Appp506 final report capstone project joão airton almeida m n

APPP 506: Capstone Project Instructor: Vladan Prodanovic

Sustainability Applied to Social Housing in Brazil A clean energy project and life cycle assessment of a social housing model

Student: JoĂŁo Airton de Almeida Monteiro Neto Student ID: 91787168 Date: December 20, 2017

MEL APPP 506

Capstone Project

JoĂŁo Airton de Almeida 91787168

Summary 1.Executive Summary...................................................................................................................... 3 2.Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 4 3.Purpose ........................................................................................................................................ 4 3.1 Objectives of the proposed housing model .................................................................. 4 3.2 Objectives of this paper ................................................................................................ 5 4.Background .................................................................................................................................. 5 5.Reference Projects ....................................................................................................................... 7 5.1 Earthships Biotecture, Michael Reynolds ..................................................................... 7 5.2 Centre for Interactive Research in Sustainability, Perkins and Will ............................. 8 6.Methodology................................................................................................................................ 9 PV Syst ............................................................................................................................... 10 Tally LCA Methodology ..................................................................................................... 14 Building Life-Cycle Stages ................................................................................................. 17 7.Results ........................................................................................................................................ 18 PVsyst ................................................................................................................................ 18 House I .................................................................................................................. 18 House L .................................................................................................................. 19 House L2 ................................................................................................................ 20 Life Cycle Assessment ....................................................................................................... 20 Typical Materials Model ....................................................................................... 20 Sustainable Materials Model ................................................................................ 40 8.Conclusions ................................................................................................................................ 59 9.Recommendations ..................................................................................................................... 62 10.Project Mentor ......................................................................................................................... 62 11.Key Resources .......................................................................................................................... 62 12.LCA Glossary............................................................................................................................. 63 13.References ............................................................................................................................... 65 14.Appendices............................................................................................................................... 66

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1. Executive Summary Situated in South America, Brazil is the largest country of its continent, however suffers from a chronic housing deficit as any other South American nation. According to studies made by the Brazilian government, up to 6 million families do not have a place to live or live under precarious and subhuman conditions.

Historic social-economic inequities have been carried out since the foundation of the country by the Portuguese colonizer, as African-Brazilian and Indigenous peoples suffered the massive burden of exploitation, discrimination and marginalization, to name a few. After slavery was abolished in 1888, much later than most of the countries in the Americas, this now unemployed and homeless human contingent migrated to big centers. As many of those people were not able to find a job, they started to populate areas where they were able to live, normally in risky areas or where the land was unattractive to the upper classes, such as floodable areas or very steep sites.

In modern days, the social-economic disparities are more notable due to the higher prices paid for the square meter of land. A family that earns up to two minimum wages1 cannot afford to live in areas that are most valued in big cities simply because the price of the land is several times bigger than the maximum of 70%2 of a family income. Therefore, many families are forced to move to the outskirts of urban centers, where often there is not good supply of services.

Environmental impacts associated with the construction industry are often overlooked in the Brazilian social housing context since sustainability applied to constructions still carries the stigma of being of costly implementation and economically unfeasible.

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Brazilian minimum wage 2018: R$ 937/month.

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It is a consensus amongst economists in Brazil that housing expenses should not be more than 30% of a household income.

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2. Introduction In this work, a sustainable social housing project aimed to solve the dilemma of having lowincome families living in high valued regions, while not becoming victims of economic pressures associated with urban land speculation.

This model of social housing is thought to promote a sustainable and independent day-to-day life for low-income families through onsite food farming coupled with rainwater use and treatment, clean energy generation and water conservation techniques.

We conducted a life cycle assessment (LCA) of the architectural model with the intent of quantifying the impacts of building houses using materials that are considered more sustainable in comparison with standard construction materials. In addition, we developed a clean energy generation system as way of promoting energy security, and also to analyze if it is an economically feasible investment for governments and companies who wish to develop social housing projects in Brazil.

3. Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze and further develop the sustainable design of a previous academic work regarding sustainable social housing in Brazil. Such a work was presented as the final project on August 2015, as part of the prerequisites to obtain my Bachelor of Architecture and Urbanism Degree at the University of Fortaleza, Brazil. We will apply tools learned on the Master of Engineering Leadership in Clean Energy Engineering program onto the previously designed architectural project.

3.1 Objectives of the housing model ● Promote social equity through low-income families empowerment. ● Lessen economic pressure of land speculation on low-income families. ● Reduce ecologic footprint of the residential sector.

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● Provide efficient, comfortable and attractive design housing to low income families. ● Lessen housing infrastructure dependency. ● Lessen urban waste generation. ● Grant energy and water security to low income families.

3.2 Objectives of this paper ● Design clean energy generation system to the proposed housing model. ● Execute building energy modeling. ● Conduct a life cycle assessment (LCA) of the materials specified on the architectural project. ● Compare LCA results with a standard social housing model LCA.

4. Background

Figure 1: Electronic perspective of the architectural project. Source: the author.

This project aimed to challenge the typical social housing design in Brazil through the proposal of 17 sustainable social houses ensemble. It sheds some light on innovative solutions to social housing issues under the sustainability triple-bottom line concept, which is the application of sustainable social, environmental and economic practices.

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Each house is designed to function as a living building, and it is supposed to promote food, water and electricity security for its users. The architectural design took into consideration the local availability of sustainable construction materials, prioritizing the use of non energy-intensive materials, as well as taking into account embodied GHG emissions related to their manufacture.

During design process, the economic feasibility related to the incorporation of more sustainable materials was considered.

As a result, the product of such a study was a model of sustainable building applied to social housing to the Brazilian context that could offer solutions to urban problems such as residential deficit, real state speculation, underutilization of urban land, high household generation and accumulation of waste, high infrastructure dependency (electricity, water and sewage systems).

The location chosen for present study was the city of Fortaleza, Brazil. The implantation site chosen to accommodate the architecture proposal was vacant and it belongs to the local city hall, and it was illegally occupied by 17 families looking for a place to live. It is located in a high valued residential, commercial and institutional region of the city where there is an excellent offer of services, public equipment and infrastructure.

Figure 2: Picture of the occupied portion of the site. Source: Google Maps.

The architectural project was developed taking into consideration future expansions, therefore all rooms were developed within a modular frame. Passive house strategies were employed as well with natural cross-ventilation and façade shading in order to improve comfort and energy consumption. A system coupling water treatment and farming was developed in order to reuse household water and provide low-income families with the possibility of producing their own food.

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’ Figure 3: Schematics for passive ventilation. Source: the author

Figure 4: Module dimensions.

Figure 5: Water system schematics. Source: the author

5. Reference projects 5.1 Earthship - Michael Reynolds The architect Michael Reynolds is the creator of this model of housing called ‘Earthship’. His organization is called Earthship Biotecture, and it is responsible for the project and construction of dozens of sustainable houses around the world.

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As suggested by the name, the residences are supposed to be self-sufficient enclosures that are able to operate under the most varied and unexpected circumstances. The concept supporting such a model is that the house occupants are not only vulnerable to natural catastrophes such as floodings, droughts, hurricanes and earthquakes, but also to infrastructure and services breakdowns such as electricity, water and food scarcity. Therefore, Reynolds’ Earthships suggests a different perspective of how to live and interact with our planet.

Making an analogy to an ecosystem, that is in a balanced and sustainable way, the houses operate like a vessel because there are no infrastructure connections to utilities, moreover like an organism that uses, process and return everything they collect to the environment in a constant cycle. For example, rain water is collected by the roof of the houses, used by the occupants, treated by plants and then returned to nature; food is grown within the residence using recycled water. After harvest, all the waste is composted and used as fertilizer for the next crop; electricity is generated in loco through solar panels and stored in bateries, thus there is no need for infrastructure connections.

Figure 6: Schematics for Earthship design. Source: Earthship Biotecture

5.2 Center for Interactive Research on Sustainability – UBC The Center for Interactive Research on Sustainability, or simply CIRS, was built in 2011 by University of British Columbia in an attempt to build an excellent sustainable building. Granted 8

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with the LEED Platinum label, the building was designed to challenge the way constructed spaces interact with its surroundings by creating a balance between a positive and negative impacts of human activities on the environment. Through high performance benchmarks, the building design seeks to meet four net-positive goals, which are energy, embodied carbon emissions, operational carbon emissions and water quality. By the time of its construction, the building was the most high-performing building in North-America.

Figure 7: System diagram for the CIRS building at UBC. Busby Perkins + Will. Source: CIRS Technical Manual.

6. Methodology The scope of work of this capstone project consists of the design of the photovoltaic energy generation for the 3 types of houses developed for this project, and the life cycle assessment of the buildings, that includes materials manufacturing, transportation, construction, maintenance and end-of-life disposal impacts.

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Two software programs were very important to the development of this study, one for the buildings’ PV system3 design, and the other for conducting the buildings’ LCA. The first one is called PV Syst, and it is a software that works with data from different datasets regarding insolation, weather conditions and other meteorological in order to simulate different alternatives of PV systems to a specified place. PV Syst can be used for sizing, simulation and data analysis of entire PV systems, including model specification and pricing. It uses several meteo databases in order to simulate local insolation conditions according to the designer’s specifications. PV Syst generates a full report, which contains the results of a give study in form of graphs and tables, that way, the designer can decide what it is the best design configuration for a project regarding economic and technical frameworks.

6.1 PVsyst The first step of the PV system design is to inform PV Syst in what category the system is supposed to operate. In this case, the system will be connected to the grid, therefore the energy generation scheme will be: Generation > Inverter > Meter > Grid.

