M.ARCH YR 4: Dissertation

Adaptive remnants: Great Britain vs India Comparing the process of adaptive restoration in a developed country vs a developing country

Acknowledgement The process of completing this research has been a unique learning experience for me and could not have been successful without the guidance, support and encouragement from my instructor, friends, project supervisor and my family. I am immensely grateful to all their support.

I am particularly indebted to my guide, Dr BrankaDimitrijevicat the University of Strathclyde, for her dedicated support throughout the research period. Dr Branka was readily available to assist me in completing the work and always motivated me to work hard. Her extensive knowledge and persistent guidance were invaluable in steering me in the right direction during the project undertaking. As a result, I was able to access the required tools and information to help me complete the project in good time.

Secondly, I am also deeply indebted to my project supervisor, Jacqueline Lister who was always ready to support me in completing this work. I am also thankful to the many authors who have done significant research and published great work on the restoration and conservation of built heritage. Without this input, it would not have been possible to undertake such a research project.

I am also deeply grateful to my parents and friends who have provided moral support and invaluable advice in this period. Finally, I would also recognize the faculty of the Engineering Architecture Department who availed the opportunity to present this research dissertation and my fellow classmates who helped me correct my dissertation during the peer review.

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Abstract The research focuses on investigating the various approaches to refurbish built heritage after it has diminished over time. The observation made is that, buildings become abandoned as their need changes and they are no longer put into the use they were originally developed for.One of the strategies adopted to preserve the abandoned buildings is adaptive reuse which reaffirms their presence in the society. By implementing such strategies, abandoned buildings are added back to the existing urban centre fabric andless adverse effects are directed towards the environment.When we look at our monuments, we often notice civic disorder; like people engraving their names on the façade or spit marks on the walls. This often ends up disrupting the overall experience of the structure leading to total Ignorance and degradation of the structure. As architects, we not only have to think about the present but also how we can reuse the already existing important structures and how to preserve them. Preservation of built heritage is one way of keeping our origin alive. However, understanding and implementation of preservation of built heritage can vary for a developed country as compared to a developing country due to various factors. This paper begins by understanding why is it important to preserve the built heritage, what are the different approaches to preserve buildings of importance and what policies exist for the same in Great Britain and in India. Further analysing the reasons why there is a huge difference in terms of preservation of built heritage in a developed country as compared to a developing one.

Case studies examined in the UK include Stanley Dock and Derby Cathedral while in India, Kolkata town hall and Gole market are reviewed.Findings obtained show that abandoned built heritage in the countries are transformed into economic centresto facilitate revenue generation.

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Contents Acknowledgement ................................................................................................................................................................................. 1 Abstract ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2 List of figures ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 6 1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 8 1.1 Background .................................................................................................................................................................................. 8 1.2 Statement of the problem ...................................................................................................................................................... 9 1.3 Motivation ..................................................................................................................................................................................10 1.4 Aim ................................................................................................................................................................................................10 1.5 Research questions .................................................................................................................................................................11 1.6 Research methodology..........................................................................................................................................................11 1.7 Limitations ..................................................................................................................................................................................11 2 Literature Review ..............................................................................................................................................................................13 2.1 Evolution of heritage conservation ...................................................................................................................................13 2.2 Factors deteriorating built heritage ..................................................................................................................................15 2.3 Natural factors...........................................................................................................................................................................15 2.3.1 Flood .....................................................................................................................................................................................15 2.3.2 Biological factors ..............................................................................................................................................................16 2.3.3 Moisture...............................................................................................................................................................................16 2.3.4 Ground water and salt ....................................................................................................................................................16 2.3.5 Wind storm .........................................................................................................................................................................16 2.3.6 Air pollution........................................................................................................................................................................16 2.3.7 Solar radiation ...................................................................................................................................................................17 3

2.3.8 Vibration ..............................................................................................................................................................................17 2.4 Social factors..............................................................................................................................................................................17 2.4.1 Fire .........................................................................................................................................................................................17 2.4.2 Urban development ........................................................................................................................................................18 2.4.3 Vandalism ............................................................................................................................................................................19 2.5 Potential ways to conserve built heritage ......................................................................................................................19 2.5.1 Preservation and maintenance....................................................................................................................................20 2.5.2 Restoration and reconstruction ..................................................................................................................................20 2.5.3 Adaptation ..........................................................................................................................................................................21 2.6 Examples of adaptive reuse of built heritage from all over world ........................................................................21 2.6.3 Daoiz y Velarde cultural centre/Rafael de La-Hoz ...............................................................................................25 3 Case studies - Britain.......................................................................................................................................................................30 3.1 Stanley Dock, Liverpool .........................................................................................................................................................30 3.1.1 History ..................................................................................................................................................................................30 3.1.2 Transition over time ........................................................................................................................................................31 3.1.3 Advantages of adaptive reuse of the Stanley Dock ............................................................................................32 3.2 Derby Cathedral, Quarter......................................................................................................................................................33 3.2.1 History ..................................................................................................................................................................................33 3.2.2 Harnessing the value of heritage ...............................................................................................................................34 4 Case studies - India..........................................................................................................................................................................36 4.1 Kolkata town hall, Kolkata ....................................................................................................................................................36 4.1.1 History ..................................................................................................................................................................................36 4.1.2 Project output ....................................................................................................................................................................37 4

4.2 Gole market, Delhi ...................................................................................................................................................................37 4.2.1 History ..................................................................................................................................................................................37 5 Discussion............................................................................................................................................................................................42 5.1 Need for the preservation of built heritage ...................................................................................................................42 5.2 Different approaches of preserving built heritage ......................................................................................................43 5.3 Policies to preserve built heritage in Great Britain and in India.............................................................................44 6 Conclusion...........................................................................................................................................................................................46 6.1 Study conclusion ......................................................................................................................................................................46 6.2 Recommendations...................................................................................................................................................................47 6.3 Limitations ..................................................................................................................................................................................47 6.4 Future research .........................................................................................................................................................................48 References...............................................................................................................................................................................................49

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List of figures Figure 1 Vaulted hall sketch by Viollet-le-Duc................................................................................................................................. 8 Figure 2 Defaced Cenotaph war memorial monument .............................................................................................................10 Figure 3 The arts and crafts movement .......................................................................................................................................14 Figure 4 Floods in Venice, Italy .........................................................................................................................................................15 Figure 5 Shuri Castle, Tokyo.............................................................................................................................................................18 Figure 6 Shuri castle after the fire took place ...........................................................................................................................18 Figure 7 Potential ways of conserving built-heritage ................................................................................................................20 Figure 8 Australian War Memorial .................................................................................................................................................21 Figure 9 Southern Entrance of Australian War Memorial .....................................................................................................23 Figure 10 Antivilla refurbishment ...................................................................................................................................................24 Figure 11 Daoiz y Velarde cultural centre ...................................................................................................................................25 Figure 12 Hi-tech roof at the Daoiz y Verlarde complex .........................................................................................................26 Figure 13 Refurbished building in China.....................................................................................................................................27 Figure 14 Refurbished buildings in China ...................................................................................................................................28 Figure 15 Aerial view of Stanley Dock warehouses .................................................................................................................31 Figure 16 Renovated Derby Cathedral .........................................................................................................................................33 Figure 17 Kolkata Town Hall before restoration ......................................................................................................................36 Figure 18 Kolkata Town Hall after restoration ..........................................................................................................................37 Figure 19 Gole market in Delhi .......................................................................................................................................................38 Figure 20 Gole market location in Delhi ......................................................................................................................................38 Figure 21 Octagonal shopping complex in 1918, 1930 and 2005 .....................................................................................39 Figure 22 Architectural drawing of the proposed refurbished market ................................................................................40 Figure 23 Architectural renders of the proposed refurbished market .................................................................................40

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Chapter 1

Introduction

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1 Introduction This chapter focusses on studying the background of conservation and preservation of built heritage, the importance of its conservation, and the research motivation and objectives. As a result, the chapter helps lay the groundwork for the subsequent development later in the report.

