east

D D

9 9

D ii ss tt aa nn cc ee tt oo O O ’’ C C oo nn nn ee ll ll B B rr ii d dg g ee D

A A

1.4km 1.4km

S S

m ee nn ii tt ii ee ss AAm

P P

Short walk walk to to all all amenities amenities Short

B B

PPuu bb ll ii cc TTrr aa nn ss pp oo rr tt

Bus/Luas Bus/Luas

73.

CHOOSING A SITE Feasibility Study

09MMOOSSSS SSTT 09

10 MMOOSSSS SSTT 10

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on ud n idni g n gB B n gU U SS u ru rr or u u iul idl idni g s es e

on ud n idni g n gB B n gU U SS u ru rr or u u iul idl idni g s es e

on ud n idni g n gB B n gS S SS u ru rr or u u iul idl idni g c ac lael e

on ud n idni g n gB B n gS S SS u ru rr or u u iul idl idni g c ac lael e

c se ss s AA cce

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ac ne c et ot oO O one n lel l lB B de ge DD i si tsat n ’ C’ C on r irdi g

ac ne c et ot oO O one n lel l lB B de ge DD i si tsat n ’ C’ C on r irdi g

e intiitei se s AA mm en

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Pb u lbi lci cT rTar n a sn p so p ro tr t Pu

Pb u lbi lci cT rTar n a sn p so p ro tr t Pu

1no,dilapidated dilapidatedmixed mixeduse/industrial use/industrial 1no, buildingtotonorth northofofsite site building

1no.3 3storey storeymixed mixeduse usebuilding building&& 1no.

1no.

3 storey residential building 1no. 3 storey residential building toto east east

South/west South/west

Commercial/office/mixeduse use Commercial/office/mixed

Adjacenttoto5-6 5-6storey storeyresidential residential Adjacent buildingsand and9-12 9-12storey storeyoffices offices buildings

2no.primary primaryroads roadsnorth northand andwest west 2no.

1no. secondary road to south 1no. secondary road to south

395.28m 395.28m

Fewimmediate immediateamenities amenities Few

Bus/luas Bus/luas

74.

3no.derelict derelict4 4storey storeygeorgian georgianresiresi3no. dentialbuildings buildings dential

1no.5 5storey storeyoffice officeblock blocktotoeast east 1no.

5no.shed/industrial shed/industrialbuildings buildingstoto 5no. south south

South(barsheds)/west/north sheds)/west/north South(bar

Commercial/office/mixeduse use Commercial/office/mixed

Adjacenttoto5-6 5-6storey storeyresidential residential Adjacent buildingsand and9-12 9-12storey storeyoffices offices buildings

1no.primary primaryroad roadtotowest west 1no.

1no. secondary road to north 1no. secondary road to north

391.69m 391.69m

Fewimmediate immediateamenities amenities Few

Bus/luas Bus/luas

11

SMITHFIELD

Site Condition

Completely clear Boundary

4 storey building to east, luas to south Orientation

South/west

Surrounding Building Use

Residential/industrial/commercial Surrounding Building Scale

Adjacent to 8 storey & 4-5 storey buildings Access

1no. access road to west 1no. secondary road to north Distance to O’Connell Bridge

1250m

Amenities

Short walk to all amenities P u b l i c Tr a n s p o r t

Bus/Luas/Train/DART

75.

CHOOSING A SITE Smithfield

After much deliberation it was a site at Smithfield

site which is now horded off, presumably for

which became the focal point of the thesis. This

development. It has direct access to the Luas stop

site is located in a bustling part of the city, next

and boarders the Smithfield Square to its west

to a constantly busy vein of connectivity - the

side.

Smithfield Luas stop. Its accessibility to the city centre and a range of adjacent services

The pinpointing of a site has proven to be an

meant that the use of this site would prove to

exercise in decision making rather than a mission

be extremely interesting as the building and

intrinsic to the development of the project. This is

programme respond to their surroundings.

because a site was needed as a vehicle to test the ideas and hypothesis raised throughout the year,

The site itself lies to the west of one of Jameson’s

rather than the site itself being a primary element

distillery buildings on their former carpark, a

of the thesis development.

View of site from south-west

View of site from north-west

76.

Aerial view showing location of site in context

Aerial view showing site boundary

77.

CHOOSING A SITE Smithfield

View of site from west looking down luas tracks

View of site from north-west - Pierre Long

View of site from south - Pierre Long

View of site from south across luas tracks

78.

View of site from south-west - Pierre Long

View of site from south - Pierre Long

Initial site analysis

Smithfield Square once provided space for

square lifeless throughout much of the day - with

bustling markets in the heart of industrial Dublin,

no reason to stop within its boundaries and

although the fabric of its boundaries has changed

permeate the space.

tremendously throughout the decades. Now the square is flanked by multistorey residential blocks

Additions to the square should therefore be

whose boundary at street level is completely

permeable at the ground floor whilst relating to

impermeable - which in turn has rendered the

this great space.

79.

THE BRIEF

The ultimate goal of the semester was to design

matter the programme of the1resulting building.

2

a building which would act as an embodiment of

This is because the building itself should be

the research and thesis hypotheses which had

flexible in its design, with its programme adapting

been concluded throughout the semester thus

to suit the needs of those who use it.3 4

far. This meant that the design of a building would

5

therefore be a vehicle for the testing of these ideas

The resulting building therefore took on the

rather than the building itself being the pinnacle of

programme of a collection of live/work spaces;

the thesis.

this, coupled with the reservation of the ground

6

floor for community programming would allow the It was important however that the designed

building to explore how the methodology might be

structure could express that the proposed

implemented on a domestic scale as well as on a

Context Map 1:10,000

Site Plan 1:5,000

methodology for reuse could be enacted no

more public or commercial scale.

R E S O U

A METHODOLOGY FOR REUSE

R E C Y C

L E N D A

A METHODOLOGY FOR REUSE

01 A R C H I T E C T A P P O I N T E D 02 S I T E C H O S E N 03 S I T E A N A L Y S I S RESOURCE MAPPING

existing structures mapped and useful elements inventorised

M O R E E L E M E N T S R E A D I LY AVAILABLE FOR REUSE

M AT E R I A L P A S S P O R T S

KEPT LOCAL - LESS NEED FOR TRANSPORT

04 C O U N C I L

05 S U P P L E M E N T

INVENTORY

WITH LOW/NO E M B O D I E D E N E R GY M AT E R I A L S

choose useful elements for the desired programme from this catalogue of materials

D LT Mycelium Composites Cellulose Insulation Timber Hempcrete

construction waste & viable elements/materials after deconstruction are collected and inventorised

06

D E S I G N F O R D I S A S S E M B LY

C R E AT I O N O F M O R E LOCAL JOBS

Graphic explaining Methodology for Reuse

Wa l l A s s e m b

80.

Each apartment is based on optimum sizes

playroom or more.

published by the department of environment, community and local government, but exceeds

The addition of this unprogrammed space further

these through the introduction of additional

employs the idea of a circular approach to

unprogrammed space to each home. This

construction by allowing each apartment scope

unprogrammed space adds between 10 and

to adapt and change to the needs of the residents

30sqm to the apartment depending on the

on a number of different scales.

number of bedrooms and can be used in any

At this point the original methodology for reuse

manner the residents see fit. Its primary use

was revisited and the salient points extracted

may be a studio but it could also be used as an

in order to form a clear objective for what the

extra bedroom, living space, granny flat, office,

ensuing building should entail.

THESIS MANIFESTO

01. The consideration from the outset of the reuse of 04. Designing for disassembly through the independent materials and elements from the inventory.

layering of building elements and the use of dry connections which are demountable and can be

02. The supplementation of these reused elements

easily taken down and reused.

with new materials which have little to no embodied energy - keeping the overall energy expenditure neutral or negative.

05. Designing for adaptability including provision for the ease of restructuring rooms, easily accessible services, provision of ample storage, configuration

03. The implementation of carbon neutral structural

of circulation and grouping of servant spaces,

elements such as timber and the paralleled

demountable cladding panels, dry connections,

reduction of the use of newly fabricated concrete,

layering of elements, provision for dormant capacity

steel and masonry where possible.

and utalisation of standardised elements to allow for easy replacement or upgrading

81.