Figure 8: System configuration diagram

The initial steps to the design of a PV system using the PVsyst software are the following:

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Photovoltaic system

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Available area for modules: in this case, 24 m² (House I) + 42 m² (House L) + 60 m² (House L2) = 126 m²

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Location: Lat -3.77°N / Long -38.60°E

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Specification of PV panels and inverters manufacturers

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Inclination and orientation of the panels: 10° tilt, Azimuth 0°

Figure 9: Inclination and orientation

Figure 10: Azimuth x sun height

Figure 11: Inclination x day hours x insolation

The panel chosen for this project was the model MaxPower CS6U-340M, from the company Canadian Solar. It presents the following features: 

Nominal max, power: 340Wp

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Open circuit voltage (Voc): 46.2Vdc

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Short circuit current (Isc): 9.48A 11

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Figure 12: Efficiency profile of the chosen model

Two models of inverters were used in this study. The first one, Sunny Boy 3800 U-208 by SMA. It presents the following features: 

Nominal max, power: 3.3kWac

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Maximum voltage (MPP): 480V

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Maximum AC current: 16A

The second inverter is the SMA, Sunny Boy 2.5, and it has the following features: 

Nominal max, power: 2.5kWac

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Maximum voltage (MPP): 480V

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Maximum AC current: 11A

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Figure 13: Efficiency profile of the Sunny Boy 3800 U-208

Figure 14: Efficiency profile of the Sunny Boy 2.5

The second software used in this study is called Tally. Tally is a Revit add on software, which was developed for conducting life cycle assessment of buildings. It takes advantage of Revit’s BIM technology to size and analyze the environmental impacts of the materials used on the

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architectural model, as well as compare different design options. Tally also generates a full report categorizing materials and construction elements and their potential impacts.

LCA is the compiling and evaluation of the inputs and outputs and the potential environmental impacts of a product system during its lifetime. LCA is an useful tool for product development, product design comparison, abiding by legislation, planning environmental strategies and many other circumstances related to the impact of a product.

Figure 15: Life cycle assessment scheme. Source: GaBi

6.2 Tally LCA Calculation Methodology The life cycle assessment (LCA) results reported represent either an analysis of a single building or a comparative analysis of two or more building design options. The single building may represent the complete architectural, structural, and finish systems of a building or a subset of those systems, and it may be used to compare the relative environmental impacts associated with building components or for comparative study with one or more reference buildings. Design options may represent a full building across various stages of the design process, or they may represent multiple schemes of a full or partial building that are being compared to one another across a range of evaluation criteria.

The functional unit of a single building is the usable floor space of the building under study. For a design option comparison of a partial building, the functional unit is the complete set of building systems that performs a given function. The reference flow is the amount of material required to produce a building or portion thereof, and is designed according to the given goal and scope of the assessment over the full life of the building. If construction impacts are included in the 14

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assessment, the reference flow also includes the energy, water, and fuel consumed on the building site during construction. If operational energy is included in the assessment, the reference flow includes the electrical and thermal energy consumed on site over the life of the building. It is the responsibility of the modeler to assure that reference buildings or design options are functionally equivalent in terms of scope, size, and relevant performance. The expected life of the building has a default value of 60 years and can be modified by the practitioner.

The analysis accounts for the full cradle-to-grave life cycle of the design options studied, including material manufacturing, maintenance and replacement, eventual end-of-life, and the materials and energy used across all life cycle stages. Optionally, the construction impacts and operational energy of the building can be included within the scope.

Architectural materials and assemblies include all materials required for the product’s manufacturing and use including hardware, sealants, adhesives, coatings, and finishing. The materials are included up to a 1% cut-off factor by mass with the exception of known materials that have high environmental impacts at low levels. In these cases, a 1% cut-off was implemented by impact.

Manufacturing [EN 15978 A1-A3] encompasses the full product stage, including raw material extraction and processing, intermediate transportation, and final manufacturing and assembly.

The manufacturing scope is listed for each entry, detailing any specific inclusions or exclusions that fall outside of the cradle-to-gate scope. Infrastructure (buildings and machinery) required for the manufacturing and assembly of building materials are not included and are considered outside the scope of assessment. Transportation [EN 15978 A4] between the manufacturer and building site is included separately and can be modified by the practitioner. Transportation at the product’s end-of-life is excluded from this study.

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On-site Construction [EN 15978 A5] includes the anticipated or measured energy and water consumed on-site during the construction installation process, as entered by the tool user.

Maintenance and Replacement [EN 15978 B2-B4] encompasses the replacement of materials in accordance with the expected service life. This includes the end of life treatment of the existing products, transportation to site, and cradle-to-gate manufacturing of the replacement products.

The service life is specified separately for each product.

Operational Energy [EN 15978 B6] is based on the anticipated energy consumed at the building site over the lifetime of the building. Each associated dataset includes relevant upstream impacts associated with extraction of energy resources (such as coal or crude oil), including refining, combustion, transmission, losses, and other associated factors. For further detail, see Energy Metadata in the appendix.

End of Life is based on average US construction and demolition waste treatment methods and rates.

This includes the relevant material collection rates for recycling, processing requirements for recycled materials, incineration rates, and landfilling rates. Along with processing requirements, the recycling of materials is modeled using an avoided burden approach, where the burden of primary material production is allocated to the subsequent life cycle based on the quantity of recovered secondary material. Incineration of materials includes credit for average US energy recovery rates. The impacts associated with landfilling are based on average material properties, such as plastic waste, biodegradable waste, or inert material. Specific end-of-life scenarios are detailed for each entry.

Tally utilizes a custom designed LCA database that combines material attributes, assembly details, and architectural specifications with environmental impact data resulting from the collaboration between KieranTimberlake and thinkstep. LCA modeling was conducted in GaBi 6 using GaBi databases and in accordance with GaBi databases and modeling principles.

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The data used are intended to represent the US and the year 2013.

Where representative data were unavailable, proxy data were used. The datasets used, their geographic region, and year of reference are listed for each entry. An effort was made to choose proxy datasets that are technologically consistent with the relevant entry.

Uncertainty in results can stem from both the data used and its application. Data quality is judged by: its measured, calculated, or estimated precision; its completeness, such as unreported emissions; its consistency, or degree of uniformity of the methodology applied on a study serving as a data source; and geographical, temporal, and technological representativeness. The GaBi LCI databases have been used in LCA models worldwide in both industrial and scientific applications.

These LCI databases have additionally been used both as internal and critically reviewed and published studies. Uncertainty introduced by the use of proxy data is reduced by using technologically, geographically, and/or temporally similar data. It is the responsibility of the modeler to appropriately apply the predefined material entries to the building under study.

Tally methodology is consistent with LCA standards ISO14040-14044 and EN 15978:2011.

6.3 Building Life-Cycle Stages The following diagram illustrates the organization of building life-cycle stages as described in EN 15978. Processes included in Tally modeling scope are shown in bold.

PRODUCT A1. Raw material supply A2. Transport A3. Manufacturing CONSTRUCTION A4. Transport 17

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A5. Construction installation process USE B1. Use B2. Maintenance B3. Repair B4. Replacement B5. Refurbishment B6. Operational energy B7. Operational water END OF LIFE C1. Demolition C2. Transport C3. Waste processing C4. Disposal D. Reuse, recovery, and recycling potential

7. Results Three models of house were developed, each one with different rooftop areas. Therefore, an individualized PV system project was necessary to attend the different design options.

7.1 House I For the House I model, a 24 m² rooftop area was able to accommodate a system with installed power of 4.1kWp. The array consists of 12 modules divided in 2 strings.

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Figure 16: Rooftop and PVsyst House I

7.2 House L For the House I model, a 42 m² rooftop area was able to accommodate a system with installed power of 7.5kWp. The array consists of 18 modules divided in 2 strings.

Figure 17: Rooftop and PVsyst House L

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7.3 House L2 For the House I model, a 60 m² rooftop area was able to accommodate a system with installed power of 10.5kWp. The array consists of 30 modules divided in 3 strings.

Figure 18: Rooftop and PVsyst House L2

7.2 Life Cycle Assessment 7.2.1 Typical Materials Model

In this model, we are considering walls made of fired 8-hole ceramic bricks with Cementous plaster and white acrylic paint; concrete floors with ceramic bricks modules; glass windows with aluminum frames and wooden doors.

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Firgure 19: Typical construction materials.

Revit Categories Ceilings, Curtainwall Mullions, Curtainwall Panels, Doors, Floors, Roofs, Stairs and Railings, Structure, Walls, Windows LCA conducted considering the three-house set (houses I, L and L2) Aluminum turn-tilt window fitting 16.1 kg Used in the following Revit families: JANELA: Correr 1.00 x 0.5 8.6 kg (50 yrs*) JANELA: Correr 1.00 x 0.50 7.4 kg (50 yrs*) Used in the following Tally entries: Window frame, aluminum Description: Finished aluminum metal fitting for aluminum window Life Cycle Inventory: 1.647 kg/piece Manufacturing Scope: Cradle to gate Transportation Distance: By truck: 1001 km End of Life Scope: 90% collection rate

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remaining 10% deposited in the LCA model without recycling material recycling efficiency dependant on the metal (89% steel, 90.2% aluminum, stainless steel 83%, zinc 91%, brass 94%) Plastic components incinerated resulting in credits for electricity and thermal energy Entry Source: DE: Aluminium window fitting combination (turn-tilt) (EN15804 A1-A3) (2012) EOL - DE: Window fitting (tilt-turn aluminum-window) - FV S+B PE (2012) Aluminum, extruded 57.1 kg Used in the following Revit families: Exterior_Sliding_Door_3843: 1,40m x 2,10m 57.1 kg (50 yrs*) Used in the following Tally entries: Aluminum, extrusion Description: Extruded aluminum part Life Cycle Inventory: Aluminum, process energy Manufacturing Scope: Cradle to gate Transportation Distance: By truck: 875 km* End of Life Scope: 95% recovered (includes recycling, scrap preparation, and avoided burden credit) 5% landfilled (inert material) Entry Source: NA: Primary Aluminium Ingot AA (2011) EU-27: Aluminium extrusion profile PE (2012) Aluminum, extruded, anodized 53.8 kg Used in the following Revit families: Tubular com Barras Verticais - 1" 53.8 kg (50 yrs*) Used in the following Tally entries: Aluminum, extrusion, anodized Description: Extruded and anodized aluminum part Life Cycle Inventory: Aluminum, process energy Manufacturing Scope: Cradle to gate Transportation Distance: By truck: 875 km* End of Life Scope: 95% recovered (includes recycling, scrap preparation, and avoided burden credit) 5% landfilled (inert material) Entry Source: 22

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NA: Primary Aluminium Ingot AA (2011) EU-27: Aluminium extrusion profile PE (2012) DE: Anodization of aluminium (EN15804 A1-A3) PE (2012) Brick, generic 62,381.6 kg Used in the following Revit families: 13cm Int. Pintura e Pintura 62,381.6 kg (50 yrs*) Used in the following Tally entries: Brick, generic, grouted Description: Generic brick, 3.675 x 2.25 x 8 Life Cycle Inventory: 2000 kg/m³ fired brick Manufacturing Scope: Cradle to gate excludes mortar anchors, ties, and metal accessories outside of scope (<1% mass) Transportation Distance: By truck: 50 km* End of Life Scope: 50% recycled into coarse aggregate (includes grinding energy and avoided burden credit) 50% landfilled (inert material) Entry Source: DE: Stoneware tiles, unglazed (EN15804 A1-A3) PE (2012) Cement 2,475.0 kg Used in the following Revit families: Cobogó - ABERTURA CENTRAL: Cobogó - ABERTURA CENTRAL 453.8 kg (50 yrs) Cobogó - FRENTE SERVIÇO: Cobogó 339.0 kg (50 yrs) Cobogó: Cobogó 427.9 kg (50 yrs) Cobogó: Cobogó FRENTE ESTAR 672.3 kg (50 yrs) Cobogó: Cobogó FRENTE QUARTO 505.7 kg (50 yrs) Cobogó: FECHAMENTO QUARTO 76.4 kg (50 yrs) Used in the following Tally entries: Concrete, custom mix Description: Concrete mix ingredient: Cement 90 pcf Life Cycle Inventory: Cement Manufacturing Scope: Cradle to gate 23

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excludes mixing and pouring impacts.