1.1Background Heritage buildings create identities of a community and as a result, provide backward and forward linkages between different generations. In this manner, they are invaluable and irreplaceable as they act as evidence of traditions that are specific to a period and time (YazdaniMehr, 2019). Watson (2012) further avers that heritage serves as the fingerprint between different generations, and as such, each generation has a solemn obligation to preserve it.

Kalčić (2014) observes that the history of conserving built-heritage is dated in the nineteenth century where two key figures; Eugene Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc (1814-79) and John Ruskin (1819-1900) advanced the architectural theory of monument protection. However, Kalčić(2014) reports that the two approached the concept differently, whereby, Ruskin focused on preserving the originality and uniqueness of monuments in native England whereas Viollet-le-Duc did not preserve the authenticity of monuments but added architectural elements that did not exist previously. Figure 1 below illustrates a vaulted hall sketch by Viollet-le-Duc.

Figure 1Vaulted hall sketch by Viollet-le-Duc (Kalčić, 2014)

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Although Viollet-le-Duc’s work was later highly criticized for its lack of authenticity, it however pioneered further work on conservation and preservation of built heritage in different parts of the world. Embaby (2014) reports that a strong relationship exists between conservation of heritage and architectural functions as learners are equipped with knowledge on how to deal with heritage and the various processes of conservation. YazdaniMehr (2019) also reports that adaptive reuse has emerged as a contemporary concept in the preservation of built heritage in the world with international policies and bodies guiding the conservation process.

According to Bullen and Love (2011), there is an increased acceptance that heritage buildings play an important role in building social capital and providing economic, social, and cultural benefits among urban communities. As a result, there is growing support for adaptive reuse as a powerful strategy to enhance the sustainability of heritage buildings in the urban ecosystems where they are situated. Mısırlısoy and Günçe (2016) also share a similar view, observing that adaptive reuse helps provide new functions to buildings that can no longer serve their original purpose. The findings also align with comparative studies which show that adaptive reuse strategies are viable in enhancing the sustainability of existing built environments. For instance, Ijla and Broström (2015) reported that adaptive reuse strategies were effectively utilized in restoring abandoned buildings in Bethlehem in Palestine and Visby in Sweden enhancing overall sustainability of the buildings.

1.2Statement of the problem The review of diverse studies (Bullen and Love, 2011; Ijla and Broström, 2015; Mısırlısoy and Günçe, 2016) reveal that adaptive reuse is an important strategy in the restoration of heritage buildings in different parts of the world. A key underlying factor leading to its adoption regards its advantages, whereby, communities can enhance their social capital and ensure their identities remain preserved from one generation to another. Based on such evidence, it is interesting to examine the viability of reuse strategies on different types of buildings whose essence is fading with time in the UK and Indian contexts. A brief review of existing monuments often reveals civic disorder, for instance, people engraving their names on the façade or spit marks on the walls. This often ends up disrupting the overall experience of the structure leading to total ignorance and degradation of the structure. An example is the defacing of the Cenotaph war memorial in London as seen in figure 2 below.

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Figure 2Defaced Cenotaph war memorial monument (Jones, 2020)

The researcher focuses on Indian and UK case studies due to the existence of rich ancient built heritage and the unique opportunity to examine the viability of preserving and conserving heritage. As a result, this induces less impact on the environment and increases the total number of buildings in the urban ecosystem. Therefore, it would be a waste of beautiful heritage if such buildings are not revived through adaptive reuse strategies.

1.3 Motivation From my background in living in New Delhi, India, I have seen a lot of abandoned built heritage in the city.

Majority of the built heritage is unnoticed and unregistered by the heritage department. Over time, I have observed that there has not been much effort to preserve these buildings. Built heritage has undergone civic order, encroached by the homeless people and used for garbage disposal. However, following my visit to Scotland for my masters’ degree, I could visibly see the difference in the nature of built heritage. I observed that built heritage in the UK has been conserved by adaptive reuse strategies and as a result, preserving its external façade. After observing the difference in the preservation of built heritage in both countries (India and United Kingdom), it motivated me to undertake this comparative research.

1.4 Aim This research aims to study the need to revive the abandoned built heritage by examining examples that demonstrate the preservation of built heritage. Likewise, the research aims to identify the differences in the processes of implementation in Great Britain and India. Finally, this research also aims to redefine how people treat built heritage and provides some suggestions to implement adaptive reuse strategy in developing countries.

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1.5Research questions What is the need for the preservation of built heritage?

This research questions focusses on the various benefits of preserving the built heritage to sectors such as tourism, the economy, and to culture in general.

What are the different approaches in terms of preservation of built heritage?

The objective of this research question is to investigate the various approaches that have been utilized over the years to enhance the preservation of built heritage.

What policies exist for preservation of built heritage in Great Britain and in India?

Investigates the role of policy in preserving built heritage in Great Britain and India and the various policies that have been formulated over the years.

1.6 Research methodology To conduct the research, case study of the real-world were analysed, for studying conservation and preservation of built heritage in both India and Britain. As Yin (2012) highlights, a case study research involves the in-depth inquiry of a given phenomenon within its real-world environment. Justification for adopting a case study approach stemmed from the fact that it enabled an in-depth knowledge on conservation and preservation strategies that were employed in the reuse of the built heritage. The researcher obtained data on the various case studies by reviewing several research papers, blogs and books that detailed various practical approaches.

1.7 Limitations The research is mainly limited by the narrow comparison of the built heritage in India and Great Britain and that only a few examples from the two countries will be reviewed. As a result, there is limited generalizability of the research conclusions that are drawn. A second limitation is that the research relies mainly on published secondary sources to obtain the required data. The implication of this approach is that there is a likelihood of biased insights being obtained from the reviewed data.

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Chapter 2

Literature Review

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2 Literature Review This chapter focuses on the evolution of built heritage and discusses issues that deteriorate the built heritage such as natural and social issues. Potential ways of conserving the built heritage are examined and explained why adaptive reuse is one of the best options in terms of conservation and restoration of built heritage. It examines various examples of restoration and adaptive reuse of built heritage across the world. This chapter discusses various concepts of built heritage and their impact on encompassing architectural buildings that are culturally and historically important.

The common perception held is that the built heritage is viewed as part of the public long-term interest. The various components of heritage include monuments, ruins, archaeological sites, and artefacts that are protected by state agencies in each country. This chapter also focuses on the fact that there is a significant difference in terms of the implementation of the existing policies for the conservation of built heritage.

2.1 Evolution of heritage conservation From the review of literature on built heritage conservation, it is reported that efforts to conserve built heritage began as early as the 15th century with structures such as the Ta Prohm temple in India which is ranked as a World Heritage site (Lakshmipriya, 2008). However, further analysis reveals that the traditional approach employed highly emphasized on the use value of the structures as well as the elements of memory and respect that were attributed to the actual heritage buildings. Stubbs and Thomson (2016) report that pioneering architects such as Viollet-le-Duc were highly influential in the restoration of built heritage in the 18 th century during the Italian renaissance. The focus at the time was the adoption of stylistic and historical restoration techniques in conserving architectural monuments. Stubbs and Thomson also observe that in Spain, the ideas and actions associated with heritage conservation were developed at the beginning of the early 19th century. Therefore, much of the progress in heritage conservation can be argued to have been pioneered in the 19th century.