THE BRIEF

The brief for this project is to design a structure which embraces the ethos of circularity. The aim is to develop a building whereby its embodied energy is significantly lower than that of similar structures built in recent times. This reduction of embodied energy will come from the implementation of the reuse of materials, fixtures and fittings from demolition sites, which would otherwise have gone to landfill. These materials will them be supplemented where needed, by newly manufactured low embodied energy materials such as timber structural elements and cellulose insulation. All reused materials should come from regional inventory of materials so that their origin and makeup is known and can be traced.

In order to counteract the limitations imposed on the project through the reuse of materials, the building’s fabric and structural language should adapt in order to ensure the building may perform to the best of its ability despite any anticipated limitations thermally or otherwise. The aesthetic language of the building should not be compromised by the reuse of materials but instead this act of repurposing should create a distinct character for the building which allows it to respond to and sit well within its immediate and extended context.

The building should embrace all aspects of circularity through the designed capacity for adaptability and change. Services should be easily accessed for maintenance and future re-installation and service voids should be large enough to accommodate future additions should the building programme change. Structure should be kept to external walls where possible in order to provide open floor plans which can be subdivided and changed depending on the needs of the current building programme. Connections between building elements should always be dry connections, and should therefore be easily reversible in order to aid the disassembly of the structure and reuse of its elements elsewhere should the building come to the end of its useful life. Dormant capacity should also be designed into the structure where possible in order to ensure the building has the structural capacity to allow for the addition of units or extra floors as time goes on and needs change.

In developing a structure which can adapt to house a number of different uses over its lifetime, drawings produced must depict one of these programmes of use therefore I have chosen to develop a set of live-work apartments and duplex’. The choice to design the building in this manner will hopefully showcase the concept that the structural language and materiality of the design can adapt from the most private and intimate of settings, the home, through a number of iterations and also accommodate the more public programmes of studios, offices, retail or commercial.

82.

Schedule of Accommodation Areas to be included for one block of accommodation of three on the site: Ground Floor: Public Coworking Space - 170sqm Adjacent Café - 75sqm

café to relate to coworking space and luas stop/public square Unprogrammed space, open to exterior, planted - 75sqm

space that is unprogrammed at the offset but is then free to be enclosed and utilised at any stage

this space would begin as a covered extension of the public square Additional ground floor accommodation which may be provided after the construction of phases 2 & 3: Additional unprogrammed space, open to exterior, planted - 140sqm

May be used for public gatherings, events etc.

Storage and associated facilities for residents - 75sqm Gallery/ Community event space - 100sqm *Sizing parameters taken from Sustainable Urban Housing 4no. 2 Bedroom Duplex’ with studio space - 100sqm

Apartment Guidelines

Living/Dining/Kitchen - 26sqm Total living area - 56sqm Studio Space/ Unprogrammed Space Living Space- 30sqm for use as work space as one large studio space, divided into offices or used as additional living space and extra bedroom

Bathroom - 4sqm Bedroom 01 - 11.4sqm Bedroom 02 - 11.4sqm

[Balcony/Winter Garden - 10 sqm] 2no. 3 Bedroom Duplex’ with office space - 100sqm Living/Dining/Kitchen - 31sqm Office Space/ Unprogrammed Space Living Space- 10sqm Bathroom - 4sqm Bedroom 01 - 11.4sqm Bedroom 02 - 11.4sqm Bedroom 03 - 7.1sqm

[Balcony/Winter Garden - 10 sqm]

Total living area - 41sqm

3no. 1 Bedroom Duplex’ with Studio space - 62sqm Living/Dining/Kitchen - 30sqm Studio Space/ Unprogrammed Space Living Space- 17sqm Bathroom - 4sqm Bedroom 01 - 11.4sqm

[Balcony/Winter Garden - 10 sqm]

Total living area - 47sqm

1no. Communal Amenity Area- 62sqm

Meeting rooms / break-out spaces etc

Roof Garden - planted community roof garden/urban farm

to be programmed like this until time comes that further floors need to be added 83.

SY S T E M AT I C L AY E R I N G

Designing out obsolescence: “Literature on retrofitting has tended to focus on how to retrofit existing buildings, rather than how initial design decisions can facilitate or hinder retrofitting later in a building’s life cycle.12” The retrofitting of buildings has become, in recent

each other, on a cyclical basis.

years, the pinnacle for sustainable design in the realm of architecture. The idea of adaptive reuse

This is particularly important when it comes to

has been thrown back and forward as architects

services. The technology behind a building’s

begin to tackle the transformation of existing

services such as heating and cooling elements,

structures into something relevant for today.

electricity, lighting and ventilation is constantly

This transformation of obsolete spaces has been

being updated as more efficient, cost effective

paired with the idea that the energy expenditure

and energy saving methods are found. Therefore,

associated with their adaptation is significantly

if a building’s makeup prevents its owners from

smaller than that which would be associated with

actively maintaining and updating its services

their demolition and subsequent new build in their

the building will soon become obsolete - unfit

place.

for further use. Furthermore, the specification of standardised elements within each of these

How much easier, more efficient and

interdependent layers allows for the easy location

environmentally friendly might this process be if

and replacement of these parts should they get

we designed from the offset with the possibility

damaged.

for future retrofit in mind? In order to design in a manner which would make the future retrofit and therefore adaptation of a structure as simple as possible it is important to take a number of factors into account. The most pressing of which being the independent layering of structural systems, services and fittings in order to ensure each component can be easily maintained, replaced,

Skin

added to or removed with little to no upset of adjacent layers.

Struc ‘It is helpful to think of a building as a collection of shearing layers, each of which have different life

Servi

cycles’ and thus, in order to prevent the building 13

becoming obsolete in parallel with its component which has the shortest life cycle - each element must be easy to maintain, interdependently of 84.

Initial concepts on systematic layering in relation to design

cture

ices

Graphic explaining the idea of systematic layering (Brand. 2012)

I N I T I A L C O N C E P T S O N S Y S T E M AT I C L AY E R I N G

Skin

Skin Sub-Structure

Services

Structure

Services Structure

85.

SY S T E M AT I C L AY E R I N G A Double Skin Facade

Following on from the research previously

laminated those elements, which would in-turn,

conducted into the merits of using dowel

increase the building’s overall levels of embodied

laminated timber as a structure’s primary

energy. However if the structure was to be

structural component, it was clear that this should

constructed solely in DLT its structural limitations

be employed as the building’s main structural

would mean only a much smaller building could be

language. It was important that dlt could be used

produced which - as a result could cater to only a

in so far as possible without it becoming a barrier

restricted range of programmes and uses.

to design. This would ensure a balance could be made between the positive aspects of the

Through the introduction of glue laminated

structural systems’ low embodied energy and the

elements into the structural strategy they can

inherent limitations of its use due to the size of

be employed where needed rather than their

prefabricated panels and their associated spans.

structural capacity being wasted. This means, in locations such as the ground floor, where more

The DLT primary structure would therefore be

community centric programmes may be placed,

supplemented with an external sub-structure of

the glulam can be employed in order to provide

glulam fins and beams. The two structural systems

taller floor to ceiling heights and larger spans,

work together to counteract limitations. If glulam

allowing the building and its structure to adapt to

were to be employed throughout the structure

accommodating varying programmes over time,

with beams on every floor etc., a huge amount of

thus extending the building’s overall life cycle.

additional adhesive would be needed in order to

01. Exterior Substructure of Glulam Fins

06. Sheathing Board

02. Recycled Glazing/ Recycled Windows

07. Recycled Timber Battens

Layer 01: Fixed between glulam fins Layer 02: Fixed in opening of DLT structure

03. Window Seat Depth between the two facade layers can allow for provision of a window seat when the internal window is open by bridging the void

04. Balcony Increased depth of facade between primary and secondary structure allow for provision of a balcony where a door is provided in the internal structure

05. Reclaimed Cladding Panels Fixed to recycled timber battens which are slotted into glulam fins (dry connection)

86.