Transportation Distance: By barge: 0 km* By container ship: 0 km* By rail: 0 km* By truck: 53 km* End of Life Scope: 50% recycled into coarse aggregate (includes grinding energy and avoided burden credit) 50% landfilled (inert material) Entry Source: US: Portland cement, at plant USLCI/PE (2009) Ceramic tile, glazed 6,539.6 kg Used in the following Revit families: 9cm - Cerâmica 46x46cm 6,539.6 kg (30 yrs) Used in the following Tally entries: Ceramic tile, glazed Description: Ceramic tile, glazed Life Cycle Inventory: Ceramic tile, glazed Manufacturing Scope: Cradle to gate Transportation Distance: By truck: 805 km End of Life Scope: 50% recycled into coarse aggregate (includes grinding energy and avoided burden credit) 50% landfilled (inert material) Entry Source: DE: Stoneware tiles, glazed (EN15804 A1-A3) PE (2012) Domestic hardwood, US 464.1 kg Used in the following Revit families: Escada 464.1 kg (50 yrs*) Used in the following Tally entries: Stair, hardwood Description: Dimensional lumber, sawn, planed, dried and cut for standard framing or planking Life Cycle Inventory: 38% PNW 62% SE 24

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Dimensional lumber Proxied by softwood Manufacturing Scope: Cradle to gate Transportation Distance: By truck: 383 km End of Life Scope: 14.5% recovered (credited as avoided burden) 22% incinerated with energy recovery 63.5% landfilled (untreated wood waste) Entry Source: US: Surfaced dried lumber, at planer mill, PNW USLCI/PE (2009) US: Surfaced dried lumber, at planer mill, SE USLCI/PE (2009) Door frame, aluminum, powder-coated, no door 97.8 kg Used in the following Revit families: Exterior_Sliding_Door_3843: 1,40m x 2,10m 97.8 kg (50 yrs*) Used in the following Tally entries: Door frame, aluminum Description: Aluminum door frame Life Cycle Inventory: Aluminum Manufacturing Scope: Cradle to gate, excludes hardware, jamnb, casing, sealant Transportation Distance: By truck: 540 km* End of Life Scope: 95% aluminum recovered (includes processing and avoided burden credit) 5% aluminum landfilled (inert material) Entry Source: DE: Aluminium frame profile, powder coated (2012) modified with: NA: Primary Aluminium Ingot AA (2011) EU-27: Aluminium extrusion profile PE (2012) Door frame, metal, galvanized, no door 29.1 kg Used in the following Revit families: Exterior_Sliding_Door_3843: 1,40m x 2,10m 29.1 kg (50 yrs*) Used in the following Tally entries: Door frame, steel, galvanized Description: Stainless steel, 18 ga door frame Life Cycle Inventory: 25

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Galvanized steel Manufacturing Scope: Cradle to gate, excludes hardware, jamnb, casing, sealant Transportation Distance: By truck: 540 km* End of Life Scope: 98% recovered (product has 10.3% scrap input while remainder is processed and credited as avoided burden) 2% landfilled (inert material) Entry Source: DE: Aluminium wing frame profile, powder coated (2011) modified with: US: Metal roll forming MCA (2010) GLO: Steel sheet stamping and bending (5% loss) PE (2012) NA: Steel hot dip galvanized worldsteel (2007) Door, interior, wood, hollow core, flush 155.1 kg Used in the following Revit families: PORTA: Simples - 0,66 x 2,10 67.4 kg (50 yrs*) PORTA: Simples - 0,86 x 2,10 87.8 kg (50 yrs*) Used in the following Tally entries: Door, interior, wood, hollow core, flush Description: Interior wood door with hollow core Life Cycle Inventory: 16.2 kg/m² Manufacturing Scope: Cradle to gate, excludes assembly, frame, hardware, and adhesives Transportation Distance: By truck: 540 km* End of Life Scope: 14.5% wood products recovered (credited as avoided burden) 22% wood products incinerated with energy recovery 63.5% wood products landfilled (wood product waste) Entry Source: US: Plywood, at plywood plant, PNW USLCI/PE (2009) US: Plywood, at plywood plant, SE USLCI/PE (2009) Door, interior, wood, MDF Core, flush, medium vision panel 263.2 kg Used in the following Revit families: PORTA: Simples - 0,76 x 2,10 263.2 kg (50 yrs*) Used in the following Tally entries: Door, interior, wood, MDF core, flush Description: 26

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João Airton de Almeida 91787168

Interior flush wood door with medium vision panel and MDF core Life Cycle Inventory: 10.8 kg/m² wood, 0.035 m3/m3 mdf, 4.1 kg/m² glass Manufacturing Scope: Cradle to gate, excludes assembly, frame, hardware, and adhesives Transportation Distance: By truck: 540 km* End of Life Scope: 14.5% wood products recovered (credited as avoided burden) 22% wood products incinerated with energy recovery 63.5% wood products landfilled (wood product waste) 100% glass landfilled (inert waste) Entry Source: US: Plywood, at plywood plant, PNW USLCI/PE (2009) US: Plywood, at plywood plant, SE USLCI/PE (2009) DE: Wood fibre board PE (2012) DE: Window glass simple (EN15804 A1-A3) PE (2012) Fluoropolymer coating, metal stock 10.8 kg Used in the following Revit families: Exterior_Sliding_Door_3843: 1,40m x 2,10m 10.8 kg (50 yrs*) Used in the following Tally entries: Aluminum, extrusion Description: Standard fluoropolymer coating, for metal sheet stock, tubing, etc.

Manufacturing Scope: Cradle to gate, including application Transportation Distance: N/A End of Life Scope: 100% to landfill (inert waste) Entry Source: US: Coil coating MCA (2010) US: Electricity grid mix PE (2010) US: Thermal energy from natural gas PE (2010) Glazing, monolithic sheet, generic 421.9 kg Used in the following Revit families: Exterior_Sliding_Door_3843: 1,40m x 2,10m 373.1 kg (50 yrs*) JANELA: Correr 1.00 x 0.5 26.3 kg (50 yrs*) JANELA: Correr 1.00 x 0.50 22.5 kg (50 yrs*) Used in the following Tally entries: Glazing, monolithic sheet 27

MEL APPP 506

Capstone Project

João Airton de Almeida 91787168

Description: Standard float glass, uncoated Life Cycle Inventory: 3mm glazing Manufacturing Scope: Cradle to gate Transportation Distance: By truck: 720 km* End of Life Scope: 100% to landfill (inert waste) Entry Source: DE: Window glass simple (EN15804 A1-A3) PE (2012) Hollow door, exterior, aluminum, anodized, with large vision panel 175.3 kg Used in the following Revit families: Porta_de_enrolar_Comercial_metlica_8537: Porta Enrolar 100x220 175.3 kg (50 yrs*) Used in the following Tally entries: Door, exterior, aluminum Description: Hollow, anodized aluminum exterior door inclusive of large vision panel, polyurethane foam insulation, no frame Life Cycle Inventory: Alum: 4.97 kg/m² PU foam: 1.67 kg/m² steel: 0.46 kg/m² glass: 6.19 kg/m² Manufacturing Scope: Cradle to gate, excludes assembly, frame, hardware, and adhesives Transportation Distance: By truck: 568 km End of Life Scope: 70% steel recovered (product has 10.3% scrap input while remainder is processed and credited as avoided burden) 30% steel landfilled (inert material) 95% aluminum recovered (includes processing and avoided burden credit) 5% aluminum is landfilled (inert material) 100% insulation landfilled (plastic material) 100% glass landfilled (inert material) Entry Source: DE: Polyurethane foam (PUR) PE (2012) DE: Anodization of aluminium (EN15804 A1-A3) PE (2012) NA: Primary Aluminium Ingot AA (2012) EU-27: Aluminium sheet PE (2012) 28

MEL APPP 506

Capstone Project

JoĂŁo Airton de Almeida 91787168

GLO: Steel sheet stamping and bending (5% loss) PE (2012) US: Electricity grid mix PE (2010) US: Lubricants at refinery PE (2010) GLO: Compressed air 7 bar (medium power consumption) PE (2010) NA: Steel hot dip galvanized worldsteel (2007) EU-27: Aluminium clean scrap remelting & casting (2010) EAA (2011) DE: Window glass simple (EN15 Integrated door closer, FSB, gray cast iron, EPD 82.5 kg Used in the following Revit families: PORTA: Simples - 0,66 x 2,10 8.5 kg (50 yrs*) PORTA: Simples - 0,76 x 2,10 35.9 kg (50 yrs*) PORTA: Simples - 0,86 x 2,10 11.1 kg (50 yrs*) Porta_de_enrolar_Comercial_metlica_8537: Porta Enrolar 100x220 27.0 kg (50 yrs*) Used in the following Tally entries: Door, exterior, aluminum Door, interior, wood, hollow core, flush Door, interior, wood, MDF core, flush Description: Integrated door closer - gray cast iron Life Cycle Inventory: 2.045 kg/part Cast iron Manufacturing Scope: Cradle to gate Transportation Distance: By truck: 1001 km End of Life Scope: 90% collection rate remaining 10% deposited in the LCA model without recycling material recycling efficiency dependant on the metal (89% steel, 90.2% aluminum, stainless steel 83%, zinc 91%, brass 94%) Plastic components incinerated resulting in credits for electricity and thermal energy Entry Source: DE: Integrated door closer - gray cast iron - FV S+B PE-EPD (2009) EOL - DE: Integrated door closer - gray cast iron - FV S+B PE-EPD Mortar type N 25,310.5 kg Used in the following Revit families: 13cm Int. Pintura e Pintura 25,310.5 kg (50 yrs*) Used in the following Tally entries: Brick, generic, grouted Description: 29

MEL APPP 506

Capstone Project

JoĂŁo Airton de Almeida 91787168

Mortar Type N (moderate strength mortar for use in masonry walls and flooring) Life Cycle Inventory: 77% aggregate 12% cement 11% water Manufacturing Scope: Cradle to gate Transportation Distance: By truck: 172 km End of Life Scope: 50% recycled into coarse aggregate (includes grinding energy and avoided burden credit) 50% landfilled (inert material) Entry Source: DE: Masonry mortar (MG II a) PE (2012) Paint, exterior acrylic latex 391.7 kg Used in the following Revit families: 13cm Int. Pintura e Pintura 387.6 kg (50 yrs*) 5cm branco 4.1 kg (50 yrs*) Used in the following Tally entries: Portland cement stucco, applied directly to concrete Description: Application paint emulsion (building, exterior, white). Associated reference table includes primer.