William Ruskin (a theorist) and Morris (a practitioner) further inspired critical debate on conservation movement of heritage. Kleiner and Gardner (2016) report that Ruskin and Morris founded the Arts and Craft movement in the late 19th century to promote the creation of art by the people and for the people. The authors note that the two were highly contemptuous of capitalism and distrust for industrial machines which alienated labourers from their nature. The objective of the movement was to reform decoration and design in the mid-19th century in Britain. However, the movement ended with the end of World War 1.

Some of the principles and concepts of the Arts and Craft movement have been published in different books, for example, by Gillian Naylor as seen below (figure 3).

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Figure 3The arts and crafts movement (Book Depository, 2020)

Italian contributors, for instance, by Gustavo Giovannoni (1873-1947) used philological and scientific approaches on restoration (Stubbs and Thomson, 2016). The authors report that Giovannoni was the first to extend and finalize the theory of scientific restoration (restauroscientifico) which was developed by Camillo Boilo, an Italian architect. However, Giovannoni expanded Boilo’s work significantly, leading to the creation of the 1931 Athens Charter and Italian Charter of Restoration which initiated the philological restoration practice. Over time, modern theories of conserving and restoring built heritage were developed and highly popularised in the 20 th century.

Ashurst (2007) adds that new techniques that were based on ecology were also emerging at the time in an effort to ensure the historical buildings were both environmentally and culturally sustainable.

Aside from preserving historical built heritage, the conservation of archaeological sites was also considered in the same period (18th to 20th century) (Emmons, Lomholt and Hendrix, 2012). The authors note that in European countries, restoration practices also highly emphasized on refurbishment of medieval buildings in a stylistic manner. Additionally, Emmons, Lomholt and Hendrix, highlight that stylistic restoration (ripristino) was a way of romantically treating historical buildings and as a result, transforming them for later reuse. However, it is observed that there is a lack of published literature on the conservation of heritage in the early times in an Indian context.

Other researchers such as Aygen (2014) also report similar findings, observing that in the 18 th and 19th centuries, there was increased attention directed to the preservation of built heritage through formation of conservation movements. This would be later followed by the creation of heritage conservation bodies both at the national and international levels in the 20th century. Additionally, Brandi (1963) would also highlight the integral role of 14

modern theorists and philosophers such as Croce, Heidegger and Nietzsche in advocating for the evolution and conservation of built heritage.

2.2 Factors deteriorating built heritage In 2008, The World Heritage Committee, outlined various factors that affect the value of world heritage properties as well as a questionnaire detailing how periodic reporting would be undertaken (section II) (UNESCO, 2008). According to UNESCO (2008), there were 14 primary factors which affect built environment.

Based on the scope of the research, the relevant factors considered include natural and social aspects.

2.3 Natural factors 2.3.1 Flood According to Dawson, James and Nevell (2019), natural disasters such as floods threaten built heritage by causing significant damage to the fabric of the existing buildings. The heavy water load from floods such as ElNino may cause high moisture content to remain on different structures of the buildings such as the walls, floors and roofs. The implication is that this is likely to dissolve the building materials and cause wear down of the buildings as well as diverse health problems (UNESCO, 2008).

As BBC (2019b) reports, a state of emergency was declared in Italy following recent floods of Venice city in 2019 which engulfed the city with water levels reaching up to 1.87m (6ft). The implication included massive power losses and flooding of the basilica after more than 80% of the city was underwater during high tides. Figure 4 illustrates the adverse effects of the floods.

Figure 4Floods in Venice, Italy (BBC, 2019b)

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2.3.2 Biological factors Diverse biological agents ranging from insects to algae, fungi, and mosses affect various building materials such as brick and timber and as a result, lower their longevity. Theodossopoulos (2012) observes that fungi and algae affect wet timber with higher decay occurring where moisture content is higher. Timber with high moisture content (wet timber) is observed to decompose faster in damp environments resulting in the loss of strength, softening, and discolouration. UNESCO (2008) adds that in other instances, germination may occur at temperatures of 20ºC and moisture content above 20%, results in cracks in timber, losing its structural form.

2.3.3 Moisture According to Brebbia and Hernández (2015), moisture is a core agent that causes the gradual deterioration of built heritage in its different forms – liquid, vapor and solid. A decrease in surface temperature leads to condensation and subsequently, causes critical damage to heritage buildings. UNESCO (2008) further reports that when water freezes in the cracks of building material such as timber, bricks and concrete, this is likely to cause decay, cracking or surface pouring.

2.3.4 Ground water and salt Soluble salts are also argued to cause significant degradation of porous building materials due to the progressive salt action that causes microscopic weakening of surfaces over centuries and decades and as a result, leads to natural erosion (Wilde, Brebbia and Hernández, 2012). UNESCO (2008) highlights the work of researchers such as Schaffer who have comprehensively studied the natural weathering process of building stones.

2.3.5 Wind storm As Brebbia and Hernández (2015) posit, wind storms lead to significant damage of built heritage throughcausing mechanical damage to structures such as walls.Kaslegard (2011) add that strong windsalso affect archaeological sites by causing erosion.

2.3.6 Air pollution Acid rain as described by Harris (2016), refers to rainfall with a pH of less than 5.6 which arises when rainwater mixes with emissions of sulphur dioxide or nitrogen oxides. The author adds that acid rain causes significant destruction of the built environment and further contributes to air pollution.

Further examination of the effects of acid rain has also been undertaken by Petheram (2003) where the author reports that it causes significant damage to stone work, particularly where acidic rain falls on limestone or 16

marble. The implication is that the acidic rain causes faster weathering and dissolution of the building material which is more permanent.

2.3.7 Solar radiation Hadjibiros (2014) posits that solar radiation supplies sufficient energy to facilitate various photochemical reactions, for instance, breaking down of chemical compounds of nitrogen oxides and other volatile hydrocarbons. Likewise, the energy from solar radiation further causes electrons on objects to be excited leading to their break away from their constituent atoms.

A separate research by Llop et al. (2013) further highlights that stone heritage is severely affected by atmospheric including solar radiation, rain and wind. The author also reports that solar radiation causes stress on the materials and leads to structural damage as they might dry out or become crazed and cracked.

2.3.8 Vibration Natural occurring vibrations arise from aspects such as earthquakes, ocean waves and wind and have an adverse consequence on the built environment by causing distress and movement (Smith, 2013). Likewise, manmade or artificial vibrations arising from traffic on rail and roads as well as sonic booms also exert impact on the built heritage as they can cause disintegration and other forms of damage throughout developed structure (UNESCO, 2008). More severe vibrations such as 8th degree earthquakes are also likely to cause severe consequences such as the demolition of walls (Petrini and Save, 2014). The authors add that 9 th and 10th degree earthquakes cause higher damage as they can reduce walls to rubble.

2.4 Social factors 2.4.1 Fire Toniolo, Boriani and Guidi (2015) posit that uncontrolled fire has a lasting effect on built heritage as it causes significant irreparable damage. UNESCO (2008) further adds that although there is a possibility of replicating the destroyed parts of the buildings, the damage from fire causes the loss of the original historic fabric of the building which makes it stand out. Figure 5 below illustrates Shuri Castle in Tokyo before a fire accident destroyed the heritage site.

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Figure 5Shuri Castle, Tokyo (BBC, 2019a)

Figure 6 below further displays the same heritage site after fire destroyed it.