08. Cellulose or Mycelium Insulation 09. Service Void 10. DLT Primary Structure Space promotes thermal capacity of building through the heating of the air inside it and also allows for services to be run independently of the structure

11. Ground floor use of glulam beam Allows for a change in scale on floors where uses are different such as a ground floor community space

12. Stone footings Timber resting on stone footings to visually ground the project and keep timber elements off the ground.

01.

02.

08.

03.

01.

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09.

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Section showing double skin facade concept 87.

Vectorworks Educational Version SY S T E M AT I C L AY E R I N G Initial Concepts on Systematic Layering

01.

01.

Exterior Substructure of Glulam Fins 07.

02.

Recycled Glazing/ Recycled Windows Layer 01: Fixed between glulam fins Layer 02: Fixed in opening of DLT structure

03.

Window Seat Depth between the two facade layers can allow for provision of a window seat when the internal window is open by bridging the void

04.

Reclaimed Cladding Panels

08.

02.

03.

09.

Fixed to recycled timber battens which are slotted into glulam fins (dry connection)

06.

05.

Sheething Board

06.

Recycled Timber Battons

07.

Celulose or Mycelium Insulation

08.

Service Void

04.

09.

DLT Primary Structure

05.

Space promotes thermal capacity of building through the heating of the air inside it and also allows for services to be run independently of the structure

08.

10.

Ground floor use of glulam beam Allows for a change in scale on floors where uses are different such as a ground floor community space

02.

10.

Initial concepts on layering - section through glazing

88.

Vectorworks Educational Version

Vectorworks Educational Version Vectorw

01.

07.

06.

09.

08.

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05.

08.

02.

10.

Initial concepts on layering - section through cladding

Initial concepts on layering - expansion of void

89.

Vectorworks Educational Version Vectorw

SY S T E M AT I C L AY E R I N G A Self-Supporting Facade

void itself. The air within it heating up through

due to the reuse of certain elements from the

exposure to the winter sun, would add an

doubling up of reused elements such as glazing which would, if left singly not perform well enough to comply with standards.

The ability of the external layer of glulam to support cladding and an additional layer of glazing means that it acts as a self supporting facade, an idea trialled recently by Amin Taha in his design for Clerkenwell Close (2017). This interdependent layering means that the structure and substructure can be moved as close to each other as needed but also can be removed from each other, allowing for the creation of a void - an intangible supplementary layer.

This void also helps to overcome any limitations which come with the reuse of materials. The void allows for the integration of increased amounts of insulation, which, when paired with the thermal mass of the DLT would increase the thermal performance of the building, thus reducing its operational energy over time.

The use of a low embodied energy insulation in this instance such as a mycelium composite or cellulose/ wood fibre insulation would allow for the increase in the insulations’ depth whilst ensuring no increase in associated energy expenditure would occur.

Construction Separate Living Elements

Exploded axos showing structural system 90.

01/23/07

DATE

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forms a double skin facade which facilitates the

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inventory of materials. Their coupling essentially

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tackling the limitations which are brought forward

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skin facade is bolstered by the properties of the

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embraces the idea of systematic layering whilst

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underpinned by the implementation of a double

SCALE (@ A1)

substructure to the dowel laminated timber

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providing natural cooling throughout the building.

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escape through vents at the top of the building,

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with the idea that the uninterrupted void could

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additional thermal concept to the structure, along

Removable cladding panels fixed between the glulam substructure allow for easy access to the

This void, running the perimeter of the building

service void at any time, facilitating their timely

acts as a natural home for services. The

maintenance and thus extending the useful life of

positioning of services in this manner means that

the building.

they adhere to the concept of interdependent layering and thus are not fixed within the structural

Construction Primary Structure (DLT) & Substructure (Glulam)

Phase 01 With Inbuilt Dormant Capacity 5

25

91.

SY S T E M AT I C L AY E R I N G Dormant Capacity

“Although some approaches for designing adaptability into buildings increased initial construction costs by an average of one to two percent, in most cases these additional costs were recouped at the building’s first refurbishment cycle.”14 Dormant capacity addresses the idea that at

future construction of additional levels to the top of

the time of building - additional measures can

the building, should the need arise.

be taken in order to ensure that alterations

The height of a dowel laminated structure would

can be made to the structure easily should the

usually be limited to about 6 to 7 stories. However,

building’s programme need to change or expand.

through the pairing of the DLT and glulam,

These measures could include the integration

this height restriction can be exceeded by the

of additional lintels into a building’s facade as

incremental implementation of the structural

a means of predetermining the future need for

capacity of the glulam frame.

increased glazing. The cost implications involved in this are menial when the process is absorbed

This capacity is exploited after six DLT floors

into the building’s initial construction, as apposed

have been constructed, allowing for the stacking

to the high costs that would ensue should this

of additional prefabricated DLT floors on top of

task be undertaken years after project completion.

this. In theory this could occur twice more on top

Other measures which fall under the concept

of the original fabric of the building, bringing the

of dormant capacity include the over-provision

total height of the structure to 18 stories. This is

of electrical sockets and unfilled conduits in a

the height of the recently completed Mjøstårnet

structure whose programme may change in the

in Brumunddal, Norway by Voll Arkitekter which

future to either offices or live-work spaces.

employs a secondary glulam structure to its exterior, allowing for the stacking of mass timber

The dimensions of selected vertical timber fins

elements inside it - to a height never before

on the east and west facades of each structural

achieved by mass timber construction.

block have been increased to allow them to act structurally, taking on the vertical loading of the

Although a building of this height is possible and

structure as a whole, rather than solely the facade

the capability of the structure to implement it is

elements. This allows the structural capacity of

calculated into the loading. it would not be fitting

the glulam components to be exploited when

to have a structure of this height in the environs

needed throughout the building, as is seen on

of Smithfield Square. Therefore it is proposed

the ground floor where taller ceiling heights are

that the structure be 6 stories over ground floor

bigger than dlt would allow, in order to cater for

with dormant capacity available for the addition

differing programmes. Glulam beams run between

of a further 2-4 stories, brining the total possible

these structural fins, supporting the loads from

stories at smithfield to 10 over ground floor.

the DLT above. The structural glulam elements are calculatedly oversized, this is to allow for the

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Phase 01 Phase 01 Phase 01 With InbuiltWith Dormant InbuiltCapacity Dormant With Inbuilt Capacity Dormant Capacity

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Phase 02 Phase 02 Phase 02 With Additional With Additional Capacity With &Capacity Programme Additional & Programme Capacity & Program

Exploded axos showing dormant capacity

Vectorworks Educational Version

Photograph of Mjøstårnet (archdaily.com)

Vectorworks Educational Version

Plan showing initial structural concept

93.

F U N C T I O N A L L AY E R I N G Ground Floor - Public

After developing a clear structural language for the project, the form of the buildings took shape soon after. Two blocks are staggered over the site with the potential for a third to mirror the first at the top of the site when need for additional space is seen. Each block consists of two paired interdependent structural elements with a core of vertical circulation sandwiched between them. The core is a separate structural entity and remains external throughout. The threshold between exterior and interior space occurs at the front door of each apartment.

In terms of programme, the building exploits the idea of layering once again, this time a functional layering concept is applied. This means that the most public spaces reside on the ground floor in order to engage and populate the site and surrounding areas. Spaces then become more private as you move from ground floor, to vertical circulation, to shared landing and finally to the apartment - either the semi-private studio spaces or private living areas.

Community interaction at ground level was deemed essential in order to counteract the impenetrable nature of the ground floor boundaries of surrounding buildings. The hope is that the site would be used as a through-way by those accessing the luas and that they may pause while they wait, ensuring the continued population of the site throughout the day.

Ground Floor Plan of proposed structures in context 94.

Vectorworks Educational Version

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Vectorworks Educational Version

25 95.

F U N C T I O N A L L AY E R I N G Ground Floor

The staggering of the blocks creates two distinct public plazas. One relating to the adjacent luas stop and the other extending the thoroughfare of Smithfield Square. The southernmost structure houses a café and coworking areas for use by the public. The café has a direct relationship to the luas stop and a covered colonnade encourages people to use the site on their journey to and from the luas.