Life Cycle Inventory: 4.5% organic solventes Manufacturing Scope: Cradle to gate, including emissions during application Transportation Distance: By truck: 642 km End of Life Scope: 100% to landfill (plastic waste) Entry Source: DE: Application paint emulsion (building, exterior, white) PE (2012) Paint, interior acrylic latex 337.6 kg Used in the following Revit families: 13cm Int. Pintura e Pintura 332.3 kg (50 yrs*) PORTA: Simples - 0,66 x 2,10 0.8 kg (50 yrs*) PORTA: Simples - 0,76 x 2,10 3.4 kg (50 yrs*) PORTA: Simples - 0,86 x 2,10 1.1 kg (50 yrs*) Used in the following Tally entries: 30

MEL APPP 506

Capstone Project

Joรฃo Airton de Almeida 91787168

Door, interior, wood, hollow core, flush Door, interior, wood, MDF core, flush Portland cement stucco, applied directly to concrete Description: Application paint emulsion (building, interior, white, wear resistant) Life Cycle Inventory: 2% organic solvents Manufacturing Scope: Cradle to gate, including emissions during application Transportation Distance: By truck: 642 km End of Life Scope: 100% to landfill (plastic waste) Entry Source: DE: Application paint emulsion (building, interior, white, wear resistant) PE (2012) Sand 16,782.9 kg Used in the following Revit families: Cobogรณ - ABERTURA CENTRAL: Cobogรณ - ABERTURA CENTRAL 3,077.1 kg (50 yrs) Cobogรณ - FRENTE SERVIร O: Cobogรณ 2,298.4 kg (50 yrs) Cobogรณ: Cobogรณ 2,901.3 kg (50 yrs) Cobogรณ: Cobogรณ FRENTE ESTAR 4,559.2 kg (50 yrs) Cobogรณ: Cobogรณ FRENTE QUARTO 3,428.8 kg (50 yrs) Cobogรณ: FECHAMENTO QUARTO 518.1 kg (50 yrs) Used in the following Tally entries: Concrete, custom mix Description: Concrete mix ingredient: Sand 100 pcf Life Cycle Inventory: Sand Manufacturing Scope: Cradle to gate excludes mixing and pouring impacts.

Transportation Distance: By barge: 9 km By container ship: 12 km By rail: 1 km By truck: 51 km End of Life Scope: 50% recycled into coarse aggregate (includes grinding energy and avoided burden credit) 50% landfilled (inert material) 31

MEL APPP 506

Capstone Project

JoĂŁo Airton de Almeida 91787168

Entry Source: US: Silica sand (Excavation and processing) PE (2012) Self-leveling underlayment 1,873.8 kg Used in the following Revit families: 9cm - Cerâmica 46x46cm 1,873.8 kg (50 yrs*) Used in the following Tally entries: Flooring, underlayment, cementitious Description: For use as an underlayment with brick, stone & concrete flooring Life Cycle Inventory: 85% Compound (25% Plaster 65% Sand 10% Cement) 15% water Manufacturing Scope: Cradle to gate Transportation Distance: By truck: 172 km End of Life Scope: 50% recycled into coarse aggregate (includes grinding energy and avoided burden credit) 50% landfilled (inert material) Entry Source: DE: Gypsum lime plaster PE (2012) US: Silica sand PE (2012) US: Portland cement, at plant USLCI/PE (2009) US: Tap water from groundwater PE (2012) Stainless steel, door hardware, lever lock, exterior, commercial 30.6 kg Used in the following Revit families: Porta_de_enrolar_Comercial_metlica_8537: Porta Enrolar 100x220 30.6 kg (50 yrs*) Used in the following Tally entries: Door, exterior, aluminum Description: Stainless steel door fitting (hinges and lockset) for use on commercial exterior door assemblies.

Life Cycle Inventory: Door hinges 0.622 kg/part, Mortise lockset, lever grd1 3.08 kg/part Manufacturing Scope: Cradle to gate, including disposal of packaging.

Transportation Distance: By truck: 1001 km 32

MEL APPP 506

Capstone Project

João Airton de Almeida 91787168

End of Life Scope: 90% collection rate remaining 10% deposited in the LCA model without recycling material recycling efficiency dependant on the metal (89% steel, 90.2% aluminum, stainless steel 83%, zinc 91%, brass 94%) Plastic components incinerated resulting in credits for electricity and thermal energy Entry Source: DE: Fitting stainless steel - FSB (2009) Stainless steel, door hardware, lever lock, interior, residential 30.7 kg Used in the following Revit families: PORTA: Simples - 0,66 x 2,10 4.7 kg (50 yrs*) PORTA: Simples - 0,76 x 2,10 19.8 kg (50 yrs*) PORTA: Simples - 0,86 x 2,10 6.1 kg (50 yrs*) Used in the following Tally entries: Door, interior, wood, hollow core, flush Door, interior, wood, MDF core, flush Description: Stainless steel door fitting (hinges and lockset) for use on residential interior door assemblies.

Life Cycle Inventory: Door hinges 0.622 kg/part, Battalion Lever Lockset, Light Duty, Privacy 0.70 kg/part Manufacturing Scope: Cradle to gate, including disposal of packaging.

Transportation Distance: By truck: 1001 km End of Life Scope: 90% collection rate remaining 10% deposited in the LCA model without recycling material recycling efficiency dependant on the metal (89% steel, 90.2% aluminum, stainless steel 83%, zinc 91%, brass 94%) Plastic components incinerated resulting in credits for electricity and thermal energy Entry Source: DE: Fitting stainless steel - FSB (2009) Steel, reinforcing rod 7,869.7 kg Used in the following Revit families: 10cm - Branco 5,013.3 kg (50 yrs*) 13cm Int. Pintura e Pintura 924.8 kg (50 yrs*) 5cm branco 51.9 kg (50 yrs*) 9cm - Cerâmica 46x46cm 285.3 kg (50 yrs*) Fundação 40 cm 1,525.4 kg (50 yrs*) Piso Concreto 69.1 kg (50 yrs*) 33

MEL APPP 506

Capstone Project

JoĂŁo Airton de Almeida 91787168

Used in the following Tally entries: Brick, generic, grouted Reinforced concrete foundation wall Reinforced slab, exclusive of deck Description: Steel rod suitable for structural reinforcement (rebar), common unfinished tempered steel Life Cycle Inventory: Steel rebar Manufacturing Scope: Cradle to gate Transportation Distance: By truck: 431 km End of Life Scope: 70% recovered (product has 69.8% scrap input while remainder is processed and credited as avoided burden) 30% landfilled (inert material) Entry Source: GLO: Steel rebar worldsteel (2007) Steel, welded wire mesh 46.1 kg Used in the following Revit families: Piso Concreto 46.1 kg (50 yrs*) Used in the following Tally entries: Reinforced slab, exclusive of deck Description: Steel rods further processed into wires Life Cycle Inventory: Steel wire (same as Steel, cable) Manufacturing Scope: Cradle to gate Transportation Distance: By truck: 431 km End of Life Scope: 98% recovered (product has 27.6% scrap input while remainder is processed and credited as avoided burden) 2% landfilled (inert material) Entry Source: GLO: Steel wire rod worldsteel (2007) DE: Copper wire (0.6 mm) PE (2011) US: Electricity grid mix PE (2010) US: Thermal energy from natural gas PE (2010)

34

MEL APPP 506

Capstone Project

João Airton de Almeida 91787168

Structural concrete, 3000 psi, 30% fly ash 112,016.2 kg Used in the following Revit families: Fundação 40 cm 112,016.2 kg (50 yrs*) Used in the following Tally entries: Reinforced concrete foundation wall Description: Structural concrete, 3000 psi, 30% fly ash Life Cycle Inventory: 9% cement 4% fly ash 40% gravel 39% sand 7% water Manufacturing Scope: Cradle to gate excludes mixing and pouring impacts Transportation Distance: By truck: 24 km End of Life Scope: 50% recycled into coarse aggregate (includes grinding energy and avoided burden credit) 50% landfilled (inert material) Entry Source: US: Portland cement, at plant USLCI/PE (2009) US: Tap water from groundwater PE (2012) EU-27: Gravel 2/32 PE (2012) DE: Fly ash (EN15804 A1-A3) PE (2012) US: Silica sand (Excavation and processing) PE (2012) Structural concrete, 3000 psi, generic 139,519.5 kg Used in the following Revit families: 10cm - Branco 125,331.3 kg (50 yrs*) 5cm branco 1,298.3 kg (50 yrs*) 9cm - Cerâmica 46x46cm 7,131.5 kg (50 yrs*) Piso Concreto 5,758.5 kg (50 yrs*) Used in the following Tally entries: Reinforced slab, exclusive of deck Description: Structural concrete, generic, 3000 psi Life Cycle Inventory: 13% cement 40% gravel 39% sand 7% water Manufacturing Scope: 35