Figure 6Shuri castle after the fire took place (BBC, 2019a)

2.4.2 Urban development Marchettini et al. (2014) report that the increased development of urban centres has an adverse effect on the status of the built heritage as the abandoned buildings are mostly demolished in order to provide space for the development of schools, roads, hospitals and other infrastructure required in the urban fabric such as shopping malls and parking spaces.

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Al-Houdalieh and Sauders (2009) have also undertaken a similar study in the Ramallah region in Palestine, whereby, it was reported that increased growth of urban centres, expansion of infrastructure and private house construction threatened both traditional cultural heritage and archaeological sites.

2.4.3 Vandalism As Merrill (2011) reports, vandalism is a cultural practice in which individuals undertake malicious destruction of existent infrastructure. Al-Houdalieh and Sauders (2009) add that vandalism, looting and destruction through warfare, are condemned acts which threaten the longevity of cultural and architectural heritage due to their destructive potential.

Through acts of vandalism, exquisite property is damaged and defaced, for instance, through adding graffiti without any permission from the owners (Merrill, 2011). Graham, Ashworth and Tunbridge (2016) also cite that in addition to exquisite infrastructure, built heritage is also vandalised with examples including Jewish Synagogues and Museums.

2.5 Potential ways to conserve built heritage The figure 7 below illustrates various potential ways that built heritage can be conserved. Approaches range from preservation, maintenance and restoration to reconstruction and adaptation.

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Figure 7Potential ways of conserving built-heritage

Mohd-Isa, Zainal-Abidin and Hashim (2011) posit that building conservation ensures protection of built heritage in an effort to retain its authentic nature and represent the root and history of a society. In this context, building conservation involves continual compromise between protecting the character of the built heritagein order to fulfil the present day standards satisfied by comfort and public safety. In the section below, five approaches of conserving built-heritage are discussed.

2.5.1 Preservation and maintenance FarisHmood (2019) observes that preserving built heritage involves providing a guarantee that architectural and historical features of old buildings and areas remain protected by removing aspects such as erosion, sedimentation signs and protecting open squares. As such, preservation focuses on the implementation of measures that minimize the deterioration of the built heritage in order to avoid major restoration interventions.

A similar concept is also identified in the maintenance of the built heritage, whereby, different works are undertaken in order to ensure the proper condition of the built heritage is sustained and that decay and deterioration are avoided (Mohd-Isa, Zainal-Abidin and Hashim, 2011).

2.5.2 Restoration and reconstruction The restoration of built heritage describes the maintenance of the architectural heritage’s aesthetic value with particular respect that the corematerials that facilitate development of the building are utilized in an effort to maintain its genuineness, civil value and historic roots (El Namara, 2013). As a result, the building materials used are required to be compatible with the original ones used and it is also important to ensure that the building remains protected in order to avoid changing its basic features.

On the contrary, the reconstruction of built heritage refers to the recreation of deteriorated resources that had either vanished or were destroyed in an irreversible manner (Hadzimuhamedovic, 2011). The concept is therefore different from restoration which involves introducing new material to the fabric of the building.

Hadzimuhamedovic (2011) further adds that heritage buildings may be reconstructed due to diverse reasons such as dilapidation, natural disasters such as floods and fire, political factors such as terrorism and government programmes to develop new buildings. The argument advanced for continued reconstruction of built heritage is that, it enables individuals to extend their knowledge of their own values and restore the forgotten components of their identity (Hadzimuhamedovic, 2011). In turn, this leads to increased awareness of place and other people and communities who occupy the given places and subsequently, allows them to be responsible towards their 20

heritage and themselves, thereby, providing a sense of security and laying necessary groundwork to enhance the standards of living.

Nonetheless,the author has further argued that although reconstruction may preserve heritage, it may be criticized as it acts as a way of falsifying history by only incorporating into the buildings, only those elements that are desirable. The assertion is understood from the fact that some reconstructed architectural buildings are not re-developed using their original building materials.

2.5.3 Adaptation Finally, the adaptation of built heritage describes the processes of repairing and restoration of existing buildings for new or continued use (Plevoets and Van Cleempoel, 2019). As illustrated in figure 7, the destroyed buildings are restructured for new uses. In this study, various architectural buildings were observed to be adapted for new uses, for instance, the Anti villa refurbishment shown in figure 10 below.

2.6 Examples of adaptive reuse of built heritage from all over world In order to understand how adaptive reuse strategies have been utilized in the preservation of built heritage, this section reviews case studies from different parts of the world. This enables the researcher to gain important insights on approaches that have been utilized to restore built heritage.

2.6.1 Australian war memorial

Figure 8Australian War Memorial (Harrouk, 2019)

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According to Harrouk (2019), the Australian War Memorial is planned to undergo diverse refurbishment and renovation works in a bid to renovate its galleries and buildings. The author notes that the memorial was opened in 1941 and was located near the Australian parliament. The objective of restoring the memorial is to help retell the stories of Australians who served in modern conflicts and to bind generations from the past, present and future.

In regards to the architects in charge of the restoration, the southern entrance of the building is under the charge of Scott Carver while the main structure and new Anzac Hall is being planned by COX architects. The timeline of the project is anticipated to be completed in 2027 and will serve as a reminder of the consequence of service and the costs of war (Harrouk, 2019).A delicate design approach has also been adopted in order to ensure seamless space and to provide to a traveller, new insight and experience on where their journey begins and ends in the particular built heritage (Harrouk, 2019).

As previously reported by El Namara (2013), restoration of built heritage involves reusing materials that are similar to the original building in order to maintain its genuineness, historic roots and civil value. Therefore, some aspects of the original Australian War Memorial wouldbe maintained in the building while others would be entirely reconstructed. In particular, the façade remained in its original form. However, there were several notable changes suggested by the architects such as development of a larger Anzac Hall (Harrouk, 2019).

However, it was important to ensure that the integrity of the cultural building would not be affected. Some features of the new Anzac Hall included a gallery space that was 4000m 2 and an exhibition space which was housed in the two-story building.

Further enhancement of the archaeological building was also done, whereby, a transparent connection design feature was added to improve communication undertaken in the memorial hall. The Australian Design Review (2019) also reports that the southern entrance designed by Scott Carver will be integral in enhancing the spatial experience within the building as it provides connection and orientation in a physical and intellectual manner.

Figure 9 below illustrates the Southern entrance of the Australian War Memorial.

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Figure 9Southern Entrance of Australian War Memorial (Harrouk, 2019)

The analysis of the adaptive reuse strategy employed in the Australian War Memorial shows that it has undergone adaptation and restoration by adding a new and larger Anzac Hall. However, some of its original design features such as the façade have been maintained and enhanced further.

2.6.2 Antivilla/ Brandlhuber+Emde, Burlon

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Figure 10Antivilla refurbishment (ArchDaily, 2014)

According to ArchDaily (2014), Antivilla was refurbished from a former German Democratic Republic Lingerie factory in South West Berlin. Between the period 2010 to 2014, the architects Brandlhuber+ collaborating with Pilcher engineers transformed the structure into a new living and studio building by adopting a new approach. As such, the reconstruction strategy was employed in refurbishing the heritage building as original building materials were not utilized (Hadzimuhamedovic, 2011).

Crespi (2020) reports that new design features were proposed, for instance, the outer layer was preserved and the windows widened by hammering them out in an effort to save costs. Likewise, the interior space was reorganized and PVC curtains integrated in order to enhance the insulation of the structure. Shotcrete was also utilized in covering the facade (ArchDaily, 2014). A second aspect regarded the removal of walls that were nonbearing and the installation of a functional 20m 2 core. Thirdly, features such as the fireplace, staircase, bathroom and kitchenette were later installed at the center of the building in a bid to create more space (Crespi, 2020).