Vertical Circulation Café

The threshold to the east is more delicate as it

Coworking Space

is adjacent to the neighbouring building. Here

Storage for Residents

quieter and less used functions have been

Covered Outdoor Space

placed such as lockups and storage areas for

Bathroom

the residents of the above apartments. Once again a colonnade has been employed, this time to provide an acoustic break between the two buildings.

Vectorworks Educational Version

Additional space on the ground floor has been left unprogrammed, these areas become an extension of the public squares and provide sheltered recreational space to the community.

Seating is positioned through the square so that these covered areas may be employed as outdoor performance spaces for the public to utilise. The idea of dormant capacity is once again brought in, as these covered outdoor areas have the potential to be enclosed and used as retail outlets or community spaces should the need arise.

Urban farming plots populate the space where a third set of apartments may be built, covering foundations laid during the first phase of construction.

Ground Floor Plan of proposed structures in context 96.

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F U N C T I O N A L L AY E R I N G First Floor - Private / Semi-Public

In order to allow for the activation of the entire

elements. The staircase itself is accessible to

floor plan, the span of the DLT structure runs from

anyone using the building, however the circulation

south to north across each of the independent

space beyond the threshold of the staircase is

structural blocks. This is a span of 6.4m, a

reserved only for those who reside on that floor.

distance which is well within the capabilities of

This provides a gradation of spaces from public

DLT whose furthest achievable span is 9.8m15.

to private but also allows this space to become

Therefore, load bearing DLT fin walls flank the

an extension of the living area, a shared outdoor

long axes of each structural element. This internal

space where neighbours can meet and gather.

structural arrangement allows the residents to alter the layout of their spaces to suit their needs, without disturbing the integrity of the building. In addition to the layout of each apartment being changed, two apartments may be converted into one through the removal of the non- loadbearing DLT wall which runs between them. This wall consists of two separate leaves of DLT with insulation between in order to provide acoustic separation between apartments. The wall can be removed in panels and reused elsewhere in the building.

The floor shown is an example of the first floor of the block furthest south on the site. This floor consists of the lower floor of three separate 2 bedroom duplex apartments and one one bedroom apartment. Vertical circulation is external and runs between the paired structural

Vectorworks Educational Version

Vertical Circulation Internal Vertical Circulation Studio Space/ Unprogrammed Space Bedroom Winter Garden Living/Dining/Kitchen Bathroom Version First FloorVectorworks Plan ofEducational proposed structures

98.

Services in each apartment are grouped

and maintenance throughout the life time of the

along the walls which boarder the circulation

building. This is aided by the treatment of these

spaces. This divides the scheme into servant

internal facades where removable timber cladding

and served spaces and allows for the grouping

panels are introduced - allowing for addition,

of service elements and thus their easy repair

subtraction and maintenance of services.

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F U N C T I O N A L L AY E R I N G Second Floor - Private / Semi-Public

The second floor houses the upper floor of the

living areas although it can remain independent

three duplexes as well as an additional one

through the closing off of private spaces at the

bedroom apartment. An internal staircase within

entrance.

each duplex leads to a landing, off which a second bedroom resides. Beyond the landing is the studio space, this space is essentially an unprogrammed space, free to be used in whatever manner suits the residents of that home. The threshold between the landing and this area can be closed off if this space is to be used as an independent work space, if this is the case access is available from the main vertical circulation and thus does not disturb the privacy of the living areas.

Lightwells which run the height of the building bring daylight into the deepest areas of the plan, allowing windows to be placed on three of four of the apartments boundary walls. The lightwells also allow for visual connectivity between floors in the circulation spaces adding a layer of added security through passive surveillance whilst allowing those spaces to feel external whilst still being protected.

The one bedroom apartment works similarly in many ways to the duplex. In this instance the studio space resides on the same level as the Vectorworks Educational Version

Vertical Circulation Internal Vertical Circulation Studio Space/ Unprogrammed Space Bedroom Winter Garden Living/Dining/Kitchen

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Second Floor Plan of proposed structures 100.

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F U N C T I O N A L L AY E R I N G Live/Work Apartments

The independent nature of the DLT structure

space because here, indirect sunlight would be

means that it can be positioned irrespective

appreciated as this is the preferred lighting for

of the location of the self supporting facade.

working on screens or working creatively.

This ensures that the depth of each facade can differ depending on factors such as orientation

The depth of this condition further increases at the

and privacy. This depth can then be utilised in

south elevation of each apartment, here the DLT

a number of different ways such as through the

structure is pushed even further back creating a

creation of window seats and Juliette balconies

double height winter garden. The characteristics

between the layering of glazing elements - adding

of this space can be altered through the

another dimension of space to the room.

manipulation of louvers on the south facade.

This depth increases in areas such as the studio

Rendered perspective of winter garden

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CONNECTIONS Designing for Disassembly

“It was all bolted together,” he said. “All I had to do was unbolt some things, put some things in new places, and bolt it all back together. It was fantastic. Didn’t lose one thing.

That’s sustainability: not losing a single thing.16” - Glenn Murcutt Australian architect, Glenn Murcutt, speaks

that purpose but are only temporarily involved

about the ease of adaptability of his home in New

in its construction. This means that once that

South Wales. The home, in its original form was

building reaches the end of its useful life it is only

designed by Marie Short in 1974. Its pared back

that iteration of the combination of those materials

structural system of timber posts and beams

which will be lost. This is because the materials

were bolted together in a sequence of bays;

can then be repurposed, reintroducing them into

their enclosure determined their use as either

use and thus into a circular economy - opposing

terrace, bedroom or living spaces. Possibly one

the traditional forms of linear, cradle to grave

of the first demountable structures built under

consumption.

the premise of sustainability, the merits of the project were highlighted only six years later

Dry connections can be achieved in conjunction

when Murcutt bought the property. Its layout and

with numerous construction methods including

accommodation did not suit his needs completely

steel frame, timber frame, mass timber and timber

but this was not an issue because of its use

laminates. Steel construction is understandably

of dry connections. This meant Murcutt could

one of the least environmentally efficient there

simply disconnect and reconnect elements of

is, although if connections between elements

the structure until it suited the needs of him and

are bolted rather than welded together, its effect

his family. This idea can be expanded on as the

on the environment can be greatly reduced.

house moves between owners, new iterations can

This is because the reuse of those elements in

easily be created without the need for demolition,

continuum prevent the production of further steel

which would in turn hugely increase the useful life

components, therefore reducing its associated

of the structure - reducing its associated levels of

embodied energy.

energy expenditure.

In 2019 RAU Architects designed the ‘first

104.

The true viability of a structure being part of a

large-scale, 100% wood, reconstructible office

circular economy lies in the specific detailing

building’ for Triodos Bank in the Netherlands17.

of its connections. A structure which uses dry

The building employs 165,321 screws which hold

connections, i.e. those which can easily be

together all of its constituent parts, ensuring that

reversed, can essentially be referred to as a

when the time comes, the structure can be fully

material bank. In this instance materials and

disassembled and its elements reused - activating

components which make up the fabric of the

the building as a temporary store of these

building do not belong solely to that structure and

materials, rather than their sole purpose.

Section of Triodos Bank - RAU Architects

Vectorworks Educational Version 01. MATERIAL PASSPORTS

02. DEMOUNTABILITY

Each material and element of the building's

The building's primary timber structure was erected using

fabric is outlined in a report which indicates their

only dry connections through the use of 165,321 screws

origin, manufacturer, levels of embodied energy,

to ensure its easy disassembly should the building reach

demountability/connections, possibilities for reuse

the end of its useful life.

and any associated material certificates.

03. FLEXIBILITY

04. REUSE

The interior is designed so that walls can be moved

Material elements from preceding bank headquarters

and replaced in order to cater to the changing

have been reused in this new iteration. Timber beams

needs of the occupants, guaranteeing extended

repurposed for use in the restaurant, construction waste

usability of the structure.

used as paving stones as well as the repurposing of furniture.