MEL APPP 506

Capstone Project

JoĂŁo Airton de Almeida 91787168

Cradle to gate excludes mixing and pouring impacts Transportation Distance: By truck: 24 km End of Life Scope: 50% recycled into coarse aggregate (includes grinding energy and avoided burden credit) 50% landfilled (inert material) Entry Source: US: Portland cement, at plant USLCI/PE (2009) US: Tap water from groundwater PE (2012) EU-27: Gravel 2/32 PE (2012) US: Silica sand (Excavation and processing) PE (2012) Stucco, portland cement 115,384.7 kg Used in the following Revit families: 13cm Int. Pintura e Pintura 114,782.2 kg (50 yrs*) 5cm branco 602.4 kg (50 yrs*) Used in the following Tally entries: Portland cement stucco, applied directly to concrete Description: Portland cement plastering (stucco, 7/8" nominal thickness) Life Cycle Inventory: Light plaster Manufacturing Scope: Cradle to gate Transportation Distance: By truck: 172 km End of Life Scope: 100% to landfill (inert waste) Entry Source: US: Silica sand (Excavation and processing) PE (2012) US: Portland cement, at plant USLCI/PE (2009) US: Lime (CaO) calcination PE (2012) Thinset mortar 189.1 kg Used in the following Revit families: 9cm - Cerâmica 46x46cm 189.1 kg (50 yrs*) Used in the following Tally entries: Ceramic tile, glazed Description: Mortar Type N (moderate strength mortar for use in masonry walls and flooring) Life Cycle Inventory: 36

MEL APPP 506

Capstone Project

Joรฃo Airton de Almeida 91787168

72% aggregate 16% cement 12% water Manufacturing Scope: Cradle to gate Transportation Distance: By truck: 172 km End of Life Scope: 50% recycled into coarse aggregate (includes grinding energy and avoided burden credit) 50% landfilled (inert material) Entry Source: DE: Masonry mortar (MG II a) PE (2012) Water 1,571.4 kg Used in the following Revit families: Cobogรณ - ABERTURA CENTRAL: Cobogรณ - ABERTURA CENTRAL 288.1 kg (50 yrs) Cobogรณ - FRENTE SERVIร O: Cobogรณ 215.2 kg (50 yrs) Cobogรณ: Cobogรณ 271.7 kg (50 yrs) Cobogรณ: Cobogรณ FRENTE ESTAR 426.9 kg (50 yrs) Cobogรณ: Cobogรณ FRENTE QUARTO 321.0 kg (50 yrs) Cobogรณ: FECHAMENTO QUARTO 48.5 kg (50 yrs) Used in the following Tally entries: Concrete, custom mix Description: Concrete mix ingredient: Tap water Life Cycle Inventory: Tap water Manufacturing Scope: Cradle to gate excludes mixing and pouring impacts.

Transportation Distance: N/A End of Life Scope: 50% recycled into coarse aggregate (includes grinding energy and avoided burden credit) 50% landfilled (inert material) Entry Source: US: Tap water from groundwater PE (2012) Window frame, aluminum, powder-coated, divided operable, thermal break 55.8 kg Used in the following Revit families: JANELA: Correr 1.00 x 0.5 30.0 kg (50 yrs*) JANELA: Correr 1.00 x 0.50 25.7 kg (50 yrs*) 37

MEL APPP 506

Capstone Project

JoĂŁo Airton de Almeida 91787168

Used in the following Tally entries: Window frame, aluminum Description: Aluminum divided operable window frame with thermal break Life Cycle Inventory: 1.43 kg/m Manufacturing Scope: Cradle to gate excludes hardware, casing, sealant Transportation Distance: By truck: 568 km End of Life Scope: 95% aluminum recovered (includes processing and avoided burden credit) 5% aluminum landfilled (inert material) 100% plastic landfilled (plastic waste) Entry Source: DE: Aluminium frame profile, thermically isolated, powder coated (EN15804 A1-A3) PE (2012) modified with: NA: Primary Aluminium Ingot AA (2011) EU-27: Aluminium extrusion profile PE (2012) GLO: Plastic extrusion profile (unspecific) PE (2012) US: Polyamide 6.6 granulat (PA 6.6) (HMDA via adipic acid) PE (2012

Chart 1: GWP and primary energy demand per life cycle stage of typical construction materials.

38

MEL APPP 506

Capstone Project

JoĂŁo Airton de Almeida 91787168

Chart 2: Typical construction materials GWP and primary energy demand per life cycle stage.

Chart 3: Typical construction materials environmental impacts per Revit category.

39

MEL APPP 506

Capstone Project

JoĂŁo Airton de Almeida 91787168

Chart 4: Typical construction materials environmental impacts per Tally category.

Table 1: Environmental impact totals of typical construction materials.

7.2.2 Sustainable Materials Model

40

MEL APPP 506

Capstone Project

JoĂŁo Airton de Almeida 91787168

In this model, we are considering walls made of non-fired soil-cement bricks moisture protection layer; concrete floors for rooftops, ceramic floors for washrooms and hardwood floors for the rest of the house floors; wooden windows and wooden doors.

Sustainable Materials LCA Model Figure 20: Sustainable construction materials

Revit Categories Ceilings, Curtainwall Mullions, Curtainwall Panels, Doors, Floors, Roofs, Stairs and Railings, Structure, Walls, Windows LCA conducted considering the three-house set (houses I, L and L2) Aluminum turn-tilt window fitting 16.1 kg Used in the following Revit families: Window - 100 cm x 50 cm 7.4 kg (50 yrs*) Window - 100 x 50 cm 8.6 kg (50 yrs*) Used in the following Tally entries: Window frame, aluminum Description: Finished aluminum metal fitting for aluminum window Life Cycle Inventory: 1.647 kg/piece Manufacturing Scope: Cradle to gate Transportation Distance: 41

MEL APPP 506

Capstone Project

Joรฃo Airton de Almeida 91787168

By truck: 1001 km End of Life Scope: 90% collection rate remaining 10% deposited in the LCA model without recycling material recycling efficiency dependant on the metal (89% steel, 90.2% aluminum, stainless steel 83%, zinc 91%, brass 94%) Plastic components incinerated resulting in credits for electricity and thermal energy Entry Source: DE: Aluminium window fitting combination (turn-tilt) (EN15804 A1-A3) (2012) EOL - DE: Window fitting (tilt-turn aluminum-window) - FV S+B PE (2012) Aluminum, extruded, anodized 53.8 kg Used in the following Revit families: Tubular com Barras Verticais - 1" 53.8 kg (50 yrs*) Used in the following Tally entries: Aluminum, extrusion, anodized Description: Extruded and anodized aluminum part Life Cycle Inventory: Aluminum, process energy Manufacturing Scope: Cradle to gate Transportation Distance: By truck: 875 km* End of Life Scope: 95% recovered (includes recycling, scrap preparation, and avoided burden credit) 5% landfilled (inert material) Entry Source: NA: Primary Aluminium Ingot AA (2011) EU-27: Aluminium extrusion profile PE (2012) DE: Anodization of aluminium (EN15804 A1-A3) PE (2012) Cement 34,387.6 kg Used in the following Revit families: 12.5 cm - Soil-cement Brick 31,912.6 kg (50 yrs*) Cobogรณ - ABERTURA CENTRAL: Cobogรณ - ABERTURA CENTRAL 453.8 kg (50 yrs) Cobogรณ - FRENTE SERVIร O: Cobogรณ 339.0 kg (50 yrs) Cobogรณ: Cobogรณ 427.9 kg (50 yrs) Cobogรณ: Cobogรณ FRENTE ESTAR 672.3 kg (50 yrs) Cobogรณ: Cobogรณ FRENTE QUARTO 505.7 kg (50 yrs) Cobogรณ: FECHAMENTO QUARTO 76.4 kg (50 yrs) Used in the following Tally entries: Concrete, custom mix Description: 42

MEL APPP 506

Capstone Project

JoĂŁo Airton de Almeida 91787168

Concrete mix ingredient: Cement 90 pcf Life Cycle Inventory: Cement Manufacturing Scope: Cradle to gate excludes mixing and pouring impacts.

Transportation Distance: By barge: 0 km* By container ship: 0 km* By rail: 0 km* By truck: 53 km* End of Life Scope: 50% recycled into coarse aggregate (includes grinding energy and avoided burden credit) 50% landfilled (inert material) Entry Source: US: Portland cement, at plant USLCI/PE (2009) Ceramic tile, glazed 6,547.1 kg Used in the following Revit families: 9cm - Cerâmica 46x46cm 6,547.1 kg (30 yrs) Used in the following Tally entries: Ceramic tile, glazed Description: Ceramic tile, glazed Life Cycle Inventory: Ceramic tile, glazed Manufacturing Scope: Cradle to gate Transportation Distance: By truck: 805 km End of Life Scope: 50% recycled into coarse aggregate (includes grinding energy and avoided burden credit) 50% landfilled (inert material) Entry Source: DE: Stoneware tiles, glazed (EN15804 A1-A3) PE (2012) Domestic hardwood, US 12,769.0 kg Used in the following Revit families: Deck madeira 12,304.9 kg (50 yrs) Escada 464.1 kg (50 yrs*) Used in the following Tally entries: Domestic hardwood Stair, hardwood 43

MEL APPP 506

Capstone Project

João Airton de Almeida 91787168

Description: Dimensional lumber, sawn, planed, dried and cut for standard framing or planking Life Cycle Inventory: 38% PNW 62% SE Dimensional lumber Proxied by softwood Manufacturing Scope: Cradle to gate Transportation Distance: By truck: 383 km End of Life Scope: 14.5% recovered (credited as avoided burden) 22% incinerated with energy recovery 63.5% landfilled (untreated wood waste) Entry Source: US: Surfaced dried lumber, at planer mill, PNW USLCI/PE (2009) US: Surfaced dried lumber, at planer mill, SE USLCI/PE (2009) Door, exterior, wood, solid core 845.0 kg Used in the following Revit families: Porta de Abrir Metálica Veneziana: 80x210cm 845.0 kg (50 yrs*) Used in the following Tally entries: Door, exterior, wood, solid core Description: Exterior wood door Life Cycle Inventory: 28.9 kg/m² wood Manufacturing Scope: Cradle to gate, excludes assembly, frame, hardware, and adhesives Transportation Distance: By truck: 496 km End of Life Scope: 14.5% wood products recovered (credited as avoided burden) 22% wood products incinerated with energy recovery 63.5% wood products landfilled (wood product waste) Entry Source: US: Plywood, at plywood plant, PNW USLCI/PE (2009) US: Plywood, at plywood plant, SE USLCI/PE (2009) Door, interior, wood, hollow core, flush 155.1 kg Used in the following Revit families: PORTA: Door - Wood - 66 x 210 cm 67.4 kg (50 yrs*) PORTA: Door - Wood - 86 x 210 cm 87.8 kg (50 yrs*) Used in the following Tally entries: 44