Attention was also directed to ensuring the building met the climatic needs of the environment as simple transparent PVC curtains were utilized. This would ensure that in summer time, curtains could be retreated to the bedroom (10m2) while in winter, the heated area expanded to about 60m 2 in order to ensure the bed was closer to the open fire (ArchDaily, 2014). Asbestos plates that made up the gable roof were also removed and replaced with a flat concrete slab to provide a scenic view over the lake.

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2.6.3 Daoiz y Velarde cultural centre/Rafael de La-Hoz

Figure 11Daoiz y Velarde cultural centre (ArchDaily, 2013)

According to Kirovová and Sigmundová (2014), the Daoiz y Verlarde complex was refurbished from former military barracks with an objective of ensuring the architecture was preserved. In the preservation process, the architects maintained some original features, for instance, its metal structure that was saw-tooth-like, façade built from bricks and its overall geometry (ArchDaily, 2013).Similarly, the building’s concrete pillars and roof truss remained suspended in the air.

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As Hadzimuhamedovic (2011) observes, reconstruction of built heritage allows individuals to enhance their knowledge of their own values. In this context, the Rafael de La-Hoz architects introduced new architectural features into the complex in an effort to transform the interior space, for instance, the interior was divided into two separate zones to enhance circulation and improve access into the building.

The architects also ensured to adapt the new complex to different kinds of events by providing a strong visual and spatial link between the two zones in the interior space. Such findings suggest that the building was entirely reconstructed to serve new functionality and captured the values of the community (Hadzimuhamedovic, 2011).

Additionally, the architects also ensured that the new refurbished complex would foster improved spatial experience by separating older containers from the newly installed ones, thereby, enhancing the building’s character and further protecting the exterior using a filter (Kirovová and Sigmundová, 2014).

Further analysis also shows that the refurbished space also serves formal functions as a communal space where meetings can be conducted and exhibitions of various works also presented (ArchDaily, 2013). Natural light and ventilation are also emphasized by the installation of a hi-tech roof as detailed in the figure 12 below.

Figure 12Hi-tech roof at the Daoiz y Verlarde complex (ArchDaily, 2013)

The incorporation of a hi-tech roof, made of metal, emphasizes on the sustainability of the building and its energy-saving features as it relies on natural light and ventilation. Additionally, higher sustainability is further achieved by the integration of renewable energy capture systems (Kirovová and Sigmundová, 2014). However, this is not suggestive that the complex does not rely on modern technologies as HVAC systems have been integrated in the building in order to provide heating.

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Likewise, heating and cooling in the building is undertaken by geothermal renewable energy with the air-ground exchanger being used mainly as a pre-treatment technique for air renewal (ArchDaily, 2013). In this manner, relying on both natural ventilation and geothermal energy ensures that lower costs are incurred as compared to the use of modern heating systems.

2.6.4 China

Figure 13Refurbished building in China(Valencia, 2019)

According to Valencia (2019), China is considered one of the most active countries in refurbishing its built heritage. The author notes that the country is currently engaged in the restoration of diverse types of built heritage ranging from industrial factories that were abandoned to hutongs in historic downtowns. Some of the buildings are being refurbished into centres oftech and culture while others that are at high risk of collapse are being restored to extend their longevity (Valencia, 2019).

The argument advanced is that, reuse architecture allows buildings that have outlived their original purpose to be put into diversified uses or functions while ensuring that their historic features are retained. Subsequently, different reuse strategies have emerged over the years. The first, regards leasing of property as the Chinese law prevents the purchase of property owned by the government (Zhou and Ronald, 2016). In this case, small developers are observed to lease older spaces such as storage facilities and factories in anticipation of increasing their value in future. All land in China, except farmland, is the government’s property and individuals are not allowed to sell it (Valencia, 2019).

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However, over time, Chinese government agencies identified opportunities in the Northern and Southern districts and gradually began allocating the property rental rights to developers (Valencia, 2019). Subsequently, the government relaxed its ownership of infrastructure and key projects such as the electricity grid in order to enable private management to undertake refurbishment operations. Private developers therefore control majority of the currently running refurbishment projects in China (Zhou and Ronald, 2016). Such collaboration between government and private developers ensures that both are keen on developing and refurbishing abandoned properties in the country. Noteworthy Chinese architects such as Atelier Deshaus and Liu Yuyang in Shanghai have also advocated for the adaptive reuse of large industrial sites for public use (Valencia, 2019). The architects provide important guidance for the government and developers to ensure refurbishments adopt designs that are more inclusive (Valencia, 2019).

Figure 14Refurbished buildings in China(Valencia, 2019)

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Chapter 3

Case studies - Britain

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3 Case studies - Britain 3.1 Stanley Dock, Liverpool 3.1.1 History According to Historic England (2017), Stanley Dock, which is a section of the North Liverpool Docks, was opened in 1848 and later designated into a conservation site in 2002. Bond (2011) adds that the Stanley Dock conservation area includes the Stanley Docks itself as well as other integral components such as the boundary wall and various parts of the Canal in Leeds and Liverpool, Docks in Collingwood and Salisbury and the Clock Tower in Victoria. Subsequently, the author posits that the Docks is considered among the 6 main areas which makeup the World heritage site in the Liverpool Maritime Mercantile city (Bond, 2011).

Stratton (2000) reports that Jesse Hartley designed Stanley Dock in such a manner that the docks were cut directly into the sandstone bedrock. As the Docks became more popular for the shipment of products, diverse dockyard structures later emerged in subsequent years in the same location; the Hydraulic Pumping Station (1854), warehouses in the North and South (1855), the huge Tobacco Warehouse (1901), Rum Warehouse (1953) and the Bascule Bridge (1932) (Historic England, 2017).

Pollard, Pevsner and Sharples (2006) further report that buildings in Liverpool are built using characteristic materials such as red brick, granite and sandstone. The materials were also used in the development of the Stanley Docks, thereby, ensuring similarity to the surrounding region. Similarly, other surrounding structures also give character to the dock, for instance, size of houses, sequence of canal locks, bollards, bridges, set roads, remnants of railway lines that once crossed the region, dock gates, bridges, the six-sided Victoria Clock Tower, and huts of watchmen (Historic England, 2017).

Collard (2016) further reports that in Liverpool, there are 2500 listed heritage buildings where 27 are Grade Ilisted and 85 are Grade II listed. Among the Grade II listed are the structures in the Stanley Docks conservation area, whereby, they provide a memorable and distinctive urban industrial landscape which complements the features which surround the water-filled docks. Figure 15 displays an aerial view of the various warehouses in Stanley Dock.

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Figure 15Aerial view of Stanley Dock warehouses(Historic England, 2017)

3.1.2 Transition over time As an example, it was observed that the Tobacco Warehouse could hold up-to 70,000 hogsheads of tobacco, each weighing about 453 kg. Therefore, the docks served an important economic role in the transport of tobacco and rum that was imported from Americas (Bond, 2011). In the WWII, however, Liverpool was bombed heavily and the docks damaged as a result (Collard, 2016). The author reports that some of the structures destroyed during the war included part of the North Warehouse at Stanley Dock and majority of the dock buildings located at Salisbury and Collingwood docks. Subsequently, the economic fortunes of the docks declined drastically due to the devastation in the 1970s and 80s (Historic England, 2017).