REDUCED OPERATIONAL ENERGY

PUBLIC TRANSPORT CONNECTIONS

GREEN ROOFS

H I G H G R A D E I N S U L AT I O N

BIOCOMPOSITE FACADE PANELS

H E AT R E C O V E R Y SY S T E M

CHARGING FOR ECARS & EBIKES

M O V E M E N T A C T I VAT E D L I G H T I N G

BIODIVERSITY

Circular design elements of Triodos Bank - RAU Architects

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CONNECTIONS Glulam External Structure

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Axo of glulam external structure

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Vertical Glulam Fins 800x300 - Structure

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These elements run between the vertical fins and provide lateral bracing whilst breaking up the verticality of the facade and providing a base for cladding and glazing to rest on.

Providing structure by being employed to hold the glulam beams of the ground floor

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Vertical Glulam Fins 800x150 - Facade

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Glulam Beams 800x300 - Structural These beams take the load from the dlt structure on the upper floors and transfer it to the vertical fins. Their oversized nature ensures they can take the forces of all floors as well as additional floors which may be added at a later date.

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Stone Footings

Vectorworks Educational Version These footings visually anchor the building whilst allowing the

These fins are thinner as they do not need to carry vertical building loads apart from that of the facade. These elements are employed as a means of fixing facade panels and exterior glazing.

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Horizontal Glulam Elements 800x150

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timber to be elevated off the ground protecting it from any moisture damage which may occur.

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Demolition Waste Gabions To further anchor the building and provide public seating with a connection to the surrounding public spaces gabions filled with demolition waste/ rubble can be placed between the vertical fins. A timber top can be added to provide a more comfortable sitting surface

Exploded axo of glulam external structure

The glue laminated external framework of the

on their implementation, elements carrying the

proposed design is an element whose potential for

load of the structure are larger than those just

reuse could be completely marred if constructed

employed in the self supporting facade. Horizontal

Vectorworks Educational Version components provide cross bracing of the structure

in an unconscious manner. It is therefore highly

important that the joints and connections between

and visually break up the verticality of the facade,

these elements are thoroughly considered and

their depth providing protection. The vertical

remedied in advance of assembly. Although the

elements sit into stone footings in order to visually

cost of building in this manner can increase the

ground the project and suspend the timber from

initial outlay, this is recouped over the building’s

the moisture of the ground. The embodied energy

lifetime because maintenance, repair and

of the stone is negligible compared to the use of

extension can be achieved in a much less costly

concrete or steel. Gabions filled with demolition

manner18.

waste sit between these providing public seating and a visual cue expressing the building’s reuse of

Vertical glulam fins differ in dimension depending

materials.

107.

CONNECTIONS Glulam External Structure

Photograph of Golden Temple - Japanese traditional construction (dezeen.com)

Dry connections have been utalised throughout

today emphasising their potential longevity. This

history in many instances of vernacular design.

form of construction is closley linked to the recent

This is particularly evident in the architecture

work of Kengo Kuma, who exploits the capabilities

of Japanese merchant houses which were built

of timber in a huge variety of his projects. These

throughout the middle ages. These homes

precedents were extremely useful in the detailing

employ intecrate timber joinery as their main

of connections throughout the project

structural language, many of which still stand

108.

Photographs of connections - Nest we Grow Kengo Kuma (archdaily.com)

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Details of connections between glulam elements 109.

CONNECTIONS Incorporating Reused Elements - Cladding

An important consideration in terms of

something which would work particularly well in

connections throughout the building is that of

Dublin due to the high percentage of brick evident

the connections between the reused elements -

throughout the fabric of the city. This practice

coming from the inventory of materials - and the

was implemented for the facade of the project

structure itself. The understanding of these joints

at Smithfield although a method of connection

is very important because their implementation is

which preferred a low embodied energy approach

not as straight forward as those present between

was favoured over the use of steel hanging rails.

two newly fabricated elements of the structure.

Therefore, brick panels cut from the facades

This is because the properties and dimensions of

of the buildings previously inventorised in Tara

reused and repurposed elements differ with each

Street were fixed to the structure using a series

new component which is introduced. It is therefore

of timber studs. These studs could be positioned

important that a language of connections is used

between the glulam in a manner which suited the

which can be adapted to suit the configuration of

corresponding brick panels. The panels would be

each of the applied reused elements.

fixed to this cassette of timber studs, matching its profile, and the studs would be doweled to

The Lendager Group, a Danish architectural

the glulam, removing the need for high energy

practice who work within the realm of

components.

sustainability recently trialled a system of cladding which, if implemented in Dublin could see a drastic

This treatment of the facade creates a patchwork

reduction in overall levels of embodied energy in

of brick across the elevations, essentially

buildings. Their methodology involves the reuse of

depicting a history of construction within the city.

bricks from the facades of condemned structures.

The variation of the panels and directions of their

The reuse of bricks in a singular manner has been

grain adds an element of depth to the outward

long refuted due to the difficulty of extracting each

expression of the structure.

brick from the surrounding mortar, this is because mortar is essentially stronger than the brick itself.

The continued strength of the mortar means that the bricks are more viable as a collection rather than a singular entity; this prompted the Lendager Group to exploit this collective strength. In order to salvage bricks from buildings earmarked for demolition, the group cut the wall into sections containing numerous bricks. These panels were then transported to the new site and hung on the facade using a series of steel rails19.

This methodology for the reuse of brick is

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Exploded axo showing connection of brick cladding panels to glulam structure

01. Vertical Glulam Fins 500x150 - Facade Self supporting facade. These elements hold the load of glazing and cladding elements.

02. Vertical Glulam Fins 250x75 - Facade These elements hold the load of glazing and cladding elements. These are thinner so that they are not read visually on the facade and add depth to the elevation

03. Horizontal Glulam Elements 500x150 These elements run between the vertical fins and provide lateral bracing whilst breaking up the verticality of the facade and providing a base for cladding and glazing to rest on.

04. Timber Studs Timber frame constructed to the size of the individual brick panels. This frame is then doweled to the glulam substructure and to adjacent framing elements.

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05. Repurposed Brick Panel - Georgian Brick panel repurposed from georgian apartments on Townsend Street. Set vertically on facade - fixed to timber frame. English Garden Wall Bond

06. Repurposed Brick Panel Brick panel repurposed from college gate apartments on Townsend street. Set horizontally on facade - Fixed to timber frame. Stretcher bond.

111.

CONNECTIONS Incorporating Reused Elements - Glazing

This idea is expanded upon as construction

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Vertical Glulam Fins 500x150 - Facade Self supporting facade. These elements hold the load of glazing and cladding elements.

moves from cladding to glazing. Once again many differing types of window might be utilised from the inventory of materials and therefore a standard approach to fixing these elements within

02.

Vertical Glulam Fins 250x75 - Facade These elements hold the load of glazing and cladding elements. These are thinner so that they are not read visually on the facade and add depth to the elevation

the structure should be implemented in order to facilitate ease of construction. In this instance the opening between glulam structural elements is once again divided up using studs, to suit each window. The windows are then fixed within these studs and any space left over is infilled with

03.

Horizontal Glulam Elements 500x150 These elements run between the vertical fins and provide lateral bracing whilst breaking up the verticality of the facade and providing a base for cladding and glazing to rest on.

timber paneling. This idea is then repeated in the corresponding opening of the DLT, allowing for a doubling up of glazing elements.

The concept is expanded upon in the makeup of

04.

the winter garden, where larger glazing elements

Timber Studs These break up the opening into sections suitable for the placement of individual repurposed windows. They provide a frame for the windows to be attached to.

come into play. These connections are depicted on the following pages.

The south facade of each of the winter gardens is not glazed but instead employs a system of

05.

Small Opening Window Taken from College Gate apartments on Townsend Street. Fixed between timber studs and doubled up on the interior in the primary dlt structure in order to achieve BER standards

louvers. These maneuverable louvers give the residents ownership over the space by allowing them to position them to suit their needs. They can be angeled depending on the location of the sun, or they can be completely opened by pushing them to the side, allowing the winter garden to be

06.

Timber Panel Placed in openings where there is still a gap in the openings where window would not fit after placing available windows.

utilised as a traditional balcony. Alternately they may be closed, transforming the space into an extra internal room, adding to the available living area.