MEL APPP 506

Capstone Project

João Airton de Almeida 91787168

Door, interior, wood, hollow core, flush Description: Interior wood door with hollow core Life Cycle Inventory: 16.2 kg/m² Manufacturing Scope: Cradle to gate, excludes assembly, frame, hardware, and adhesives Transportation Distance: By truck: 540 km* End of Life Scope: 14.5% wood products recovered (credited as avoided burden) 22% wood products incinerated with energy recovery 63.5% wood products landfilled (wood product waste) Entry Source: US: Plywood, at plywood plant, PNW USLCI/PE (2009) US: Plywood, at plywood plant, SE USLCI/PE (2009) Door, interior, wood, MDF Core, flush, medium vision panel 263.2 kg Used in the following Revit families: PORTA: Door - Wood - 76 x 210 cm 263.2 kg (50 yrs*) Used in the following Tally entries: Door, interior, wood, MDF core, flush Description: Interior flush wood door with medium vision panel and MDF core Life Cycle Inventory: 10.8 kg/m² wood, 0.035 m3/m3 mdf, 4.1 kg/m² glass Manufacturing Scope: Cradle to gate, excludes assembly, frame, hardware, and adhesives Transportation Distance: By truck: 540 km* End of Life Scope: 14.5% wood products recovered (credited as avoided burden) 22% wood products incinerated with energy recovery 63.5% wood products landfilled (wood product waste) 100% glass landfilled (inert waste) Entry Source: US: Plywood, at plywood plant, PNW USLCI/PE (2009) US: Plywood, at plywood plant, SE USLCI/PE (2009) DE: Wood fibre board PE (2012) DE: Window glass simple (EN15804 A1-A3) PE (2012) Fluid applied synthetic polymer air barrier 2,940.9 kg Used in the following Revit families: 45

MEL APPP 506

Capstone Project

JoĂŁo Airton de Almeida 91787168

12.5 cm - Soil-cement Brick 2,940.9 kg (50 yrs*) Used in the following Tally entries: Fluid applied synthetic polymer air barrier Description: Liquid-applied rubberized membrane Life Cycle Inventory: Calcium carbonate: 34% polymer blend (SBS): 30% silica: 1% titanium dioxide: 5% water: 30% Manufacturing Scope: Cradle to gate for materials only, neglects manufacturing requirements Transportation Distance: By truck: 555 km End of Life Scope: 70% landfilled (plastic waste) Entry Source: US: Styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) PE (2012) US: Silica sand (flour) PE (2012) US: Tap water from groundwater PE (2012) US: Titanium dioxide pigment PE (2012) US: Limestone flour (5mm) PE (2012) US: Electricity grid mix PE (2010) Glazing, monolithic sheet, generic 48.8 kg Used in the following Revit families: JANELA: Window - 100 cm x 50 cm 22.5 kg (50 yrs*) JANELA: Window - 100 x 50 cm 26.3 kg (50 yrs*) Used in the following Tally entries: Glazing, monolithic sheet Description: Standard float glass, uncoated Life Cycle Inventory: 3mm glazing Manufacturing Scope: Cradle to gate Transportation Distance: By truck: 720 km* End of Life Scope: 100% to landfill (inert waste) Entry Source: DE: Window glass simple (EN15804 A1-A3) PE (2012) 46

MEL APPP 506

Capstone Project

João Airton de Almeida 91787168

Hollow door, exterior, aluminum, anodized, with large vision panel 175.3 kg Used in the following Revit families: Porta_de_enrolar_Comercial_metlica_8537: Commercial Steel Rolling D1..7. 5.3 kg (50 yrs*) Used in the following Tally entries: Door, exterior, aluminum Description: Hollow, anodized aluminum exterior door inclusive of large vision panel, polyurethane foam insulation, no frame Life Cycle Inventory: Alum: 4.97 kg/m² PU foam: 1.67 kg/m² steel: 0.46 kg/m² glass: 6.19 kg/m² Manufacturing Scope: Cradle to gate, excludes assembly, frame, hardware, and adhesives Transportation Distance: By truck: 568 km End of Life Scope: 70% steel recovered (product has 10.3% scrap input while remainder is processed and credited as avoided burden) 30% steel landfilled (inert material) 95% aluminum recovered (includes processing and avoided burden credit) 5% aluminum is landfilled (inert material) 100% insulation landfilled (plastic material) 100% glass landfilled (inert material) Entry Source: DE: Polyurethane foam (PUR) PE (2012) DE: Anodization of aluminium (EN15804 A1-A3) PE (2012) NA: Primary Aluminium Ingot AA (2012) EU-27: Aluminium sheet PE (2012) GLO: Steel sheet stamping and bending (5% loss) PE (2012) US: Electricity grid mix PE (2010) US: Lubricants at refinery PE (2010) GLO: Compressed air 7 bar (medium power consumption) PE (2010) NA: Steel hot dip galvanized worldsteel (2007) EU-27: Aluminium clean scrap remelting & casting (2010) EAA (2011) DE: Window glass simple (EN15 Integrated door closer, FSB, gray cast iron, EPD 142.3 kg Used in the following Revit families: Porta de Abrir Metálica Veneziana: 80x210cm 59.8 kg (50 yrs*) PORTA: Door - Wood - 66 x 210 cm 8.5 kg (50 yrs*) 47

MEL APPP 506

Capstone Project

JoĂŁo Airton de Almeida 91787168

PORTA: Door - Wood - 76 x 210 cm 35.9 kg (50 yrs*) PORTA: Door - Wood - 86 x 210 cm 11.1 kg (50 yrs*) Porta_de_enrolar_Comercial_metlica_8537: Commercial Steel Rolling D...27.0 kg (50 yrs*) Used in the following Tally entries: Door, exterior, aluminum Door, exterior, wood, solid core Door, interior, wood, hollow core, flush Door, interior, wood, MDF core, flush Description: Integrated door closer - gray cast iron Life Cycle Inventory: 2.045 kg/part Cast iron Manufacturing Scope: Cradle to gate Transportation Distance: By truck: 1001 km End of Life Scope: 90% collection rate remaining 10% deposited in the LCA model without recycling material recycling efficiency dependant on the metal (89% steel, 90.2% aluminum, stainless steel 83%, zinc 91%, brass 94%) Plastic components incinerated resulting in credits for electricity and thermal energy Entry Source: DE: Integrated door closer - gray cast iron - FV S+B PE-EPD (2009) EOL - DE: Integrated door closer - gray cast iron - FV S+B PE-EPD Paint, exterior acrylic latex 4.1 kg Used in the following Revit families: 5cm branco 4.1 kg (50 yrs*) Used in the following Tally entries: Portland cement stucco, applied directly to concrete Description: Application paint emulsion (building, exterior, white). Associated reference table includes primer.

Life Cycle Inventory: 4.5% organic solvents Manufacturing Scope: Cradle to gate, including emissions during application Transportation Distance: By truck: 642 km End of Life Scope: 100% to landfill (plastic waste) Entry Source: 48

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DE: Application paint emulsion (building, exterior, white) PE (2012) Paint, interior acrylic latex 5.3 kg Used in the following Revit families: PORTA: Door - Wood - 66 x 210 cm 0.8 kg (50 yrs*) PORTA: Door - Wood - 76 x 210 cm 3.4 kg (50 yrs*) PORTA: Door - Wood - 86 x 210 cm 1.1 kg (50 yrs*) Used in the following Tally entries: Door, interior, wood, hollow core, flush Door, interior, wood, MDF core, flush Description: Application paint emulsion (building, interior, white, wear resistant) Life Cycle Inventory: 2% organic solvents Manufacturing Scope: Cradle to gate, including emissions during application Transportation Distance: By truck: 642 km End of Life Scope: 100% to landfill (plastic waste) Entry Source: DE: Application paint emulsion (building, interior, white, wear resistant) PE (2012) Sand 364,564.7 kg Used in the following Revit families: 12.5 cm - Soil-cement Brick 347,781.8 kg (50 yrs) Cobogรณ - ABERTURA CENTRAL: Cobogรณ - ABERTURA CENTRAL 3,077.1 kg (50 yrs) Cobogรณ - FRENTE SERVIร O: Cobogรณ 2,298.4 kg (50 yrs) Cobogรณ: Cobogรณ 2,901.3 kg (50 yrs) Cobogรณ: Cobogรณ FRENTE ESTAR 4,559.2 kg (50 yrs) Cobogรณ: Cobogรณ FRENTE QUARTO 3,428.8 kg (50 yrs) Cobogรณ: FECHAMENTO QUARTO 518.1 kg (50 yrs) Used in the following Tally entries: Concrete, custom mix Description: Concrete mix ingredient: Sand 100 pcf Life Cycle Inventory: Sand Manufacturing Scope: Cradle to gate excludes mixing and pouring impacts.

Transportation Distance: By barge: 9 km 49

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By container ship: 12 km By rail: 1 km By truck: 51 km End of Life Scope: 50% recycled into coarse aggregate (includes grinding energy and avoided burden credit) 50% landfilled (inert material) Entry Source: US: Silica sand (Excavation and processing) PE (2012) Self-leveling underlayment 1,875.9 kg Used in the following Revit families: 9cm - Cerâmica 46x46cm 1,875.9 kg (50 yrs*) Used in the following Tally entries: Flooring, underlayment, cementitious Description: For use as an underlayment with brick, stone & concrete flooring Life Cycle Inventory: 85% Compound (25% Plaster 65% Sand 10% Cement) 15% water Manufacturing Scope: Cradle to gate Transportation Distance: By truck: 172 km End of Life Scope: 50% recycled into coarse aggregate (includes grinding energy and avoided burden credit) 50% landfilled (inert material) Entry Source: DE: Gypsum lime plaster PE (2012) US: Silica sand PE (2012) US: Portland cement, at plant USLCI/PE (2009) US: Tap water from groundwater PE (2012) Stainless steel, door hardware, lever lock, exterior, commercial 30.6 kg Used in the following Revit families: Porta_de_enrolar_Comercial_metlica_8537: Commercial Steel Rolling D...30.6 kg (50 yrs*) Used in the following Tally entries: Door, exterior, aluminum Description: Stainless steel door fitting (hinges and lockset) for use on commercial exterior door assemblies.