Notable decline was also observed in the economic activities undertaken at the Stanley Docks for a period of more than 30 years as warehouses were mostly unused and remained empty (Stratton, 2000). Within the period, the builds deteriorated and their fabric decayed as original building materials were entirely lost and failed to complement the character of the surrounding area. As a result, the Stanley Docks warehouses were placed on the heritage risk register by the Historic England and Liverpool’s local council which led to emergency repairs to avoid total collapse of the buildings (Historic England, 2017). The downside with the regeneration actions was that it led to increased costs of repair due to the expansive size of the dock buildings. Additionally, the location of the port in northern section of the city made it difficult to obtain the needed funding. However, the site is still ranked as a popular World Heritage site (Bond, 2011).

In 2010, the Stanley Dock was purchased by Harcourt Developments as part of the conservation efforts to enhance the buildings and the potential of the area (Collard, 2016). By January 2013, work had begun on site 31

which resulted in the transformation of the North and Rum warehouses into hotels and events establishments and later opened for business in June 2014 (Historic England, 2017). In this context, the adaptive reuse strategy adopted in the Stanley Dock involved entire reconstruction of the built heritage into buildings serving new functionalities as docks and warehouses were now functional as hotels and event establishments.

However, it is important to highlight that in the implementation of the adaptive reuse strategy, a significant amount of historic fabric was retained. This aspect ensured that the original look and feel of the warehouse structures was still maintained while the surrounding areas were reconstructed, an aspect that was reiterated by El Namara (2013). The reliance on the original building materials also ensured its genuineness of the building was retained.The successful completion of the project was highly beneficial to the conservation efforts in the area as it fronted a positive future for the area (Bond, 2011).

3.1.3 Advantages of adaptive reuse of the Stanley Dock Various benefits have emerged from the refurbishment of Stanley Dock. First, regards the increase in tourism activities and investments in the region as the location is ranked as a Heritage site (Bond, 2011). Directly, this has led to improved planning processes as the adjacent Tobacco Warehouse has been renovated into 538 apartments. Likewise, an increase in marketing campaigns and sales has also been associated with the regeneration of the docks into a hotel and conference centre (Collard, 2016).

Secondly, the success of the regeneration has further encouraged the local city council in Liverpool to consider formulation of wider strategic refurbishment plans for the region. In this manner, the dock’s restoration acts as a catalyst to improve regeneration efforts for the wider neighbouring area, thereby, enabling the are to re-join the city centre (Historic England, 2017). To achieve this, the Liverpool city council leverages the listing of the area as a conservation site in order to deliver more sustainable solutions for ‘Building at Risk’. In turn, this will improve regeneration of damaged buildings in the entire Liverpool region (Bond, 2011).

A third benefit is that, the Stanley Dock region has been listed as a conservation area and has been inscribed in the 2004 World Heritage Site listings (Bond, 2011). Directly, this has led to an increase in the profile of the docks as an important heritage site. In the same vein, the reuse of the heritage buildings and their particular setup is a key characteristic of the on-site development work (Collard, 2016). This makes it unique and provides a sense of identity and place for the Titanic hotel, conference centre and proposed apartments.

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3.2 Derby Cathedral, Quarter 3.2.1 History Derby’s Cathedral Quarter scooped two national accolades in the year 2016, a fitting reward for 10 years of working in collaboration (Historic England, 2017).During that time, the conservation area has benefited from improvements to shop fronts and historic buildings, designation as a Business Improvement District (BID) and ongoing branding and marketing program for shoppers and businesses. Agarwal, Busby and Huang (2018), report similar findings, whereby, they observe that Derby Cathedral is surrounded by a wide assortment of shops, pubs, restaurants and other attraction sites. However, in 2007, the Cathedral experienced significant decline after businesses collapsed, leases on properties were pulled down and rental values dropped as whole streets were in a localized recession (Mould, 2015). The phenomenon would be intensified further by competition from a nearby new indoor shopping centre, which opened in the same year.

T0 regenerate the cathedral, a Townscape heritage initiative had been launched in 2001. This was later followed by a similar activity in 2009, whereby, the conservation area of Derby’s city centre was incorporated into the risk register in the city (Historic England, 2017). A second such project, which is also sponsored by the heritage lottery fund and city council, is now regenerating the city centre’s south side (Agarwal, Busby and Huang, 2018). In 2007, traders formed a Business improvements district (managed by BID consultants Partnership for Better Business Ltd) across the city centre in the northwest quadrant to make the ‘Cathedral Quarter’ their own destination.

Local businesses saw that they would leverage their unique selling point if they clubbed together to celebrate their heritage (Mould, 2015).

Figure 16Renovated Derby Cathedral(Historic England, 2017)

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3.2.2 Harnessing the value of heritage Agarwal, Busby and Huang (2018) observe that the success of the Cathedral Quarter is attributed to its value as a conservation area as numerous local businesses have spiralled and the historic character of the cathedral buildings been recognized as a prize-winning heritage site. In turn, this has increased interest in collaborating in renovating existent built-heritage at a regional level. Mould (2015) also adds that the Heritage lottery fund (HLF) has contributed funding to the Derby Museums Trust in order to continue regenerating the nearby Silk Mill in order to benefit the area further. The author adds that at the completion of the Silk Mill regeneration project, the project will be transformed into Derby’s Making Museum and serve as the Southern gateway to the world heritage site of Derwent Valley Mills, drawing 120, 000 new visitors and an estimated annual economic impact of 4.2 million Pounds.

The combined effect of BID, City Council Historic England and Heritage Lottery Fund conservation area status and initiatives has been to build a virtuous circle of change. As the heritage’s economic value was recognized and harnessed, and public funding primed the regeneration pump, confidence returned, releasing ongoing investment and a value uplift from which the city as whole is now reaping dividends (Agarwal, Busby and Huang, 2018).

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Chapter 4

Case studies - India

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4 Case studies - India 4.1 Kolkata town hall, Kolkata 4.1.1 History According to Othman and Elsaay (2018), Kolkata Town Hall was established by the British in 1813 and the hall adopted the Roman Palladian-Doric style in its design as a reflection of the physical and functional aspects of the city. The authors report that some of its features, for instance, its floors, contained diverse ornaments.Additionally, Othman and Elsaay add that the town hall is also considered an integral heritage building that reflects the history that occurred within it.

Bandyopadhyay and Mitra (2019) further observe that various methods were adopted to modify and reuse the building. The methods were undertaken in a sequential order; i) survey of the existing condition of the building, ii) examination of building materials, iii) evaluation of the structural conditions, iv) assessment and rendering, v) hiring of contractors, vii) assignment of restoration funds and viii) management of operations (Othman and Elsaay, 2018).

The restoration of the building for public use also involved undertaking repair work for the different building elements such as the doors, walls, roofs, windows and other construction activities (Bandyopadhyay and Mitra, 2019). Following the regeneration, the building currently comprises important features such as the ‘Kolkata Panorama’ which is a high-techstory-telling museum, administrative area, public gathering spaces, academic seminar area and socio-cultural event rooms (Othman and Elsaay, 2018). Figure 17 displays the Kolkata Town hall before its restoration.

Figure 17Kolkata Town Hall before restoration(Othman and Elsaay, 2018)

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4.1.2 Project output Figure 18 further displays the town hall after regeneration.

Figure 18Kolkata Town Hall after restoration(Othman and Elsaay, 2018)

Kulshrestha (2018) adds that this project has presented the Indian government with a new experience and underscored the value of preserving dilapidated built heritage through proposing new functions in adaptive reuse strategies. As a result, the authorities do not necessarily have to demolish built heritage and can achieve success in using the buildings for economic activities. Bandyopadhyay and Mitra (2019) add that retaining the original walls of the building ensured that cultural identity could be preserved.