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Georgian Sash Window Taken from Georgian apartments on Townsend Street. Fixed between timber studs and doubled up on the interior in the primary dlt structure in order to achieve BER standards

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Exploded axo showing connection of glazing elements to glulam structure

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CONNECTIONS Incorporating Reused Elements - Glazing

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Providing structure by being employed to hold the glulam beams of the ground floor

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Vertical Glulam Fins 800x150 - Facade Vectorworks Educational Version These fins are thinner as they do not need to carry 06. vertical building loads apart from that of the facade.

These elements are employed as a means of fixing facade panels and exterior glazing.

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Horizontal Glulam Elements 800x150

Vertical Glulam Element 400x150 Set back from facade to allow glazing to sit in front of it and to be fixed to it for support.

114.

These break up the opening into sections suitable for the placement of individual repurposed windows. They provide a frame for the windows to be attached to.

Georgian Sash Windows Taken from Georgian apartments on Townsend Street.

Turned 90 degrees and fixed between timber studs to complete wall

07.

These elements run between the vertical fins and provide lateral bracing whilst breaking up the verticality of the facade and providing a base for cladding and glazing to rest on.

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Timber Studs

Large Aluminium Glazed Wall Taken from Tara Building on Tara Street. Glazing section was used as part of a porch on ground floor level.

There are no opening sections in it. It is aluminium frame.

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Seating Timber offcuts used to fabricate internal seating for the winter garden

Exploded axo showing connection of glazing to glulam structure

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Providing structure by being employed to hold the glulam beams of the ground floor

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Runner Allows pivoting elements of louvers to sit in it and to be clicked in place or slid out and moved to the side

Louvers Movable louvers on south facades allow the residents to decide the interior conditions of their space. They can be completely closed to allow the winter garden become an additional room, or they can be angeled depending on the location and strength of sun or the can be completely opened and moved to the side allowing the winter garden to become a balcony

Horizontal Glulam Elements 800x150 These elements run between the vertical fins and provide lateral bracing whilst breaking up the verticality of the facade and providing a base for cladding and glazing to rest on.

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Large timber ‘dowels’ spanning from runner on ceiling to runner on floor on which the louvers are placed, allowing them to be angeled and moved to the side

Vertical Glulam Fins 800x150 - Facade

These fins are thinner as they do not need to carry vertical building loads apart from that of the facade.

These elements are employed as a means of fixing facade panels and exterior glazing.

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Pivoting Elements

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Balustrade 1100 balustrade made from timber.

Exploded axo showing connection of louvers to glulam structure 115.

A RESPONSIVE FACADE

The structural system employed in order to rectify

02.

the imposed limitations of the reuse of materials

The east and west facades also face busy

comes into play in an even more overt manner as

thoroughfares, that of the public plaza and

it allows the facades to be altered in relation to

Smithfield square respectively. Here the

one another, responding directly to the immediate

implementation of an overly deep facade would

needs of that orientation and therefore even

mean a reduction in the amount of light entering

further counteracting any downfall which may be

the structure due to the orientation of the

associated with the integration of materials from

elevations. Therefore a more shallow build-up

the inventory.

is utilised. Along these facades bedrooms are layered beneath studio spaces and thus different

01.

treatments must occur in order to cater to the

The south facade faces the luas and smithfield

differing programmes. The reduction of depth

luas stop, making this a potentially loud

in bedroom areas might lead to a reduction in

intersection with the outside world. In this

privacy, here, the horizontal glulam elements

instance privacy and acoustic insulation would

come into play, blocking views from street level

be valued, therefore, a deeper facade build up is

into the private realm of the bedroom. The depth

implemented. This is afforded due to the structural

at the studio space is increased as indirect light is

system employed throughout the building, allowing

preferred in places of work.

the DLT internal structure to pull away from the self supporting facade. This creates a void, adding

03.

additional depth to the facade which is permissible

Winter gardens throughout the structure are

due to the orientation of this elevation to the

located at a corner, with one side facing south

south, ensuring light can still permeate far into the

and the other, either east or west. Here the DLT

internal spaces.

internal structure is pushed even further from

Two different instances can occur through the

the self supporting facade and the gap between

deepening of this façade, one is the provision

them is bridged through the introduction of an

of a window seat in the living areas. The

independent floor build-up, in order to prevent

second occurs where the façade deepens even

cold bridges. This allows for the inhabitation of the

further, here the inner glazing is changed to a

space between the double skin facade - bringing

door and the void can be utilised as a Juliette

a different sense of space to the apartments. This

balcony - an extension of the bedrooms on the

area is double height which allows increased light

upper floors. The extra depth provided at the

to enter the homes throughout the day.

bedrooms provides additional privacy through

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the interruption of the line of site from the public thoroughfare below. Additionally the second layer of glazing acts as a screen from the outside, distorting views into the building.

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Section 01. through south facade with corresponding plan and elevation 117.

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Section 03. through east facade with corresponding plan and elevation 119.

A D A P TA B I L I T Y & F L E X I B I L I T Y

“Product lifetime extension (can be achieved) through reuse and refurbishment informed by flexible design and modularisation.22”

A building’s capacity to change, and therefore

elsewhere in order to suit the needs and desired

dodge succumbing to a sense of obsolescence,

layouts of the residents. Further to this, the

lies in its initial designed-in adaptability20.

unprogrammed space in each apartment can

Traditionally the adaptability and flexibility of

be utilised in any way the user prefers and this

a structure was restricted to the inclusion of

use can change over time, possibly as the size of

movable partitions, suspended ceilings and

families change, etc. The space may turn from a

raised access floors21.However, for a building to

studio into an office with a nursery, and then into

be successfully adaptable over-time, the inital

a bedroom and playroom, or even eventually an

design interventions which promote this must be

independent ‘granny flat’, this flexibility within each

much more nuanced and calculated. They need

apartment removes the need for the residents to

to anticipate the needs of the user and wider

find new accommodation on a regular basis as

community on both a short term and long term

their needs change. Additionally, should the space

basis. In doing this, the building’s ability to remain

provided by one apartment be too small, the

relevant extends further beyond that which would

dividing wall can be easily removed in panels to

have been possible had the initial layout/ use/

allow the space to become one large home.

structural language remained stagnant.

Medium Term Adaptability: In terms of the building at Smithfield, a number of

There may become an instance whereby the

design concepts have been implemented in order

city is saturated with accommodation and the

to ensure this adaptability on a scale from a few

spaces which people are in need of are offices. In

months after the construction is completed, to a

this scenario traditionally, a building whose sole

few years or decades after.

use was residential may become obsolete, but if adaptability is predetermined, this would not be

Short Term Adaptability:

the case. Once again the span of the structure

In order to facilitate short term adaptability the

means than the floor area can be left completely

structure has been positioned in such a way so

open, all internal walls can be removed and

that the floor plan of each apartment is completely

reused elsewhere or they can be reconfigured.

clear of obstruction. In this way, any partitions

This would provide an open plan office, retail, or

that are in place at time of construction can easily

commercial space on each floor. The easily

be removed to open up spaces, or reconstructed

120.

accessible service voids in the double skin facade

Traditionally the existing structure would be

would allow for addition of any extra services

demolished and a new, taller one built in its place.

which may be needed in order to provide for these

However, with the pre-integration of dormant

new programmes. To provide additional space

capacity into the building’s structural scheme

lightwells could be bridged, opening out the entire

extra floors may simply be added to the structure

floor plan for use by a single entity.

- as its initial loading capacity would have been over calculated in order to account for this nearly

Long Term Adaptability:

inevitable scenario. The structural capacity of

As pressure on the fabric of cities rises, the need

the building’s glulam frame is deployed after the

for taller buildings may also increase. In this case

integration of six DLT stories, this allows for further

a structure of 7-9 stories may not provide enough

dowel laminated floors to be constructed on top,

accommodation for a high value plot in the city

without adding to the load of the floors beneath,

centre; thus, a taller structure may be needed.

allowing the building to expand vertically.

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Conclusions

T H E F I N A L R E S U LT Contextual Elevation

Contextual Elevation - South 124.

125.

T H E F I N A L R E S U LT Contextual Elevation

Perspective of winter garden

126.