Life Cycle Inventory: Door hinges 0.622 kg/part, Mortise lockset, lever grd1 3.08 kg/part 50

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Manufacturing Scope: Cradle to gate, including disposal of packaging.

Transportation Distance: By truck: 1001 km End of Life Scope: 90% collection rate remaining 10% deposited in the LCA model without recycling material recycling efficiency dependant on the metal (89% steel, 90.2% aluminum, stainless steel 83%, zinc 91%, brass 94%) Plastic components incinerated resulting in credits for electricity and thermal energy Entry Source: DE: Fitting stainless steel - FSB (2009) Stainless steel, door hardware, lever lock, exterior, residential 56.7 kg Used in the following Revit families: Porta de Abrir MetĂĄlica Veneziana: 80x210cm 56.7 kg (50 yrs*) Used in the following Tally entries: Door, exterior, wood, solid core Description: Stainless steel door fitting (hinges and lockset) for use on residential exterior door assemblies.

Life Cycle Inventory: Door hinges 0.622 kg/part, Light duty mortise lockset 2.32kg/part Manufacturing Scope: Cradle to gate, including disposal of packaging.

Transportation Distance: By truck: 1001 km End of Life Scope: 90% collection rate remaining 10% deposited in the LCA model without recycling material recycling efficiency dependant on the metal (89% steel, 90.2% aluminum, stainless steel 83%, zinc 91%, brass 94%) Plastic components incinerated resulting in credits for electricity and thermal energy Entry Source: DE: Fitting stainless steel - FSB (2009) Stainless steel, door hardware, lever lock, interior, residential 30.7 kg Used in the following Revit families: Door - Wood - 66 x 210 cm 4.7 kg (50 yrs*) Door - Wood - 76 x 210 cm 19.8 kg (50 yrs*) Door - Wood - 86 x 210 cm 6.1 kg (50 yrs*) Used in the following Tally entries: Door, interior, wood, hollow core, flush Door, interior, wood, MDF core, flush Description: Stainless steel door fitting (hinges and lockset) for use on residential interior door assemblies.

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Life Cycle Inventory: Door hinges 0.622 kg/part, Battalion Lever Lockset, Light Duty, Privacy 0.70 kg/part Manufacturing Scope: Cradle to gate, including disposal of packaging.

Transportation Distance: By truck: 1001 km End of Life Scope: 90% collection rate remaining 10% deposited in the LCA model without recycling material recycling efficiency dependant on the metal (89% steel, 90.2% aluminum, stainless steel 83%, zinc 91%, brass 94%) Plastic components incinerated resulting in credits for electricity and thermal energy Entry Source: DE: Fitting stainless steel - FSB (2009) Steel, reinforcing rod 5,128.1 kg Used in the following Revit families: 10cm - Branco 3,196.2 kg (50 yrs*) 5cm branco 51.9 kg (50 yrs*) 9cm - Cerâmica 46x46cm 285.6 kg (50 yrs*) Foundation Wall - 40 cm 1,525.4 kg (50 yrs*) Piso Concreto 69.1 kg (50 yrs*) Used in the following Tally entries: Reinforced concrete foundation wall Reinforced slab, exclusive of deck Description: Steel rod suitable for structural reinforcement (rebar), common unfinished tempered steel Life Cycle Inventory: Steel rebar Manufacturing Scope: Cradle to gate Transportation Distance: By truck: 431 km End of Life Scope: 70% recovered (product has 69.8% scrap input while remainder is processed and credited as avoided burden) 30% landfilled (inert material) Entry Source: GLO: Steel rebar worldsteel (2007) Steel, welded wire mesh 46.1 kg Used in the following Revit families: Piso Concreto 46.1 kg (50 yrs*) Used in the following Tally entries: Reinforced slab, exclusive of deck 52

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Description: Steel rods further processed into wires Life Cycle Inventory: Steel wire (same as Steel, cable) Manufacturing Scope: Cradle to gate Transportation Distance: By truck: 431 km End of Life Scope: 98% recovered (product has 27.6% scrap input while remainder is processed and credited as avoided burden) 2% landfilled (inert material) Entry Source: GLO: Steel wire rod worldsteel (2007) DE: Copper wire (0.6 mm) PE (2011) US: Electricity grid mix PE (2010) US: Thermal energy from natural gas PE (2010) Structural concrete, 3000 psi, 30% fly ash 112,016.2 kg Used in the following Revit families: Foundation Wall - 40 cm 112,016.2 kg (50 yrs*) Used in the following Tally entries: Reinforced concrete foundation wall Description: Structural concrete, 3000 psi, 30% fly ash Life Cycle Inventory: 9% cement 4% fly ash 40% gravel 39% sand 7% water Manufacturing Scope: Cradle to gate excludes mixing and pouring impacts Transportation Distance: By truck: 24 km End of Life Scope: 50% recycled into coarse aggregate (includes grinding energy and avoided burden credit) 50% landfilled (inert material) Entry Source: US: Portland cement, at plant USLCI/PE (2009) US: Tap water from groundwater PE (2012) EU-27: Gravel 2/32 PE (2012) DE: Fly ash (EN15804 A1-A3) PE (2012) 53

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US: Silica sand (Excavation and processing) PE (2012) Structural concrete, 3000 psi, generic 94,099.6 kg Used in the following Revit families: 10cm - Branco 79,904.3 kg (50 yrs*) 5cm branco 1,297.2 kg (50 yrs*) 9cm - Cerâmica 46x46cm 7,139.6 kg (50 yrs*) Piso Concreto 5,758.5 kg (50 yrs*) Used in the following Tally entries: Reinforced slab, exclusive of deck Description: Structural concrete, generic, 3000 psi Life Cycle Inventory: 13% cement 40% gravel 39% sand 7% water Manufacturing Scope: Cradle to gate excludes mixing and pouring impacts Transportation Distance: By truck: 24 km End of Life Scope: 50% recycled into coarse aggregate (includes grinding energy and avoided burden credit) 50% landfilled (inert material) Entry Source: US: Portland cement, at plant USLCI/PE (2009) US: Tap water from groundwater PE (2012) EU-27: Gravel 2/32 PE (2012) US: Silica sand (Excavation and processing) PE (2012) Stucco, portland cement 601.9 kg Used in the following Revit families: 5cm branco 601.9 kg (50 yrs*) Used in the following Tally entries: Portland cement stucco, applied directly to concrete Description: Portland cement plastering (stucco, 7/8" nominal thickness) Life Cycle Inventory: Light plaster Manufacturing Scope: Cradle to gate 54

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Transportation Distance: By truck: 172 km End of Life Scope: 100% to landfill (inert waste) Entry Source: US: Silica sand (Excavation and processing) PE (2012) US: Portland cement, at plant USLCI/PE (2009) US: Lime (CaO) calcination PE (2012) Thinset mortar 189.3 kg Used in the following Revit families: 9cm - Cerâmica 46x46cm 189.3 kg (50 yrs*) Used in the following Tally entries: Ceramic tile, glazed Description: Mortar Type N (moderate strength mortar for use in masonry walls and flooring) Life Cycle Inventory: 72% aggregate 16% cement 12% water Manufacturing Scope: Cradle to gate Transportation Distance: By truck: 172 km End of Life Scope: 50% recycled into coarse aggregate (includes grinding energy and avoided burden credit) 50% landfilled (inert material) Entry Source: DE: Masonry mortar (MG II a) PE (2012) Water 23,280.7 kg Used in the following Revit families: 12.5 cm - Soil-cement Brick 21,709.2 kg (50 yrs) Cobogó - ABERTURA CENTRAL: Cobogó - ABERTURA CENTRAL 288.1 kg (50 yrs) Cobogó - FRENTE SERVIÇO: Cobogó 215.2 kg (50 yrs) Cobogó: Cobogó 271.7 kg (50 yrs) Cobogó: Cobogó FRENTE ESTAR 426.9 kg (50 yrs) Cobogó: Cobogó FRENTE QUARTO 321.0 kg (50 yrs) Cobogó: FECHAMENTO QUARTO 48.5 kg (50 yrs) Used in the following Tally entries: Concrete, custom mix Description: Concrete mix ingredient: Tap water 55

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Life Cycle Inventory: Tap water Manufacturing Scope: Cradle to gate excludes mixing and pouring impacts.

Transportation Distance: N/A End of Life Scope: 50% recycled into coarse aggregate (includes grinding energy and avoided burden credit) 50% landfilled (inert material) Entry Source: US: Tap water from groundwater PE (2012) Window frame, aluminum, powder-coated, divided operable, thermal break 55.8 kg Used in the following Revit families: Window - 100 cm x 50 cm 25.7 kg (50 yrs*) Window - 100 x 50 cm 30.0 kg (50 yrs*) Used in the following Tally entries: Window frame, aluminum Description: Aluminum divided operable window frame with thermal break Life Cycle Inventory: 1.43 kg/m Manufacturing Scope: Cradle to gate excludes hardware, casing, sealant Transportation Distance: By truck: 568 km End of Life Scope: 95% aluminum recovered (includes processing and avoided burden credit) 5% aluminum landfilled (inert material) 100% plastic landfilled (plastic waste) Entry Source: DE: Aluminium frame profile, thermically isolated, powder coated (EN15804 A1-A3) PE (2012) modified with: NA: Primary Aluminium Ingot AA (2011) EU-27: Aluminium extrusion profile PE (2012) GLO: Plastic extrusion profile (unspecific) PE (2012) US: Polyamide 6.6 granulat (PA 6.6) (HMDA via adipic acid) PE (2012) Wood stain, water based 29.4 kg Used in the following Revit families: Deck madeira 22.9 kg (50 yrs*) Porta de Abrir MetĂĄlica Veneziana: 80x210cm 6.5 kg (50 yrs*) 56

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Used in the following Tally entries: Domestic hardwood Door, exterior, wood, solid core Description: Semi-transparent stain for interior and exterior wood surfaces Life Cycle Inventory: 60% water, 28% acrylate resin, 7% acrylate emulsion, 5% dipropylene glycol 1.3% NMVOC emissions Manufacturing Scope: Cradle to gate, including emissions during application Transportation Distance: By truck: 642 km End of Life Scope: 38.7% solids to landfill (plastic waste) Entry Source: US: Tap water from groundwater PE (2012) US: Acrylate resin (solvent-systems) PE (2012) DE: Acrylate (emulsion) PE (2012) US: Dipropylene glycol by product propylene glycol via PO hydrogenation PE (2012

Chart 5: GWP and primary energy demand per life cycle stage of sustainable design.