4.2 Gole market, Delhi 4.2.1 History The Hindustan Times (2017) reports that Gole market was built in 1918 as a marketing centre that served as a market at Point Y for a diverse range of commodities such as milk, vegetables and grains. The chief architect of the project was G. Bloomfield and designed the complex to comprise of diverse features such as a market that had 12 sides and 6 entrances which led to a central open court. Likewise, the complex had three circular colonnaded markets included in the southern periphery of the market (Manohar, 2018). Refer to figure 19 which displays the Gole market.

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Figure 19Gole market in Delhi(Hindustan Times, 2017)

Gole market is considered to be among the oldest markets surviving that were built from the colonial era (Manohar, 2018). Since its construction in 1921, the complex was assigned the name “Gole” which is derived from the shape of the architecture (Hindustan Times, 2017).

A unique testament of the colonial times is the Gole Market located in the heart of the city. Furthermore, adhering to its name, it is a small octagonal market built within a traffic round-about near Connaught Place(ArchitectureLive, 2020). Figure 20 illustrates the location of the market as captured by the researcher.

Figure 20Gole market location in Delhi(source: researcher)

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At the beginning of the 21st century, the market included a wide range of businesses and shops including numerous confectioneries, sweet shops, fast food restaurants and several meat shops operated in the market(King, 2007). The author reports that during the colonial era, the shopping centres were less important for the European population. However, currently, there are only two entrances to the court that are remaining in the central market as the rest have been destroyed by encroachment of numerous outlets by poultry and meat merchandisers (Hindustan Times, 2017). As a result, the conditions in the marketing complex have become highly unhygienic which has further reduced the region into a dumping yard (Manohar, 2018).

However, to restore the market, several adaptive reuse strategies were implemented. To begin with, some sections of the circular ensemble were demolished in the 1970s in a bid to widen the existing roads (King, 2007).

Thereafter, the Connaught Place and Gole Market were refurbished by the New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC) in its plans to revamp the entire neighbourhood (Manohar, 2018). At the completion of refurbishing the historic market, it is expected that a 3D museum will be developed which will be important in transforming New Delhi as a capital. Similarly, the nearby Shaheed Bhagat Singh market will be transformed into a night bazaar(Chitlangia, 2014) The plans to refurbish the market are expected to be completed successfully due to the approval of proposals to appoint a project architect in 2014 by the local council(Chitlangia, 2014). The proposal is that, the markets will be turned into tourism and shopping hubs that will be open all night. Likewise, the council also previously approved a proposal to develop a museum in 2013, thereby, clearing plans to redevelop the dilapidated markets (Hindustan Times, 2017).Refer to figure 21 which displays the octagonal design of the shopping complex in 1918, 1930 and 2015 respectively.

Figure 21Octagonal shopping complex in 1918, 1930 and 2005(ArchitectureLive, 2020)

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Figure 22 below further illustrates an architectural drawing of the proposed revamped building.

Discussion

Figure 22Architectural drawing of the proposed refurbished market(ArchitectureLive, 2020)

Figure 23 further showcases architectural renders of the proposed refurbished market.

Chapter 5

Figure 23Architectural renders of the proposed refurbished market(ArchitectureLive, 2020)

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5 Discussion At the onset of the study, three research questions were formulated. Data was thereafter collected by reviewing case studies drawn from the UK and India. In the UK, Stanley Dock in Liverpool and Derby Cathedral were examined whereas in India, the Kolkata Town Hall and Gole market in Delhi were considered. In this section, the findings obtained are discussed in order to extract useful insights to address the research questions. The section is divided into three sub-sections in alignment to the research questions formulated in the study.

5.1 Need for the preservation of built heritage The first research question investigated the need for preserving built heritage in both UK and India. From the evaluation of the case studies, it was observed that protection of the heritage was important as it helped to identify, track and conserve the heritage and cultural resources. The assertion is supported by evidence from the first case study in the UK – Stanley Dock in Liverpool. Findings obtained showed that in refurbishing the demolished docks, the architects ensured to maintain some of the original structures such as the look and feel of the warehouses despite transforming them into a hotel and conference room (Historic England, 2017).Similar results were also reported in the refurbishment of Kolkata town hall, whereby, architects responsible for the regeneration did not demolish the walls of the original hall; instead, they preserved it to protect the cultural heritage (Bandyopadhyay and Mitra, 2019).

Such findings align with other previously reviewed studies for instance, the Daoiz y Verlarde complex which was refurbished from former military barracks (ArchDaily, 2013). In the complex, some original features such as its metal structure, brick-developed façade and overall geometry were preserved in the refurbishment in order to conserve the heritage and cultural resource. A similar finding was also reported in the refurbishment of the Australian War Memorial, whereby, features such as the façade were preserved in an effort to ensure the structure retold the stories of Australians who served in modern conflicts (Harrouk, 2019). In effect, the case studies showed that there was need to preserve built heritage in order to bind generations from the past, present and future.

A second finding was that, the protection of built heritage was essential to urban development as it helped in defining the landmarks within the heritage rich areas and also generated economic returns and supports the tourism industry. The assertion was supported by the findings from the different case studies in that, in the UK, Stanley Dock had boosted tourism activities as the warehouses were transformed into a hotel and conference centre (Historic England, 2017). As a result, this led to enhanced economic growth as revenue was generated from the new economic activities in the refurbished built heritage. A similar aspect was also noted with the Derby cathedral which was regenerated to a shopping centre and museum which attracted over 120, 000 new visitors and generated an estimated annual economic impact of 4.2 million Pounds (Mould, 2015).In India, plans 42

were also underway to refurbish Gole market and transform it to a 3D museum while the nearby Shaheed Bhagat Singh market would be transformed into a night bazaar (Hindustan Times, 2017). The findings also resonate with previous works such as the Daoiz y Verlarde complex which was refurbished to serve formal functions as a communal space where meetings could be conducted and exhibitions of various works further presented.

Thirdly, preservation of built heritage was also important in order to create a robust identity that could withstand the rapid pace of change in the modern world. As a result, the historical preservation led to the improvement of both the present and future through appreciation of the built and cultural heritage. This aspect was also evident in the Kolkata town hall case study as its refurbishment provided an important identity for the community and also helped preserve cultural heritage (Othman and Elsaay, 2018). Likewise, the Stanley Docks site was also listed as a 2004 World Heritage site which enabled it to be viewed as a unique identity for the community.

5.2 Different approaches of preserving built heritage The second research question investigated the various approaches that had been utilized, over the years, to preserve built heritage. From the evaluation of literature, it was observed that the idea of preserving built heritage started with different movements at the beginning of 18 th and 19th centuries following the works of Viollet-le-Duc and others in the restoration of built heritage (Stubbs and Thomson, 2016). The review also showed that over time, other pioneering architects led to the formation of international concepts in heritage conservation, for instance, Ruskin and Morris who founded the Arts and Craft movement in the late 19th century to promote the creation of art by the people and for the people (Kleiner and Gardner, 2016).

Further review also showed that early initiatives in protection of built heritage were focused on attention to formation of Nations and associated organizations. After WWII internal organizations such as United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO), International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS), International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property (ICCROM), etc. came into action for preservation of built heritage.