Perspective of ground floor thoroughfare

127.

THE ECONOMY OF REUSE Addressing the Question of Costing from Final Review

“Supply chain stakeholders (, developers and investors) can be reluctant to undertake environmental actions voluntarily for fear of losing competitiveness.24”

A substantial hurdle in the implementation of any

long run as any initial increase in costs associated

new policy in construction is how to convince

with the integration of dormant capacity or

those who will be paying for it that this is a viable

flexibility etc. is easily recouped over the lifetime

option. Therefore costs must be in-line with what

of the building, usually by the first refurbishment

would have been paid if this methodology had not

cycle23. This concept is particularly intriguing

been put to use.

if stakeholders have long term interest in the building. The cumulative costs associated with

The cost of reusing elements in construction

retrofitting a building, in the traditional manner,

should in theory be much cheaper than buying

at periodical intervals over time can be extremely

that same element as a newly produced product

high. This is particularly true as the time-frame

at market price. However, the price associated

associated with the retrofitting of a building which

with the reuse of materials may sometimes seem

was not designed with this in mind, is considerably

higher, as doubling up of some components

long. This increase in duration incurs costs which

may be needed and man hours are increased

multiply the longer the building’s use is disrupted.

as elements must be carefully removed from

Therefore, initial inclusion of easy adaptability into

the source structure. However, the hope is that

the design of a structure can significantly reduce

these perceived inflated costs would be negated

the overall refurbishment costs of that building,

through the broad implementation of a new

thus acting as momentum for building owners to

methodology for reuse. Costs would be lowered

engage in a circular approach to construction.

through the centralisation of the disassembly and inventory of materials, the occurrence

Additionally, the use of DLT and other

of these instances on a broad scale would

prefabricated models of construction drastically

decrease overall costs and provide additional

reduces the time on site and thus reduces overall

public sector jobs in construction, boosting the

associated costs.

economy. The fulfillment of these jobs by local council/governments would mean the developer would not be directly accountable for the cost of disassembly and refurbishment and therefore would be more inclined to get involved.

Contrary to belief, designing in a sustainable or circular manner is actually more affordable in the

128.

Perceived building costs (initial)

C A P I TA L C O S T S

Cumulative capital costs over 25 years

C U M U L AT I V E C O STS I N T R A D I T I O N A L BUILDING METHODOLOGIES

TO D AY

Services refitted every 10 years

Space refitted every 5 years

5 YRS

10 YRS

15 YRS

20 YRS

25 YRS

TOTA L

TIME

SPACE

5-7 years

SERVICES 15-20 years

STRUCTURE 50 years

Graph explaining cumulative costs in traditional building methodologies *Adapted from Architecture Ireland: Thinking About the Future

129.

CONCLUSION

The aim of this thesis was to develop a new

constricted to an architecture of low buildings and

methodology for design which, when enacted

earthen walls.

would reduce the associated embodied energy of the ensuing structure, and as a result of the

The concept of circularity and a circular economy

implementation of the concepts of circularity,

is one which has many facets, providing a warren

also reduce the overall, lifetime emissions of the

of scope for further research. Particularly into

structure.

the integration of reused materials into a new and contemporary architectural language, as

Through the year-long research into sustainable

well as the concept of designing structures for

building I have learnt a tremendous amount about

disassembly in order to anticipate and facilitate

ways in which we can change our approach to

the later repurposing of their materials. Integrating

architecture in order to reduce the effects we are

solutions now in order to develop easier

having on the environment in an climate crisis-

methodologies for the future.

stricken era.

This new knowledge has allowed me to reflect on my own priorities in design whilst creating a possible model for the direction of my future involvement in wider architectural discourse.

The development of this circular methodology allowed me to test numerous concepts I had come across throughout the research process in tandem with one another. Having this defined action plan in place allowed me to examine how each process might be enacted in the real world.

Culminating in a design project which acted as a vehicle for testing the ideas of the methodology and how they might be applied throughout various stages of the design process.

The overarching aim of the design project was to express the feasibility of the proposed concepts through design whilst depicting the idea that there is not one sole visual language associated with sustainable architecture, that this is not

130.

“The idea of embodied energy invites us to consider the building as an active, absorptive process, whose existence is only temporary suspension of material flows.”

“Embodied energy renews architecture’s commitment to an engaged worldliness – an engagement without which architecture loses its chance for reinvention, relevance and even existence.”

- Embodied Energy and Design, David Benjamin

131.

132.

06.

Appendices

APPENDIX 01 Embodied Energy Figures and Co-Efficients

Example Embodied Energy Calculations

Embodied Energy of brick per kg = 0.24 kgco2e/kg

College Gate Apartments

Total embodied energy of bricks in facade = 20880x0.24=5011.2kgco2e

Garage Door Calculation Area of door - 4.511x3.885=17.52m2

Embodied Energy Co-Efficients for Refrence:

Volume of door - 17.52x0.02=0.35050m3 Weight of steel - 7850kg/m3

Glass

Weight of door - 0.35050x7850=2751kg

single pane no frame 5mm = 18 kgco2e/kg

Embodied energy of steel per kg = 2.71 kgco2e/kg

single pane no frame 8mm = 28.7 kgco2e/kg

Embodied energy of garage door =

Double glazing no frame 8mm = 32.5 kgco2e/kg

2751x2.71=7455kgco2e

Double glazing no frame 12mm = 48.8 kgco2e/kg

Brick Wall Calculation:

Steel = 2.71 kgco2e/kg

Total area covered by brick - 292sqm Area of one brick - 0.215x0.065 =0.013975sqm

Concrete

Number of bricks in wall=20894.24

Precast = 0.152 kgco2e/kg

There is 1sqm of mortar per 1900 bricks*

General = 0.166 kgco2e/kg

20894.24/1900=10.99 i.e. 10sqm of mortar

Fibre Reinforced = 0.117 kgco2e/kg

total area covered by brick 292 -10sqm = 282sqm 282/0.013975=20178 bricks in wall w/o mortar

Brick

Weight of 1 brick = 2.13kg

Clay = 0.24 kgco2e/kg

Total weigh of all bricks 20178x2.13=42979kg

Hollowcore = 0.26 kgco2e/kg

Embodied energy of brick per kg = 0.24 kgco2e/kg

Clay Tile = 0.255 kgco2e/kg

Total embodied energy of bricks in facade= 42979x0.24=10315kgco2e

Cement Mortar = 0.727 kgco2e/kg

Georgian Apartments

Screed = 0.133 kgco2e/kg Grout = 0.620 kgco2e/kg

Brick Wall Calculation:

Fibreboard = 0.554 kgco2e/kg

Total area covered by brick - 142 sqm

Admixtures = 1.6666 kgco2e/kg

Area of one brick - 0.215x0.065=0.013975m2 Number of bricks in wall - 10161

Aluminium = 8.781 kgco2e/kg

There is 1sqm of mortar per 1900 bricks* 10161/1900=5.35 i.e. 5m2 of mortar needed

Timber

total area covered by brick 142-5 = 137m2

Softwood = -1.292 kgco2e/kg

137/0.013975=9803 bricks in wall w/o mortar

Wood I-Beam = -1.050 kgco2e/kg

Weight of 1 brick = 2.13kg Total weight of all bricks 9803x2.13=20880kg 134.

Hardwood = -1.286 kgco2e/kg OSB = -1.059 kgco2e/kg Glulam = -0.896 kgco2e/kg Plywood = -0.982 kgco2e/kg Laminate Veneer Lumber = -0.580 kgco2e/kg Chipboard = -1.139 kgco2e/kg CLT = -1.204 kgco2e/kg

135.

APPENDIX 02 Mock-up of Final Review Board

Vectorworks Educational Version Vectorworks Educational Version Vectorworks Educational Version

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Vectorworks Educational Version

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S I T E TA R A S T.