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Chart 6: Sustainable construction materials GWP and primary energy demand per life cycle stage.

Chart 7: Sustainable construction materials GWP and primary energy demand per category.

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Chart 8: Sustainable construction materials GWP and primary energy demand per category.

Table 2: Environmental impact totals of sustainable construction materials.

9. Conclusions We concluded that if public authorities decided to build such an assembly of houses, the simple payback of the project, including the PV systems, would be in less than 11 years, see table 2. That is due to the excellent insolation rates in that region coupled with high electricity rates (R$ 0.733/kWh), see table 1. Since the PV panels have a 30-year guarantee, there will be still 19 years of R$ 20,761/year revenue left for the city of Fortaleza.

The PV systems for every 3-house set (I, L, L2 types) would cost R$ 116,357 (PV systems cost simulation made by Neosolar, SĂŁo Paulo), therefore the average cost per house model would be

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R$ 38,770. Summing the average PV system cost with an estimated cost per house of R$ 70,000, that would give us an average total investment per house of R$ 108,770.

Cost of PV system (R$)

Annual production (kWh)

Annual Revenue (R$)

Simple payback (yrs)

House I

28,094.40

8,576

6,286.20

4.46

House L

31,952.03

12,781

9,368.47

3.41

House L2

56,263.60

21,211

15,547.66

3.61

Total

116,310.03

42,568

31,202.33

3.72

Electricity cost: R$ 0,733/kWh Table 3: payback

PV + house (R$)

Annual Revenue (R$)

Simple payback (yrs)

House I

98,094.40

6,286.20

15.60

House L

101,952.03

9,368.47

10.88

House L2

126,263.60

15,547.66

8.12

Total

326,310.03

31,202.33

10.45

ROI Derating losses (R$)

19-year accumulated revenue after payback (R$)

215,296.07

394,463.80

1.20

Cost of construction: R$ 70,000/house PV system guarantee: 30 years Table 4: return on investment

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The LCA comparison showed that in both cases the walls and floors categories accounted for the biggest environmental impacts of each model regardless of the material choice. However, by analyzing the global warming potential figures through the life cycle of each building, the standard building option would emit the total of 172,183 KgCO²eq, whereas the sustainable option accounted for 149,812 kgCO²eq, see table 5.

The sustainable alternative also relied more on renewable energy sources as by the end of its life the renewable energy portion of its impact is negative. On the other hand, the standard type demonstrated a smaller eutrophication and acidification potentials on the environment, that is certainly due to the fact that the sustainable option relied more on wood materials for its components, such as floors and doors. Ozone depletion potential remained virtually the same for both options.

Sustainable

Typical

Net results (sustainable – typical)

Acidification (kgSO₂eq)

638.98

602.75

36.23

Eutrophication (kgNeq)

37.84

30.89

6.95

Global Warming (kgCO₂eq)

149,812

172,183

-22,371

Ozone Depletion (CFC-11eq)

2.19E-03

2.22E-03

-0.03E-03

Smog Formation (O₃eq)

9,147.6

8,835.62

311.98

Primary Energy (MJ)

1,485,439

1,485,456

-17

Non-renewable Energy (MJ)

1,239,133

1,421,045

-181,912

Renewable Energy (MJ)

246,587

64,720.5

181,866.5

Table 5: sustainable design x typical design

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Finally, we concluded that the building using sustainable materials performed better than the standard one regarding overall impacts on the environment. However, standard materials are still very popular and widely used across the construction industry. Designers and contractors, as well as the end users should consider a behavioral change shift to less impactful materials. The PV systems proved to be an economically and environmentally feasible way of investing in more sustainable buildings not only across the public sector but in the private sector as well, as such investments can become sources of revenues while paving the way for the implementation of sustainable practices.

10. Recommendations for future work 

Simulate household water use and management for such a housing model.



Simulate household food production and consumption for such a housing model.



Simulate detailed construction costs for each house type, sustainable x typical.



Approve housing model under the city’s green certification label.

11. Project mentor The mentor of this capstone project is Airton Dudzevich from Dudzevich Energy Consulting, a company specialized in photovoltaic energy generation projects and in energy efficiency consulting. Mr. Dudzevich is an electrical engineer with vast experience in designing solar power plants in Brazil. Mr. Dudzevich is also a former student of UBC, he graduated from the Master of Engineering Leadership in Clean Energy Engineering program in 2016.

12. Key resourses 1. Autodesk Revit 2. Tally 3. PVsyst 4. Neosolar 5. RETScreen 62

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13. Glossary of LCA Terminology Environmental Impact Categories The following list provides a description of environmental impact categories reported according to the TRACI 2.1 characterization scheme. References: [Bare 2010, EPA 2012, Guinée 2001] Acidification Potential (AP) kg SO₂ eq A measure of emissions that cause acidifying effects to the environment. The acidification potential is a measure of a molecule’s capacity to increase the hydrogen ion (H⁺) concentration in the presence of water, thus decreasing the pH value. Potential effects include fish mortality, forest decline, and the deterioration of building materials.

Eutrophication Potential (EP) kg N eq Eutrophication covers potential impacts of excessively high levels of macronutrients, the most important of which are nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). Nutrient enrichment may cause an undesirable shift in species composition and elevated biomass production in both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. In aquatic ecosystems, increased biomass production may lead to depressed oxygen levels, because of the additional consumption of oxygen in biomass decomposition.

Global Warming Potential (GWP) kg CO₂ eq A measure of greenhouse gas emissions, such as carbon dioxide and methane. These emissions are causing an increase in the absorption of radiation emitted by the earth, increasing the natural greenhouse effect. This may in turn have adverse impacts on ecosystem health, human health, and material welfare.

Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) kg CFC-11 eq

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A measure of air emissions that contribute to the depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer.

Depletion of the ozone leads to higher levels of UVB ultraviolet rays reaching the earth’s surface with detrimental effects on humans and plants.

Smog Formation Potential (SFP) kg O₃ eq Ground level ozone is created by various chemical reactions, which occur between nitrogen oxides (NOₓ) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in sunlight. Human health effects can result in a variety of respiratory issues including increasing symptoms of bronchitis, asthma, and emphysema. Permanent lung damage may result from prolonged exposure to ozone. Ecological impacts include damage to various ecosystems and crop damage. The primary sources of ozone precursors are motor vehicles, electric power utilities, and industrial facilities.

Primary Energy Demand (PED) MJ (lower heating value) A measure of the total amount of primary energy extracted from the earth. PED is expressed in energy demand from non-renewable resources (e.g. petroleum, natural gas, etc.) and energy demand from renewable resources (e.g. hydropower, wind energy, solar, etc.). Efficiencies in energy conversion (e.g. power, heat, steam, etc.) are taken into account.

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14. Bibliography 1- João Airton de Almeida Monteiro Neto. 2017. TFG_ARQ_SUSTENTABILIDADE EM CONSTRUÇÕES RESIDENCIAIS_UMA PROPOSTA DE HABITAÇÃO DE INTERESSE SOCIAL. [ONLINE] Available at: https://issuu.com/airton_mn/docs/arquivo_unificado_2015.1_tfg_jo__o_. [Accessed 6 October 2017].

2- Hewitt, M., 2017. Earthships in Europe. IHS BRE Press.

3- Salehi, M. et al, 2015. A case study: The energy performance gap of the Center for Interactive Research on Sustainability at the University of British Columbia. 1st ed.

Canada: Journal of Building Engineering.

4- Dudzevich, A. (n.d.). STUDY FOR A 30MVA PV SOLAR POWER PLANT. Vancouver.

5- ISO 14004:2016 Environmental management systems — General guidelines on implementation 6- ISO 14006, Environmental management systems — Guidelines for incorporating ecodesign 7- Deepak Paramashivan Kaundinya, P. Balachandra, N.H. Ravindranath. 2009. Gridconnected versus stand-alone energy systems for decentralized power—A review of literature. India: Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy Review.

8- 2012, C.Pv.S. (2012) Home.[ONLINE] Available at: http://www.pvsyst.com/en/ [Accessed: 20 December 2017].

9- 2017, Thinkstep GaBi. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.gabisoftware.com/international/support/gabi-learning-center/gabi-6-learning-center/part1-lca-and-introduction-to-gabi/ [Accessed: 20 December 2017].

10- 2017, Tally. [ONLINE] Available at: http://choosetally.com/ [Accessed: 20 December 2017].

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15. Appendices Appendix 1 – Rent comparison Building area: 160m²

Rent (R$)

Social Housing

118.72

Typical housing

1,187.20

Electricity bill

Total (R$)

minimum wage rate

111.74

230.44

0.25

111.74

1,298.94

1.38

(R$)

Rent rate in Patriolino Ribeiro neighborhood: R$ 7.42/m² Baseline electricity consumption: 152.45 kWh/month Electricity: R$ 0,733/kWh Minimum wage: R$ 937/month Social rent: 10% of baseline rent

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Appendix 2 – Household electrical loads Electrical loads

Residence

W

qtd

Load Power (W) Hours/day Days/month (Wh/month)

TV

100

1

100

2

30

6000

Lighting

9

20

180

3

30

16200

Iron

1000

1

1000

1

4

4000

Micro wave

1500

1

1500

0,17

30

7650

Washing machine

400

1

400

1

4

1600

Fridge

200

1

200

6

30

36000

Pump

120

2

240

1

30

7200

Total

78650

Load Power (W) Hours/day Days/month (Wh/month)

Comercial Chest freezer

335

1

335

6

30

60300

Lighting

9

5

45

10

30

13500 0 0 0

Total

73800

Grand total

152450

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Appendix 3 – House I PV system simulation

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Appendix 4 – House L PV system simulation

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Appendix 5 – House L2 PV system simulation

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Appendix 6 – House I PV system details

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Appendix 7 – House L PV system details

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Appendix 8 – House L2 PV system details

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Appendix 9 – RETSCREEN location data

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