Findings from case studies also shed further light on the various approaches employed in preserving built heritage. Analysis of the Stanley Dock case study showed that built heritage could be refurbished through reconstruction, whereby, the original purpose was abandoned and the structures put into new use. in the case study, it was observed that warehouses that were once use as storage facilities for rum, tobacco and other materials, were regenerated into the Titanic hotel and a conference centre(Historic England, 2017).A similar finding was also reported with the Kolkata town hall, whereby, the complex was regenerated into a high-tech story-telling museum, administrative area, public gathering spaces, academic seminar area and socio-cultural event rooms (Othman and Elsaay, 2018). Likewise, Gole market was also expected to be revamped into a 3D 43

museum instead of serving its original function as a market for cereals and farm produce. The findings align with other reviewed case studies from different parts of the world which showed the transformation of built heritage into new centres of economic activity, for instance, the Daoiz y Verlarde complex which was revamped from a military barrack into a communal space where exhibitions could be held and meetings conducted (ArchDaily, 2013).

Therefore, the general observation made was that, in most instances, built heritage was transformed into modern buildings that served new functionalities. However, there were other instances observed in literature, whereby, the original function of the building was preserved, for instance, the Australian War Memorial which maintained its purpose as a war memorial. This is despite undergoing significant transformation by adding a new Anzac hall, an additional 4000m2 of gallery space and a two-story building to accommodate exhibitions (Harrouk, 2019). Nonetheless, majority of the case studies examined showed that the built heritage was transformed into new buildings that served different functionality.

5.3 Policies to preserve built heritage in Great Britain and in India The final research question investigated the role of policy in preserving built heritage in Great Britain and India and the various policies that have been formulated over the years. While the case studies did not reveal any existent policies that were developed to protect built heritage in India and the UK, literature review however highlighted important findings. Most importantly, it was observed that at the international level, various policies had been formulated and implemented following inquisitions into the built heritage’s integrity and genuineness.

In case of India, many heritage buildings are not mentioned by the Architectural Survey of India (ASI). On 13 th December 2015, an article by the Times of India (TOI) clarified how the walled city (Delhi, India) had just a fourth of the 1,064 recorded heritage properties (Verma, 2015). A mere 18 are ensured by ASI, 7 by archaic exploration office and 187 by the partnership (Verma, 2015). An article by TOI, published on 31st March 2016, expressed that Delhi Development Authority (DDA) had chosen to adjust the Delhi Urban Heritage Foundation Regulations, 1999, to protect “unmistakable and immaterial heritage” of the city. The new regulations, once advised, would have been used by Delhi Urban Heritage Foundation to encourage repair and keep up the enterprise. In the past, the Municipal Council of Delhi (MCD) had affirmed a rundown of more than 760 private and open heritage structures in the city, which are not insured by the ASI(Verma, 2015).

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Chapter 6

Conclusion

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6 Conclusion 6.1 Study conclusion The aim of this research was to study the need to revive the abandoned built heritage by examining examples that demonstrated the preservation of built heritage. To collect data, a case study methodology was adopted, whereby, notable examples of the built heritage that had been restored were examined. I specifically focused on the UK and India due to my background in growing up in India and my experience in the UK during my masters’ research. Due to the significant difference I observed in the preservation of built heritage in the two countries, I was intrigued to learn how abandoned buildings were restored and preserved.

In the UK, I reviewed two case studies; Stanley Docks in Liverpool and Derby Cathedral Quarter whereas in India, case studies selected included Kolkata town hall and Gole market in Delhi. Findings from the research revealed several important insights. First, I observed that in both countries, the local government played an integral role in the preservation and conservation of built heritage. The Liverpool city council was responsible for the regeneration of the Stanley Docks while the New Delhi Municipal council ensured that the Gole market would be restored as expected.

A second finding was that, restoration of built heritage led to the regeneration of urban centres as the newly revamped buildings facilitated different economic activities. A case in point was the transformation of Stanley Docks warehouses into the Titanic hotel, apartments and a conference center. Likewise, the dilapidated Gole market would be transformed into a 3D museum while the Kolkata town hall was also regenerated into a hightech story-telling museum, administrative area, public gathering spaces, academic seminar area and sociocultural event rooms. Thirdly, I also learned that in other instances, built heritage could also be preserved to continue serving its original purpose. In particular, I observed that the Australian War Memorial complex was revamped to continue retelling the stories of Australians who had been in modern conflict. Such findings indicated that when well-planned, regeneration activities for the built heritage could ensure that buildings continued serving their original roles.

However, other negative findings were also obtained in the research. For instance, I found out that a lot of the built heritage is not recorded by the Indian authorities responsible for preservation and conservation of built heritage. Likewise, where some had been recorded, they were still left abandoned.This has a negative implication in meeting the demands of a growing population as there isa high demand for land in India. High population growth rates will lead to increased pressure on available land and as a result, lead to further destruction of the environment. As India is a country with one of the highest population growth rates,there is need to use available land more wisely and sustainably in order to meet the needs of future generations.

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In sum, the study has revealed that there is need to preserve built heritage as it serves as a cultural identity and preserves history between different generations. Furthermore, case studies showed that regeneration of the built heritage can enhance urban centres as they can be transformed into revenue-generating businesses, for instance, hotels galleries and museums. Therefore, it is important for government legislation to ensure their buildings are not misused or ignored as they can generate significant benefits in the localities where they are situated. Additionally, adopting sustainable practices in the regeneration of the buildings can ensure they serve the needs of both the present and future generations.

6.2 Recommendations Based on the findings obtained in this research, several recommendations are formulated. To begin with, it was observed that the regeneration of built heritage in the selected countries led to important economic benefits, for instance, regenerating urban centres by transforming the built heritage into revenue-generating businesses.

A case in point being the Stanley Docks warehouses which were transformed into the Titanic hotel, apartments and conference centres. Therefore, it is recommended that local authorities in UK and India continue to undertake more regeneration activities for the built heritage in order to enhance their economic capabilities.

A second finding reported was that, by regenerating built heritage, this enhanced the identities of the surrounding communities and as a result, improved their general wellbeing. An example was observed in the Australian War Memorial complex which made surrounding communities appreciative of their history and the actions of past generations. Therefore, it is also recommended that built heritage is regenerated in order to preserve the cultural identity of communities and to ensure that present generations can appreciate their history.

Thirdly, in the case studies, it was further observed that sustainable practices were utilized in the regeneration of the built heritage. For example, with the Daoiz y Verlarde complex, natural light and ventilation coupled with the use of geothermal energy were utilized in order to ensure a reduction in total energy consumed in the buildings.

As such, it is recommended that the local authorities also focus on adopting sustainable processes in regenerating the dilapidated built heritage.

6.3 Limitations A limitation of the current research is that it has focused on a narrow selection of case studies to address the research questions. In the UK, only the Stanley Docks and Derby Cathedral were considered while in India, only the Gole Market and Kolkata Town Hall were reviewed. The direct implication was thatthe findings were not generalizable in explaining the practice of adaptive reuse of built heritage. However, to overcome the challenge, I reviewed other case studies from different parts of the world in order to corroborate the findings.

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A second limitation is that I relied mainly on secondary sources to address the research questions as I was unable to conduct primary research, for instance, interviews with management of the different regenerated sites.

Therefore, there is a likelihood that the reviewed sources were biased and led to inaccurate insights on the importance of refurbishing abandoned or destroyed built heritage.

6.4 Future research In future research, it will be important for future scholars to ensure that they review a wider range of case studies in order to enhance the generalizability of the studies. In turn, this will lead to more conclusive insights that can be adopted into practice in different countries. A second future research avenue regards undertaking primary research in order to engage with stakeholders of the different built heritage sites.

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