G AT E A P A R T M E N T S

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FORMER ESB HQ

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Café Coworking Space

Version

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DERELICT APARTMENTS

Version Educational Vectorworks Educational Version Vectorworks

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Storage for Residents Covered Outdoor Space

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R E S O U R C E

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R E C Y C L E D

B R I C K

L E N D A G E R

G R O U P

P A N E L S

TA R A S T R E E T C A S E S T U DY

B U I L D I N G S A S M AT E R I A L B A N K S - C O L L E G E G AT E A PA R T M E N T S

E N G A G I N G T H E C O M M U N I T Y - TA R A S T R E E T E X H I B I T

E N G A G I N G T H E C O M M U N I T Y - TA R A S T R E E T E X H I B I T

Framework

College Gate Appartments Aluminimum garage door cut to use as framework

01 A R C H I T E C T A P P O I N T E D 02 S I T E C H O S E N 03 S I T E A N A L Y S I S existing structures mapped and useful elements inventorised

kgco2e

2

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07

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Window 04

2

Red Brick Georgian Small Window

3

C O L L E G E G AT E A P A R T M E N T S

4

DERELICT APARTMENTS

5

DUPLEX APARTMENTS

Window 05

Townsend Street

College Gate Appartments Balcony Door Window 06

3

College Gate Appartments Bathroom Window

Vectorworks Educational Version Window 07

5

College Gate Appartments 1/2 Balcony Door

6

X292sqm

X5

X30

Bench Plan Tara Street Southern Concourse

Brick Cladding

2,375 158

Bathroom Window

Bedroom Window

717

X9

Bedroom Window

1,190

X8

X22

X4

X5

X1

College Gate Appartments Small Bedroom Window

Living Room Window

Projected Bay Window

Wrap-Around Window

Sliding Balcony Door

Glass Front Door

Vectorworks Educational Version X1

FORMER ESB HQ

X17

6

Metal Side Door

Window 08

C R E AT I O N O F M O R E LOCAL JOBS

X1

06

Garage Door

Vectorworks Educational Version

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D LT Mycelium Composites Cellulose Insulation Timber Hempcrete

Granite Cladding

M AT E R I A L P A S S P O R T S

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Window 03

WITH LOW/NO E M B O D I E D E N E R GY M AT E R I A L S

D E S I G N F O R D I S A S S E M B LY

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D E R E L I C T S I T E TA R A S T.

Red Brick Georgian Small Window

1

construction waste & viable elements/materials after deconstruction are collected and inventorised

02

Window 02

Red Brick Georgian Large Window

M O R E E L E M E N T S R E A D I LY AVAILABLE FOR REUSE

05 S U P P L E M E N T

INVENTORY

choose useful elements for the desired programme from this catalogue of materials

01

Window 01

College Gate Appartments Living Room Window

958,065

KEPT LOCAL - LESS NEED FOR TRANSPORT

04 C O U N C I L

TA R A B U I L D I N G S

Curtain Walling Panels

RESOURCE MAPPING

1

College Gate Appartments Red Brick Georgian Assorted Sections of Brick Cladding

D

B

A

Flooring Structure & Finish

C

Red Brick Georgian Timbers from Partitions

Section A

1,860

kgco2e

Wa l l A s s e m b ly 1 : 2 5

50

49

kgco2e

367,820

kgco2e

104,701 150 kgco2e

3,572

kgco2e kgco2e

751

kgco2e

1,174

kgco2e

kgco2e

kgco2e

kgco2e

473,548

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137.

ENDNOTES

1

Benjamin, D.N. 2017, Embodied energy and design: making architecture between metrics and

narratives, Columbia University GSAPP, Zürich, Switzerland;New York;.

2

Usgbc.org. 2020. Guide To LEED Certification: Commercial | U.S. Green Building Council. [online] Available at:

<https://www.usgbc.org/tools/leed-certification/commercial> [Accessed 9 February 2020].

3

Benjamin, D.N. 2017, Embodied energy and design: making architecture between metrics and

narratives, Columbia University GSAPP, Zürich, Switzerland;New York;.

4

Hitti, N., 2020. H&M Called Out For “Greenwashing” In Its Conscious Fashion Collection. [online] Dezeen. Available

at: <https://www.dezeen.com/2019/08/02/hm-norway-greenwashing-conscious-fashion-collection-news/> [Accessed 17 March 2020].

5

Hitti, N., 2020. H&M Called Out For “Greenwashing” In Its Conscious Fashion Collection. [online] Dezeen. Available

at: <https://www.dezeen.com/2019/08/02/hm-norway-greenwashing-conscious-fashion-collection-news/> [Accessed 17 March 2020].

6

Berners-Lee, M., 2010. What’s The Carbon Footprint Of ... A House. [online] the Guardian. Available at: <https://

www.theguardian.com/environment/green-living-blog/2010/oct/14/carbon-footprint-house> [Accessed 11 January 2020].

7

Concrete Containing Recycled Concrete Aggregate with Modified Surface - Scientific Figure on ResearchGate.

Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/EU-construction-and-demolition-waste-quantity-and-recycling-rates-3_ tbl1_317622529 [accessed 17 May, 2020] 8

Circular Ecology. (2019). Circular Ecology - Carbon Footprint, LCA, Embodied Energy and

Sustainability Experts. [online] Available at: http://www.circularecology.com/ [Accessed 27 Sep. 2019].

9

Dublin City Council, 2016. Dublin City Council Development Plan. Dublin: DCC.

10

HOUSE, U., 2020. UPCYCLE HOUSE — Lendager Group. [online] Lendager Group. Available at: <https://lendager.

com/en/architecture/upcycle-house-en/> [Accessed 4 February 2020].

11

C.F. Møller. 2020. Kajstaden, Tall Timber Building. [online] Available at: <https://www.cfmoller.com/p/Kajsta-

den-Tall-Timber-Building-i3592.html> [Accessed 5 March 2020].

138.

12

Schmidt, R. and Pinder, J., 2020. Thinking About the Future. Architecture Ireland, pp.17-21.

13

Schmidt, R. and Pinder, J., 2020. Thinking About the Future. Architecture Ireland, pp.17-21.

14

Schmidt, R. and Pinder, J., 2020. Thinking About the Future. Architecture Ireland, pp.17-21.

15

StructureCraft Builders. n.d. DLT | Dowel Laminated Timber | All Wood, Produced By Structurecraft. [online] Avail-

able at: <https://structurecraft.com/materials/mass-timber/dlt-dowel-laminated-timber> [Accessed 11 February 2020].

16

Wahlquist, C., 2020. Glenn Murcutt: Touch The Earth Lightly With Your Housing Footprint. [online] the Guardian.

Available at: <https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2016/aug/11/glenn-murcutt-touch-the-earth-lightly-with-yourhousing-footprint?CMP=share_btn_link> [Accessed 17 May 2020].

17

ArchDaily. 2020. Triodos Bank / RAU Architects. [online] Available at: <https://www.archdaily.com/926357/trio-

dos-bank-rau-architects> [Accessed 1 March 2020].

18

Schmidt, R. and Pinder, J., 2020. Thinking About the Future. Architecture Ireland, pp.17-21.

19

Lendager Group. 2020. THE RESOURCE ROWS — Lendager Group. [online] Available at: <https://lendager.com/

en/architecture/resource-rows/> [Accessed 4 February 2020].

20

Schmidt, R. and Pinder, J., 2020. Thinking About the Future. Architecture Ireland, pp.17-21.

21

Schmidt, R. and Pinder, J., 2020. Thinking About the Future. Architecture Ireland, pp.17-21.

22

Kelly, M., 2020. Non Linear Thinking - Obsolescence withing a circular built environment. Architecture Ireland,

pp.23-27.

23

Schmidt, R. and Pinder, J., 2020. Thinking About the Future. Architecture Ireland, pp.17-21.

24

Benjamin, D.N. 2017, Embodied energy and design: making architecture between metrics and

narratives, Columbia University GSAPP, Zürich, Switzerland;New York;.

139.

L I ST O F A B B R E V I AT I O N S

BAMB - Buildings as Material Banks BREEAM - Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method CLT - Cross Laminated Timber DART - Dublin Area Rapid Transport DCC - Dublin City Council DLT - Dowel Laminated Timber ESB - Electricty Supply Board Glulam - Glue Laminated Timber kgco2e - Kilograms of Carbon Dioxide Equivalent LEED - Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design

140.

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